CA2865150A1 - Bio plant science for production of multiple medications - Google Patents

Abstract

This study presents the effects of storage duration and temperature of Moringa oleifera stock solution on its coagulation efficiency. Moringa oleifera stock solutions, which were kept at room temperature (28°C), were able to remove turbidity from medium, high and very high turbidity water samples and no coagulation activity was observed for low turbidity water and surface water tested. The highest turbidity removals were observed for stock solutions, which were kept for one day. For Moringa oleifera stock solutions, which were stored longer up to 3 days, the turbidity removal efficiencies decreased to 73.6%, 86.8% and 92.3 % for medium, high and very high turbidity water samples respectively. In the case of medium and high turbidity water samples, Moringa oleifera stock solutions, which were kept for more than 3 days did not perform any coagulation process, while for very high turbidity water sample, it was found to coagulate slightly about 14.9 % and 3.9 % for those which were stored for 5 and 7 days, respectively. For those Moringa oleifera stock solutions, which were stored at 3°C
up to 5 days, no significant differences were found between their turbidity removal efficiency on medium, high and very high turbidity, while those that were stored for more than 5 day did not perform coagulation. For surface water and low turbidity water samples significant differences were observed between turbidity removal efficiency of Moringa oleifera stored for different durations. Highest turbidity removal for surface water and low turbidity water were obtained using Moringa oleifera which were kept for 3 days or less and it decreased when using Moringa oleifera stock solution, which were stored longer.

Description

International journal of I ,.ngincering and Technology, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2004, pp. 146 - 151 146 EFFECTS OF STORAGE DURATION AND TEMPERATURE OF MORINGA
OLEIFERA STOCK SOLUTION ON ITS PERFORMANCE IN COAGULATION
S. KatayonI, M. J. Megat Mohd Noorl, M. Asmal, A.M. Thamerl, A. G. Liew Abdullahl, A. Idris', A.M. Suleyman2, M.B. Aminuddin2 and B.C. Khor2 'Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia 3Indah Water Konsortium (IWK) Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia E-mail: megatjW:eng.upm.edu.mv ABSTRACT
This study presents the effects of storage duration and temperature of Moringa oleifera stock solution on its coagulation efficiency. Moringa oleijera stock solutions, which were kept at room temperature (28V), were able to remove turbidity from medium, high and very high turbidity water samples and no coagulation activity was observed for low turbidity water and surface water tested. The highest turbidity removals were observed for stock solutions, which were kept for one day. For Moringa oleifera stock solutions, which were stored longer up to 3 days, the turbidity removal efficiencies decreased to 73.6%, 86.8% and 92.3 % for medium, high and very high turbidity water samples respectively. In the case of medium and high turbidity water samples, Moringa oleifera stock solutions, which were kept for more than 3 days did not perform any coagulation process, while for very high turbidity water sample, it was found to coagulate slightly about 14.9 % and 3.9 % for those which were stored for 5 and 7 days, respectively. For those Moringa oleifera stock solutions, which were stored at 3 C
up to 5 days, no significant differences were found between their turbidity removal efficiency on medium, high and very high turbidity, while those that were stored for more than 5 day did not perform coagulation. For surface water and low turbidity water samples significant differences were observed between turbidity removal efficiency of Moringa oleifera stored for different durations. Highest turbidity removal for surface water and low turbidity water were obtained using Moringa oleifera which were kept for 3 days or less and it decreased when using Moringa oleifera stock solution, which were stored longer.
Key words: Moringa Oleifera, Natural Coagulant, Storage Duration, Storage Temperature, Turbidity Removal INTRODUCTION
Turbidity removal is one of the important steps in water treatment process and generally is achieved using coagulation process. Many coagulants have been widely used in conventional water-treatment processes depending on their chemical characteristics. Recent studies have pointed out several serious drawbacks of using two most common coagulants aluminum and iron salt, such as Alzheimer's disease, production of large sludge volume reduction of pH and low efficiency in coagulation in cold water [H. In addition, their application is inappropriate in some developing countries because of the high cost and low availability.
Several studies on using natural coagulants produced or extracted from microorganisms, animals and plants have been carried out [2,3,4]. Among all the plant materials that have been tested over the years, the seeds of Moringa oleifeira have been shown to be one of the most effective primary coagulant for low-cost water purification with potential usage on a large scale in tropical developing countries [5,6,7,8,9,10]. Muyibi and Evison focused on the physical factors affecting the use of Moringa oleifera seeds in the coagulation of model turbid water [6]. Other studies have focused on quality of water treated by coagulation using two forms of the seed, shelled and unshelled [8]. However, systematic studies on the effects of storage duration and condition on its performance have not yet been carried out, which this study aimed to investigate.

I n ternational journal of l'Ingincering and Technolo7, Vol. I, No. 2, 2004, pp 146 - 151 147 MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preparation of Moringa Oleifera Stock Solution The Moringa oleifera was obtained from Kiang, Selangor area. The seeds were dried in the oven (Memmert type ULE 400, Germany) for 24 hours at 50 C. A rice husk removing machine (Satake Rice Machine type THU
class 35A, kW: 0.2-0.4, 1900) and mortar and pastel were used to remove the hulls and wings from the kernels.
The kernel were crushed and grounded to a medium fine powder with a domestic food blender (Moulinex). A
5000 mg of Moringa oleifera seeds powder was placed in a beaker containing 0.2 L of distilled water. The mixture was blended using domestic blender (Moulinex) for 2 minutes to extract the active ingredient of Moringa oleifera. The suspension was then filtered through a muslin cloth and the filtrate made up to 0.5 L to give a stock solution of 10,000 mg/L. 10000 mg/L of Moringa oleifera stock solution was used for jar test (BIBBY Stuart Scientific, UK) trials that were conducted to determine optimum dosages of Moringa oleifera on water samples of varying turbidities.
Storage of Moringa Oleifera Stock Solution In order to study the effects of storage temperature, the stock solution were divided into two groups and stored at two different temperatures namely; room temperature (28 C) and at 3 C
(refrigerator). The effects of storage duration on Aloringa oleifera stock solution were investigated for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days.
Preparation of Water Samples Experiments were carried out on different water samples including surface water and synthetic turbid water samples. Surface water samples were collected from a lake located at the Faculty Engineering. Universiti Putra Malaysia. Synthetic turbid water for coagulation tests was prepared by adding kaolin (Laguna Clay, USA) into distilled water. Ten grams of kaolin was added to 1 liter of distilled water.
The suspension was stirred slowly at 20 rpm for 1 hour in ajar test apparatus (BIBBY Stuart Scientific, UK) for uniform dispersion of kaolin particle.
The suspension was then allowed to stand for 24 hours to allow for complete hydration of the kaolin. This kaolin suspension was used as the stock solution for the preparation of water samples of varying turbidities for the coagulation tests. Four types of turbidities were carried out namely; low turbidity (<50 NTU), medium turbidity (50 NTU ¨ 100 NTU), high turbidity (100 NTU ¨200 NTU), and very high turbidity (> 300 NTU).
Experimental Procedures Two sets of experimental studies were carried out as follows:
i. Optimization of Moringa oleifera dosages for coagulation of water samples (Table 1) ii. Eight completely randomized experimental runs with varied storage durations and conditions using the design shown in Table 2.
Table 1. Operating variables used to run the jar test [ I 1,12]
Initial turbidity Rapid mix Rapid mix Slow mix Slow mix Settling time velocity (rpm) Duration velocity Duration (min) (NTU) (min) (rpm) (min) Low 100 2 40 20 30 Medium 100 2 40 20 30 High 100 4 40 25 30 Very high 100 4 40 25 30 International journal of I ';ngincering and Technolog, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2004, pp Table 2. Experimental runs for Moringa oleifera stock solution Storage Conditions Storage Duration Room Temperature (28 C) 3 C
Water samples 1 Day SW LT MT 11T VII'!' SW LT
MT HT VHT
3 Days SW LT MT I IT VHT SW LT MT
HT VI IT
Days SW LT MT HT VI-IT SW LT MT I
IT VEIT
7 Days SW LT MT HT VHT SW LT MT HT
VHT
*surface water (SW), low turbidity (LT), medium turbidity (MT), high turbidity (HT), very high turbidity (VHT) The water samples in the 500 ml beakers were agitated at the preselected intensity of rapid mixing (Table 1).
During rapid mixing the Moringa oleifera was added into each beaker simultaneously. After rapid mixing, the preselected intensity of slow mixing was quickly established, subsequently the beakers were left for the sedimentation phase to take place. After settling, 20 ml of the sample was taken from the middle of each beaker using a pipette, and placed in small bottle for turbidity measurement.
Turbidity measurements were conducted using Turbidimeter (HACH, model 2100P). For determination of optimum dosage, different amount of Moringa oleifera stock solution were added into the beakers and the amount that gave the lowest turbidity was the optimum dosage for that particular water.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Optimization Of Moringa Oleifera Dosages Results on optimum dosage of Moringa oleifera to obtain highest turbidity removal on different samples are presented in Table 3. Results showed that the optimum dosage of Moringa oleifera seeds extract was increased with increase in initial turbidity of the water sample. Furthermore higher turbidity removal was observed as initial turbidity of water samples was increased. This indicated that Moringa oleifera seed extract may not be an efficient coagulant for low turbid water. This result is in agreement with results reported by Muyibi and Evison [7].
Table 3. Optimization of Moringa oleifera dosages on different samples Moringa - Turbidity (NTU) Turbidity Zeta Potential pl I
oleifera (mV) _______________________________________ Removal Sample concentration Initial inal (4)/0) Initial Final Initial Final (m /1) F
Surface Water 80 35.4 26.5 27 -22.4 -19.0 7.02 6.87 Low turbidity 80 48.3 26.0 61 _25.9 _7.81 6.56 6.22 Medium turbidity 160 87.8 21.3 79 -27.3 -13.3 6.77 6.36 High turbidity 300 194 22.0 89 -22.5 -5.89 6.82 6.49 Very high turbidity 400 390 23.6 94 -24.6 -8.82 6.85 6.65 Turbidity removal efficiency of Moringa oleifera on surface water and synthetic low initial turbidity water µvere 27 and 61%, respectively. This result revealed that although the same dosage of Moringa oleifera seed extract applied on both type of water samples. the synthetic turbid water showed better performance in terms of ISSN 1823-1039 k2D 2004 FEIIC

International Journal of 1,,ngineering and Technology, Vol. I, No. 2, 2004, pp. 141. - 151 149 turbidity removal. This phenomenon probably is due to the fact that the surface water is likely to contain substances like colour, organics, etc., which may inhibit the coagulation process.
Generally, the optimum dosages obtained in this study were found higher than those reported by Muyibi and Evison [7]. This difference is probably due to usage of different species of Moringa oleifera. According to Jahn about 14 species of Moringa oleifera have so far been identified and although all Moringa suspensions acted as primary coagulants, but the different species did not have the same coagulation efficiency 113].
As shown in Table 3, the initial zeta potentials of water samples were from -22.4 mV to -27.3 mV. This indicated that kaolin particles were charged negatively. After coagulation, the zeta potential was increased to a range of -5.89 to -19.0 mV. The result showed that there was a substantial increase in the absolute zeta potential, indicating a charge neutralization. Ndabigengesere et al. reported that the zeta potential of a 5 % solution of Moringa oleifera seeds is +6 mV [8].
Results presented in Table 3 indicated that Moringa oleifera seeds did not affect the p11 value of water samples significantly. This result is in agreement with those reported by Ndabigengesere and Narasiah [1]. The overall p11 of the treated water sample was around 6.5 to 7Ø A slight decrease in pI1 was observed after the coagulation process of Moringa oleifera. In practical terms, this indicates that further chemical addition is not required to correct the pH of the finished water to values between 6.5 and 8.5 [14]. The slightly decrease in pH
may due to hydrogen ions of the weak acidity of Moringa oleifera stock solution, which balanced the hydroxide ions in the raw water.
Effects Of Storage Duration Of Moringa Oleifera Kept At Room Temperature (28 C) On Its Performance Figure 1 shows the results of turbidity removal using Moringa oleifera stock solutions, which were kept for 1, 3, and 7 days at room temperature. The results showed that Moringa oleifera kept under this condition were able to remove turbidity from medium, high and very high turbidity water samples.
In the case of surface water and low turbidity water, the residual turbidity after coagulation was found higher than the initial turbidity.

ao ;12 40 = Surface water 111 Low turbidity A Medium turbidity 0 -=

""..11.11.41011111.1.' " I High turbidity -20 * Very high turbidity Storage duration (days) Figure I. Turbidity removal efficiency of Moringa oleifera stock solution kept at room temperature for I, 3, 5 and 7 days For water samples with medium, high and very high initial turbidity values, highest turbidity removals were observed for stock solution which were kept for one day. For Moringa oleifera stock solution that were stored longer up to 3 days, the turbidity removal efficiencies decreased from 84.7 to 73.6%, 90.3 to 86.8% and 95.9 to 92.3 % for medium, high and very high turbidity water samples, respectively.
In the case of medium and high turbidity water sample, Moringa oleifera which were kept for more than 3 days did not perform any coagulation process and residual turbidities were found higher than initial turbidities.
While for very high turbidity water International journal of 1,.ngincering and Technology, Vol. I, No. 2, 2004, pp. 146 - 151 150 sample, Moringa oleifera which were kept for 5 and 7 days it was found to coagulate slightly about 14.9 % and 3.9 %, respectively.
Effects Of Storage Duration Of Moringa Oleifera Kept At 3 C (Refrigerator) On Its Performance Figure 2 shows the results of turbidity removal efficiency of Moringa oleifera stock solution, which were kept at 3 C for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. For medium, high and very high turbidity water, no significant differences were found between turbidity removal efficiency of Moringa oleifera kept at different durations. Turbidity removal efficiencies ranged between 78-85%, 85-92% and 93-96% for medium, high and very high turbidity water, respectively. Comparison between these water samples showed that the highest turbidity removals occurred using Moringa oleifera, which were stored up to 5 days.

08 =
(kik

2 ..>.7 40 - Surface water -a = = Low turbidity I¨ 20-A Medium turbidity High turbidity -20 Very high turbidity Storage duration (days) Figure 2. Turbidity removal efficiency of Moringa oleifera stock solution kept at 3r (refrigerator) for I, 3, 5 and 7 days The stock solutions which stored more than 5 days was not effective in removing the turbidity, and the residual turbidities were found higher that initial turbiditics.
For surface water and low turbidity water samples significant differences were observed between turbidity removal efficiency of Moringa oleifera stored for different durations. For surface water sample the highest turbidity removal of 80% was obtained by Moringa oleifera which was stored for

3 days, while it decreased to 25% when using Moringa oleifera stock solution stored for 5 days. The unexpected increase in turbidity removal probably attributed to the higher initial turbidity of surface water (53.7 NTU) used to carry out that particular test, compared to others.
For low turbidity water sample Moringa oleifera stock solutions which were kept for one day showed highest coagulation efficiency (74%). However the coagulation efficiency while was decreased to about 50% when using Moringa oleifera stock solutions, which were stored for 3 and 5 days.
CONCLUSION
= Coagulation efficiency of Moringa oleifera stock solution on water samples depended on the initial turbidity of the water sample. The optimum dosage of Moringa oleifera was increased with an increase in initial turbidity of the water sample. For water with initial turbidity of <50. 50-100, 100-200 and >200 NTU were 80, 160, 300 and 400 mg/I, respectively.
= Moringa oleifera was not an effective coagulant for low turbidity water sample.
= At optimum dosage, the percentage of turbidity removal was found to increase with increasing initial turbidity intcrnationaI journal of InOncering and .1 echnology, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2004, pp.

= Coagulation with Moringa oleifera stock solution which were kept at room temperature for duration of up to 3 days is most effective on medium, high and very high turbidity water.
= At 3 C, the active agents in the coagulation with Moringa oleifera stock solution well posses on medium.
high and very high turbidity water for those which kept up to 5 days.
= An increase in zeta potential of water samples after coagulation indicated a charge neutralization phenomenon.
REFERENCES
1. Ndbigengesere, A. and Narasiah, K.S. (1998) Quality of Water Treated by Coagulation Using Moringa Oleifera seeds. Wat. Resources, 32(3),781-791.
2. Kawamura S. (1991) Effectiveness of natural polyelectrolytes in water treatment. JAWWA, 83(10), 88-91.
3. Lee S. 11., Lee S. 0., .Tang K. L. Lee T. II. (1995) Microbial flocculant from arcuadendron SP-49.
Biotechnol. Lett. 17(1), 95-100.

4. Ganjidoust H., Tatsumi K., Yamagishi T. and Gholian R. N. (1997) Effect of synthetic and natural coagulant on lignin removal from pulp and paper wastewater. Wat. Sci. Tech.
35, 286-291.

5. Gassenschmidt U., Jany K. D., Tauscher B. and Niebergall II. (1995) Isolation and characterization of a flocculating proein from Moringa oleifera lam. Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 143, 477-481.

6. Muyibi S.A. and Okufu C. A. (1995) Coagulation of low turbidity surface water with Moringa oleifera seeds. Int. J. Environ. Stud. 48, 263-273.

7. Muyibi S.A. and Evison L.M. (1995) Optimizing Physical Parameters Affecting Coagulation of Turbid Water with Moringa Oleifera seeds. Wat. Resources, 29(12), 2689-2695.

8. Ndbigengesere, A., Narasiah, K.S. and Talbot, B.G. (1995). Active Agent and Mechanism of Coagulation of Turbid Waters Using Moringa Oleifera. Wat. Resources, 2, 703-710.

9. Muyibi S.A. and Evison L.M. (1996) Coagulation of turbid water and softening of hard water with Moringa Oleifera seeds. Int. J. Environ. Stud., 56, 483-495.

10. Muyibi S.A. (1997) Moringa Oleifera seeds extract in water treatment.
Institution of Engineers, Malaysia, 59(3), 37-49.

11. Muyibi S.A., Megat Johari, M.M.N., Fakhrul Radzi A., Emad, A. (2002) Bench scale studies for pretreatment of sanitary landfill leachate with Moringa Oleifera seeds extract. Int. J. Environ. Stud.
59(5), 513-535.

12. Muyibi S.A., Megat Johari, M.M.N., Tan, K.L., Lam, H.L. (2002) Effects of oil extracted from Moringa Oleifera seeds on coagulation of turbid water. Int. J. Environ. Stud.
59(2), 243-254.

13. Jahn, S.A.A. (1988) Effectiveness of traditional flocculants as primary coagulants and coagulant aids for the treatment of tropical waters with more than a thousand fold flocculation in turbidity. Water Supply 2(3/4), 8 - 10.

14. USEPA (1991) Is your drinking water safe? Office of Water (WH-550), EPA
570/9-91-005, Washington DC.

Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences ISSN: 2276-7770 Vol. 2 (5), pp. 207-211, September 2012.
Research Article Effect of Moringa Extract on Growth and Yield of Tomato Mvumi Culver1, Tagwira Fanuelland Albert Z. Chitekal.
'Africa University, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, P. 0. Box 1320, Mutare, Zimbabwe Corresponding Author's Email: culmvi@yahoo.com ABSTRACT
Trials were carried out to evaluate the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract as a growth hormone on growth and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumL var. Rodade).
In the greenhouse, five treatments were used: the control, where only water was added (MO), second control where ethanol 80 % was added (ME), moringa extract applied once at 2 weeks from emergence (Mil, moringa extract applied at 2 and 4 weeks from emergence (M2), and moringa extract applied every 2 weeks to maturity,starting from two weeks from germination (M3).The same treatments were adopted in the field except the ME which was considered unnecessary after observing the results of the greenhouse experiment. Results showed that moringa extract increased growth and yield of tomato in both greenhouse and field. Moringa extract significantly increased above ground dry matter yield (DM), root dry matter weight and plant height for the crop.
Yields obtained at MI, M2 and M3 were increasing in ascending order from Mt The study recommends the application of extract at M3.
Key words: Moringaoleifera leaf extract, growth hormone, tomato ABBREVIATIONS
AN ammonium nitrate DM dry matter EC emulsifiable concentration FAO food and organization SSP single super phosphate TEB total exchangeable bases WP wettable powder INTRODUCTION
Vegetables are important crops for additional supply of human nutritional requirements. Temu and Temu (2005) described vegetables, which include tomatoes as high-value crops which have high nutritive value. In particular, they are high in vitamins, minerals and fibre. But according to reports by Stock (2004), half of the Sub Saharan countries were designated by FAO as having short supply of these crops. One of the constraints to sustained production of tomatoes in this region is lack of hormonal application. This leads to poor plant growth and increased disease pressure which results in decline in agricultural food production.
Plant hormones can be used to increase yield per unit area because they influence every phase of plant growth and development. Traditionally, there are five groups of growth regulators which are listed: auxins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene and cytokinins (Prosecus, 2006).Cytokinins enhance food production. Zeatin is one form of the most common forms of naturally occurring cytokinin in plants.
Fresh Moringa oleifera leaves have been shown to have high zeatin content. Moringa leaves gathered from various parts of the world were found to have high zeatin concentrations of between 5 mcg and 200 mcg/g of leaves(EI Awady, 2003).
Moringa leaf extract was sprayed onto leaves of onions, bell pepper, soya beans, sorghum, coffee, tea, chili, melon and maize and was shown to increase yields of these crops (Fuglie, 2000). If moringa extract can increase yields, then the potential benefit to the smallholder farmers in Africa would be great. The effect of moringa extract on other crops is unknown.
The objective of the current study is to test effect of moringa extract on growth and development of tomato.
The hypothesis of this research was application of moringa extract tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. var. Rodade) can increase the growth and yield of the crop.
www.gjournals.org Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences ISSN: 2276-7770 Vol. 2 (5), pp. 207-211, September 2012.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The effect of applying moringa extract on three crops was evaluated in the greenhouse and in the field at Africa University (AU) during the 2006-2007 rainy season. The soil used was loamy orthoferralitic soils, 7E (Nyamapfene, 1991).
Greenhouse Experiment 12 black polythene bags containing 10 kg of soil each were used to establish tomato plants.Fertilizer rates used were:
105 kg N/ha (1.38 g AN /10 kg soil), 240 kg P205/ha (5.74 g SSP/10 kg soil), and 75 kg K20/ha (0.68 g sulphate of potash/10 kg soil). (AN=34.5 `)/0 N, SSP=18 % P205 and Sulphate of Potash=50 %
K205).
The design was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates.
Treatments 1. Control-with no moringa extract added (MO).
2. Control- 80 % ethanol sprayed at every 2 weeks, starting from 2 weeks after emergence (ME).
3. Moringa extract sprayed at 2 weeks after emergence (M1).
4. Moringa extract sprayed at 2 weeks and 4 weeks after emergence (M2) 5. Moringa extract sprayed 2 weeks after emergence and after every two weeks thereafter (M3) The alcohol control was added to establish if its use in the extract had any effect on the growth of the plants.
The seed was directly sown into the pots at a depth of 1.5 cm. Four seeds were planted per pot. The plants were thinned to two plants per pot two weeks after emergence. Water was applied according to the requirements of each crop. All pots were kept weed free. Pests were controlled using dimethoate 40 % EC applied at 10 ml per 10 litres of water sprayed after every 2 weeks to control red spider mites. Carbaryl 85 %
WP was applied at 20 g per 10 litres to control leaf eating pests and copper oxychloride at 50 g per 10 litres of water to control early blight (Altemaria solani) and other fungal diseases which attack the crop. The two latter pesticides were applied after every 7 days.
Preparation of moringa extract Moringa plants were planted through direct seeding in the field at Africa University farm to raise plants with appropriate leaf ages to use for deriving the extract. As the plants were growing, new shoots were harvested at 35 days after emergence. An amount of 20 g of young moringa leaves was mixed with 675 ml of 80 % ethanol as suggested by (Makker and Becker, 1996). The suspension was stirred using a homogenizer to help maximize the amount of the extract. The solution was then filtered by wringing the solution using a mutton cloth. The solution was re-filtered using No. 2 Whatman filter paper. Using a method developed by Fuglie (2000), the extract was diluted with distilled water at a 1:32 ratio (v/v) and then sprayed directly onto plants.
The extract was used within five hours from cutting and extracting (if not ready to be used, the extract or the solution prepared was stored at 0 C and only taken out when needed for use). An amount of 25 ml (application rate) of the solution was applied per plant in the greenhouse.
Statistical Analysis of Data Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done using Genstat, version 4.2.
Field experiment The crop was planted in plots which were 1.8m long by 1.8m wide, giving an area of 3.24 m2. The chemical characteristics of the soil used were the same as that presented in Table 2.
The crop evaluated was tomato (cultivar Rodade) .The following treatments were applied.
1. Control-no moringa extract added (MO).
2. Moringa extract sprayed at 2 weeks after transplanting (M1).
3. Moringa extract sprayed at 2 weeks and 4 weeks after transplanting (M2).
4. Moringa sprayed after every 2 weeks up to physiological maturity, starting from two weeks after transplanting (M3).
www.gjournals.org Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences ISSN: 2276-7770 Vol. 2 (5), pp. 207-211, September 2012.
The control in which ethanol 80 % (ME) was applied alone was not included. It was proved not significantly different from water during the greenhouse experiment in which both the ethanol 80 %
(ME) and water (MO) were used as controls during the test for the crop. Otherwise, the treatments applied were the same with those applied in the greenhouse.
The design was a RCBD with three replicates.
Fertilizer rates used The fertilizer rates used at planting were equivalent to those used in the greenhouse experiment except the following additions or changes.
The rate of 34.5 kg N/ha (32.4 g AN/plot) was used on the top dressing of tomato mixed with the same amount of sulphate of potash (1:1 ratio) by weight (Gilmour, 1983). The crop was top-dressed 2 times at 3 weeks interval starting from marble size stage.
All the other agronomic operations were similar to those described in the greenhouse study. The crop was planted in the nursery and then transplanted after four weeks. The spacing used was 60 cm inter-row x 30 cm in-row.
Moringa extract Moringa extract for the field experiment was prepared and applied as described for the greenhouse experiment.
Data Analysis Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done using Genstat, version 4.2.
Table 1. Chemical characteristics of the soil used at Africa University (AU) during the 2006-2007 in greenhouse and field trials ----------------------------------------------- Nutrient level in the soil pHCa Mg K TEB P Total N
(Ca Cl2 scale) ------------- me % ------------ (PPrn) ( /0) 5.1 8.57 5.15 0.70 14.42 18.5 0.12 Table 2. Mean shoot and root dry matter yield and plant height at 49 days after planting for tomato plants treated with moringa extract in the greenhouse.
DM Root dry weight Height Treatment (g/pot) (g/pot) (cm) Number of stems MO 32.8 10.1 33.7 2.00 ME 33.1 9.7 28.7 2.33 M1 38.0 15.4 51.7 2.33 M2 41.4 26.8 64.3 3.33 M3 46.4 30.7 84.0 3.33 Mean 38.40 18.4 52.5 2.60 SE 4.42 6.8 8.1 0.92 (NS) LS D(0.05) 8.33 12.8 15.3 CV (%) 11.50 37.0 15.5 35.50 """ Significant at P=0.05, P=0.01, P=0.001 respectively, NS=Not significant at P=0.05. MO=control-with no moringa added, ME=control-80 % ethanol sprayed www.gjournals.org Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences ISSN: 2276-7770 Vol. 2 (5), pp. 207-211, September 2012.
every 2 weeks starting from 2 weeks after mergence, M1=moringa extract sprayed 2 weeks after emergence, M2=moringa extract sprayed at 2 weeks and 4 weeks after emergence, M3=moringa extract sprayed 2 weeks after emergence and after every two weeks thereafter.
Table 3. Mean fresh fruit weight (tha-1) and number of stem branches for tomato plants treated with moringa extract in the field.
Treatment Fresh fruit weight (tha-1) No. of stems/plant Control-no moringa extract added (MO) 13.22 4.00 Moringa extract sprayed at 2 weeks after transplanting (M1) 18.98 6.67 Moringa extract sprayed at 2 weeks and 4 weeks after transplanting (M2) 24.34 7.67 Moringa extract sprayed every 2 weeks up to physiological maturity, starting from two weeks after transplanting (M3) 31.88 10.00 Mean 22.11 7.08 SE 2.55 1.05 LS D(o 05) 5.10 2.11 CV (`)/0) 11.50 14.90 Significant at P=0.01, P=0.001 respectively.
RESULTS
Greenhouse The two control treatments were also not significantly different from M1 Table 1. There was no significant difference in dry matter yield between applying one moringa spray at 2 weeks after germination and applying at 2 and 4 weeks after germination. Applying the extract at 2 and 4 weeks and at every two weeks significantly (p<0.05) increased dry matter yield by 26 % and 41 % respectively. M1 had no significant effect on root weight, but M2 and M3 significantly increased root weight by 66 % and 162 % respectively. All the moringa treatments significantly increased plant height. Height was significantly increased by 53 % when moringa extract was applied once at 2 weeks, 90 % when moringa was applied at 2 and 4 weeks (M2) and by 149 % when moringa was applied every two weeks up to harvest (ME). There was no significant difference in the number of stem branches.
Field The control fresh fruit weight and number of stem branches for tomato plants (Table 4) was lower than the treatment where one spray (M1) was added. All moringa extract treatments significantly (p<0.05) increased fresh fruit weight and number of stem branches of the tomato plants. Applying moringa extract spray at 2 weeks after transplanting (M1), spraying at 2 weeks and 4 weeks after transplanting (M2) and spaying every 2 weeks up to physiological maturity (M3) increased fruit weight by 43%, 84 % and 141 % respectively. Ml, M2 and M3 significantly increased the number of stem branches by 66 %, 91 % and 150 "/. respectively.
DISCUSSION
In the greenhouse experiment done, application of moringa extract significantly increased dry matter yield, root dry weight and plant height of tomato plants. Allmoringa extract treatments increased tomato plant height.The percentage increases in yields for root weight in the greenhouse through moringa extract application at M3 was 162 www.gjournals.org Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences ISSN: 2276-7770 Vol. 2 (5), pp. 207-211, September 2012.
%. In the greenhouse, the height of the crop gave the most response to the extract in comparison to the other parameters. The highest increase was obtained with the highest moringa extract treatment (M3),In field, all moringa extract treatments increased fresh fruit weight and number of stem branches.
The percentage increases for fruit yield through moringa extract application at M3 was 150 %.The applications of M1 to M3 gave yield increases which ranged from 20-150 %. The highest frequency of moringa application (M3) gave the highest yield. The percentage increase in yield at M3 was 141 %.
El Awady (2003) pointed out that in moringa, there is zeatin hormone in very high concentrations of between mcg and 200 mcg/g of material. Fuglie (2000) confirmed that this cytokinin (CK) related hormone increases crop yields when sprayed as an extract from fresh moringa leaves.
CONCLUSION
Moringa leaf extract increases growth and yields of tomatoes. From the results of both the greenhouse and field experiments, it may be concluded the higher the frequency of moringa application, the greater the increase in plant height, dry matter and yield of the crop. The study recommends the application of extract at M3.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The writing of this project was supported by funds from RUFORUM. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to this organization. Professor F. Tagwira of Africa University was largely responsible for securing the nurturing grant.
I am grateful to Professor F. Tagwira, my co-supervisor for his close supervision and the confidence he showed in me to pioneer in the moringa project. To him I am also grateful for facilitating the initial contact and ground work, together with his tireless support and suggestions during the writing of this project.
My heartfelt gratitude goes to Dr Z. A. Chiteka for his guidance in the analysis of data so that it was compatible with the whole document. I am also grateful to him for his patience and editing skills.
REFERENCES
Adandonon A (2004). Damping-off and Stem rot of Cowpea in Benin caused by Sclerotiumrolfii.University of Pretoria.
Ark PA and Thompson JP(1959). Control of certain diseases of plants with antibiotics from garlic (Allium sativum L.).
Plant Dis. Rep. 43:276-282.
Fuglie LJ (2000). New Uses of Moringa Studied in Nicaragua: ECHO's Technical Network Site-networking global hunger solutions. ECHO, Nicaragua.
Gilmour JG (1983). Horticultural Handbook.Agritex, Zimbabwe.
Makkar HPS and Becker K (1996). Nutritional value and antinutritional components of whole and ethanol extracted Moringaoleifera leaves. Animal Feed Scinec and Technology 63, 211-228.
Nyamapfene K (1991). The Soils of Zimbabwe.Nehanda Publishers, Zimbabwe, pp 28-30.
Prosecus P (2006). Biosynthesis-Plant Hormones and Growth Regulators:
Chemistry and Biology. Biosynth Ag. Co., Switzerland.
Stock RF (2004). Africa South of the Sahara: a Geographical Interpretation.
Guilford Press, New York.
Temu AE &T emu AA (2005). High Value Agricultural Products for Small holder Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa:
Trends, Opportunities and Research Priorities. International Workshop on How can the poor benefit from the growing markets for high value agricultural products? 3-5 October 2005. International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Cali, Colombia.
www.gjournals.org CA 02865150 2014-09-23 .
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Moringa shows great promise as a tool to help overcome some of the most severe problems in the developing world¨malnutrition, deforestation, impure water and poverty. The tree does best in the dry regions where these problems are worst."
- Andrew Young, former Atlanta Mayor and United Nations Ambassador6 "Among the wide range of Green Leafy Vegetables, Moringa is the richest source of Beta-Carotene [vitamin AL apart from providing other important micronutrients."
- Dr. Kamala Krishnaswamy, former Director, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad7 4111 dir Witt elf " Although few people have ever heard of it today, Moringa could soon become one of the world's most valuable plants, at least in humanitarian terms."
- Noel Vietmeyer, US National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C.8 ...traditional practice has long suggested that cancer prevention and therapy may be achievable with native plants.
In the recent past, more than 750 studies, articles and other publications have included Moringa.
ww\A allthingsmoringa.corria:) 201 ( ____________________________________ ( 2 ) _______________________________________ All Things Moringa The Story of an Amazing Tree of Life Contents Introduction Vitamin & Mineral Content of Moringa Amino Acid Content of Moringa The Moringa Solution to Worldwide Malnutrition The John Hopkins School Research on Moringa Rhamnose, Phytochemicals Anti-Bacterial, Anti-Fungal Cancer Prevention Key Nutrients in Moringa and Disease Prevention Moringa and Diabetes Moringa has Antioxidants Galore Moringa's Anti-Aging Compound ¨ Zeatin List of Some Health Benefits of Moringa Moringa Helps Plants Grow & Nourishes Soil Moringa Purifies and Clarifies Water Moringa Claims of Traditional Medicine Ancient and Traditional Uses of Moringa Chart Bibliography References www.allthingsmoringa.com 2010 ( 3 ) ___________________________________________________________________ Introduction The Moringa tree is one of the most i , t \ incredible plants I have ever encountered. This may sound sensationalist, but Moringa's Ni4L
.-......icv nutritional and medicinal properties has the potential to end malnutrition, starvation, as well as prevent and heal many diseases and maladies worldwide. Moringa is truly a miracle plant, and a divine gift for the nourishing and healing of man. This plant has so many uses and special features, it is hard to know where to begin sharing what I have learned about this wonderful plant. This book is the result of my research on Moringa. I
have read many books, research papers, seen many videos and have visited many websites. In this book I have distilled the best and most useful information from all of these sources in order to save you the reader from have to wade through all of the information out there about Moringa. This book will give you the key information in a concise way so that it will be easy to read and share its content with others. I plan to write more in the future about Moringa, but for now this book will serve as an excellent introduction to Moringa.
Moringa is the sole genus in the flowering plant family Moringaceae. The genus Moringa in turn is made up of 13 species. The species most common, and which is the main subject of this book is the species called "Moringa Oleifera." Moringa Oleifera is found in many tropical and sub-tropical regions.
Moringa can be grown in the even the harshest and driest of soils, where barely anything else will grow. In fact, one of the nicknames of Moringa is "never die" due to its incredible ability to survive harsh weather and even drought.
t All parts of the Moringa tree are edible and have long been consumed by humans. (Jed W. Fahey, 2005) \\*.'"¨IIIWRIEWIENNINIMININNIM _______ --imommossmanons ____________________________________ ( 4 ) _______________________________________ The most incredible thing about Moringa is the amount of nutritional and medicinal chemicals and compounds found in this plant. The chart below will give you a quick view of some of the notable nutrients contained in this plant.
100 grams of dry Moringa leaf contains:
.dt a A
dm*. 1/2 than 17 Ilifias 15 limn.; 25 time! 9 limes 1..3 to 41. C r..tx. ft Figure 1: Fuglie U (1999) The Miracle Tree: Moringa oleifera: Natural Nutrition for the Tropics.
Church World Service, Dakar. 68 pp.; revised in 2001 and published as The Miracle Tree: The Multiple Attributes of Moringa, 172 pp.
As seen in the chart above, not only does Moringa contain vitamin A, vitamin C, Calcium, Potassium, Iron, and Protein, it contains it in high amounts that are easily digested and assimilated by the human body. The chart above highlights some of the commonly known nutrients needed by the human body. Moringa also contains, not one, not two, not three, but over 40 anti-oxidants. Moringa is said to contain 539 known compounds which according to traditional African and Indian medicine (Ayurvedic) is said to prevent of 300 diseases and maladies.
Below are two more charts which give a little more detailed view of the vitamins, minerals and amino acids (proteins), contained in Moringa's fresh leaves and dried leaf powder.
Every part of the Moringa tree is said to have beneficial properties that can serve humanity.

People in societies around the world have made use of these properties.
(www.treesforlife.org) ____________________________________ ( 5 ) _______________________________________ Vitamin & iiiiineral Content of IVioringa All values are per 100 grams of edible portion.
Fresh Leaves Dried Leaves Carotene (Vit. A)* 6.78 mg 18.9 mg Thiamin (B1) 0.06 mg 2.64 mg Riboflavin (B2) 0.05 mg 20.5 mg Niacin (B3) 0.8 mg 8.2 mg Vitamin C 220 mg 17.3 mg Calcium 440 mg 2,003 mg Calories 92 cal 205 cal Carbohydrates 12.5g 38.2g Copper 0.07 mg 0.57 mg Fat 1.70g 2.3g Fiber 0.90 g 19.2 g Iron 0.85 mg 28.2 mg Magnesium 42 mg 368 mg Phosphorus 70 mg 204 mg Potassium 259 mg 1,324 mg Protein 6.70 g 27.1g Zinc 0.16 mg 3.29 mg *Figures shown for vitamin A are carotene content for fresh leaves and beta-carotene content for dried leaves.1, 5 ____________________________________ ( 6 ) _______________________________________ Amino Acid Content of Moringa*
All values are per 100 grams of edible portion.
Fresh Leaves Dried Leaves Arginine 406.6 mg 1,325 mg Histidine 149.8 mg 613 mg lsoleucine 299.6 mg 825 mg Leucine 492.2 mg 1,950 mg Lysine 342.4 mg 1,325 mg Methionine 117.7 mg 350 mg Phenylalinine 310.3 mg 1,388 mg Threonine 117.7 mg 1,188 mg Tryptophan 107 mg 425 mg Valine 374.5 mg 1,063 mg *While Gopalan, et at. expressed amino acid content per g N
(nitrogen), these figures have been converted to mg per 100g leaves for clarity.
The Moringa Solution to Worldwide Malnutrition Looking at the abundance in the number of different vitamins, minerals and amino acids, as well as the high concentration of many of these nutrients it is easy to understand why Moringa has been said to prevent 300 diseases.
"Although few people have ever heard of it -\k.
today, Moringa could soon become one of the world's most valuable plants, at least in humanitarian terms."
Noel Vietmeyer, US National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C.
In the recent past, more than 750 studies, articles and other publications have included Morinaa. (www.treesforlife.org) ____________________________________ ( 7 ) _______________________________________ Dr. Martin price did a great job in his book "The Moringa Tree" in reporting the results of the administration of Moringa in various so-called "developing nations," especially the great work done by Lowell F. Fuglia in Senegal. Below are a few quotes from his book on the efficacy of Moringa in combating malnutrition, and in providing nourishment to breast feeding mothers and children.
rSuccessful treatment of malnourished children has been well-documented. Interviews with men and women who have made Moringa a regular part of their diets point out that they have a keen awareness of improvements in their health and energy. At one health post, the pharmacy is now selling Moringa leaf powder to mothers with malnourished children. (Price, 1985) The supervisor of the primary health department at a hospital said, "We have always had problems with the classical approach to treating malnourished children. This was based on industrial products: whole milk powder, vegetable oil and sugar. All these things are expensive. When you tell a parent to go out and buy them¨this can be truly costly for them." A nurse in charge of pediatrics at a hospital keeps dried leaf powder on hand to give out to mothers of malnourished children. (Price, 1985) An administrator at another general hospital is a diabetic. "I have .
for the past three years been controlling my blood sugar by periodically drinking a tea made from Moringa leaves." He decided to plant a thousand trees around the hospital complex. "This way we will always have a ready supply of leaves to treat the cases of malnutrition we receive. (Price, 1985) , At first, when I tried to nurse my son, I was not producing enough milk. Then I started to eat Moringa. After a short while I had enough milk again. We now eat Moringa sauces at least three times a week. Every other time I had a baby, I lost weight during the months! was breast-feeding. This time I have been gaining weight.
Many adults mentioned that they were no longer so tired. Some =
____________________________________ ( 8 ) _______________________________________ The John Hopkins School Research on Moringa Jed W. Fahey, Sc.D. , Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences produced a very important research paper titled: "Moringa oleifera: A
.;
Review of the Medical Evidence for Its Nutritional, Therapeutic, and Prophylactic Properties. Part 1." In this seminal work, they began the process of sifting through the scientific work on Moringa, as well as the traditional, as well as anecdotal evidence for Moringa's nutritional, therapeutic and t =
= prophylactic. In doing this, they found that much of the scientific evidence is beginning to support much of the traditional and anecdotal information. I
will first present some of the traditional information on the use of Moringa in treating various diseases and maladies.
Below are quotes as well as a chart given in the John Hopkins research paper on the scientific evidence regarding Moringa's nutritional value, as well as its medicinal properties.
... the nutritional properties of Moringa are nowµ.
so well known that there seems to be little doubt of the substantial health benefit to be realized by consumption of Moringa leaf powder in situations where starvation is imminent. (Jed W.
Fahey, 2005) ____________________________________ ( 9 ) _______________________________________ Moringa preparations have been cited in the scientific literature as i having antibiotic, antitrypanosomal, hypotensive, antispasmodic, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, hypo-cholesterolemic, and hypoglycemic activities, as well as having considerable efficacy in water purification by flocculation, sedimentation, antibiosis and even reduction of *.
Schistosonne cercariae titer.
' :
Antibiotic Activity: This is clearly the area in which the preponderance of evidence¨both classical scientific and extensive anecdotal evidence¨is overwhelming. The scientific evidence has now been available for over 50 years, although much of it is completely unknown to western scientists (led \i\i Fahey 2nncl Rhamnose & Phytochemicals - Phytochemicals are chemical compounds produced by plants through interaction with the sun (photosynthesis) and which have an effect on health and healing.
Phytochemicals and 6 Carbon Sugar Rhamnose: An examination of i-the phytochemicals of Moringa species affords the opportunity to examine a range of fairly unique compounds. In particular, this plant family is rich in compounds containing the simple sugar, rhamnose, and it is rich in a fairly unique group of compounds called glucosinolates and isothiocyanates. For example, specific components of Moringa preparations that have been reported to have hypo-tensive, anticancer, and antibacterial activity include 4-(4'-0-acetyl-a-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl isothiocy-anate, 4-(a-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)benzyl isothiocy-anate, niazinnicin, pterygospermin ], benzyl isothiocyanate [5], and 4-(a-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy) benzyl glucosinolate [6]. While these compounds are relatively unique to the Moringa family, it is also rich in a number of vitamins and minerals as well as other more commonly recognized phytochemicals such as the carotenoids (including 13-carotene or pro-vitamin A).
.._ ____________________________________ ( 10 ) ______________________________________ Antibacterial and Antifungal: Subsequent elegant and very thorough work, published in ,r; / 4 , 7 . , . õ , % = 1964 as a PhD thesis by Bennie Badgett (a f,44' t.T"':*- , ,... student of the well known chemist Martin f? 401:.
4p Ettlinger), identified a number of glyosylated .- 0 :: , v 7='? P .' derivatives of benzyl isothiocyanate [5] (e.g.
*,..:: 'k4414 -44$b4t4 ..): compounds containing the 6-carbon simple -=1';... - '' sugar, rhamnose) (8). The identity of these ,.: compounds was not available in the refereed 7_,-,A.,z -4 .46. ,si:,;' ' ' It2,M,....1' õ,,,,:= I i scientific literature until "re-discovered"

15 years later by Kjaer and co-workers (73).
='"-...,'". = , trigenv.--4!% i.,-,,,, , 7 Seminal reports on the antibiotic activity of ,. 74,_ * = ' -- ' ), the primary rhamnosylated compound then followed, from U Eilert and colleagues in Braunschweig, Germany (33, 34). They re-isolated and confirmed the identity of 4-(a-L-rhannnopy-ranosyloxy)benzyl glucosinolate [6] and its cognate isothiocyanate [2] and verified the activity of the latter compound against a wide range of bacteria and fungi. (Jed W. Fahey, 2005) This is clearly the area in which the preponderance of evidence¨both classical scientific and extensive anecdotal evidence¨is overwhelming. The scientific evidence has now been available for over 50 years, although much of it is completely unknown to western scientists.
H. pylori is an omnipresent pathogen of human beings in medically underserved areas of the world, and amongst the poorest of poor populations worldwide. It is a major cause of gastritis, and of gastric and duodenal ulcers, and it is a major risk factor for gastric cancer (having been classified as a carcinogen by the W.H.O. in 1993). Cultures of H. pylori, it turned out, were extraordinarily susceptible to [2], and to a number of other isothiocyanates (37, 60). These compounds had antibiotic activity against H.
pylori at concentrations up to 1000-fold lower than those which had been used in earlier studies against a wide range of bacteria and fungi. The extension of this finding to human H. pylori infection is now being pursued in the clinic, and the prototypical isothiocyanate has already demonstrated some efficacy in pilot studies. (Jed W. Fahey, 2005) ___________________________________ ( 11 ) _______________________________________ Cancer Prevention ...traditional practice has long suggested that cancer prevention and therapy may be achievable with native plants. (Jed W. Fahey, 2005) Since Moringa species have long been recognized by folk medicine practitioners as having value in tumor therapy, we examined compounds for their cancer preventive potential. Recently, these compounds were shown to be potent inhibitors of phorbol ester (TPA)-induced Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation in lymphoblastoid (Burkitt's lymphoma) cells.
In one of these studies, they also inhibited tumor promotion in a mouse two-stage DMBA-TPA tumor model. In an even more recent study, Bharali and colleagues have examined skin tumor prevention following ingestion of drumstick (Moringa seedpod) di extracts. In this mouse model, which included appropriate positive and negative controls, a =
-dramatic reduction in skin papillomas was irt. I
demonstrated. Thus, traditional practice has long suggested that cancer prevention and therapy may be achievable with native plants.
(Jed W. Fahey, 2005) ...antibiosis and cancer prevention as just two examples of areas of Moringa research for which the existing scientific evidence appears to be particularly strona. tied W. Fahey. 2005) _______________________________________ 12 _____________________________________ A plethora of traditional medicine references attest to its curative power... p.3 ...In many cases, published in-vitro (cultured cells) and in-vivo (animal) trials do provide a degree of mechanistic support for some of the claims that have sprung from the traditional medicine lore. For example, numerous studies now point to the elevation of a variety of detoxification and antioxidant enzymes and biomarkers as a result of treatment with Moringa or with phytochemicals isolated from Moringa. (Jed W. Fahey, 2005) Malnutrition and Disease Many people, believe it or not, are not fully aware of the connection between malnutrition and disease. The body intrinsically has the ability to both prevent disease as well as fight disease as long as it has the nutrients it needs to do this work. The body, its organs and its immune system need certain nutrients in certain amounts in order to function properly. If the body does not have these nutrients, it full and most efficient functioning is deteriorated and even loss. For instance, many children in the so-called "developing nations" suffer from night blindness and other eye diseases and afflictions simply because they do not get enough vitamin A. Due to the high vitamin A content of Moringa, this could be alleviated by mixing a few tablespoons of Moringa into the food of these children. Many disease and afflictions affecting millions of people, especially children around the world due to nutrient poor diets can be alleviated by just adding Moringa leaf powder to their foods.
____________________________________ 13 ) _______________________________________ Malnutrition < Mt Moringa 1e-1, IT' Figure 2: The map of the places where malnutrition is a major issue is the same as the map of where Moringa grow wild. Wherever there is a human problem, nature usually provides the cure close at hand.
7 WIWI Tor rpaitrm of Yocutt 25 Cotes the kot , , of Spinach 1P the Vitamin C
of Orange;
, If AlitS
*14''' tittlet. the Vitamin A
Of attOti 1Sthltes the Pota,s tom of riattanal 1. :
17 Mots the ( Arbon of Mai Key Nutrients in Voringa and Disease Prevention Let's look at some of the nutrients in Moringa (see illustration above and preceding charts) and how the lack of these nutrients often leads to various disease and maladies. Moringa supplies a wide variety of nutrients in a non-toxic and easy to digest form. Moringa also contains these nutrients in combinations that are easy for the body to assimilate and digest. No wonder ____________________________________________ 1 14 ) ______________________________ Moringa is considered a "miracle tree" with the ability to save your life and lives worldwide.
2 times the hotels at Yog tut s 3 time s thr koh, of S pillar h , , 7 times the VistiminC
-ittiSti LtAVES,,,,, ¨* '19 t .
fa 4411: WW1 . 1 4110 4001:
dr 4, , 4 times the Vitamin A
4#
1 ol CA trots 3 times the Potassium at Da nit roes 4 times ow cattail ot mint Values for African Grown Fresh Moringa Leaf Vitamin A
monnga Leaf Powder By providing abundant Vitamin A, Moringa helps prevent:
k 1) Blindness (night blindness and complete) ,.., 2) Maternal mortality 3) Pregnancy and lactation (breast milk) io times the Vitamin A production problems Of Carrots 4) Weak immunity and inability to fight infections Fresh Moringa Leaf NOTE: Approximately 250,000 to 500,000 malnourished children in the developing world go blind each year from a deficiency of vitamin A, ...
approximately half of which die within a year of becoming blind. The United Nations Special Session 4 times the Vitamin A
of Catrot, on Children in 2002 set the elimination of vitamin A
deficiency by 2010. (Wikipedia, 2010) ___________________________________ c 15 ) _______________________________________ It is unfortunate that over 100 million children around the world may go blind simply because they are not getting enough vitamin A. What makes it even more ironic is that in many of the countries where this is a problem, Moringa often grows wild. Just a few spoonfuls in the children's food could easily save them from going blind. "
-\, -A:en though Americans are some of the most obese people in the world, Americans, especially children I
still suffer from malnutrition because the food has i been robbed of nutrients as a result of processing I
the food.
!
....among the leafy vegetables, one stands out as I
particularly good, the horseradish tree (Moringa). The leaves are outstanding as a source of vitamin A..." [Survival and Subsistence in the Tropics by Frank Martin]
Vitamin C
1/3 the VitatnthIC 1 01 Oranges i By providing abundant Vitamin C, Moringa helps I prevent:

1) Scurvy - Scurvy leads to the formation of spots on 1:tA- k the skin, spongy gums, and bleeding from the mucous membranes. The spots are most MoringaltrArPowder I abundant on the thighs and legs, and a person with the ailment looks pale, feels depressed, and is partially immobilized. In advanced scurvy there are open, 7 times the VitantinC suppurating wounds and loss of teeth.
of Otangei 2) High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) _ 3) Weakness Lassitude 4) Swollen gums, nosebleeds 1 ''---Fresh Moringd Leaf ____________________________________ ( 16 ) ______________________________________ NOTE: Scurvy does not occur in most animals because they can synthesize their own vitamin C, but humans, other primates, guinea pigs, and a few other species lack an enzyme necessary for such synthesis and must obtain vitamin C through their diet. Vitamin C is widespread in plant tissues, with particularly high concentrations occurring in citrus fruits (oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruits), tomatoes, potatoes, cabbages, and green peppers.
(Wikipedia, 2010) Iron 25 'times the bon By providing abundant Iron, Moringa helps prevent:
of S pinat h fi 1) Anemia 4 , , 2) Fatigue v 3) Irritability Cit =4.:-.! , --..)-4'.g",õ - 4) Weakness 5) Shortness of Breath Moringa Leif Powder 6) Dizziness 7) Pale skin color 3 times the Imil 8) Sore tongue oiSpinac h i 9) Brittle nails -..
A 10) Decreased appetite (especially in children) 11) Headache ¨ frontal , ...,. , Fresh Moringa Leaf NOTE: Iron deficiency (sideropenia or hypoferremia) is one of the most commonly known forms of nutritional deficiencies. In the human body, iron is present in all cells and has several vital functions¨as a carrier of oxygen to the tissues from the lungs in the form of hemoglobin, as a transport medium for electrons within the cells in the form of cytochromes, and as an integral part of enzyme reactions in various tissues. Too little iron can interfere with these vital functions and lead to morbidity and death.
The direct consequence of iron deficiency is iron deficiency anemia. Groups that are most prone to developing this disease are children and pre-menopausal women.

Moringa is especially useful for children & women who are anemic due to their menstrual cycles.
____________________________________ 1 17 3 _________________________________________________________________________ Calcium Moringa Leaf Powder By providing abundant Calcium, Moringa helps prevent:
1) Anemia 2) Osteoporosis - Bone weakness and damage 3) Muscle damage / impairment 4) Nerve damage / impairment 5) Abnormal heartbeat and functioning 27 times the catkin%
of Milk NOTE: Calcium is the most abundant mineral found in the Fresh Moringa Leaf human body. The majority (99%) is stored in the bones and teeth; the rest is stored in muscle tissue and blood.
In addition to bone building and remodeling, calcium is also responsible for muscle contraction, central nervous 4 times C kun function and hormone secretion.
the ., k, of Mitk The importance of calcium increases with age:
Calcium deficiency is of major concern in the United States. An estimated 44-87% of Americans don't get enough. An easy way to think of calcium and bone health is to imagine the bones as a savings account at a bank. You see, until the ages of 30-35 the body stores calcium in the bones. However, after this time calcium is no longer stored in bones. As a result, when the body tries to remodel bones its only source of calcium is ingested calcium. If you're not eating enough calcium, the body has nothing to use. Thus, the body cannot remodel the bones, and bone density subsequently decreases. The calcium you consume early in life is deposited into your "bone" savings account. If little calcium is saved, then there will be little to spend when retirement comes (i.e. when the body tries to remodel your bones). (By Dena McDowell, 2006) Moringa is especially useful for low amounts of calcium in the blood serum. Moringa can deliver I
to your body the calcium you need in a safe way.
________________________________________ 8 _____________________________________ Protein (Amino Acids) 9 times the Proteka By providing abundant Protein, Moringa helps prevent:
of Yogurt 1) Edema ¨ A collection of fluid under the skin, which most commonly affects the legs, feet, and ankles, but can occur anywhere on the body.
Moringa Leaf Powder 2) Weight loss rtirnes the Protein 3) Thinning or brittle hair, hair loss of Yogurt 4) Ridges or deep lines in finger and toe nails 5) Skin becomes very light, burns easily in the sun 6) Reduced pigmentation in the hair on scalp and body Fresh Mo-inga Leaf 7) Skin rashes, dryness, flakiness 8) General weakness and lethargy 9) Muscle soreness and weakness, cramps 10) Slowness in healing wounds, cuts, scrapes, and bruises 11) Bedsores and other skin ulcers 12) Difficulty sleeping 13) Headache 14) Nausea and stomach pain 15) Fainting Crankiness, moodiness

16) Severe depression

17) Anxiety

18) Lack of energy, no desire to do things (Grosvenor, 2010) NOTE: Protein deficiency is a serious cause of ill health and death in developing countries. Protein deficiency plays a part in the disease kwashiorkor. War, famine, overpopulation and other factors can increase rates of malnutrition and protein deficiency. Protein deficiency can lead to reduced intelligence or mental retardation, see nutrition disorder.
In countries that suffer from widespread protein deficiency, food is generally full of plant fibers, which makes adequate energy and protein consumption very difficult [citation needed] . Protein deficiency is generally caused by lack of total food energy, making it an issue of not getting food in total. Symptoms of kwashiorkor ____________________________________ ( 19 ) ______________________________________ include apathy, diarrhea, inactivity, failure to grow, flaky skin, fatty liver, and edema of the belly and legs. This edema is explained by the normal functioning of proteins in fluid balance and lipoprotein transport.iwl Moringa trees are known to overcome protein deficiency in developing countries as the leaves and other parts of the tree contain comparably to soy bean high amount of crude proteins and amino acids. (Wikipedia, 2010) Moringa trees are known to overcome protein deficiency in developing countries as the leaves and other parts of the tree contain comparably to soy bean high amount of crude proteins and amino acids. (Wikipedia, 2010) Moringa is an excellent non-animal source of protein for vegans and vegetarians!!!
Potassium Moringa leaf Powder I By providing abundant Potassium, Moringa helps prevent:

Hypokalemia õ
2) Fatigue 15 times the Potassium 3) Problems such as Myalgia and muscular Etana:__ weakness Fresh Moringa Lecf 4) Hyponatremia and also may experience confused i.e. anxiety.
$ 5) Acme problem * N
1*** 6) Skin related problems such as blistering, skin y eruptions, dryness of skin etc.
3 times the Potassium 7) Temporary memory loss or problems such as ot Bananas weak memory etc.
8) Heart related problems, such as heart deterioration.
_______________________________________ 20 _____________________________________ 9) Digestive system also may get affected due to potassium deficiency leading to hypertension, improper sleep, nervous system deterioration, depression, constipation etc.
10) Ringing/noise in ear.
NOTE: Hypokalemia (American English), or hypokalaemia (British English), or hypopotassemia (icD-9) refers to the condition in which the concentration of potassium (K+) in the blood is low. The prefix hypo- means low (contrast with hyper-, meaning high). Kai refers to kalium, the Neo-Latin for potassium, and -emia means "in the blood."
Moringa and Diabetes Moringa Oleifera is a nutrient plant that can help to maintain normal blood sugar levels. Moringa Oleifera µ
holds so much promise for those who suffer from diabetes. This is primarily because of its many amazing, natural benefits. Moringa Oleifera has been shown to naturally boost the immune system, which usually becomes compromised in those who suffer from type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Moringa Oleifera has also been shown to possess many key anti-inflammatory benefits;
diabetes often causes circulatory problems which can be managed through anti-inflammatory supplements.
There are no negative side effects associated with Moringa Oleifera use, meaning that it is a safe, natural way for people to manage their blood sugar and care for their diabetes symptoms. It's just one more option for the many people who have to cope with this serious condition. (Admin, 2010) Unexpected benefits of Moringa include an apparent cure for tapeworms and help in controlling diabetes and , high blood pressure. (Fuglie, 2001) ____________________________________ ( 21 }
______________________________________ Moringa has Antioxidants Galore Moringa is said to have approximately 46 antioxidants and is one of the most powerful sources of natural anti-oxidants. Anti-oxidants supply the free atoms needed by the human body and mitigate the effect of free radicals. Moringa leaves are rich in Flavonoids, a class of anti-oxidants. The beta carotene present in Moringa leaves also acts as antioxidants. The antioxidants will have the maximum impact on the damage causing free radicals, only when it is ingested in combination with nutrients and a group of antioxidants. A combination of antioxidants is more effective than a single antioxidant on an equal weight basis due to antioxidant cascade mechanism. This is why Moringa tea acts as an effective source of antioxidants than any other herbal tea or even a Green tea.
Moringa's Anti-Aging Compound - Zeatin Moringa is jammed with a cytokinin called zeatin.
-..-Cytokinins are plant hormones that help cells divide and protect against oxidation. Zeatin is the most powerful of all cytokinins.
.
According to a 2004 Danish study, zeatin helps promote small , cell size, a key component to more youthful skin. It also influences the structural and functional integrity of the cell, and :
prevents accumulation of macromolecular damage in the cell.
The study found that zeatin increases the activity of some antioxidant enzymes, counteracting the free radical-induced , oxidative damage incurred during cell aging.
k So which plant has more zeatin than any other? Moringa not , :
only contains thousands of times more zeatin than any other , known plant, it is also the most nutritious plant discovered to date, with over 90 nutritional compounds including 46 ' antioxidants and 36 anti-inflammatories. (Aging, 2008) .._ , ,... ,..
____________________________________ ( 22 ) ______________________________________ Zeatin is a plant hormone derived from the purine adenine. It is a member of the plant growth hormone family known as cytokinins. Zeatin was first discovered in immature corn kernels from the genus Zea. Zeatin and derivatives were discovered to be the primary active ingredient in coconut milk, which has long been known to actively induce plant growth.ill As in the case of kinetin, zeatin has also been reported to have several in vitro ]
anti-aging effects on human skin fibroblasts.[2 (Wilapedia, 2010) List of Some Health Benefits of Moringa 11/4.
' Several studies have shown Moringa's health benefits.
= It is a strong antioxidant effective against prostate and skin cancers, an anti-tumor and an anti-aging substance.
= It modulates anemia, high blood pressure, diabetes, high serum or blood cholesterol, thyroid, liver, and kidney problems.
= It has strong anti-inflammatory properties ameliorating rheumatism, joint pain, arthritis, edema, and Lupus.
= It is effective against digestive disorders including colitis, diarrhea, flatulence (gas), ulcer or gastritis.
= As an anti-bacterial, anti-microbial, and anti-viral agent, it is affective against urinary tract infection, typhoid, syphilis, dental caries and toothaches, fungus, thrush, common cold, Epstein-Barr Virus, Herpes-Simplex, HIV AIDS, warts, parasites, worms, schistosomes, and trypanosomes.
= As a detoxifying agent, it is effective against snake and scorpion bites.
= It is effective against nervous disorders including headaches, migraines, hysteria, and epilepsy. (Richardson, 2009) ____________________________________ (23}
________________________________________ Moringa Helps Plants to Grow 8:. Nourishes Soil Moringa also contain plant hormones (including Zeatin) that plants and crops to produce greater yields.
At Proyecto BIOMASA, an agricultural research program located in Nicaragua, Moringa has been studied for over six years.
Researchers have found evidence, for example, that Moringa can be used as a foliar spray to increase plant growth and as a green manure to improve soil fertility.
, Lowell Fuglie summarized some of BIOMASA's major findings in a report excerpted below.
1) BIOMASA has discovered that Moringa leaf extract contains a , plant growth hormone. Fuglie writes, "Juice from fresh Moringa i leaves can be used to produce an effective [spray containing] plant growth hormone, increasing yields by 25-30% for nearly any crop:
onions, bell pepper, soya, maize, sorghum, coffee, tea, chili, melon.
...One of the active substances is Zeatin: a plant hormone from the cytokinins group. This foliar spray should be used in addition to I
(and not in lieu of) other fertilizers, watering and sound agricultural practices. "In one trial, use of this hormone [spray]
increased maize yields from 60 to 130 sacks per hectare. Using this I
hormone [spray], BIOMASA was able to grow coffee at 30 meters altitude. Coffee, shaded with Jatropha curcas, produced beans in just 17 months." (Price, 1985) _____, __,...............--..........___ Sorghum Sugar Cane Roots r----0 , . 5,, r"I'S 'W:'µ ' . , ;µAlw :/ 't ifevr, , -N. ,õ. ;
,;,,,,,,,,,- ih, ,, .= t 4 ti$ Tt ,l'':14W-IP :::--4,.:1',.
, 1 "s=" - 4."''''34 =
= ,, - ' ',7,7,A44k, i,,,' Spray Control Spray Control ____________________________________ ( 24 ) ______________________________________ Moringa Purifies and Clarifies Water In the Sudan, dry Moringa oleifera seeds are used in place of alum by rural women to treat or.
highly turbid Nile water (Jahn, = õ,e 41t* 1986). In Northern Nigeria, the ' . fresh leaves are used as a vegetable, roots for medicinal = * '/** purposes and branches for demarcation of property boundaries and fencing. Studies 4;44, by Eilert et al. (1981) identified the presence of an active antimicrobial agent in Moringa oleifera seeds. The active agent - isolated was found to be 4a L-rhamnosyloxy-benzyl isothiocyanate, at present the only known glycosidic mustard oil.
Madsen et al. (1987) carried out coagulation and bacterial reduction studies on turbid Nile water in the Sudan using Moringa oleifera seeds and observed turbidity reduction of 80-99.5% paralleled by a bacterial reduction of 1-4 log units (90-99.9%) within the first one to two hours of treatment, the bacteria being concentrated in the coagulated sediment.
If scientists set out to design a tree that would N, be of maximum benefit to mankind, they would be hard put to do better than the Moringa Oleifera tree. (Fuglie, 2001) By using Moringa daily, you can supply your body with the nutrients it needs to protect and heal it. The best medicine is preventative medicine. Moringa furnishes the body with the nutrients needed to prevent disease and illness.
_______________________________________ 25 _____________________________________ "Moringa shows great promise as a tool to help overcome some of the most severe problems in the developing world¨
malnutrition, deforestation, impure water and poverty. The tree does best in the dry regions where these problems are worst."
- Andrew Young, former Atlanta Mayor and United Nations Ambassador6 "Among the wide range of Green Leafy Vegetables, Moringa is the richest source of Beta-Carotene [vitamin A], apart from providing other important micronutrients."
- Dr. Kamala Krishnaswamy, former Director, Indian Council Of Medical Research, Hyderabad7 "Although few people have ever heard of it today, Moringa could soon become one of the world's most valuable plants, at least in humanitarian terms."
- Noel Vietmeyer, US National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C.a Moringa Claims of Traditional IVeLlicine For centuries, people in many countries have used Moringa leaves as traditional medicine for common ailments. Clinical studies have begun to suggest that at least some of these claims are valid. With such great medicinal value being suggested by traditional medicine, further clinical testing is very much needed at this time. If studies conclude that even some of the claims are correct, these leaves could become an invaluable resource for people in areas where other forms of treatment are scarce.
Guatemala skin infections, sores anemia, anxiety, asthma, blackheads, blood impurities, India bronchitis, catarrh, chest congestion, cholera, conjunctivitis, ____________________________________ ( 26 ) ______________________________________ cough, diarrhea, eye and ear infections, fever, glandular swelling, headaches, abnormal I blood pressure, hysteria, pain in joints, pimples, psoriasis, respiratory disorders, scurvy, semen deficiency, sore throat, sprain, tuberculosis Malaysia intestinal worms Nicaragua headache, skin infections, sores Philippines anemia, glandular swelling, lactation Puerto Rico intestinal worms Senegal diabetes, pregnancy, skin infections, sores Venezuela intestinal worms colitis, diarrhea, dropsy, dysentery, gonorrhea, jaundice, . malaria, stomach ulcers, tumor, urinary disorders, wounds Other countries (Jed W. Fahey, 2005) Ancient and Traditional Uses of Moringa Following is a chart from the "John Hopkins research paper" showing the traditional use of Moringa for a wide variety of diseases and maladies.
NOTE: Plant parts are given by the first letters capitalized: (L) Leaves, (F) Flowers, (S) Seeds, (P) Pods (drumsticks), (R) Roots, (B) Bark, (G) Gum, (0) Oil (from ( 27 ) ________________________________________________________________________ seeds).
The extensive references are in" References" at the back of the book.
a Condition/Effect Plant Part References ANT Antimicrobial! LFSPRBGO 8, 13, 19, 24, 27, 31, 34, 64, 68, 100, Biocidal 104, 114, 115, 126, 140, 151 160, 161, Bacterial LFS 25, 26, 55, 63, 77 - 81, 149 Dental RBG 47 Caries/Toothache Infection LF 47 Syphilis G 47 Typhoid G 47 Urinary Tract Infection L 141 Fungal/ Mycoses 0 111 Thrush 88, 111 VIRAL
Common cold FRB 47 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) L 104 Herpes Simplex Virus L 84 (HSV-1) HIV-AIDS L 1, 124 Warts S 47 _______________________________________ 28 ) ____________________________________ Parasites Dranunculiasis (guinea-worm) 36 Helminths LFP 47 Schistosomes S 113 Trypanosomes LR 95 Other / Not Attributed to a Specific Pathogen Bronchitis L 47 Earache G 47 External Sores/Ulcers LFRB 15 Fever LRGS 47 Hepatic L 6 Skin (Dermal) 0 S 15 Throat Infection F 47 Water treatment S 11, 50, 75, 86, 169 (general) AST Asthma RG 47 CAN Cancer Therapy / LFPBS 12, 17, 28, 39, 45, 59, 61, 64, 104, Protection 115 Anti-tumor LFSB 45, 48, 57, 61, 87 Prostate L 47, 48 Radioprotective L 132 _________________________________________________________________________ Skin P 12 CIR Circulatory/Endocrine LFSPR 56, 93 Disorders Anti-anemic L 47, 125 Anti-hypertensive LP 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 53, 83, 137 Cardiotonic R 47 Diabetes/hypoglycemia LP 6, 45, 71, 87, 101, 167 Diuretic LFRG 6, 14, 62 Hypocholestemia L 52, 94 Thyroid L 153 Tonic F 47 Hepatorenal LR 93, 120 DET Detoxification BO 76, 135, 166 Antipyretic 148 Purgative 0 47 Snakebite B 47 Scorpion-bite B 47 DIG Digestive Disorders LSRBG 53 For TRTMNT of:
Colitis LB 47 Diarrhea LR 47, 62, 64 ____________________________________ 1 30 3 ______________________________________ Digestif B 47 Dysentery LG 47 Flatulence R 47 Ulcer / Gastritis LS 3, 115, 136 INF Inflammation LFSPRG 14, 28, 35, 45, 62, 64, 68, 110, 131, 160, 161 Rheumatism LFSPRG 28 Joint Pain P 47 Edema R 47 Arthritis S 47 IMM Immunity SO 69 Immune-stimulant S 69 Lupus 0 28 NER Nervous Disorders LFRBGO 58, 59, 62, 96 Anti-spasmodic SR 14, 53 Epilepsy RB 47 Hysteria FRBO 47 Headache LRBG 47 NUT Nuritional LSBO 6, 7, 18, 22, 28, 30, 31, 32, 46, 47, 48, 51, 65, 66, 67, 70, 92, 102, 112, 116, 133, 163 Antinutritional factors B 88, 89, 90, 110, 127, 128, 139, 156, 164, 165 ____________________________________ ( 31 ) ______________________________________ Antioxidant LO 110, 147 Carotenoids L 29, 105, 152 Energy LSO 85 Goitrogen S 2 Iron deficiency LS 16 Oil quality 0 5, 98, 110, 158, 159 Protein LS 47 Vitamin/Mineral deficiency LS 7, 9, 54, 56, 85, 119 REP Reproductive LFPRBGO 44, 53, 64, 121, 122 Health Abortifacient FRBG 106, 107, 155 Aphrodisiac RB 47 Birth Control B 45, 53, 142 - 146, Lactation Enhancer L 47 Prostate function 0 47 SKI Skin Disorders LRSG 160, 161 Antiseptic L 47 Astringent R 47 Pyodermia S 15 Rubefacient RG 47 Vesicant R 47 k GEN General LFSPRBO 4, 6, 8, 20, 21, 45, 48, 64, 66, 67, 68, Disorders/Conditions 73, 74, 82, 91, 92, 99, 102, 103, 109, 116, 117, 118, 123, 125, 128, 129, 130, 134, 150, 163 Bladder OS 47 Catarrh LF 47 Gout RO 47 Hepatamegaly R 47 Lactation L 47 Low.Back/Kidney Pain R 47 Scurvy LSRBO 47 Splenomegaly R 47 "Tonic" LFPSO 47 Many of the original citations have been collected by Lowell J. Fuglie, [and can be found in his excellent treatise entitled The Miracle Tree, (47)] and by Manuel Palada (116), Julia Morton (102), and Trees for Life (157). Most other compendiums in recent publications or on commercial websites appear to be highly derivative of these seminal works.
_______________________________________ 33 ) ____________________________________ Bibliography Admin. (2010, April 10). Moringa Oleifera For Diabetes. Retrieved May 10, 2010, from http://www.b12shots.info/moringa-oleifera-for-diabetes/
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Let10 Technical Note THE MORINGA
TREE t.
..õ,.._ By Dr. Martin L. Price , = ,,,,,,,õ,;-,õfp,, .,,- -,,,,.........",õ=, .-.. ,.
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Published 1985; Revised 2000, 2002, 2007 by ECHO Staff -.
Moringa oleifera tree. Photo by Beth Doerr What's Inside Introduction Uses of moringa: The moringa tree, Moringa oleifera, has probably been the most popular plant in ECHO's seed bank Plant parts of underutilized tropical crops.
The tree is native to India but has been planted around the world and is As an antibiotic naturalized in many locales. Moringa goes by many names. In the Philippines, where the leaves Cultivation of moringa of the moringa are cooked and fed to babies, it is Propagation of moringa called "mother's best friend" and "malunggay."
Other names for it include the benzolive tree Species of moringa (Haiti), horseradish tree (Florida), Nebeday (Senegal) and drumstick tree (India).
Seed sources Web sites with more information There are about 13 species of moringa trees in the family Moringaceae. They are native to India, the Appendix: Information on a Red Sea area and/or parts of Africa including seed dehusker Madagascar. Of these species, Moringa oleifera is Copyright 0 ECHO 2007. All rights reserved. This the most widely known. In this document, the term document may be reproduced for training purposes if `moringa refers to M. oleifera. All other species distributed free of charge or at cost and credit is given to ECHO. For all other uses, contact echo@echonet.org for are referred to by their Latin name.
written permission.
17391 Durrance Road, North Fort Myers, FL 33917, USA
Phone: (239) 543-3246 - Fax: (239) 543-5317 - E-mail: echo@echonetorg - Web site: http://www.echonet,org/

Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page 2 USES OF MORINGA
LEAVES Back to top itiop Leaflets (Fig. 1) can be stripped from the feathery, fern-like leaves and used in any spinach recipe. They are exceptionally nutritious. Very young plants can also be used as a tender vegetable. In many cultures, the diet consists mainly of a starchy dish or porridge made from corn meal, cassava, millet or the like.
Side dishes or "sauces" served with the starchy main dish are therefore very t, important nutritionally, as they are often the only source of extra protein, vitamins and minerals. Moringa leaves could easily be added to such sauces as a potherb or as dried herbs. ECHO has published a separate Technical Note Fig. 1 Moringa leaves, that includes numerous moringa recipes.
Photo by Tim Motis Frank Martin states in Survival and Subsistence in the Tropics that "among the leafy vegetables, one stands out as particularly good, the horseradish tree. The leaves are outstanding as a source of vitamin A
and, when raw, vitamin C. They are a good source of B vitamins and among the best plant sources of minerals. The calcium content is very high for a plant. Phosphorous is low, as it should be. The content of iron is very good (it is reportedly prescribed for anemia in the Philippines). They are an excellent source of protein and a very low source of fat and carbohydrates. Thus the leaves are one of the best plant foods that can be found." In his book Edible Leaves of the Tropics, he adds that the leaves are incom-parable as a source of the sulfur-containing amino acids methioninc and cystine, which are often in short supply.
Researchers at the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) showed that leaves of four moringa species (oleifera, peregrina, stenopetala and drouhardii) all contained high levels of nutrients and antioxidants. They also found that nutrient content varied little between ten accessions of Moringa oleifera.
Nutrient content did, however, vary with preparation method, leaf age and harvest season. Though some nutrients in vegetables are lost as a result of cooking, AVRDC scientists observed that boiled moringa leaves or leaf powder provided at least three times more bio-available iron than raw moringa leaves. Boiling also enhanced antioxidant activity of moringa leaves. Nutrient content was higher in mature than young leaves, though people usually prefer to eat young shoots. Vitamin A was highest during the hot-wet season, whereas iron and vitamin C were highest during the cool-dry season.
Experiments at the University of Baroda in India revealed that cooking moringa leaves with oil helps retain beta carotene and enhances the conversion of beta carotene to vitamin A in the body. These studies also showed that, because vitamin A is unstable under acidic conditions, beta carotene is reduced when moringa leaves are cooked with tomato products.
Dennis Rempel in Burkina Faso reported on seed ECHO had sent. "Folks loved the leaves. In fact it is supposedly found locally, though I have yet to be shown any. They asay it is rare but highly prized to be added to sauces. Everyone wants more."
gm I AAP
s7,44 In many warm-climate countries today, health workers are now treating malnutrition in IV"
Ite small children and pregnant and nursing women with moringa leaf powder. The results have often been dramatic and very large numbers of moringa trees are being planted.
Some of the results are published below.

Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page 3 An Impressive Moringa Project in Senegal Back to top Lowell Fuglie with Church World Service (CWS) in Senegal sent us a report on an impressive CWS
project called "Moringa oleifera: Natural Nutrition for the Tropics" [also adapted and written in ECHO
Development Notes (EDN) 641 ECHO and others have published articles about the many uses, nutritional content and hardiness of this drought-resistant "vegetable tree."
Fuglie's report contains valuable technical information and adds an important human face by reporting results of an evaluation of the project and interviews with people who have benefited from it.
People have different nutritional requirements at different stages of their lives. Lactating women and weaned children ages 1-3 are especially vulnerable in areas where malnutrition is commonplace. Fuglie's report lists the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for the major nutrients for children ages 1-3 and for lactating women and compares these RDAs to the amount of the nutrients present in moringa pods, moringa leaves and moringa leaf powder.
Here are highlights from several tables. "For a child aged 1-3, a 100 g (same weight as 1/10 of a liter of water) serving of fresh leaves would provide all his daily requirements of calcium, about 75% of his iron and half his protein needs, as well as important supplies of potassium, B
complex vitamins, copper and all the essential amino acids. As little as 20 grams of fresh leaves would provide a child with all the vitamins A and C he needs."
"For pregnant and breast-feeding women, moringa leaves and pods can do much to preserve the mother's health and pass on strength to the fetus or nursing child. One 100 g portion of leaves could provide a woman with over a third of her daily need of calcium and give her important quantities of iron, protein, copper, sulfur and B-vitamins."
Moringa leaves can be easily dried (Fig. 2). Leaves should be dried in the shade to reduce loss of vitamins, especially vitamin A. AVRDC research ;
showed that most nutrients were retained by drying at 50 C (122 F) for 16 , , 4 hours. The brittle leaves are then pounded and sifted to remove leaf stems.
Leaves can also be rubbed over a wire screen to make a powder, which should be stored in a sealed, dark container. The powder can conveniently be added to soups, sauces, porridges, baby food, etc. "It is estimated that = _ only 20-40% of vitamin A content will be retained if leaves are dried under direct sunlight, but that 50-70% will be retained if leaves are dried in the shade." "One rounded tablespoon (8 g) of leaf powder will satisfy about Fig. 2. Moringa leaves 14% of the protein, 40% of the calcium, 23% of the iron and nearly all the spread out to drv. Photo vitamin A needs for a child aged 1-3. Six rounded spoonfuls of leaf powder by Beth Doerr.
will satisfy nearly all of a woman's daily iron and calcium needs during pregnancy and breast-feeding."
= ' "During pregnancy and breast-feeding, women are most at risk of suffering 4. ' from nutritional deficiencies." Table 1 shows the percent of the RDA of , 4 -various nutrients for a nursing mother eating six rounded tablespoons (about r ' 50 g) of leaf powder daily. It also shows the , percent of the RDA for a 1-3 year old child Fig. 3. Malnourished child - '44,¨*L.
(Fig. 3) with one rounded tablespoon of being fed moringa. Photo by powder added to his food, three times daily. Beth Doerr.

Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page 4 Table 1. Percentage of the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of various nutrients supplied to a nursing mother and a 1-3 year old child by moringa leaf powder (6 tablespoons per day for a nursing mother; 1 tablespoon three times per day for a 1-3 year old child).
RDA (%) Nutrition component supplied Parent Child Protein 21 42 Calcium 84 125 Magnesium 54 61 Potassium 22 41 Iron 94 71 Vitamin A 143 272 Vitamin C 9 22 Lowell says he first became aware of the nutritional value of moringa from reading EDN. He did not need to order seeds from our seed bank, however, because moringa already grew wild in Senegal. It was seldom eaten, and Lowell writes, "much of the nutritional content (was) lost by the common practice of boiling the leaves and then discarding the water as many as three times before the leaves (were) eaten."
The project began in early 1997. CWS partnered with a local NGO, Alternative Action for African Development (AGADA). Together they trained a network of government health workers, including doctors, nurses, and midwives, in ways of using moringa. Informational booklets, brochures, a seminar and radio spots were put together.
In December 1998, several directors of health- and nutrition-related programs conducted an outside evaluation of the project. The project evaluators interviewed 70 individuals.
Based on their report, answers to many of the project's initial questions were obtained. Here are the questions, along with answers based on their report.
Would moringa leaves, leaf powder and pods be visibly effective in treating malnutrition and promoting physical health and well being? "Successful treatment of malnourished children has been well-documented. Interviews with men and women who have made moringa a regular part of their diets point out that they have a keen awareness of improvements in their health and energy. At one health post, the pharmacy is now selling moringa leaf powder to mothers with malnourished children. "
There is limited awareness of nutrition and the importance of balanced diets.
Would people see the value of adding moringa to their foods as a purely nutritional measure? "It is apparent that one does not need an education in nutrition to know whether or not one is feeling healthy. People expressed every intention of continuing to include moringa in their diets because of the sense of physical well being it gives them. In one village, virtually every household now maintains a stock of moringa leaf powder."
Would people be receptive to changing the way they prepared fresh moringa leaves? "Traditionally, leaves are boiled 2-3 times and the water discarded after each boiling to remove some of the bitter taste.
However, some individuals claim they are no longer discarding onst 4 =
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In addition, making sauces with leaf powder Fig. 4. Pounding instead of fresh leaves appears to be quite moringa leaves to make =
popular because it saves time and is easy to leaf powder.
Photo by =
use." (Fig. 4) Beth Doerr. , Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page 5 Would they be receptive to adding new foods, such as moringa pods, to their diets? "This has been surprisingly successful, since new foods are often very difficult to introduce in West Africa. People , . interviewed have shown considerable inventiveness when it comes to 1, = - ,..õ,,L ' = ' preparing moringa pods, seeds and flowers."
A
m,f, ir iri= '-',E Aõ Fig. 5 Moringa leaf powder added to food. Photo by Doris Strong.
Would local consumption remain dependent on outside encouragement and training, or could it develop spontaneously? "Partly thanks to radio broadcasts about moringa, partly through training provided local communities by some of the more dynamic health agents, and partly through word-of-mouth and example, moringa and its properties are gradually becoming known even outside the project's target area. The project directly sponsored planting 10,000 trees in 1998, but it is likely that a similar number was planted by individuals within the region."
As I read through excerpts from interviews, I selected a few to share here.
The supervisor of the primary health department at a hospital said, "We have always had problems with the classical approach to treating malnourished children. This was based on industrial products: whole milk powder, vegetable oil and sugar. All these things are expensive. When you tell a parent to go out and buy them this can be truly costly for them."
A nurse in charge of pediatrics at a hospital keeps dried leaf powder on hand to give out to mothers of malnourished children. An administrator at another general hospital is a diabetic. "I have for the past three years been controlling my blood sugar by periodically drinking a tea made from moringa leaves."
He decided to plant a thousand trees around the hospital complex. "This way we will always have a ready supply of leaves to treat the cases of malnutrition we receive."
One of the mothers said, At first, when I tried to nurse my son, I was not producing enough milk. Then I
started to eat moringa. After a short while I had enough milk again. We now eat moringa sauces at least three times a week. Every other time I had a baby, I lost weight during the months I was breast-feeding.
This time I have been gaining weight."
Many adults mentioned that they were no longer so tired. Some mentioned that they and their children sleep better. One said "After we boil the pods, we distribute the water and drink it. It tastes sugary."
There were some accounts of children vomiting worms the first time they were fed moringa.
Fuglie's 68-page book also contains many recipes. There are numerous pictures of the people being interviewed, which might be helpful in proposing a similar project to local leaders in other countries.
The Senegal project is written up in a book called The Miracle Tree: The Multiple Attributes of Moringa, edited by Lowell Fuglie. The book is available from ECHO Bookstore (echonet.org) in both English and French. A video on the project, made by Lowell Fuglie titled The Miracle Tree (Moringa oleifera) is also available from ECHO in English and French.
Moringa leaves are not always available throughout the whole year. M.
stenopetala is deciduous in some of its native range. In West Africa, moringa leaves appear at the end of the dry season when there are few other sources of leafy green vegetables. Leaf drop varies depending on climate and rainfall.

Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page 6 -,õ ....
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Table 2. Nutritional value of Moringa oleifera.'" Moringa pods, fresh (raw) leaves and dried leaf powder have shown them to contain the following per 100 grams of edible portion:
Component analyzed Pods Leaves Leaf Powder Moisture (%) 86.9 75.0 7.5 Calories 26 92 205 Protein (g) 2.5 6.7 27.1 Fat (g) 0.1 1.7 2.3 Carbohydrate (g) 3.7 13.4 38.2 Fiber (g) 4.8 0.9 19.2 Minerals (g) 2.0 2.3 -Ca (mg) 30 440 2,003 Mg (mg) 24 24 368 P (mg) 110 70 204 K (mg) 259 259 1,324 Cu (mg) 3.1 1.1 0.57 Fe (mg) 5.3 7 28.2 S (mg) 137 137 870 Oxalic acid (mg) 10 101 1600 Vitamin A - B carotene (mg)" 0.11 6.8 16.3 Vitamin B -choline (mg) 423 423 -Vitamin B1 -thiamin (mg) 0.05 0.21 2.64 Vitamin B2 -riboflavin (mg) 0.07 0.05 20.5 Vitamin B3 -nicotinic acid (mg) 0.2 0.8 8.2 Vitamin C -ascorbic acid (mg) 120 220 17.3 Vitamin E -tocopherol acetate (mg) - - 113 Arginine (mg) 90 402 1325 Histidine (mg) 27.5 141 613 Lysine (mg) 37.5 288 1325 Tryptophan (mg) 20 127 425 Phenylanaline (mg) 108 429 1388 Methionine (mg) 35 134 350 Threonine (mg) 98 328 1188 Leucine (ng) 163 623 1950 Isoleucine (mg) 110 422 825 Valine (mg) 135 476 1063 ' From The Miracle Tree: Edited by Lowell Fuglie The B-carotene found in moringa is a precursor to retinol (Vitamin A). There are around 25 kinds of B-carotene. Efficiency of retinol production varies among types.
Research is still required to know more about the B-carotene types in moringa leaves, particularly with what efficiency they are converted to retinol, and how much is lost or inactivated due to various moringa-processing methods.

Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page 7 Moringa Research by BIOMASA Back to top At Proyecto BIOMASA, an agricultural research program located in Nicaragua, moringa has been studied for over six years. Researchers have found evidence, for example, that moringa can be used as a foliar spray to increase plant growth and as a green manure to improve soil fertility. Lowell Fuglie summarized some of BIOMASA's major findings in a report excerpted below.
1) BIOMASA has discovered that moringa leaf extract contains a plant growth hormone. Fuglie writes, "Juice from fresh moringa leaves can be used to produce an effective [spray containing] plant growth hormone, increasing yields by 25-30% for nearly any crop: onions, bell pepper, soya, maize, sorghum, coffee, tea, chili, melon.. ..One of the active substances is Zeatin: a plant hormone from the cytokinins group. This foliar spray should be used in addition to (and not in lieu of) other fertilizers, watering and sound agricultural practices.
"In one trial, use of this hormone [spray] increased maize yields from 60 to 130 sacks per hectare. Using this hormone [spray], BIOMASA was able to grow coffee at 30 meters altitude.
Coffee, shaded with Jatropha curcas, produced beans in just 17 months."
Fuglie describes how the spray was made at BIOMASA:
"a) Make an extract by grinding young moringa shoots (not more than 40 days old) together with a bit of water (about one liter per 10 kg fresh material).
"b) Filter the solid out of the solution. This can be done by placing the solution in a cloth and wringing out the liquid. The solid matter, which will contain 12-14% protein, can be used as livestock feed.
"c) Dilute the extract with water at a 1:32 ratio and spray directly onto plants (if the extract is not going to be used within five hours, it is best stored in a freezer until needed). Apply about 25 ml per plant.
The foliar spray should be applied 10 days [from] the moment plants emerge, again at about 30 days before plants begin to flower, again when seed appears and again during the maturation phase."
2) Moringa shoots can also be used as a green manure. Fuglie writes, "Using moringa as a green manure can significantly enrich agricultural land. In this process, the land is first tilled. Moringa [seed] is then planted 1-2 cm deep at a spacing of 10x10 cm (a density of one million seeds per hectare. The density can be greater: the only limits to plant density are availability of seed, water and fertilizer). After 25 days, plow the seedlings into the soil to a depth of 15 cm. Prepare the land again for the crop desired.
"Seeding can be done mechanically if the seeds are first de-hulled (see page 9 for information about how Nikolaus Foidl at BIOMASA de-hulls moringa seed and Appendix A on page 16 for diagrams of a de-huller from Church World Service). Planting kernels will reduce germination time by up to three days.
"A simple method of seeding is to first rototill the soil to a depth of 10 cm, then scatter seed over the soil and rototill again to a depth of 2-3 cm."
3) "Whether produced for use as a green manure, for livestock or for human consumption, moringa can be grown intensively with yields of up to 650 metric tons of green matter per hectare. This compares very well to other green manure crops such as lablab beans, which yield up to 110 tons/hectare of green matter in pure stands.

Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page 8 "These high yields were obtained through subsoiling to a depth of 60 cm (to encourage drainage and good root development), rotavating, then planting moringa at a 10x10 cm density (one million plants per hectare) with sufficient fertilizer (cow dung is preferred). BIOMASA did sub-soiling with a deep plugging unit produced by a German company called HOWARD.
"The green matter is harvested when plants reach a height of 50 cm or more (every 35-40 days). To harvest, cut at a distance of 15-20 cm above the ground. Although losses of seedlings may be 20-30% in the first year, the vigorous regrowth of the remaining seedlings will produce 3 or 5 new shoots after each cutting. Up to nine harvests can be obtained annually. In time (some of BIOMASA's moringa stands are three years old) the 15-20 cm stem will become thick and woody but will continue to send up green shoots.
"The 650 metric ton yield was obtained in sandy, well-drained soil at 30 meters altitude. Rainfall was 1300 mm annually with irrigation practiced during the dry season. At this level of production, the nutrient requirement per hectare each year is:
1,800 kg Calcium 0.5 kg Copper 1,400 kg Magnesium 380 kg Phosphorus 0.6 kg Boron 280 kg Nitrogen 0.3 kg Zinc "For bulk orders, local fertilizer producers can mix this to order. Barring that, adding urea to existing fertilizers can provide many of the needed nutrients." [Ed.: Note that the soils in other locations may be able to provide a portion of these requirements and fertilizer needs may be different.]
4) BIOMASA conducted extensive trials using moringa leaves as livestock feed for beef and milk cows, swine, and poultry. When moringa leaves constituted 40-50% of feed, milk yields for dairy cows and daily weight gains for beef cattle increased 30%. "Cattle were fed 15-17 kg of moringa daily. Milking should be done at least three hours after feeding to avoid the grassy taste of moringa in the milk." Milk production was 10 liters/day when cows were fed moringa, compared to 7 liters/day without moringa.
With moringa feed, daily weight gain of beef cattle was 1,200 grams/day, compared to 900 grams/day without moringa feed."
Fuglie makes some comments in his report: "The high protein content of moringa leaves must be balanced with other energy food. Cattle feed consisting of 40-50% moringa leaves should be mixed with molasses, sugar cane, young elephant grass, sweet (young) sorghum plants, or whatever else is locally available. The maximum protein and fiber content of livestock feed should be (Table 3):
Table 3. Highest amount (%) of protein and fiber in livestock feed considered safe for cows and pigs.
Animal Protein Fiber Lactating cow: 18% 26-30%
Beef cow: 12-14% 36%
Lactating sow: 16-18% 5-7%
Meat pig: 12-14% 5-7%
"Care must be taken to avoid excessive protein intake. Too much protein in pig feed will increase muscle development at the expense of fat production. In cattle feed, too much protein can be fatal (from alteration of the nitrogen cycle)." Foidl explains that ruminants need nitrogen to feed the bacteria in their stomach, but too much nitrogen can lead to reduced liver and kidney function and possibly to death.
Back to top Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page 9 "Nutrient value of moringa leaves can be increased (for poultry and swine) through the addition of an enzyme (phytase) to break down the phytates, leading to increased absorption of the phosphorus found in moringa. The enzyme should be simply mixed in with the leaves without heating." It is NOT for use with ruminants; they are already equipped with the enzyme that enables them to break down food material. [Phytase feed enzyme products are sold through worldwide distributors of companies such as BASF (Natuphos), Danisco (PhyzymeTm), DSM Nutritional Products (RonozymeC) or Roxazyme0) and JBS United (Optiphos0). Formulations and prices of these products vary.]
With moringa as 40-50% of feed, "the average birth weight for local Jersey cattle, usually 22 kg, increased by 3-5 kg. "The higher birth weight can be problematic for small cattle. It may be advisable to induce birth 10 days prematurely to avoid problems. Incidence of twin births also increased dramatically with moringa feed: 3 per 20 births as opposed to the usual average of 1:1000.
5) Sometimes moringa leaf concentrate is preferable to fresh leaves for use in livestock feed.
"Chickens will not voluntarily consume moringa leaves or moringa leaf powder.
However, about half the protein content can be extracted from the leaves in the form of a concentrate which can then be added to chicken feed (or used in many other ways). The protein content desired in chicken feed is 22%. To obtain the concentrate, mix leaves with water and run the mix through a hammer mill.
Heat this mash to 70 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes. The protein will (clump) and settle to the bottom." The protein can be freeze-dried after the liquid has been poured off.
Nikolaus Fiodl of BIOMASA wrote to us about a somewhat simpler alternative to freeze-drying. He wrote, "Take a pressure cooker and fit a copper or steel tube in the top. Take a compressor from an old refrigerator. Link the tube to the compressor inlet and run the compressor. At a temperature of 30 degrees C and about 50 mm of vacuum you can take out most of the watei by evaporation in vacuum.
"If you wish to use the concentrate as a fresh fodder, just take the sludge after sedimentation and mix it with dry fodder until you can handle it as a semidry mass. Then press it through a meat grinder to make homemade pellets." For pig fodder, the homemade pellets can be mixed with the normal fodder. Foidl warns, "Be careful not to overdo it with protein; fattening pigs need 12-14%
protein and lactating pigs need 16-18%."
PODS Back to top r, =
The young pods (Fig. 8), known as "drumsticks" by Indian communities, are cooked and . t reportedly have a taste like asparagus. They are sold fresh and canned in many Asian _ markets. Tinned drumsticks are exported from India, Sri Lanka and Kenya to Europe and Asia. They are eaten much like green beans. The green peas and surrounding white material can be removed from larger pods and cooked in various ways.
' t , \ I Figs. 8-9. Moringa oleifera seed pods (Fig. 8; left) and 1,, 4 flowers (Fig. 9; lower right). Photos by Tim Motis =
FLOWERS Back to top 004-40 1 lip After 8 to 12 months, the tree begins to flower and continues year round. The ,µ,119kye flowers (Fig. 9) can be eaten or used to make a tea. In Haiti, tea from the flowers is drunk for colds. The flowers provide good amounts of calcium and potassium.
4.
Moringa flowers also provide a year-round source of nectar for bees, although some have claimed that honeybees do not gather nectar from moringa.

Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page SEED Back to top L. Seeds (Fig. 10) can be extracted and eaten as "peas"
(boiled or fried) when still green. The dry seeds are apparently not used for human A
kv;,,,00l-tNr consumption, perhaps because the bitter coating becomes hardened.
)4, Nitijek.
The mature seed is about 40% oil. Moringa oil is of excellent quality õ
, (73% oleic acid, similar to olive oil) for cooking. Sold for many years as "ben oil," it is used in cooking and perfumes and has been used as a Fig10. Seeds of Moringa oleifera (brown seeds on left) and Moringa stenopetala (larger, white seeds on right). Photo by ECHO staff.
watch lubrication, but was replaced long ago by sperm oil. It can be used for making soap and is also excellent to burn for light. The oil is slow to become rancid. The species, M.
peregrina, from the Red Sea area reportedly produces very good oil.
Oil can be extracted from moringa seed in the home. Seed from mature pods-which can be 60 cm (24 in) long-are roasted, mashed and placed in boiling water for 5 minutes. After straining and sitting overnight, the moringa oil floats to the surface.
Footsteps magazine (Issue 28) describes the oil extraction process: "Moringa seed has a fairly soft kernel, so the oil can be extracted by hand using a screw press (also known as a "spindle" or "bridge"
press). The seed is first crushed, 10% by volume of water is added, followed by gentle heating over a low fire for 10-15 minutes, taking care not to burn the seed. One such test yielded 2.6 liters of oil from 11 kg of kernels. Once the best processing conditions are worked out, an extraction efficiency of 65% could probably be expected."
BIOMASA also researched moringa seed oil extraction. Fuglie states in his report, "Nikolaus Foidl designed a motorized moringa seed de-huller with a built-in blower to separate out the chaff. The de-hulling part of the machine consists of two revolving rubber plates slightly oval in shape. Seed is run through 3 times, with the space between the plates diminished slightly each time (smaller seed not de-hulled the first time will be de-hulled the 2"d or 3rd time).
Foidl suggests that a screw press made of simple iron may be better suited for moringa oil extraction than one made of steel. Chromium and nickel in steel may react with the oil at high temperatures and lower oil quality. One possible screw press is the FAKT press, a German-designed oil press now produced in India, which BIOMASA has successfully used to extract Jatropha oil. The FAKT
press will process 80-90 kg/hour. [Contact FAKT - FAKT Consult for Management, Training and Technologies, Gansheidestrasse 43, 70184 Stuttgart, Germany; phone: + 49 (0) 711 21095-0; fax: + 49 (0) 711 21095-55; website:
http://www.fakt-consult.de; e-mail: fakt@fakt-consult.de]
Fuglie continues, "Following extraction, moringa oil should be filtered (through cheese cloth or coffee filter). This will remove the protein content upon which bacteria feed.
Viscosity of oil can be improved by heating it to 40-50 C before filtering."
"At Church World Service in Senegal, one oil extraction trial used kernels that had been de-hulled three months earlier. The oil promptly separated into a milky wax and liquid.
According to Foidl, this was probably due to the rapid deterioration in the stored kernels of the anti-oxidant tocopheral acetate (vitamin E). A few (1-5) drops per liter of the essential oil of sage, rosemary or mint (or a twig of the latter), [all]

Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page excellent antioxidants, can be added to moringa oil to stabilize it. (Trials can be done to determine at what point the taste of the sage or rosemary oil becomes noticeable.)"
The seedcake left over after the oil extraction process has several uses. It can be used as soil fertilizer or in the treatment of turbid water (see below). It is being researched as an animal feed, but has a bitter taste and contains anti-nutritional factors (glucosinolates, haemagglutinins, alkaloids and a saponin). We have read that in order to remove the bitter taste and anti-nutritional factors, you can soak the seedcake in water for 20 to 30 minutes, then sieve it to recover the residue. We do not know of feeding trials that were done in the field to test this method.
In addition to their usefulness as a source of oil, moringa seeds can be used for water treatment (Fig.
11). Dr. Samia Jahn, a German woman who for many years worked for the Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), told ECHO how to use moringa seeds 0041to clarify water. Suspensions of ground seed of the moringa tree are used as = primary coagulants. They can "clarify Nile water of any degree of visible turbidity." At high turbidities their action was almost as fast as that of alum, but at medium and low turbidities it was slower. The doses required did not = ---- -4, exceed 250 mg/l. Coagulating the solid matter in water so that it can be easily removed will also remove a good portion of the suspended bacteria.
Jahn wrote that river water is always polluted with human waste. At GTZ's sampling site, the total coliform bacteria count during the flood season was 1,600-18,000 per 100 ml. After one hour of treatment with moringa seed powder, the coliform count was 1-200 per 100 ml. According to Jahn, "Good clarification is obtained if a small cloth bag filled with the powdered seeds of the moringa is swirled round in the turbid water."
Fig]]. A comparison of non-treated (jar on left) vs. moringa-seed-treated " (jar on right) pond water. Photo by Beth Doerr.
To prepare the seed for use as a coagulant, remove the seed coats including the "wings." The white kernel is then crushed to a powder using a mortar or by placing in a cloth on top of a stone and crushing.
Two heaping teaspoons or two grams of the powder should be mixed with a cup of clean water in a bottle (e.g. a soda bottle). The water and moringa kernel powder should be shaken for five minutes to form a paste. This paste is then poured through a cloth strainer into 20 liters of the water to be purified. The water is stirred rapidly for two minutes, and then slowly for 10-15 minutes.
Leave the bucket of water undisturbed for at least an hour. Impurities will then sink to the bottom. The water should be strained again into a storage container for use. This process removes 90-99% of impurities. If there is a possibility of disease in the water, it can be purified by chlorine, boiling or solarizing (placing in the direct sun in a clear bottle for two hours).
BIOMASA also studied moringa seed powder for use in water treatment. From Fuglie's report:
"BIOMASA installed a water treatment system using moringa seed powder in one village in Nicaragua.
BIOMASA also isolated the active ingredient, a polyelectrolyte, in the laboratory. One hundred kg of moringa kernels will produce about 1 kg of (almost pure) polyelectrolyte."
A SPECIAL NOTE: BIOMASA found that "the level of polyelectrolyte present in the kernels is substantially less during the wet season. (This may explain why, in CWS's work in Senegal, a water treatment experiment done last September failed to work!) Seed harvested for water treatment should be harvested during the dry season only."

Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page Fuglie claims that a general rule of thumb is to use powder from one moringa kernel for 2 liters of water when water is slightly turbid, and powder from one kernel for 1 liter when water is very turbid. The seeds and powder can be stored, but the paste (mentioned a few paragraphs previously) needs to be fresh for purifying the water.
Fuglie states that according to BIOMASA, "Seed powder can also be used to harvest algae from waste water, currently an expensive process using centrifuges." Spirolina algae is used in health food and cosmetic products, and it is a common fish food ingredient. The algae is farmed in Mexico and Israel with minor production in other countries. To harvest the algae, sprinkle seed powder on the water. "Seed powder will cause the algae to sink to the bottom. Once harvested, further drying can be done with a simple steam-heated drum dryer heated to 110 C to kill eggs, etc." Be aware that algae food or feed products can contain toxins from the water in which the algae was grown.
100% of the protein in fish food can come from algae sources, but at most 10%
of protein in cattle feed can be replaced with algae protein. Foidl comments that algae protein has a different composition of amino acids than other proteins. Mammals' main source of protein should be from plants or animals.
WOOD Back to top Moringa wood is very soft. It is advocated by some as a good live fence tree.
This may be true if it is used as living fence posts with wire or other material attached to the tree.
At ECHO we attempted to make an animal-proof fence using extremely close spacing between trees, but we were not successful.
Trees were spindly and would not restrain anything. Moringa makes acceptable firewood but poor charcoal. According to Foidl, moringa wood makes excellent paper pulp¨as good as poplar (Popuhts sp.). The bark is sometimes used to make mats and rope. A blue dye is also made from the wood in Senegal and Jamaica.
ROOTS Back to top Small trees a few months old can be pulled up and the taproot (Fig. 12) can be ground, mixed with vinegar and salt and used in place of horseradish. We are told that when grown for its roots, the seeds are sometimes planted in a row like - vegetables. At about 60 cm (24 in) in height the tree is harvested. Make sure the root bark is scraped off, as it contains several alkaloids including the toxic and , =
1, physiologically active moringinine. F,ating large amounts of the root at once or too often should be avoided, because roots also contain pterygospermin (see below) and - - an alkaloid called spirachin, a nerve-paralyzing agent.
Fig 12. Root of a young moringa tree. Photo by Tim Motis USE AS AN ANTIBIOTIC Back to top Pterygospermin and/or related compounds (isothiocyanates), found in various parts of the moringa plant, have been shown to have antibiotic and fungicidal properties. Though other moringa plant parts are reported to be effective against infections, much of the formal research to date has focused on extracts from the seed. A study at the University of San Carlos in Guatemala was summarized in EDN 37 (Amaranth to Zai Holes p. 298); a reprint of the summary follows:
"Herbal applications are commonly used to treat skin infections in developing countries, although few investigations are conducted to validate scientifically their popular use. A
previous study had showed that Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page moringa seeds are effective against skin infecting bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudoniona aeruginosa in vitro (i. e. in a test tube). This study showed that mice infected with S. aureus recovered as quickly with a specially prepared aqueous extract of moringa seed as with the antibiotic neomycin. This study proves only the effectiveness of moringa as they prepared it. That preparation could be done in any country, but not with just household utensils. It was prepared by infusing 10 g (0.02 lb) powdered moringa seeds in 100 ml (3.4 oz) of 45 C (96 F) water for 2 hours. The part that is a bit more complicated is reducing the 100 ml (3.4 oz) down to 10 ml (0.34 oz) by placing it in a rotavaporator. This is a very common piece of laboratory equipment that continually rotates a flask containing the liquid. An aspirator producing a modest vacuum is connected to the rotavaporator, reducing the pressure and causing the water to evaporate rather quickly without boiling it. The ointment was prepared by placing 10% of the extract in Vaseline. (We can send a copy of the article to medical personnel)."
Further studies were done in 2001 by researchers in the biology department at Gordon College in Wenham, Massachusetts. Jennifer Bonina, Grace Ju and Russell Camp wanted to develop a method of extraction that did not require specialized equipment or rotoevaporation. They ground Moringa seeds with a mortar and pestle, then placed the powder in 90 C (194 F) water for 1 hour with some shaking.
The extract was filtered through coffee filter paper, and the liquid was used to saturate small filter disks.
The disks were placed on bacteria growing on nutrient medium. The seed extract inhibited growth of S.
aureus and B. subtihts, but did not inhibit growth of P. aeruginosa and E.
coll. The filter paper and flasks were sterilized for the experiment.
If you are in a situation where there is a shortage of antibiotics but you have access to electricity and running water, perhaps this ointment could be prepared for use in the local community. If you make and test ointment from moringa seeds, please let ECHO know.
CULTIVATION Back to top Moringa grows best in the hot, semi arid tropics. It is drought-' tolerant and grows with rainfalls of 250-1500 mm (10-60 in) per year. Altitudes below 600 m (2000 ft) are best for the ' . moringa; however, it grows up to 1200 m (4000 ft) in some ; tropical areas and has been recorded growing at 2000 m (6000 = A
- a .4) M stenopetala in Ethiopia is regularly found at altitudes up to 1800 m (6600 ft). At Proyecto Biomasa in Nicaragua, c4tpi:tia;,:,#411.0- I 1,4%. they found the effective altitude limit for growing moringa to ..*==µ = ¨ = /4 be 500 m (1640 ft). [This might be higher nearer the equator.]
= 1, ft .4' They also say that excessively windy conditions cause the tree '..= ,; fAz, - - " to dry out.
Fig 13. Intensive moringa cultivation in northern Senegal.
Photo by Caroline Olivier, Church World Service.
In the sub-tropics, moringa will tolerate light frosts. A freeze can kill a mature tree back to the roots (as has happened to our trees here at ECHO), but it is capable of recovering. It quickly sends out new growth from the trunk when cut, or from the ground when frozen. A good temperature range for the tree is 25-35 C (77-95 F), although it can tolerate up to 48 C (118 F) for limited amounts of time.
The moringa tree prefers well-drained sandy or loam soil. It will tolerate a clay soil but not water logging. At ECHO the tree is set back when our water table stays for long periods at an inch or two Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page 14 below the surface. It tolerates a wide range of pH (5-9), growing quite well in alkaline conditions up to a pH of 9. We have found that it responds well to mulch, water and fertilizer.
Moringa is an extremely fast-growing tree. It can reach up to 4 m (15 ft) in a year, reaching an eventual height of 6-15 m (20-50 ft). Roy Danforth in Zaire wrote, The trees grow more rapidly than papaya, with one three-month old tree reaching 2.4 m (8 ft). I never knew there would be such a tree." The tree in our organic garden grew to about 4 m (15 ft) in 9 months, and had been cut back several times to make it branch out more. It is advisable to prune trees frequently to a shrub form, or they will become lanky and difficult to harvest. If folks begin regularly breaking off tender tips to cook when trees are about 1.3 m (4 or 5 ft) tall, the trees become much bushier.
Those to whom we have sent the tree in Africa have been pleased at its tolerance of dry weather. Rob Van Os rated its growth, yield and potential as exceptional and added that it "can be planted after the other crops, even near the end of the rains." He has introduced it into several villages already. The first plants grew so well for Gary Shepherd in Nepal that he had us arrange for 1,000 seeds to be shipped. He reports that at five months one was 3.6 m (12 ft) tall and most were 1.8 m (6 ft).
Alicia Ray wrote a booklet on the moringa (or benzolive) tree in Haiti some time ago. She wrote, "It seems to thrive in impossible places¨even near the sea, in bad soil and dry areas. Seeds sprout readily in one or two weeks. Alternatively, one can plant a branch and within a week or two it will have established itself. It is often cut back year after year in fencerows and is not killed. Because of this, in order to keep an abundant supply of leaves, flowers and pods within easy reach, "topping out" is useful. At least once a year one can cut the tree off 3 or 4 feet above the ground. It will readily sprout again and all the valuable products will remain within safe, easy reach."
Beth Mayhood with Grace Mountain Mission in Haiti wanted to establish a model vegetable garden on a small piece of land. "It was windswept and sun baked with no natural barriers or trees in the area. Soils were poor and very alkaline. The salt content was also high. We started in January to prepare large quantities of compost. In April, holes were dug in the poor soil and filled with compost. Moringa trees planted in seedbeds germinated in 3-4 days. In 9 weeks they were transplanted in between the garden beds, around the edge of the 60 x 75 m (200 x 250 ft) area and in a double row about 1.5 m (5 ft) apart in the middle. The trees protected against the prevailing winds." I saw slides of this spot later, and it was impressive. The light shade of the tree is a considerable help to most vegetables.
I cannot emphasize enough how important it is to use pruning of some sort. If left to itself, the tree becomes quite tall and lanky. This method of cutting it , < back to 1.2 m (4 ft) each year sounds good (Fig. 14). One method I tried with some success was to cut each branch back a foot after it had grown 0.6 m (2 It) until it was a multi branched shrub. It appears that there is genetic variability that results in some trees that are pruned sending the new branches f= h , straig t up rather than to the sides. ECHO planted seed from every source in our seed bank looking for trees that have horizontal branching in response to N pruning. The Indian variety PKM-2 seems to do best. This also makes it a better shade tree. Alternatively, normal harvesting can have the same effect if begun while the tree is young. Beth Mayhood wrote, "We liked them so much we began picking the growing tips to boil as a spinach several times a week.
µ7 This picking of the growing tips caused the tree to branch. Our constantly pruned trees became thick-limbed and many-branched."
Fig 14. Regrowth after cutting back to about 1.2 in (4 ft). Photo by Tim Motis Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page PROPAGATION Back to top Moringa can be grown easily from seeds or cuttings. Seeds should be planted 2 cm (approximately 1 in) deep and ought to germinate within 1-2 weeks. Germination rates are usually very good, but can drop to 0% after 2 years. Dr. Jahn reports on work in the Sudan that shows that optimum light for germination of all moringa species is half shade. When sown in the hotter weather of mid-April, germination percentages for M. stenopetala and M. oleifera were only 54 and 40 percent, compared to 92 and 94 percent in half shade. During the cool dry season there was little difference.
Both M. oleifera and M. stenopetala (described in the following section) can be started from cuttings.
Cuttings 45-100 cm (18-40 in) long with stems 4-10 cm (2-4 in) wide should be taken from the woody parts of the branches. Ti should be wood from the previous year. Cuttings can be cured for three days in the shade and then planted in a nursery or in the field. However, you should note that trees grown from cuttings are known to have much shorter roots. Where longer roots are an advantage for stabilization or access to water, seedlings are clearly preferable.
OTHER SPECIES Back to top M. stenopetala is native to Africa and, as mentioned earlier, produces larger seeds and leaves than M.
oleifera. M. stenopetala leaves taste similar to M. oleifera when cooked and milder if tasted raw. Below is an adapted excerpt on M. stenopetala, from ECHO's book Aniaranth to Zai Holes (p. 115).
MORINGA STENOPETALA. Moringa oleifera, native to India, is the number one seed in our seed bank in terms of number of requests and positive reports. When we learned that a moringa native to ,...
Ethiopia had larger edible leaves, more drought resistance, and larger seeds (important for those using moringa to purify water), we were obviously , interested. Dr. Samia Jahn shared some seed with us which we shared with our , ' , ' õ ' õ ..=. ..,:, network. The trees (Fig. 15) at ECHO have flowered but never produced seed.
,=',.:'-' õ',-õf, ,,' ,:¶ Occasionally are able to get seed from those to whom ECHO
has sent seed. If =4.1=, = ,''1=, 4, õ, ;
,:',.,-+' ,,=:',,;;,=.õ ,,, 4 ; you have had success with M. oleifera, it may be time to try this "new÷ species.
i,,k=v.'== * \;',. - ,=*`
The genetic base is probably quite limited because all the trees came from a tvt.'' .-ti" = --' - " i'''' small number of original seeds. So if M.
stenopetala does well, you might ======,,, -, :ow 6 .4 , ; , , ' . *A want to try to find a second source to increase the diversity in the genetic base '14 = .,, , r. .,' = , ' 4 ' ' 41. '*, I = _7> - before beginning a large project.
'it .. =, = -,',.' 12 r = :-. Fig 15. A Moringa stenopetala tree at ECHO (Florida).
Photo by Tim Motis Michael Madany wrote from Somalia of his comparison trial with seed received from elsewhere a few years ago. "In spite of the initial rapid growth of M. oleifera, in drier years the species has not done well without some watering. The M. stenopetala, by contrast, has the lushest green foliage and continued to grow during the exceptionally long dry season from last August until this April. We began cooking leaves and young shoots in April (taste of the two species very similar). We obviously aren't eating it fast enough, since two large limbs have fallen under their own weight."
õ: ' !! ' -,v= j Compared with M. oleifera, the trunk of M. stenopetala is ,/ = 0,õ.1 " ¨*õ.
considerably thicker at the base, the tree seems more ,,,. .
, =-' ' V' ' , I .
? IS ,, vigorous, the leaves are larger, and if tasted raw the leaves lit,,,õ !..<
,iõ,, are milder (Fig. 16). Dr. Jahn says that in the Sudan M. : : `, ki ,,=' j¨
, . 4 ' \a=;, , "4 oleifera develops into a slender tree, M. stenopetala into a 41.--,,.. -;
k ,..- = ,-.- - t, q 4 - :, =4 %
i round shrub-like tree. 4. t . ' , o = ; .-'' , .**=j--, --.,K -1FV: N, *- 4 Fig 16. Trunk and leaves of Moringa stenopetala. ÷ ' ,ti ;30, ..q:s: A.
, Photo by Tim Motis . --1,z., / = "'-;
=' ',*, =
-.0,... ,,, 1, ,,, , ,:-.,, õ, =

Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page The more bushy M. stenopetala can be planted as a wind break. We were told of one situation as follows:
"Seedlings were planted in a windy corner at a spacing of 1 m. As soon as the upper branches of the tree grew broader, they were cut and the trees responded by more profuse growth of their lower branches, thus thickening the hedge. Vegetables cultivated behind it profited from this protection."
M. stenopetala trees have been grown as ornamentals in private gardens of Europeans in Kenya, reaching 10-12 meters. Their trunk diameters are at least 2-3 times as thick as that of M. oleifera in Sudan. In Ethiopia, M stenopetala is cultivated as high as 1800 meters (5400 feet), where people use ash as the main fertilizer. By the end of a long dry season the trees may have lost their leaves.
,== - v Dr. Jahn cites reports that M. stenopetala trees are not as : - -1 quick to set flowers (Fig. 17) as M. oleifera. In Sudan the -- = . ,õõ, first flowers appeared after 2 1/2 years, compared to 11 months for M. oleifera. Charlie Forst reported that a tree that he planted in the Central Plateau of Haiti flowered in .. , 15 months; however, it was grown from a cutting, which *.õ -,,,,p,-"s",t,_,, *;
4k may make the difference At that site the low branching .4. large-leafed M. stenopetala showed far superior growth in .; ,''' " .4:: -4' . ' 4.
L .- -N. 8 the dry season. It is in full leaf after months without rain, .= ; ' Jr .., abt, 1- -42t, ' '4'1- while M. oleifera suffers after severe drought. "., = ... ,,,,-Figs 17-18. Flowers (left; Fig. 17) and pods (right; Fig. 18) of Moringa stenopetala in Haiti. Photos by Tim Motis Michael Madany wrote again, this time from Kenya. "Since I am quoted in EDN
with regard to our experience with M. stenopetala in southern Somalia, I'd like to send a few more comments. The last time I saw the trees we planted in February 1986 was January 1990. They had only flowered once (in 1987 or 1988; only a few flowers) and never set seed. Thus, whenever I wanted to plant more, I was obliged to use cuttings. As far as a source of green vegetable matter in the dry season, the tree surpasses its domestic relative M. oleifera in that climate (bimodal rainfall of 400-800 mm;
20-40 C). However, for the purpose of producing water-purifying seeds it seems to be not so successful, at least in the first 5 years. I am mystified as to the reasons for this. The provenance for our trees was over 500 km west at a considerably higher elevation." Michael mentions that, during the civil war in Somalia, the project buildings were destroyed and "all the trees in our garden were cut down."
Jay Ram wrote from the Pacific Neem Mission in Hawaii. "My M. stenopetala tree is now 10 feet tall and growing vigorously. I really share your enthusiasm for this wonderful tree. It is one of the best species we have come across- fast growing with good form, and high palatability. In fact, I commonly will eat the boiled leaves by themselves, [something I do not do with M.
oleifera which is common on the island]."
There is another interesting difference. The roots of M. oleifera are used as a condiment similar to horseradish. With M. stenopetala it is the bark that is so used.
A Caution about Eating Excessive Amounts of Moringa stenopetala: Eat Like the Deer Excerpt from EDN Issue 82, January 2004, By Dawn Berkelaar:
The East African Medical Journal featured results of a survey involving 597 school children and their parents in areas of southern Ethiopia with very high incidence of goiter.
Measurements of iodine concentration in the urine showed that children were getting plenty of iodine (lack of iodine can cause goiter). One important factor in the prevalence of goiter was a familial tendency to develop goiter.
Children whose parent(s) had goiter were significantly more likely to develop goiter themselves.

Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page 17 Also significant was the role of locally consumed foods. Survey participants were questioned about the regions most commonly consumed foods, including maize, yam, potato, teff, M.
stenopetala (locally referred to as halleko) and sorghum. Only M. stenopetala had a significant association with the prevalence of goiter. In particular, those who ate M. stenopetala more than twice per day were 4.57 times more likely to have goiter than the other groups.
The authors of the article mentioned that isothiocyanate and hydrocyanic acid have been isolated from M.
pterygospertna, now thought to be M. oleifera. Isothiocyanate is a known cause of goiter, while hydrocyanic acid metabolizes to thiocyanate in the human body. M. stenopetala may have similar substances.
The authors recommend that further studies be done on M. stenopetala to find out what links (if any) its consumption has to the occurrence of goiter. Until then, what should you do if you are growing M.
stenopetala? Before you become alarmed and stop eating the leaves of this valuable tree, remember that practically any food contains both helpful compounds (e.g. carbohydrates for energy; protein; vitamins and minerals) and harmful ones (e.g. hydrocyanic acid). Our advice has been stated in EDN many times previously: "Eat like the deer." That is to say, whenever possible, cat a variety of different foods in moderation rather than very large quantities of one thing.
MORINGA PEREGRINA. Native to the Red Sea area, M. peregrina is another moringa species with much potential for oil production. The starchy roots are eaten. The leaves were found by AVRDC
Ilkµ researchers to contain more antioxidants than three other moringa species (oleifera, stenopetala, and drouhardii), ;:- - =
- '1' = e ¨/ ' '11* 11 though antioxidants were high for all four of the species *ea,: -tested. The wood of M. peregrina resists termites and is - good for firewood and charcoal. As the tree ages, its leaves --41gfr, tar become longer with smaller leaflets (Fig. 19).
' =44. .7%!
Fig 19. A tree and narrow leaflets of M. perigrina. Photos by Tim Motis SEED SOURCES Back to top ECHO can provide trial-sized quantities of Moringa oleifera at no charge to those who are doing agricultural development work. For others or those seeking larger quantities, write us for prices. The following companies indicate that they sell moringa seed:
= The Banana Tree, 715 Northampton St., Easton, PA, 18042; 610/253-9589;
hitp://www.banana-tree.com/
= Carter Seeds, 1611-A SO Melrose Dr. #1, Vista, CA, 92083; 800/872-7711;
http://www.carterseeds.com = Hurov's Seeds & Botanicals, P. 0. Box 1596, Chula Vista, CA, 91912; , = Ellison Horticultural PTY.Ltd267 Rous Road, A/stonville NSW 2477 Australia p: 6144-214255 Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page = Horti Nursery (for bulk orders), 25 1st Fl. Raji Medical Bldgs, 1103 EVN
Rd. ERODE, 638009, TN INDIA; p:91-424-261815; fax: 91-424-267588;e-mail: kodis@eth.net = Kumar International, Ajitmal 206121, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India.
= Shivalik Seeds Corporation, 47, Panditwari, P. 0. Prem Nagar, Dehra Dun -248007, U. P., India; tel. 91-135-683-348; fax 91-135-683-776; E-mail:
hi1ander@de12.vxnl.net.in = Samuel Ratnam, Inland & Foreign Trading Co., (Block 79A, Indus Road #04-418/420, Singapore, Tel: 0316 p 2722711, fax: 2716118) = Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), P. 0. Box 20412, Nairobi, Kenya, Tel. (254) 154-32891; Fax (254) 154-32844; E-mail kefri@arcc.or.ke.
= Tanzania National Tree Seed Programme, P.O. Box 373, Morogoro, Tanzania;
Tel: (255)-56-3192 or (255)-56-3903; Fax: (255)-56-3275; E-mail: ntsp@twiga.com WEB SITES WITH MORE INFORMATION Back to top = Moringa News network of people interested in Moringa and clearinghouse for Moringa information:
http://www.moringanews.org/
= Trees for Life Moringa information:
http://wwwareesforlife.org/project/moringa/default.en.asp = Miracle Tree book by Church World Service: http://www.moringatrees.org/
= University of Leicester 's Department of Engineering page on moringa:
http://www.le.ae.uk/engineering/staWSutherland/moringaimoringa.lam = The home page of the family Moringaceae by Mark Olson:
http://www.mobotorg/gradstudents/olson/moringahome.html = Phytochemical and Ethobotanical database: http://www.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsol/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=1435 = PDF document on Moringa by HDRA:
http://www.hdra.org.uk/pdfs/international_programme/Moringa.pdf = PDF document on growing Moringa by AVRDC:
http://www.avrdc.org/LC/indigenous/moringa.pdf = ECHO's web site contains information about Moringa and our bookstore has several Moringa publications: http://www.echonet.org Moringa- an ECHO Technical Note Page 19 APPENDIX A Back to top A Seed Dehusker from Church World Service A ; Church World Service's booklet -Design for a Hydraulic Press Adapted for Moringa Seeds" says - - 2', the following about the pictured seed dehusker:
..-,..',.. , "A simple machine can be built to make the job of ' removing the shells easier. This pedal-powered 321., = , Al. --- seed dehusker was built by a Senegalese .. it, Nii..... ? technician in Dakar.
.. . "Although a fan was built into the machine for the purpose of separating the chaff from the kernals, TT this proved to be impractical and the fan is presently not being used.
"Inside the machine, a turning screw shaft cracks the shells and the whole kernels and bits of shell drop through the hole at the bottom. The space between the end of the shaft and the machine housing can be adjusted to accommodate different types of seed."
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C:1;1 Balbir Mathur President, Trees for Life 3006 W. St. Louis, Wichita, KS, 67203-5129 (316) 945-6929 www.treesforlife.org July 2006 Moringa for Cattle Fodder and Plant Growth Two recent studies in Nicaragua determined that:
1. Adding Moringa oleifera leaves and green stems to fodder increased cattle's daily weight gain up to 32% and increased their milk production 43-65%.
2. A plant-growth spray made from Moringa oleifera leaves increased crop production 20-35%.
Even if a fraction of these results could be reproduced in the field, it would be a great boon to people in developing countries. This possibility needs to be investigated further and various aspects examined before the concept can be popularized. Trees for Life would like to help promote and foster such research.
Background information on this subject follows.
. , ' , Moringa , ', ' , ¨ , Moringa (Moringa oleifera) is native to the ,.., =.
, Indian subcontinent, and has become naturalized -, , , 4 in tropical and subtropical areas around the world., People use its flowers and long pods as vegetables. , , <
, Ø, ,...1,, , Every part of the tree, from the bark to the leaves ,. 1,.
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-,-,- ,,,,,r,-. 4*, to the roots, is used in traditional medicine. ,. ::- - *.,, *, ,,,, ix:' '71r;:sp ,,,,,4%;., , I:
However, most people are not aware of the great ', 4 1 4,',4*'-,-.,, variety of potential benefits of the leaves. '4'" Ity W' 4"...04*
" i 4,, '''-'i,.. ,t .4...,:::;,."17 Recent studies indicate that these leaves have ' ' -- ' \., '`, ',1:6.i'..i4.4' - 4, t immense nutritional value. They are loaded with ..- 4,, I* ,'= Ir.' c ' ''''3' 4 .
vitamins, minerals and all of the essential amino " - , õ
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acids. For additional information, see 1041v '.'4,0-': **;-+ .7-_;:"' ' * -' :' .. = -',"''' www.treesforlife.org/moringa and our Moringa r - - - ;4- V r" ',CA e= ' ,- , 1 , t4 Book at www.treesforlife.org/moringa/book.
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t , f L...H4, 13/4th Nikolaus Foidl (center) and Leonardo Mayorga (right) in Nicaragua Their intensive cultivation methods were developed under experimental conditions on plots ranging in size from 0.5 to 4 hectares. Foidl and his associates have experimented with various uses of Moringa leaves and green stems, including their use in cattle fodder.
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Moringa seeds can he planted 10 ein apart The green matter can he harvested evety 35 days.
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Following the Foidl study, a study was conducted by ,, lop, if' ., Jr' ''-o, ', ,...' I . ...1 , , Dr. Nadir Reyes Sanchez. Dr. Reyes is on the Faculty of the Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Department of .
Animal Nutrition and Management at the Swedish University ,.
of Agricultural Sciences in Uppsala, Sweden.
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,' ,i Dr Sanchez (left) on 1715 A/lormgct farm Cattle Fodder Supplement These two studies in Nicaragua showed that supplementing cattle feed with the leaves and green stems of Moringa can increase milk production by 43-65%, and increase daily weight gain in cattle by up to 32%.
These studies also demonstrated that Moringa can be grown instensively as a field crop:
= One single planting lasts for several years.
= Foidl, et al. have been able to harvest it up to 9 times a year from irrigated and well-fertilized land, producing per year:
= 650 to 700 metric tons of green mass = Equivalent to 100 to 110 metric tons of dry mass = 17.5 metric tons of pure protein = 7000 kg of lipids, with 65% being omega-3 fatty acids = 10 metric tons of fermentable sugars = Approximately 8 metric tons of starch = Approximately 45 metric tons of hem icellulose and cellulose.
Dr. Sanchez's study was done without irrigation and with much less fertilizer, and resulted in a total of 100 tons of green mass harvested from four crops in a year. However, milk production and cattle weight increased substantially in both studies.
All these factors may make Moringa leaves and green stems very attractive and inexpensive as a cattle fodder supplement. To our knowledge, additional studies are already in progress in Bolivia, Columbia, Brazil and Ghana.
Plant growth spray I.
Formula:
. . ., Extract juice .from green matter -,* =,. . , .
. ' ( ; 4; ..' ."*. . Dilute with 36 parts water r_.. Spray 25m1 on each plant , ..- '' ' "' ''=' * ' Recently a new benefit of Moringa was suggested: the leaves seem to contain a substance that stimulates plant growth and increases crop production. Several years ago, Mr. Nikolaus Foidl came across a reference to a study by a Mr. Singh of India. It said that an extract from Moringa leaves seemed to stimulate the growth of plants.
Mr. Foidl and his colleagues tested the process with various crops and refined the protocol. They have successfully applied the formula to large-scale farming.

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- -Foidl, et at. found that the spray Produced the following effects on crops:
= Accelerates growth of young plants =
LPolaungtser life-spanarefirmer, more resistant to pests and disease =
=
= Produce m Heavier r000trse, fruit s and leaves . Larger fruit = Increase in yield 20-35%
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Spray Control Spray Control ___________________________________ , Sorghum Turnips = ; & k ,.
4 = ,,, V -,s, %_ , ¨ -- ------- i -- _ Control Spray Freeze-dried Control Spray Spray For large-scale farming. A loringa spray was freeze-dried for use at appropriate times Subjects for Research The following research studies could be of immediate use to people in developing countries:
= Agronomy of intensive planting and harvesting of Moringa leaves and green sterns, in both dry and irrigated parts of the country = Impact on cattle's weight gain and milk production = Analysis of milk produced = Affect of spray on various crops About Trees for Life Trees for Life is an international nonprofit movement that demonstrates that in helping each other, people can unleash extraordinary power that enriches our lives. Our mission is to create hope through a movement in which people join hands to break the cycle of poverty and hunger and care for our earth.
If any research institution in your country is interested in investigating the potential of Moringa leaves to improve food production, then Trees for Life could be of service in the following ways:
= Connecting scientists with existing information on this subject (see attached list of articles) = Connections with other research institutions Let us know if we can be of further service.
With regards, ------Balbir Mathur , ¨ , ¨
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COS = '. 4, , -2 _i,.../2..1.,,,,1-4,._ OV: õ,' Agricultural uses of Iforinga leaves could help increase the production of milk, meat and vegetable crops Trees for Life would he glad to help with research in these areas.

Further information/resources:
(Note: Summaries of the following articles are available in the Moringa Gateway at: www.tfljournal.org/
gateway.php) I. Fuglie, Lowell. 2000. New uses of Moringa studied in Nicaragua. ECHO's Tropical Agriculture Site.
Available at:
http://www.echotech.org/network/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=194 2. Foidl, N., Makkar, H.P.S. and Becker, K., 2001. The potential of Moringa oleifera for agricultural and industrial uses, pp 45-76, In: The Miracle Tree: The Multiple Attributes of Moringa (Ed) Lowell J. Fuglie, CTA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
http://www.moringanews.org/actes/foidl_en.doc The following documents are available online:
Moringa oleifera and Cratylia argentea: Potential fodder species for Ruminants in Nicaragua (en anglais, PDF 321 Ko) http://www.moringanews.org/documents/Reyesthesis.pdf Effects of feeding different levels of foliage from Moringa oleifera to creole dairy cows on intake, digest-ibility, milk production and composition (en anglais, PDF, 127 Ko) http://www.moringanews.org/documents/LivestProd.pdf Moringa fodder in ruminant nutrition in The Gambia:
http://www.moringanews.org/documents/Fodder.doc The following articles may also be of interest:
Comparative studies on nutritive values of tender foliage of seedlings and mature plants of Moringa oleifera Lam.
D'Souza, J. Kulkarni, A. R.
Department of Life Science, University of Bombay, Santacruz East, Bombay 400098, India.
J.Econ.Tax.Bot., 17 (2) pp479-485. (Journal article, isbn: 0250-9768) Propagation techniques of Moringa oleifera Lam.. Enriched title: Propagation techniques of Moringa oleif-era Lam. [fodder trees, India]
Sharma, G.K. Raina, V. 1980 Improvement of forest biomass : symposium proceedings / edited by P.K. Khosla.
(ABBREV TITLE =
Improv For Biomass) p. 175-181. Proceedings of a symposium; November, 1980 20-21; Solan, India. Solan, India: Indian Society of Tree Scientists: 175-81 Fodder trees in Himachal Pradesh.
Negi, S. S. Indian Vet. Res. Inst., Patampur, Himachal Pradesh, India. Indian Forester, 1977, Vol.103, No.9, pp.616-622, 14 ref.
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LA) Moringanews authors and scientific editors Dr Armelle de Saint Sauveur et Dr Melanie Broin MAG author committee Dr Seewu Noamesi; Newton Amaglo; Mozart Adevu; Mary Glover-Amengor;
Godfred Dosu; Philip Acljepong; Stephen Adam; Prudence Attipoe page 4 page 5 CONTINTS
INTRODUCTION
............................................................................ 5 PROCESSING THE LEAVES ... 35 1. The moringa plant .................................................................... 11 1.
Stripping the leaflets 37 2. The need for a manual ................................................................. 13 2.
Washing ........ 37 3. The scope of the manual ............................................................... 13 3.
Draining ........ 37 CULTIVATION
..............................................................................
15 4. Drying .......... 39 1. Site selection ........................................................................ 17 Room drying ........ 39 2. Soil/land preparation ................................................................. 18 Solar drying ....... 39 Mechanical drying ...............................................................................
.................... 41 3. Propagation ........................................................................... 18 Seed propagation ......................................................................... 19 5. Milling ........ 41 Propagation by cuttings .................................................................. 20 6.
Sieving ......... 41 7. Drying the leaf powder ...............................................................................
............ 41 o 4. Planting .............................................................................
21 o Intensive production ..................................................................... 21 PACKAGING AND STORAGE .. 43 "
co Semi-intensive production ................................................................ 21 1.
Personal hygiene .. 44 cn cri Agroforestry .............................................................................
21 2. Packaging in bulk .. 44 cri Seed production .......................................................................... 23 3. Final packaging .. 45 o 4. Labelling . ............ 45 n.) 5. Caring for the plant .................................................................. 23 o 1-, Shaping the trees ........................................................................ 23 USING MORINGA LEAVES Ø
oi Irrigation ...............................................................................
. 24 .................... FOR NUTRITION 47 ko ' Weedfrig ...............................................................................
.. 25 1. Nutritional content of n.) Mulching ...............................................................................
.. 26 fresh moringa leaves .. 49 w Fertilizing ..............................................................................
26 2. Nutritional content of Pruning ...............................................................................
... 27 dry moringa leaf powder 53 3. Nutritional content of cooked 6. Pest and disease control .............................................................. 28 moringa leaves ..... 56 Insects ...............................................................................
... 28 4. Water soluble Fungal diseases .......................................................................... 29 and fat soluble vitamins 57 HARVESTING
CONCLUSION ............. 59 AND TRANSPORTATION
....................................................................... 30 1. Harvesting of shoots and leaves ...................................................... 32 2. Harvesting of seed .................................................................... 32 3. Transportation ....................................................................... 33 a =

a E.

page 8 INTRODUCTION
page 9 The story of moringa Within the past ten years, Moringa oleifera, a tropical, multipurpose tree has grown from being practically unknown, even unheard of, to being a new and promising nutritional and economic resource for developing countries. The leaves, which are easy to grow and rich in proteins, vitamins and minerals, are becoming widely used in projects fighting against malnutrition. Producing moringa leaves is also a means of generating agricultural income, developing the food processing industry and founding new businesses.
Native to India, the moringa tree grows widely in Africa, where, up until recently, it was used solely around houses to form hedges or to give shade. Occasionally it was used for medicinal purposes or collected for food. The Haussa from Niger and Nigeria, who eat the moringa leaves as a vegetable, are the only ones who have been, for decades now, growing and selling this product.
At the end of the 1980s, when moringa was being studied by a few researchers, uniquely for its water-treatment properties'', I "discovered" moringa leaf farming n.) in Niger and how profitable it was. A fieldtrip in India allowed me to further my co knowledge alongside agronomists and farmers involved in moringa fruit production2.
cri Those observations and the South-South exchanges that followed were very helpful cri in developing moringa leaf farming in Africa.
n.) During the 90s, researchers, businesses and NGOs helped further develop moringa 0 agronomics, the use of its leaves in food and its seeds in oil production or water treatment.

In 2001, I organised an international conference in Tanzania to help foster a n.) network of people most involved in developing moringa as well as to assess what knowledge and know-how had been established. As an outcome, the Moringanews network and website were created.
In 2006, in Ghana, I brought together, for a second conference, around one hundred organisations and businesses working on the moringa leaf. These interna-tional conferences and the Moringanews website have heavily contributed to developing the knowledge and the uses of moringa.
At the same time, American NGOs such as the Church World Service in Senegal and ECHO in Mauritania promoted the use of moringa leaf powder. The nutritional values of moringa powder are highly concentrated. A few grams a day can help fight against vitamin, mineral and protein deficiencies. For these projects, moringa leaf powder was used exclusively for a specific population and was well monitored, having a clearly positive impact on the health of those who took it.
1 Moringa seeds contain a protein that can be used to clarify water: it is a natural flocculent.
2 In India, the green Moringa fruit is popularly eaten and sold as a vegetable.

page 10 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION page 11 1 i, . ,.
Precise information about average nutritional values in fresh or dried moringa leaves _.
. = can be found at the end of the guide. The impact that cooking methods have on the r - .:::' . - -..,.., - ' t 4' ..
vitamins as well as the solubility of these vitamins in water and oil are also discussed.
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= ee:.. ' ¨ . ''_, ii about how to dose and prepare moringa leaves.
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, This guidebook does not intend to impose limitations on the uses of local =-=
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them. With the publication of the standards and good practices, moringa leaf powder #.1. ''' , ====4: , ;;:õ.=; . . ''} fCA...it = = . =õ, ..* . ,* will be able to access the formal economy. People can thus purchase it worry-free and ,..,õ,it . :.---,µ - - ,,- f " ' - ae 44 ' =
..::..i.'.:... ::'.': - ' *. 1 agro-food businesses can use it to enrich their products. It can hence benefit a wide ,.,/,-, .:. , A.,,:4 .. * :-. Ot ' ' .. , , :.....i.f:: ' = = _ population who buy local products which are inexpensive but often lacking in proteins, 1 2 vitamins and minerals.
The purpose of this guide is to develop quality moringa leaf production and consump-Then knowledge spread about moringa and encouraged numerous parties, tion.
This leafy vegetable is an exceptional resource for developing countries.
Processed NG0s, small businesses, farmers and individuals, to produce leaf powder and market0 or fresh, the moringa leaf is not only a new, promising source of income and it, without necessarily ensuring quality standards. These standards cannot be overlooked employment, but also an outstanding, nutritionally rich vegetable for families o as the consumption of moringa leaf powder by vulnerable populations such as pre- and businesses.
gnant women, very young children, the elderly or HIV positive people poses ethical co"
cl, problems. Armelle de Saint Sauveur U-1 i¨, January 2010 Leaf powder, if of poor sanitary quality, can cause digestive illnesses.
Counterfeit 0 products (various mixtures of dried leaves, even ground twigs) are also an issue in n.) o certain countries. Packaging also has an impact on quality: moringa leaf powder, pac- I-`
.1=.
kaged in transparent bags, sold on stands in the sun, rapidly loses its most essential oi vitamins. This raised local authorities' concern, and rightly so, about the quality of this to I
new product as well as its uses.
tv CJ) The Ghanaians were the first ones to be aware of the need to regulate the moringa leaf powder trade. The Moringa Association of Ghana (MAG) contacted the Ghana Standard Board and the Ghana Food and Drug Board to devise quality control procedures. Moringanews and the MAG collaborated to submit a project proposal to the Centre for the Development of Enterprise (CDE) in Brussels.
This guide is one of the outcomes of the ambitious project. The Ghana Standard Board published the moringa leaf powder standards as well as a Good Practices Guide and an Inspec-tion Guide. These standards will most likely be applied in other countries and even become used Africa-wide.
The manual that you are holding, elaborated by Moringanews and the MAG with the financial support of the CDE and the CTA (Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation), hopes to enable various parties: farmers, organisations, NG0s, entrepreneurs etc. to attain these quality standards by practicing simple production, processing and packaging methods.
1 Armelle de Saint Sauveur with her guests at the Moringa Seminar in Accra.
2 Melanie Broin and Vanisha Nambiar at the Moringa Seminar in Accra.

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',."' - ' . - I - : = , ... '''i , :µ,,,, 1, ,.:,.1 .., AI
0 4, t, Fr , '' ::...tc, 7, . , .14:r.:2,:.' - - A.A.... )V. ' -4-:41, ' ' ''.= 4 ' , 1 ' ..' ?..;:' . ' l= '. .41k.
' ..: = rail . - Ala' 1 r.:il , õ4 - s=- ,..+ ' '-', , , .4,- , eV *4 tõ i ' , ' , N. .
_ ,.. . = ... ' .7,1; fr.,.. 1-- ' ''"'tsr-- - =
-1i, i ' ' *
441 .'i - II 4; ,=!1; gfis t?' ti 0. ' ''!' Alf, 4õ, , 2 , 116 -''' ' j'A ':1- liC = :: =P ..:
c. ' ' '... Y . ' IP
ik, h -:;,?..*''Ilhd, -IP' ' --; 4: : e i 1-14,1111,110/1:*, tl;
I ' j'4At.;:l r ;:k "..4".Na ..4 II f'''..S. r:41.'4444,14,1., ,µ
r = ,-.4 '' i.;s6 - -' . ' -.'' ''Arl'',- P= f 4.---) - - Nr i. :
f ii ilti Af16114t õb.A.FX 4110 krir_v.4.1. /p/.4,040*,A The moringa plant (Monizga okifera) is known worldwide for its nutritional znd meth- o ,.== ,- L t -- t ."- .. ,,..-....,:f ,......1...A
... .. ,.. .
.\ x Jr., -sti Air 1 . = *7 ..:4.1.
, i !I phite, tµC. : :X . = ; 0-'44,, 'T , i 4 ' ,.. ==:=,.:1;
cot\) cinal benefits and industrial uses (Tables 1&2). Almost every part of the moringa plant .' '1,43-1-õA --,',:';'',,,. = === le ' *-i'. - .). 'h.' '14' r 44 th'-'1'74 has nutritional value. The pod is cooked as a vegetable in India and exported to many 1 4,4It'Sv. .::..- '44i,...1.>1%; - - = ,`"' .' . "it'44t-':-countries for Indian expatriates, fresh or canned. The root can be used as substitute for 4,:',....1% , ,, ,.. . -"s-,,, * horseradish.
Foliage is eaten as greens, boiled, fried, in soups or for seasoning. Dried J '' f= t,.. ' = .., >, 194 , leaf powder can be added to any kind of meal as a nutritional supplement. The seed f.
- , _...5/
:,. e, ,,.. can be roasted and eaten like a peanut. 0 A
" fct7,-, ..., " P7*-- -I
*".'..4 ..'.',.q::,. -4:-W, ,t,'=
''.., .,:, -- ' xf. .... it': :k 1 ,.,...,4_, oh.- :44!;:ot t%
,..i.,:., .
n) iir ,.. , ,.., ......- - )-...14- I 77 i.-":":"- ,..Its '-'71) ' µ =,-T = fr, ,. , ' õ;.., = r- A+ , , _I.,,,,,,õ,,, e , , , * .
n t \
.A.., )1 . _,.. ..
- V
-.I
lelitol hoo , =
taiiir or:, uoini= I ? * , .
M, Apr- . t)'.1. 1- t -,.
7, A4,..= - -. - --,,, , . '.
, = ''t-r,, ,, ' - , ; ' . :,/,,,..... --",...., ., 10 4 ,,,.4., , = 40 _=,.... - -',..w-,. , ;?µ,...,=, At -, ` -*'-,e,i .,-., - 'i. a.f:,,,,,,,,,,=.- -, ,...*
..":õ,...-- ,,,,,,,,, i $ 4 i fee. =
,:'= -,,,õ jtY:4, : z !.- , ,.:' % = 4--7.--":"-Ais, .. 4qr ..v.= = = Sc. . ,'=== ,... v . -., y, - , , ' =I . .
= ' ,e 1114'. ,, I " , = - 44i .,* ..!...),,i ',V' *,, '.' ' ' ' ' = :i , ..
.. -.

1 A moringa plantation.
2 Fruits and leaves.
3 Flowers and leaves.
An adult Moringa eleifera. 4 Seeds, leaves and leaf powder.

page 14 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION page 15 The seeds can be used as a flocculent to clarify water and as a source of a non-drying Table 2 and very stable oil, known as Ben oil. This oil, which was once used for lubricating Some useful ingredients in parts of the moringa.
watches and other delicate machinery, is clear, sweet and odourless, almost never Ingredient Tree Part going rancid. It is edible and it is becoming increasingly popular in the cosmetics ..
industry. Leaves and young branches are used as fodder. Moringa may also be used Lignin/cellulose Stems in fish and poultry feeds. The bark yields a blue dye and can also be used in tanning. Alcohol Stems The wood can produce paper. A plant growth hormone can be extracted from young , shoots, which when applied as a foliar spray, increases yields dramatically in almost Hormones Leaves any plant. Last but not least, almost every part of the plant has pharmacological pro-Bioflavanoid Leaves, flowers and stems perties.
Arachidic acid Seed and leaves Table 1 Oleic acid Seed and leaves Plant parts and their benefits. Linoleic acid Seed and leaves .
_ .......... ................ ... .. . _ _ .
.............
Tree Part Uses or benefits Linolenic acid Seed ____________________________________________________ -o .. .
...................... ........................._ .. . . ..
4) Leaves Nutritional, forage, biomass, Pterygospermin Flowers plant growth hormone, medicinal o 1..) .
co Flowers Nutritional, medicinal, honey 0, in 1-, Fruit Nutritional, medicinal 2. The need for a manual Roots Medicinal Since commercial utilization of moringa is now being introduced, the Moringa Asso-1..) o ciation of Ghana (MAG) sees the need to ensure that all parties with an interest in the Seed Cosmetics, food, water treatment, medicinal plant are properly informed and instructed about the various stages of its production.
i By using this manual, a farmer or processor will have all the necessary information to o Wood Paper, alcohol production, animal feed, medicinal kci ensure that the end product meets all safety and environmental criteria.
i 1.., Bark Rope making, gum for tanning hides, medicinal w 3. The scope of the manual The purpose of this document is to provide an easy-to-follow set of practices to ensure - $ , --,,....
_.,õ,-: .1 that moringa products comply with all safety and environmental requirements. The = ..-. __ tdIA, , ,!--.. - !
'= practices recommended here will help to promote good farming and manufacturing fr . , .. methods to obtain healthy trees and quality processed products. This guide addresses .- ... , ,.-.. , = ,..... . ... ...
i *-:.,:p-, the topics of cultivation, harvesting, transportation, processing, packaging and storage =, .¨ . .-. - = = ' f ' - .4i i -ii, .= as well as the various ways of using moringa.
,.. - .õõ
tit '+1. ' : - -' _ . .. .
- --t . õ
.. .
.."
, ',;,6t,,.. 1 õ2, = . i ' '75 ..---`¨

' r-= == = 1 2: ' - - = J.--.4',t"-ir' .
': Z*'' .---$.00.444*
r' ''k ,, -: , 7,T ..--õ;::' -, 1., 44.: r------ . , - kr'. ''' ' ..;, ",eff-:¨,.m.,'=, ;:,.' ,' " 1 ' 1 Mohnga-based food and cosmetic products.
2 Moringa leaf powder for sale in Ghana.

IC

page 18 CULTIVATION CULTIVATION
page 19 ," -- , =/ ' " ;- '( . -- ^ ' .}
To ensure top results and benefits, the following four steps are fundamental ., ... =., =. , - .õ , - = - õ in moringa cultivation:
, . = Site selection _. =-= , , _ = Land preparation = c::==,1 ,.= --...=
= Planting/sowing ' ' ''' ==,..= z..t, -,,õ ik.
= Maintenance of the plantation 1. Site selection . ' .. . ...õ.
, Environmental requirements for the moringa plant are shown in the following table.
=- . , - -' - ....
' =- ' ¨ Table 3 Environmental requirements for moringa.
''' : ' ' : - , ;.'",t'lCitZ' =,',- ' = :, ,= : :
' ,, ,,,, , .. 0 ,i'l õ ' ..*,'''.', t` ,i.";=; * '":.' ¨ '''';
= ' Parameter Requirement/Range . ., .. _ ., -., '' 't ...,?, t.,-., ,: '1 i-, A ; = ',=:-'' '.'.-- , õ o 14:3-= , =- =:=..= =,:e1 ir ., Climate Tropical or sub-tropical n.) co cl, ' ' I i A `- s. õ \ '.' 2 =: .. - "
. = Altitude/Height 0-2000 meters 1-, ;I: 'r "Y.' 1 . = ; ' ' . ,. :1 ' `.. ' ' ',.= .
,..,=,- , Temperature 3 ' .=''.. ' ' ; I !- , / 1 4, ; 1 ' \ s'' ' \ ' .
i . =
' n.) Rainfall 250mm-2000mm. 0 Irrigation needed for leaf production .o.---' ,.,=41='= t,-,- : : , 1:',..,,µõ'=!,-¨ ,,,, if rainfall < 800mm o1 Soil Type Loamy, sandy or sandy loam 1 , ' =..,:==1µq,r, - -",.:
,. tF ; õ ,. ,? . - .:- ,,,,,.' . ' = =, ..,` ;
l' , = , =':- ' -1'=,,i,, =
Soil pH Slightly acidic to slightly alkaline (pH 5-9) w -.- : ' ' it ..::.,_ .0¨ i , -- , = . --...= , ¨
. . . , ., = - ...., e- i - , . = , ..
õ ; , . = . . = , 1 ', = .:1 ',.
0,. Ti ,... ...= .. ¨4 = . ..
,,, , '''' , Choose an area where the soil is well drained. This helps to evacuate excess water from the soil and allows a free exchange of gasses between the atmosphere and soil õ
_ = =,.. . particles. Avoid clay soils that become sticky when wet and very hard when dry. Avoid /
= , .
termite-infested soils as much as possible. It should be an open area to receive full sun-light. The site must be protected from free roaming animals by an adequate natural or artificial fence.
.. =:. ,..' , '''==:,,-.= ::
,., -...
, .
, .,. , ... ,-..,.., ,, ...,.
= .õ, '4, _ Growing moringa leaves.

page 20 CULTIVAIION CULTIVATION
page 21 The following sites are not recommended for moringa cultivation. Seed propagation Table 4 Purchase or collect your supply of seeds from reliable sources. A good seed should be Undesirable sites for moringa cultivation. viable, clean and disease free. Seeds should not be stored over long periods as they lose viability (germination capacity) after about one year. There are around Site Reason(s) moringa seeds (with their shell) in a kilo.
Industrial waste Absorption of undesirable or toxic heavy Seeds may be sown in containers, in seedbeds or directly in the field.
dumps metals e.g. mercury, arsenic, lead, etc Direct seeding is preferable when the germination rate is high, which is the case Refuse dumps Absorption of undesirable or toxic heavy with Moringa oleifera. In Togo for instance, in small holders' farms, the germination metals e.g. mercury, arsenic, lead, etc. rate is more than 85% only 12 days after seeding.
Water logged sites Poor drainage causes roots to rot. e.g. rice fields, Production in seedbeds has the following drawbacks:
clay, river beds, etc.
= It requires more work, especially when transplanting Termite infested soils Destruction of young and mature trees = Transplanting can damage the taproot: fragile and essential in ensuring the future yield and the drought resistance of the plant Animal grazing fields Destruction of young and mature trees o Production in containers has the following drawbacks:

=
It is very time consuming: filling and placing the bags, maintenance, transport and co"
transplanting cl, o-i 2. Soil/land preparation = It is expensive in manpower and material o-i The ease with which the roots spread is a necessary condition in plant growth and de- iv Direct seeding velopment. Moringa therefore requires a well-drained loamy or sandy soil for optimal 1-, .o.
growth. Seeds must be sown at a maximum depth of 2 cm. Deeper seeding will greatly reduce O
The land should be slashed where necessary and all unwanted materials removed from the germination rate. One or two seeds per pit can be sown. When seeds are expensive ko i the field. If planting density is high, the land must be ploughed and harrowed to a or difficult to acquire, a better option is to plant one seed only and to wait two weeks n.) (,) maximum depth of 30 cm. If planting density is low (>1 m x 1 m), it is better to dig for germination to occur. Then, the empty spaces are refilled. When the seed quality is pits and refill them with the soil. This ensures good root system penetration without more uncertain or the seeding period not optimal, use two seeds per pit.
causing too much land erosion (ploughing can be risky in some tropical environments, If the two seeds germinate, the weaker plant can be removed after they reach about in the cases of heavy rains, wind or sloping). In this case, the pits must be 30 to 50 cm 30 cm. This must be done carefully to avoid damaging the root system of the remai-deep, and 20 to 40 cm wide. When refilling the pit, mix the soil with manure.
ning plant. Transplanting seedlings produced by direct seeding is not advised, as there For the farmer producing moringa on a large scale it is recommended that soil and is a high risk of damaging the taproot.
seed testing are done to ensure good returns on investment. Moringa seeds germinate 5 to 12 days after seeding. If the seed has not germinated after two weeks, it will not and must be replaced. If neither of the two seeds ger-minate, the pit must be opened to check if there is a localized insect attack (ants or 3. Propagation termites). If this is the case, the pit must be treated with a neem leaf solution or, better yet, with neem oil mixed with soapy water. Then seeding can be done again.
Moringa can be propagated from seeds or from mature cuttings (brown wood).

page 22 CULTIVATION
CULTIVATION pate 23 Propagation in containers 4. Planting Suitable containers are polyethylene bags or sacks prefilled with damp loamy soil po-pularly known in Ghana as "Top soil". Sowing depth should be no more than 2 cm. For leaf production, several options can be considered.
Seeds should germinate within 5-12 days after sowing.
Place the bag(s) in a slightly shaded area and where they are protected from heavy Intensive production rains. If this is not possible, make a set of small incisions (2-3) on the polybag to serve as drains to avoid water logging. Water the seed every 2 to 3 days depending on the The spacing of plants should be 15 x 15 cm or 20 x 10 cm, with conveniently spaced dampness of the soil, 10-20 ml of water applied to each bag is recommended. At this alleys (for example: every 4 meters) to facilitate plantation management and harvests.
stage the young shoot or plant must be well protected from grasshoppers, locusts Another option is to space the seeding lines 45 cm apart and to sow every 5cm on, termites and ruminants, those lines.
One can also space the lines only 30 cm apart and sow at a larger distance on the lines (10 to 20 cm). These intensive systems are appropriate for commercial pro-Watering must be done with extreme care to avoid collapse of the feeble plant due duction but require careful management. Weeding, manuring and disease prevention to pressure. Collapsed plants must be suitably supported. The young moringa plants require more skill because of the high density.
must be nursed for 4-6 weeks before transplanting, when they are about 30 cm high.
Remove the polythene bag when transplanting ensuring that the roots of the plant are o not damaged. Semi-intensive production Plants are spaced 50 cm to 1 m apart. This is more appropriate for small-scale farmers iv co Propagation by cuttings and gives good results with less maintenance. cn (xi 1-, Hard woodcuttings of one meter long and at least 4 to 5 cm in diameter can also be (xi o used for propagation. When planted, one third of the stem must be buried in the soil. Agroforestry iv Plants produced with cuttings will not have a deep root system and will be more sensitive o 1-, to wind and drought. Cuttings are also more sensitive to termite attacks.
Moringa trees can be sown in alleys and associated with other crops. The distance .o.
oi between moringa rows must be 2 to 4 meters, and they must be oriented East-West to ensure that intercrops receive enough sun.
ko iv w 7_,. it :
, '1' - .= I V\ ."'- _-i,.
.., ' -,- . - - ,,, , 1:,' ¨ ' : =;:".
.
- ''-1 ' ',:,--i-''',-''--3. \ ." , -- ,, rr ) ; -...P..! . ', ... '. ', ..''' '= `,.- '.--' = ' -. ' ,.,.= . ,_, , - ,.,,, , , f , ,.4 : i ,,di , õ;,' =;:i..i..::: 4 = . C .. '': , õ,,, 1._ 44. , - i t " ' .. ,,,,, '_, ,i `'. f. . ,===( ',,. ! .,' '4 ,71,%' 01.i!4 -')- , ., - . .', ' .,' *. " ,.!, ' .
,.
'.* . ' ' - , = ''' : 4 ,i4, -',,i , ': - l' , , , i.' ,,,,t :,. 4, .
:. - ..
if t ) :0' i.= ,i. ! 4 fil:, 1, .1., . :,4,..i . : . .. !.; :
.yig,tt ,!,,, s:... ;.,_.1. :. . µ0 ' , . ¨.... ', . , -,- ' 2-x;,",,,--,' ',."' ,''',,.,- - =
; .!.. , /,..i i ! k -A .; _,.. -.4':, ',,, - . .;,-,. ,-. ?P ; : a '''''' ...4::: j. " ,gi , :* * '4'....;% ' ' ' ' .'=:' .- :
if '''' -7:4.': "4A..:v.1:.7 .:: iiiiii..r, ..t: i; A = I. . . c.:, ,.. I, .:..:,...,..:.=, = . ., ...õ..: ..,... õ,, =vd_ ,,..... , I
, ; r, 1 I = , _ ... = ....õ...7,4L . . , ...,:.õ.::, .:', , y= : ....04;140,,:. , . ' .:., 1.-, = 4 ' x =-,,' ''''' '4 ': - . ,. : ' ''.' = ' -, = -'' --:4-: 44".;',444r.-1-: -43.,i-,4:'õ- !õ!-''.' .,"; ." ' l'l t*:
' " .'-' '0 - le-- .-'= , '::.0,4.4=4'-,::,-;--=,'õ:
, _ - - -,, *?4,,,.t,,,' .-4, ,õ ,i ' ' _,1, ,, ,: ..õ ,,t.
r''' _ -- 4 '',-<.,, 4','7",',A',;,..,4r=tv,T---...,, -,,,- ,,.. , - - ,-,-,,' ,-','.;
,_,.. . = - ' ; t-,--,,,,, .:=:,,t5, , *4 ' ,,,.. .. ' ' tli '.: . '',1- :'!' ' '-'!...*...'1'- ==:`,!1..- ==
i t = = I
',4,,,,Il.' 2 ..1*,-, , ,1-.. , : ; = , , . .
... ..._. ..õ, õ_ .
..1/,';',J. .;-- r* i ..e:-, =:.:!;.,õ.:. ., ....:. =
.. :., =,,, , = _. - .. .,.., ,, ..,._ .... -..' to ., - ,' ,,,t- =,[ ,..-...,---_ ., - .t.*m..... =
'-:. ,,?,,i'-..' = ';'' ' - '- = :"..:11 = . .,,, ,,, :.r tliT.'1,:l...119lEr. .._;- . _1%3 , ' . = .,','..2-l.,:',...X: --**- =

1 Cuttings before planting. 1 Intensive production of moringa leaves in Ghana.
2 Cuttings starting to sprout. 2 Semi-intensive moringa farming in Togo (1 m x 1 m).

page 24 CULTIVATION C UL1 IVATICN page 25 , , ' = = , ! .=. ,;1:, = , .. ' = , -=
%. =,4, .,''= = ,''==, = ; r .,õ ..,=,-.", =:. ,:, ' ",s. . = .:`
..14==...::.=.....,1,2'.'7,".. i = ..; = . ., .. . ..
..,..9)1, õ ===== - -..,.....:-.= =
.¨ . ...
-,=.= ... ..., . , ., . = , . . : ' ' .
' = ,.., .,.. ' -=
=== _ , : , . 'ir ',== ,'.==

==-= . = . := s.'.=!. = ' '== '.= =:!. .!;. = i .4:.5 :'õ,4', ,T4..-,.;= r ::'' , . ,'', . .. :',.t ,.'..-./.'.. '',.''''A'.'V''''.V=:'..'''='= =i-..-". i. =.; ^;V' ,..... 4",-=,;=,. ' ;= , i ''i '' ., : ,' . = ,'' . : .
'== . =. = ''1=. :=" .== '' = : .i:.. µ=:. -,,A . -=:¨(,..q:-UP-I..{75i,'.... , S'",..- .Z-. i't'= T,"
"': -"'I':".. .'.V p'.f*rtiOe4 ..:,1 .,. ,.. ,:=.-õc .= .::'' ' = =,'":==.- it..',.= ==:=-. :.=.=.,r,.oik-''i,=0=;]:-0 ) ÷ : .
, /e : ; i' =.' õ. ' ', . '''= - . .
c -,. 14 , .. 'i ...',,"=?.. i=. - . ', =.
..i -, ' -. )i, = / ,: =- ":', ' :
' , :, , ''.:- - /4 i ,. ' .1, ' , , , .. . ' ' .1' , 1 ik; , tr igr.... . .. i ',e,. ' ! = ';'*, -; '1, i . ' i .,j, 1.'''"';. '''' ' - ' '**,- '' '''''. - .'' .
':." "...'"', !.'',' t. . , .4#.7''',' = f 1 , : :_;_<:11,-: :;.1).' 7 1 ',., -===%9,::'i ,. ;, ., , ,,. :
' =-= ... ,-= =-=,=-=^_,,, AN"- _ .
,- 4 `, =,,k-..t..õ, =õy- , ,,,,.,...:,t, ==' == ,r; ;=-!.. J.:, ,,,, .94LA.:',....., , :It "..:4',,,t " ... ,:ii ,% . ' . " -'''' 'P=;*'-'4."=,4 '-i_g ,t'."-.-Sii'''.,..;...'.4.1, ..'i -.. 't,' i'',i'ir :14 ' = ...'i,:.:',....., ';`,.*'*,:-.'." -A>.'ii,I4,.*,1;;;%k.
1 *i :... ; ;-=, = .
= V iii '',, ' ''.- -r" 4 '.' 'i '' ..k:/ *'''. ,i I :,-=:-';'.;,r -'''' ' '=:: -'-i;747:,..,:==*t1' =)':'-',''. c==4'=:-µ''',1=',. ''='-'=;'!=?.!.;.,.,,. e'4.-f,":".1,..4 i - '', .
,- ..,... .::.-Ati,- ...1.:::;=?.. . '-==
'..,:',.,- , ' :. - , .;;;;Ate!ii:1;;;!.t..-- , ';''.f.),Ã"=,',,z 7. ' -:r*_4.,õ,,.. -,,,'.' 1 4., l= ,',1 ic,.s. i''''' = =:. Alo.,-- = ,... .i5. .';* ". ==_'=-1,,,p,*;',W.
c c ------ = ,....õ,_,,,;.' ....4õ;-` ,----\''',--=7, - == == =='__ 't = 1 ',== 1.' = ../ ":7. =µ=,?
It is advisable to avoid associating moringa with:
õ , ,.., : = , o r . \,,,:, µµ,..=,,...f..: . \...,,,..., 't = Crops that require a lot of nitrogen, such as maize or cassava;
) = Crops that require chemical treatments;
o .. ,..,;=,,,....
, .;i;i: rt!t=n.) ==ii %Øiii = Crops that can compete for light with moringa trees (millet, sorghum). co ..., .. .='` %,,i¨ == "='\
o, It is better to associate crops that can enrich the soil in minerals, especially in nitrogen pi -1/ = ;;A.....~ ..'=,' ;0..:1.z.] 1' :µ,.'::"..
õ,.===== .4 1-, like leguminous plants such as groundnut, soy or beans.
pi .:. .{.
o .? = = ' ,,,, =-.1..:,.. ...:V.-..
...., = ii4A...,:',. f= - ' -..: - v-zi,..,. -..,-.--. .,., ;., N.) == ,, = - --,-,_, -.....)..,..
.;,d j, 0 1-, '; . .f. :- Seed production t = ;ll---- -= ==' õi: % = -= v.
loolorm Spacing must be much wider for fruit or seed production. Trees must be at least 2.5 m ko apart. Line and peg using a 3 x 3 meter triangular pattern for seed-producing farms. i n.) This will optimize plant population density.
w lie/ 411\ 5. Caring for the plants Moringa requires a lot of care and maintenance to produce the expected yields.
. =... ,..= .= -' , ...s. . . :,¨,===
1 ....1, -.,, ,., Shaping the trees = = i'...... ., = . = = . ,..
, . ,.
:-...,...,.......=:.!....,;/ ,:,..,,= .... % ' As Moringa oleifera tends to produce long branches that grow vertically and pro-.i.:.`A ..="".==:.;=¨====.L...i.' ;-'= =-=-.ii=.1õ.i...,:;: ,,iil-' : :=- ., duce leaves and fruits only at their extremity, yields will be low if the trees are left to '- '= 'i . ' =:: ./ ' .....'=`'= ....'. =i= i-i' ? ... .. ="`=?/, 'f.? '-, 4-'" . ', .' , .,.,=%= .. : ,:''"..-'==.;=.;µ,: .7. ,',:.. f., _::"'- = ===,=
::/,',.' ' ', illo , µ.,::== ") = - = " .4==,,,,.1 = ,.õ.,',..-';
;.".',...),- grow naturally. The tree can grow to heights of about 3 to 4 meters in the first year and continue to about 10-12 m thereafter. It is therefore essential to give the trees a =ii==== i. _ . õ..
' --= '!" = .-,- ' 1 A ! ?`', f"..'' '.- ' good shape when they are young, by enhancing lateral branching thus creating bushy . = . ... ===,..;'"i; =.'-' =:-.-.,:õ li = =
- ,ini`, growth.
, , i .,...- = ......,-:-.-..,-.!= irõ....,õ., , -...i . ....,..., : .., i = ,.... ,..,!.:
1 Moringa agroforestry in Benin.
Moringa in agroforestry. 2 Moringa seed production in Ghana.

page 26 CULTIVATION C

, . .
,, , 1; i 4 ';'::. =-= -('''Y
174' ' ' r : '''' -:" l'Ar7:: 1 Y: ' Fi''. ' '-' .T.-- -1.`5'..4 ' ' .i:v,=':.=:T= - - - -- ---,, ' = ...
:. = ' , . .
,tik::: = .'tf,',' - ...-;q:.õ;z,-4.7,?: ':;=.Ntilit.-- -4 - -'';;N 411 - t, ; ,,t,.,,..,,, -.!-".11' ' ' - ' ' ¨
. 1 _,.., _ - =:. , , :. - . ., .,.- - , . . ' ....:::',. ' lifkr ' ' -.:.=*:' ' .**-4.7,'Y''' ' "'''''''.....'= ,.,:-'' ' - - . :.,-, , . ..,..i, . ., .-=Alkii '. - =
"4:-....,. ...iit..*:,17,40 ' -,i-if.fs.,;t:'-' 7 ...- ',.,..' ..:1' = --,' ,' ' == = = _ .
. . . ...,..,. , . .
' --- . - ' = -='===.1,W;ti'''',,AJ:='.
::1;4:a ;.. . ..!.. .. .:. ... - . ' - ' .) .- ..-1.,:...,.., =i.:==,,,,,.-sõ .,. - ,, , - ..::. .µ . 4:- :=:' -,- ...'=.! --7.\,, :-.'!;
.....:,,,::,?.,;4%, '!:::;., Mt", =7=07.k..
, = -, = , == =,:'.: ,. : . . Plgs.17.1 '-', ' ' = ,7'.. ;:.1 '1õ '4 -; --..:',.:1.'::Te. ,.- , ' lel :47,.!".- ,,;.', = - -=
===,'...':::`,.,,,.`;'"-"
::. 2 :I' '"- ''.:!'-':Eili;=.=,, .. .: - - .4 .:,-....:-.,,,v,...-.....41$c .. ,=, -1- ,. 1 =.. - ,:::.:A.,, ,,.. ,.:õ,.-,,,,,, ,.- :.-,........: ,--- .,?:..,, .::µ,."-=
.....õ..,,.
.- ..,:::vr,!..!.., ..-,4....t;
"5,.:,.z,.
::.., ..:',..,,swilka...,..õ...:,.. õ ,,,,..,-..1...,..,.: .- ,..A:4õ:õ : , õ,.....õ.- ....,õ = ?.i..,:.
_.:,,,--õ,. - - . - -" . .. ., . µ==:-=,..., = = µ..w=-..4.:tot,....4µ ¨ .:- ,, .=
..... t; .,417.'''. - - -:' ,.',, . 4 ."'.,. , _. , ,,,,,,=-",1.7õ,.- ,,j, 'fi,...:
''-...,"',7" :-.,(-17 P,_; lk,Vi'... : -.='' .:;,=:,:::."::::';:.....: ,.-..,-, 4:14t,k1-`'.'' ",' ,_' -:,_, ,''.i::.,..."5,'': ,, '1 .7 . 'ff'-%`- = . ii:''' - I " * -* I *T* i - , : , ' 2 , '-'7 ---Pinching the terminal bud on the central stem is necessary when the tree attains a Irrigation needs according to climatic zone:
height of 50 cm to 1 m. This will trigger the growth of lateral branches which must = In the Coastal zone (south Ghana): leaf production is possible all year long without be pinched too. This will promote the growth of many lateral branches, increase yields irrigation, with a lower production during the dry season. o and reduce the height of the tree. In addition, pinching reduces damage due to heavy = In the Savannah zone (north Ghana): production is possible without irrigation but winds and makes harvesting much easier, harvests will stop during the dry season. 0 n.) co Pinching can be done with the finger nails as the stems are tender. If the trees are older = In the Sahelian zone (Niger, Burkina Faso): plantations must be irrigated almost all cn cri and pinching was not carried out early enough, the terminal stem can be cut with a year long (every day during dry seasons, two or three times a week during wet seasons).
sharp tool, just above a node. Cutting in the internodes will cause the rotting of the It is also possible to irrigate only when water is available and to stop production during cri stem all the way down to the node below the cut, and will give way to diseases and the dry season. n.) o parasites.
.o.
i Weeding ko Irrigation Manual weeding with a hoe removes weeds and loosens the soil for good aeration. 1 n.) Moringa can germinate and grow without irrigation if it is sown during the rainy Weeding must be done regularly to avoid competition for nutrients, especially for ni- w season. Its tuberous root develops in twenty days and allows young plants to endure trogen. If not weeded properly, the trees produce fewer leaves and the leaves at the drought. However, for optimal growth, it is advisable to irrigate regularly during the base of the plant begin to yellow. Weeding must be more frequent when the plantation first 3 months after seeding. is young and the trees are small, allowing light to reach the soil.
Irrigation is also necessary to produce leaves all year long, including during dry seasons. It is advisable to weed an adult plantation at least 4 times a year, with a higher frequency Another option is to stop producing during these periods: the trees will shed their lea- during rain seasons.
ves but will not die. At the onset of the rains, a good pruning and adding some organic A good option is to leave the weeds on the soil as a mulch to reduce evaporation and manure will ensure that the trees start producing many new branches and leaves, enrich the soil. Burying them is not necessary as tropical soils have a very low capacity Any suitable irrigation system can be used e.g. rubber hose, watering can, sprinkler or to retain minerals over time. It is better to let the weeds progressively enrich the soil as drippers. Ideally, irrigation should be done in the early morning, night or evening, to they decompose. Burying plant residues must be especially avoided on sloping terrain, reduce evaporation. If water is scarce, mulching or a very superficial weeding will also to limit soil erosion.
decrease evaporation. Weeding must be done early enough so that no seeds develop on the weeds. If fruits and seeds are present, weeds must be removed from the field.
1 VVell-pruned rnoringa trees.
2 Watering at the base of the plant. 1 and 2 Weeding.

page 28 CULTIVATION CULTIVATION
page 29 > = "\. = : ;.. ..=:'' , - -. ==. , : ' - = , õ

='.= , ' . t k _ =4.. 4 -. ... ' A., = = = ' ,' . . = ' .:.' !...'1`.':r :4.
''' ; ..7 '',.,... . ''... -,s,f .).- t, ''' '' - = - ' \ ' ' A ''`i-,' '''':'''' '''' :*'' ). .?' .,U.,: , .1.-': .
.
' 4 ''.. , ' ., 4 r," = = - "
,, , = - 1 ' ' - * ' - i . -, - , . ,,,.,,, , .
- --,"' `
= _ - ,ik i t ' ' . ' =
1 ir *' = ' - 1 * ' ' - )- ' - ' 1 ) ' - , ^ ..- * ' '_`' -1,, 34 '' ., '.., '' ')-'' ' :' -,... ? I '') ', - --4,1-:t -,:, - A-' = ,' -=
A ' -' li :j':'1i'I ' ' ' - "4 '' - '''' * .; ' - - . . ' 1. . ..:r r , ,-,I :. '' ,;,,, ;'. * ' = ' ACiii, :;,. - . * .. ' ' - _ - fi. > =!.- %--,4 , 1 õ , :, , . ' :t- -.., ==
i '7..
:,iiii- . '-µ
- ,t,',...: .ii,.:* , .'i:- . -:-/,,**77..--, - -'' - - ' , - --- = ' ,,,,, . .
--=
...- ,-.0i, - i-i ---- , = -4. ._-4.aõr. ,,,,,,,,_ ' ' 1", '-' '4,'"_: ' A' = 4,9, 44f,k.:'.'':, ',,i - - .
..,..., .
1 ,µ.
-,,f' -' '- 't-- : .S,t,,.; 4 .
a t / 0e7"= - '-- _-.7. ..77 '''''".'-'., .." '. .- , .1; '. :-' .= '. L' 4".1., 4.1 --14 -.# N ,- - --: ,-= ' .1,n,--A
' '7 *-t'iF- **A -, '1- :''''' '''Ate%; `4#4if): '- , 41,',4, ,--i.1=:- ,', _,_ .,:,, .- _ - '''.:.1----,Ii '' : :__. _ ._ _ - _ -. - i.õ ', _. ,=.= t -..i'4.".(7. -; - _---i -f-tt-¨ .it,t,t', tt -. = t. a, ,, , -- ' - , ...tt,t,.
*=41., ,.,.
V_Z'___ -- ..1C,...t. 'Alt '''', ='.,. i.b . i' -... ' . - " ''' ' .A4,..= ' - 0,-.1c-,.:'. ¨ , Mulching Pruning Mulching consists in covering the soil with crop or weed residue to reduce the loss of After the initial pruning to shape the trees (see page 23), maintenance pruning is 0 soil moisture and to minimize irrigation needs during the dry months. This also reduces required. This can be done at each harvest, if the leaves are removed by cutting all the o stems above a certain height (see harvest). If leaves are harvested by plucking, or if the tv weed growth.
co trees are left unharvested during the dry season, the bushy shape can be lost and a cs ol good pruning must be done at the onset of the rainy season. In Niger, the trees are cut (xi Fertilizing down to 20 cm above the ground once or twice a year. If the main stem is too thick, o terminal branches can be cut down as in the initial pruning. In any case, it is important tv Moringa can produce large quantities of leaves, but only if it receives enough organic to cut just above a node to reduce rotting of terminal parts. 0 1-, supplements. Its leaves are rich in proteins and minerals, which means that the soil al.
needs to provide enough nitrogen and minerals to the plants. In seed-producing farms, pruning helps induce more fruits, as well as larger fruits.
Break i o the terminal bud when the plant is about one meter high to stimulate branching. t..0 Instead of chemical fertilizer, farmyard manure (animal dung mixed with plant residue) i tv or compost (plant residue left to decompose on a heap) can provide the necessary nu- w trients as well as improve the soil structure. The best fertilization is ensured by mixing 6. Pest and Disease control fast decomposing residue (animal dung, green and soft plant residue) with slow de-composing residue (straw, dry plant residue and thin branches).
Fertilization must be done during land preparation, before seeding. After it is important Insects to apply manure or compost at least once a year, for instance before the rainy season, The most common pests are grasshoppers, crickets and caterpillars.
These insects when the trees are about to start an intense growth period (pruning can also be done bite and chew parts of the plant, causing the destruction of leaves, buds, flowers, at this time). If there are two rainy seasons, two applications are advised, shoots, fruits or seeds as well as the interruption of sap flow. These outbreaks are frequent in dry zones where moringa leaves strongly attract insects. It seems that these outbreaks occur at the beginning of the dry season when insects cannot find other tender, green material to feed on. The best solution, in this case, is to cut back the trees, leaving no green part apparent. The following growth is very vigorous if conditions permit (sufficient water supply). Concerning the Lepidoptera caterpillar, it is imperative to detect the outbreak at the beginning, at the shoot centre, in order to act before it is too late. Spraying must be aimed at the centre and the extremity of the shoots to reach the young caterpillars.
1 Mulching after weeding. 1 Intensive farming parcel after harvest by pruning (Ghana).
2 Fert.ilizIng with manure. 2 Growth after pruning.

page 30 CULTIVATION CULTIVATION
page 31 In organic farming, Bacillus thuringiensis (sold under the brand name Batik) is an . " =--: . = pL':".'-.W: R, # ' , .
._.
insecticide composed of bacteria specific to Lepidoptera larvae. It must be ingested to .
- i : t ;1=*,, be activated, with no impact on humans, wildlife or pollinators. The waiting period ' ';
before harvesting is only three days. This insecticide is a good alternative to chemical .7 ,*, , products, is authorised in organic farming and has the advantage of a being a guaran- .ozt t -iL , . .
a--teed preparation. Other brands exist like Delfin or Scutello. These products should be ,. . .
4...,-i , I
stored, if possible, in a cool place, at least protected from strong heat.
According to the ,, , ... '1.= ,, producer Certis, Delfin can be stored for three years at a temperature of 30 C. ?
i f -,k,'zL.,' ,- -- - -,-, '4' -'''''' r , M 4'' P741ii, )1 10 Neem extract can also be used against insects, if it is sprayed in time. The Suneem - y , .= %, ..,, _ i- ., ---1% from the Senegalese company Senchim is certified in CILSS (Permanent Interstate L', iAt' ' ' ' N - ,,,, ,-,- ' Ti - = ' .4,' ..a-1õ:, , -rt.L, t-4f, Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel) countries.: ..rt:-.'\

Termite attacks also cause damage to moringa plantations.
Some organic solutions exist for termite control:
c) = Applying neem seed cakes to the soil. Fungal diseases =
Applying castor oil plant leaves, mahogany chips, tephrosia leaves or Persian lilac o n.) leaves around the base of the trunk. These diseases are by far the most serious in moringa farming. Brown spots can appear 0 = Heaping ashes at the base of the trunk. on the leaves and then spread to cover them entirely, turning the leaves yellow and cn ol = Building termite traps using bowls filled with wet straw, soil and other vegetable killing them. This is caused by the fungi Cercospora spp and Septoria lycopersio. I-o waste (wood chips, mango pits). The bowls are filled in the morning, turned up side Alternaria is also frequent:
angular, dark-brown spots with concentric circles appear n.) down against the soil, the edges slightly buned and covered with a handful of dry leaves on the leaves. Black or brown marks appear on the branches as well. The fungus is 0 I-to maintain coolness. These traps should be checked every 24 to 48 hours.
known as qlternaria solani. The onset of the disease is hard to detect. Once the spots .o.
If synthetic insecticides have to be used, choose the least toxic, like pyrethroids have appeared it is often too late to treat and defoliation is inevitable. It is therefore O
SO
(Decis, Karate, Klartan). They remain active for 20 days or more, even in hot or windy important to remember the periods when the symptoms appeared to be aLle to act 1 n.) conditions. Pyrethroids kill Lepidoptera eggs. Allow a 7-day minimum waiting period earlier the following season.
The effective, inexpensive products to use in both cases w before harvesting, 14 days if the leaves are to be eaten raw. Avoid reapplying more are made from either mancozeb or maneb.
than 2 or 3 times per season as this could favour resistance development to the pesticide The area around the trees, in organic farming, should be kept clear of weeds which and aphid attacks. are often hosts to diseases. The leaves and young shoots should be checked regularly for symptoms of fungal attacks. An early detection will save a lot of young plants from To find out more about phytosanitary products authorised for sale destruction. Neem leaf or seed extract can be sprayed on the plants to control pest and in CILSS countries, visit this website: fungal attacks. This treatment is not as effective as using chemical products. The neem heti: 1A.Nwvvinsal .orgiorot.;?(tio n desveg, caux.;::spli..x.
:ficioaLrturise, lim extract should be used as early as possible and sprayed repeatedly. Neem products can be produced locally and are not toxic for humans. The leaf extract is not as effective as the seed extract, but it can be used as well.
1 Fungus attack on moringa leaves.
2 Caterpillar attack.

page 32 page 33 IMPVISTIllifi AND TPAIIIIPOPTATION

.
,.., co ., 0, ,-0, .
,.., .
,¨

, .
,c, , ,.., w page 34 HARVESTING AND
TRANSPORTATION HARVESTING AND
TRANSPORTATION page 35 1. Harvesting of shoots and leaves 3.
Transportation The moringa tree has a compound leaf: one leaf is made up of multiple leaflets (see Transportation in moringa leaf production is a very critical step in ensuring high photo 2, page 33). What is referred to here as a leaf is precisely multiple leaflets attached quality leaves for consumption.
to the rachis which stems from the branch (see the compound leaf in photos 2 and 3 Two options:
on page 32).
= Cut big branches and transport whole to the processing centre if nearby, before de-Manual harvesting of shoots and leaves with a pair of shears, a sickle or a sharp knife foliating (stripping or removing the leaves from the branch).
is recommended. All shoots should be cut at the desired height, i.e. 30 cm to 1 m = Strip the leaves off the branches before transporting them to the processing centre.
above ground. Mechanical harvesters could also be used for large-scale, intensive leaf Leaves can be tied together in bunches by their stem or better, thinly spread out on production. trays or mesh to reduce temperature build up.
Harvesting can also be done by removing the leaves, picking them directly off the tree. Freshly harvested material should be transported to the processing centre as quickly as They are easily removed at the base of the petiole. It is quicker to harvest this way but possible to avoid deterioration.
the trees will not have benefited from a good pruning and the following growth is Fresh moringa leaves, transported loosely, should be well ventilated.
For shorter therefore less vigorous, distances aerated baskets or perforated plastic containers should be used to transport o A high level of hygiene should be maintained. Produce should be harvested at the the fresh leaves. Avoid open vehicles. Under no circumstances should people or goods coolest time of the day: early morning or late in the evening. It is important to make be placed on top of leaves.
Transportation should be during the cooler parts of the o t..) sure there is no dew on the produce before harvesting, especially in the morning, to day: early morning, evening or night. co cs, avoid rot during transport. Leaves being transported over long distances should be in air-conditioned or refrigerated ix 1-, vans to keep them cool until delivery at the processing centre.
Ln o tv 2. Harvesting of seeds 1-, 0.
i In seed farms, pods should be harvested as early as possible when they reach maturity, o i.e. when they turn brown and dry. Fruits should open easily. Seeds are extracted, VD
i bagged, and stored in a dry place. Moringa branches break easily; it is not recommended t..) w to climb up the tree to harvest the fruits.
=,4l', , '..,-'''''' . ' ' lt::-:-, , , . õ.-- -"111111:i¨ .1 riNcliFti '7,1''' -- ¨ '-' . "'-' --' --_,, . ' A';41ts'ti, = =
' ,,õ 40.1.41, -,=!::.,e.,- .,.s.,:- .7,3. --õ. -, _. ..,., -..
_,!toe'ig'..,,,-;' * .., , , . =
= ,_,, _ : ,=-_-., - .
.;. .
- *
.,;:= /,='= , Fr4' . .. .,tv),:b. ,ti-, ' - , = :'-< ' .. . - +i' ; t -"' ' .'-'= '1: .... ' ';, ,4"1.,' = , " .., : i 1 = i = ,J01 ¨.'4 fi -_, , ,, ,,, =
4iml,C: ::41- õ =..., ,,, =---,;1 =
. ,: , _:,,,* -,,,, .4_ õ:4, .., , . - .
=.........,õ.. 4. loic õ,õ ,4 ,i , _ .. .
.rir. µ,. , -,..... .,. . .. ._õ, -,. _ .. ,. .1 4 -214'. 4 ' ' õ.."- = i :=====, '14' r.õ--1., ='j f.. --.44&;.'" ' ¨ . = ' : ''.: .,, ' .-=.-S.A :
,,õ."8,,,i , ....., :. . '. 1 N .
: ,,..;5:,:.....:1.t, , . ....:i 16'. -,' .,, ks',., :::.gt,t.."::=/===,+ = 4 , . _ , , ..
.
V- '; it',E..4;:':,4 :' '.7-CO=PKt*;:,;-.*:'.....*-, f i.,,:,,,,',..õ
! ,., ' i-- t .",*',:i f 44: k ,..,...:' t J,0 ,S: .,,, 04, ! IC .:. 1 yi.lif :1:4.: ',',-: : - , , .
- , . 9+ = ' :=,! = ',',; ,- - .,-.;g:':$ -, , a: ''' - '" '- '.;:t.!..:.:` ':-'''''':'.' t'--7:-¶,v: ' 7-_. -.:. '-='''t... ...'_'.. %.4. ..'1.':' r:- '.='' . it 1. ef- ,:,:'-..,,:42-7:., 1 , i 2 3 1 1 Intensive farming parcel harvested by pruning branches (Ghana). 1 Removing leaflets from branches after harvest.
2 and 3 Leaves separated from their branches (Burkina and Togo) 2 Leaflets prepared for transport on racks.

page 37 PPOC111111116 THS )VII
(õ

IV
CO

(xi i-, (xi IV

I¨`
41.
I

tS) I
IV
W

page 38 PROCESSING THE LEAVES
PROCESSING THE LEAVES page 39 1-- -...:=¨: . ,:..,= , -- ¨
i =. . 401 110", , = . ----,.... - ,..... ,.. = ¨,...,_----:.= :==-=== ,=-=''' , 4:;4:. V. ==,.1:::!;J: . . 4'.=¨'4.` . , .
. =
=
! `..,4,'.õ .... ) \ , .;., .,./. : =
.. ,, . = , , =:1,::::.1, : , ,,,,, ,, I r-N;
, ..,. -...,;(:".!...-..../..-..-.,=?....= = ..
=== :,. ' ' 'i,-, ,. ii. . :::.11, . =
,,,.:=:õ. =
,..., ..
. ,. . . .. . . :=,,,.
,,,, , , At ,_ iõ; i . . , , .
..
. ,..
' = . " "
' -, v ' ."
. alb i 1 = V. ,. :
.... .
? i , NII* f,...- ....f.A
-. ..:'".,7 ..
.... =¨, ., .,.. . q --.! µ , ..,., .., ._ , - Ji&I., ; ; 4, . , . ... . '.
..1... . ' '4.:-: ,.41-:...,: ' ;',i.,.= . :.= ..- '. ,Z. -: 14164'':' '..-'' ' - ' . . ;:;r =
= . .k4v.I=r' ";õ.,',. !:',_ V , - .L, . _ . .. ,. L .!
1.74k44:-::.;' / ''= = '*, : =
7 =. '' IsT:. f. . 1 2 3 Processing should start immediately after harvesting and transporting the leaves to the i processing point. 0 , ' =i.:r..' *='=-==-='==
. = ...,=-=
, o , 1. Stripping the leaflets n.) cnc = ___ , . . õ õ . = , .. ...
Strip all the leaflets from the leaf petiole. This can be done directly from the branches if the leaves have not been stripped off the main branch before transportation. At this (xi 1-, (xi o - .-4=,1,0.:=,,,= = ''' 1 I :...y' = . ' ' ' 1 )f;..':"' '''''::.
µ. . - ..-. N.) 1 ' ¨ stage, diseased and damaged leaves are discarded. o , 1-, .o.
. = , =
r4 = t.s7- .= = v=
oi . õ . ..:,.. :
, : .:, .= , . 2. Washing ko i "
: = ;,--:,----1,..... -' n.) .. ... = _ w 4f Ale." 1 = - _ =,.. .. ...- -Wash leaflets in troughs using clean potable water to remove dirt. Wash leaves again in 1% saline solution for 3-5 minutes to remove microbes. Finally wash again in clean water. Leaves are now ready for drying. Drain each trough after each wash:
fresh leaves .
T..... .õ must always be washed with fresh water.
.- -- r=-=õ ..-,e' , 77"... \\\
.777-..7.-:=..,--.. --...õ:,..---:-......---> i 3.
Draining ' -c' i =-, ,.., ,....,::: _. -==,.._.. =: y'.:-. ;:=:...
µ,..,=
; \,-. =.:".: ...,, ,.. , \,, -.. : i=,.= 7- = ,..._ _ .:
. ,4 :
,: , , = , Strain water from the leaves in buckets that have been perforated, spread leaflets on :=,:= .= :, trays made with food grademesh and leave to drain for 15 minutes before taking them to the dryer.
.I; , =.=1 ==-4,. :ffl, ,.._.....=.=
........
. ..
,..,.õ .....õ,-. ,;':4IP . ...,..i 1,....._......,...:, . .
!N.... :. ., .
....
= '4 ./ =
1 Removing leaflets directly from branches.
2 Removing leaflets at the workshop.
Making moringa leaf powder. 3 Washing leaves at the workshop.

page 40 PROCESSING N-IE LEAVES
PROCESSING THE LEAVES page 41 4. Drying ..
. ..... . .... .
' . .
, taco A
i.moy.i There are three main methods for drying moringa leaves.
I::II.:11 = ;;!!;1100 '.. ..,!...z.= :.. === .:- .-----.--. ,1,-:,,' -,õ;,,; -;;A: -,.sr . . = '. Ara + , ,- NISF !, :i.::1;.::. ...::::!=:.:: ;-:.4.:,. :.
''''' V' = '' . ::=== = ... ..
i ''. '..;.i. ..;::.=
õ . Root drying Spread the leaflets thinly on mesh tied on racks (mosquito net mesh can be used) in a well ventilated room. This room should be insect, rodent and dust proof. Air circulation -. ,:::=.:;,644....., ' ' -ttOftaff,,-.
:';õ*112-.:-.. ¨ '' can be improved by using ceiling and floor level vents protected with a clean filter to A 17. 'Alir: -.:-,-,,----,--,- ,,,,,--4,:,----.:,%-*;-, = ; ' keep the sun and dust out. It is possible to use a fan, but the air must not be directly i.,.;;;::.-:..4.: . - . - . :, = '4'',' :.:R.....,,,..., oriented towards the leaves, as it can increase contamination with germs in the air.

' It is advisable to turn the leaves over at least once, with sterile gloves, to improve r' . uniform drying. Leaves should be completely dry within a maximum of 4 days. The , . loading density should not exceed 1 kg/m2.
= ,..--' "' - , -"t._ - .--- ..'-= -**-', .,_=7' ,-,--',-.4, . 4.
--! " '....,== ".*::--.---. -r-:=-=
- However, room dried leaves cannot be guaranteed mould free with the maximum c) = .. -;.?.....:-,. -...,-.14.--.::,:w::µ, 2-,....
0*- .õ. .7.-õ,.:,.-, .
.... .. , si õ, , ;,. t recommended moisture content of 10%.
Therefore, we do not advise this method. o n.) - ,14--k_---) - .,...' . '-',,L
,A . 7 .--,V Lti,:.:, 4.44 .:. co .:.442,:.......;.-- ...:.,- , !,:-",-:."'.:4_'..,,- lit- _....?, . i 01..=
,v11 .,:.:f .:: '-'= = i". cn , F... .
IIPIP =i.,"-' .-...=---._' ¨ ',. ,S ...r -.--:'>':: . L= . -,,....-.: = iigi .11 .= *r,r-11111F So/ar drying 1-, On '1'' 1 '.,.. *. _, -",=44,,,., , ..:'',.
4,t,..1:........,.,,,i 1 -: = -,-;,õ
t :
The solar dryer presented in the pictures is recommended but the polyethylene used s= '- . - -1 ,",' , 4*-',"`,./.;I: i--7*. ' .-#..4 i -.'.'.4.:::- ,;
¨ ' ' should be UV
treated or opaque (if the plastic is black, beware of temperature increases n.) j' ' 6..õ.1.,f;,,, i ...,':,,._-.7-', :." - ,, , ,,,,-.'µ., : ...,.. .
and be sure it does not go above 55 C). The air intake should be filtered to keep out Ur:el-7 *161 .-7.i.' :. -.;,=, ;i ' 4: ::..-.:.: '-' ''''' ":-- - . dust.
Organza or muslin cloth can be used as a filter. .o.

3 d = "1 ",......,....-.::...t,E,, . ...õ::.) Spread the leaves thinly on mesh and dry in the dryer for about 4 hours (Temperature ko i ..
.h range is 35 C-55 C on a very sunny day). The final product should be very brittle.
We recommend solar drying for both small and large scale processing, particularly for VI.-'t - ' '^'W..--41i4%., ' -...._ those in rural communities where there is no electricity. Loading density should not itr-:
-=,:,., ,L,,1 exceed 2 kg/m2.
õ .--:, .
..
.. . . .. ...õ..õ.. , : 4.zi - .
,....,,,, 1 First draining in perforated buckets.
2 Second draining on racks made with net.
3 Leaflet density on a solar dryer.
4 Racks for drying leaves in Burkina Faso.
5 and 6 Solar dryer.

page 42 PROCESSING THL LEAVES
PROCESSING THE LEAVES page 43 Mechanica/ drying ,......:
fl'IT! P't == ==... = , . . , = õ .õ,, ,. 10' ...õ
_== õ,:õ- ,,,,7rA ,,i,...õ. i'lriptirw;õ.17.7w+,,,,,i i ' ',-1- ,- = ,i = : ii. i ;, , = , -' = ', ."'= i' '1. ' ÷ 7,...."1,,,, õ
-',:s '' t' ';'1 ',,.',-!''' 4 11 2.1k . Use electric or gas hot-air dryers (see photo). Drying temperatures should range ... .,_ ii between 50 C and 55 C. If temperature exceeds 55 C, leaves will "burn" and turn = . = = ' iiiiiiiilli ii* .-. il'i.--- -.; .,.
: 7 : ;,.=-:',":--..'::, .',,,i.,.,.
brown. Leaves should be dried until their moisture content is below 10%. We recom-.aim.
.ii,-. - ¨ csimmummi ' ----- '''.' ' = ,. i7-76,- -446,.. 'I.,õ! , .;-=_.',.*".
iti'"'. '",-,.:' ';,,:','`'-','!""' -,'-"iii......- if-%:',' - : '4.:';,: .7:..''' =...1: . mend this method for large scale leaf processing as this ensures year round production.
Loading density should not exceed 2.5 kg/m2.
__7, : i - _ - = -ii .i.!;i , . .
ii-,:ii. - -.0^.:'=-ii, .i. :.i- li.iiiiiiiiii. = .:.. . ,. -i -. ,- .. , _ .., 4.4,..iamemoti*;',1111 -t. 1 5. Milling ..
i i!.',9iii ,45 1 õr ; -J..-.,.. ......,.. = 0 ' ,.
,.., k.,,,,, .,, Mill dry leaves using a stainless steel hammer mill. For personal or household use, [ = l= .,'::,..,:ii ii?4,-,..- i. = !,, i__1:. 7 ii-4 , , 1 2 leaves can be pounded in a mortar, or milled with a kitchen blender. Small-scale ililliW = -:- . ...
` , ' processors can use a burr mill or rent a commercial hammer mill for routine milling of .,..;:kti -11-9F,_*t, .1 .::;t:',,"
their products.
, V;',1 : V- .= = ,,4, 404UM. -'''' ',` -,.

',,-,,, - = . ' -Iõ, '''''jiL,:= 6. Sieving It ;.
, . , , i . ¨ ,-, , ii.= ..,,,,,,, . ;4..5.:
tt, ,., CO"
k , ', ^ , " ' , S ' ....., ,sre.:: A44. Sieve the leaf powder if need be. When you mill with a hammer mill, the fineness of cn (xi - . . _ . ='- -- -Aiii,wii ; 1-, the product will depend on the size of the screen used in milling. If too coarse, sift (xi ., '= LS = '''=# '' ; '' .... . i.-,;,,L . -4- ...
using a sifter with the desired screen size.
.

,, . ,.. ;4=== ''', == 'i.r ' ' = = === / ' .:
. . ........
-4==== 1,=::. , Recommended particle sizes are:
=
Coarse ( 1.0 mm - 1.5 mm) n.) o 1-, .o.
oI
3______ ...õ,õ
,1 = Fine (0.5 mm - 1.0 mm) ko .. _.
=
Very fine (0.2 mm - 0.5 mm) n.) ,..., _ .7,,,:-.t.-.......-.Itzr-m-::====.:--,---,=:;:.:,.= ---- w õ, . -.
÷..' . 4'1, ,i,. ',õ
, , ' i ' ' 1 , 4, 7. Drying the leaf powder 74: ii__ : ,, 4-5 '' ' -:
f .
,=
.
.
Moringa leaf powder strongly attracts moisture and the product can reabsorb humidity . during or after milling. For this reason, moringa leaf powder should be dried at _ ,. 1-. :_.7., ., 1,-,--,v - ' _ ,'::.-:1,.., ,õ .,,-- õ.._.-.---.,.".õ, , - -,.-J.,-,- , 1.i..,J,:õ.
.._....õ._ ,, " . 50 C for 30 minutes to reduce moisture content considerably below 7.5%.
. .,, .= 14e---- ,JJ =:'-'.,,'..- = ' --' "' ¨
it--6 - ,._ = . : , . .
... , _.. ... .., =

1 Electric drying.
2 Electric drying racks (leaves, moringa twigs).
3 and 4 Hammer mill grinder.
5 A mit in Senegal.
6 Fine moringa powder.

page 44 page 45 PAC10"111116 RIO ITOPMfil ci co If page 46 PACKAGING AND STORAGE PACKAGING
AND STCRAGE page 47 Moringa leaf powder can easily be contaminated by moulds as it strongly at-3. Final packaging tracts moisture. In addition finely milled powder makes it easier for bacteria to penetrate the particles. The temperature and humidity must be controlled in the packaging room, to avoid re-humidification of the product.
1. Personal hygiene Moringa leaf products should be packaged in clean, dry and opaque containers made of materials that do not affect the quality of the product.
All persons involved in the packaging of moringa leaf products must ensure that, while Each package must be properly sealed to prevent content leakage as well as moisture on duty, personal cleanliness and hygiene are maintained. Personal protective equip- absorption.
ment (PPE) such as head caps, nose masks, disposable gloves, etc. must be used at all times.
4. Labelling 2. Packaging in bulk Each package of moringa leaf product must be legibly marked with the following information:
The temperature and humidity must be controlled in the packaging room, to avoid re- 0 a) Name of product humidification of the product.
b) Net content o n.) After drying, the powder is left to cool and packed into clean, single-use polythene c) Name and address of producer co o, bags and sealed. This is enclosed in a second polythene bag and heat-sealed.
This is d) Country of origin cri to maintain freshness and dryness prior to further use. The bags should be stored in a e) Lot / batch identification number or code cri cool, dry place. f) Instructions for use o g) Production date "
o h) Nutritional information (optional) .o.
i o If iv w -,,õ 1 0 , ..=.,=:=,,== --,. !.. 7.
7=-=--, :.: 14,¨ fm., : , -1.-- .= .
'-' 4.:*'' ';=,,,,*110''''= . ' "7S.'''':*':ir. . = * ¨ *', '',,-.
= = .: "1:14:i';'7111: ' +.::',..':;:::::t !: . lti:_ _ _.-:,A r, MJ., , . ',:, L* -, - ' 1..ia . , tkt:. , ' 4 .,,1 , =--.,.. 4 .. .-..
.
..
'*1===== 74, .i., ,-.4 -4 `: .'::ifi:::.1:::t191 . ;'-.ZA..g::: ::: I '-- =*. - = . = -=
- .= =,..m.:1;;..!... .. 70 ' >:. -nr. , µ,, , 4iiiki = ; = . :A . = -= .?:'", '',.- = . "ii"E igiiiks '11. 't;iiik,*;* L - ' ,,, ' , ** ' t == - .=, '' . ' - VII4iimo .6, = s =
......i . .
¨ v..--l':..= ,..i:== l ', = .. '' 4.4 = = 1 '," ' ' ....; ''-'' ' *
* i =
4`,, -_'-*I., . -' :*..7..1.... s' . - - '... .1: . = ,1 .:::... =õ. ,'.. _31___, i. , ,,,t_ 4. iii,, ___ , ., _ ri..,.....,,,,,,i . ,.,... ...
, : _ . =,...., = . , i *i ''Fi'' " I ',,,,=-=-;, f' .1 r 1. _..A.r.,.,:. .., .
._.
.4:...,:ix........_.,õ.,.:.
_,..,,..,.._......_ I Mt-Init.:2., ' ' ' , ' I
C,,,,,,) , _ - .,. - z.. 11' f 7- - -;----. ... . ..
.. .
.: y'' yr .. k..-- ,..1.- : ,, =
, .-õ,..C., :r ......
----1.
,, ,.. .fõ;.=.-1. - -_ - \ s' = *;." A .
d = 1 1.41 .. >
7 --:. ''' ''' ' :e , . -.... -,'= r...õ.... . ., , ',-..,... -4...q 4,. ; -.T711 . . . . .
.
- ' ,-,4'.,-.:.i.:,,y.:Ii.1.--" - ,;.-.
::, ._: , , . i =

1 Non-compliant transparent packaging.
1 and 2 Examples of opaque packaging (Ghana). 2 Compliant packaging (opaque).

page 48 W110116 1111101141111604 INAVEll lip MOTPITION
..'' co I-`..) ''' .
L, page 50 USING MORINGA LEAVES FOR NU - R IT I 0 N
USING MO RINGA LEAVES FOR NUTRITION
page 51 1. Nutritional content of fresh moringa leaves Manger des feuilles de Leggel-Makka, ciest bon pour la sante de toute la famIlle! Moringa oleifera leaves belong to the family of dark green leafy vegetables, a food group particularly rich in nutrients. In particular, Moririga oleifera leaves are a good source of proteins, calcium, iron, 13-carotene (converted to vitamin A in the human 1 hip/ -PA., 1 4. ...,1, ... 2. ,i.
lts.,...W.... Is flydt, -.'.7;;' body), vitamin C and vitamin E.
vriblon.e.ni , do, I., ae...., WM l'`AXI, WAX.. IL LY.W.004.1 In addition, Moringa oleifera leaves have a high dry matter content (around 20-25%) ''',.. 4 /rm. .1 ...1.. compared to most other plant food sources (generally around 10%). This makes it , .. ...
..= = . k " ' a "
even more beneficial as a fresh vegetable since 100 grams of fresh leaves will bring ..=. , , .,, , ,. twice as much nutritive material as 100 grams of most other vegetables.
- A . =
' , .
Graphs 1 to 5 on page 50, show the nutrient content range of moringa leaves, corn-Mte, d. 'Its, :11rx:Vx tt, 51.,"L', =:, paring them either to foods high in these nutrients or to other leafy vegetables. These 1 ''S'.. ' . \''''' ., ,%,-- .=i/ ka 0:- ''''' =-! ' , \ = -.4,=,,,,,,,,,47,.
,,,17., 6,. if,õ,flm, .¨ graphs show that the moringa leaf is a food particularly rich in nutrients compared to other healthyfoods. The moringa leaf is not the only leafy vegetable in this category: o , '',..._-.-.:-.. -.,., others such as amaranth and cassava leaves also have comparable characteristics. o n.) co (70. ptivr, 4 ritaTr. tea, 6,4A15.:! ,, f... LS. !AM'1.

. .:,=,y,....., I' nnii.i. 4'1. tNillka, d irit,.. .14 '....4 ' oi Q '''', ' ' ':' V......, .4, . 4, 0 , . , .1,44re .
- + r- ' L. ,...,,õ 041.14 ,/ '=,. 1,. '=)- -" - - ' , ; ..-:, = .."," = :.µ ' ''''',,==:,:!,:,..]:..4!..
+,;''' ' ' :e= A,. -: ' ' = .6'.A,..,i'....,:iltilf.=

' .!!.,-.
IS
, -w.' ' ----7-r' 1 õ.. ,Iõ, , (-."- -i== '' ; i to V .,.. , ,"... ¨", = :,. =...'tko..
',' ' '' ,:µ,:µ .. . ,N.,. , ,..:.:.:,, .. ...,.. ' t ,TX, . ' ' :==.= ''.\ i I .: VA ',, ...:, , = T. -, , ... - ,-', =,-,õit ' . . = .i-..; i . = .
.., . ==,,,,,i,* , .1 , ,, .... 2 f , . =
.2 \-., --V , - ! ,,,:õ.., =,:.,,,, i ' -,.,µ'701,,,,, ''õ --kit-Ht g.,'''''-;,..,';',;.,11.A.::::::- .'µ ''.--,:r'*¶ ,,,-._. '1 '''.: ....; .;.g.t, ...:'' - z .'..r ..-===
:k.,, ......= ' : . . t.õ.;:7:.- .p ..1 .':' ' - - ' i# .
- - ,.... n.) ,\ !TI ,. \
...;.-40 44' ': AF::,. . -iifõ. ' . le ' = . 4.4. .1R. = .. , 31 ' , W
= '''' *" ' ' ii.344 .,,....".õ,.:...;;:,:i,: ., 7... .:, , ti,,....:... ., . 1,=õ.., .:=:.,.!...:,,,..õ,,,...= õ _ :::.-.. , , : ,,,, .. .õ: ?..õ
.= ., ,_.

.. . .
: .... .
6..,,7.õ.1.-,.., -j'' L' ','' 1 : fli,=.fi- ..... :.=,=:*'-',-='' -- ' =
d itc 1.1. -mcin--' ,.... .
._ 144'' ''' . ' it la 't F A = .1.,ts*:*_,: = =:_ ,.: , i .;'5.
' :AV=e- -ori.,..47V-.
,A.
..,''' I gt,:'Y = i lims. un aOr.f..4.1 t4',.4, .= .,........;......-....4y, - , l',, õõ' ,i,,,,, i. ,,2=:,. ,:: .. . 1 1 '''-i:= *. f 44.., '''' .- tog = ,i'; = ..11 ''''. v.; =
...4.,, =,, 1. 1 j...
i ( '' '''''';...'''' = .. ..c:'''7:77 .S.-." -Nr ly,s,-,,,,i;.4,4,. = ..p =,,,,,C".6 . ==='. . , i ..
, t :... ' ''.5'i , . = ''',': = .õ.. , '. , l.:.,4 ._,,,, : =µ",,........,...4'4 . q. ,' i4010 r '¾' ' '55:;:', ';;,õ : , ,..., . , = +-iN . i :',. 1,- ,r, 441.4.
Abaft e., 'up ''',... '.. =
Mat& (oft .-t ,,,p44,.p4i4enn*
ti pa& 1506) a, dri lauds di, Id =
___________________________________________________ i 1 Promotional campain on eating moringa leaves in Togo.
Moringa promotional poster in Niger. 2 Cooked moringa leaves.

page 52 USING MORINGA LEAVES
FOR NUTRITION USING MORINGA LEAVES FOR
NUTRITION page 53 rr r....
'117FP Table 5 gives the mean nutritional values of fresh Moringa oleifera leaves. These values _can vary according to many factors such as environmental conditions (soil, climate), I -- 18 fish meal- i'' 64 . farming methods (irrigation, fertilizers...), maturity of the leaves (dark green, mature 16 - leaves are generally richer than light green, young ones), harvesting season, and to 14 __________________________________________________ -- a lesser extent, the genetic background of the trees.
. as rrIL- c--fr.ium as a -:l,/s nilk 12 ---1 _ egg 1-- Table 5 IL
1 .
= kej-A. ___________________________________ 10=
Mean nutritional values of 100 grams fresh Moringa oleifera leaves.
., .1% , .1i .. i 4$ I--__ ___ vitamine C !- - iron 11 :=01 200g I cassava leaves r _______________________________________________ , Dry matter 20-25%
6 --------------- moringa oleifera -- --------- -__ ____ - - ¨ - --- - ---- - -= . _ .. h a% kowpea - amaranth proi,n '.1,1-, ris AProteins 5-7 grams as ar , e rot 4 - ----- - -I cow's milk 1 i I ellinillito. ____ 2 _____________ ¨` -Total ash (= total minerals) 2-3 grams \-40/ o Minerals _ 1 600 Calcium (Ca) 350-550 mg Vig-g ='' = MI

Potassium (K) 200-500 mg cip iv co ............_____. Moringa Magnesium (Mg) 80-120 mg os Ui 7 ______ Moringa -I cassava leaves 1-oleifera oleiferaPhosphorus (P) 50-120 mg Ix . ____________________ --- 400 -1 amaranth I- . ----- ---- _ _ _..- 0 -- _________ - Iron (Fe) 5-8 mg cp 300 ______________________________________________ --I cassava leaves 1 ______________________________________________________ l-, Manganese (Mn) 1,5 mg i.o.

3 --1 cooked --{ beef meat lentils I ¨ _________________ . .
200 Zinc (Zn) 0,4-0,6 mg cip lp cow's milk .

2 Copper (Cu) 0,2-0,3 mg iv w iloo ¨ __ ii ________________________________________________________________ Vitamins o - ___ - --- ¨ __ 0 = - ' ..... =-= ---- - -"""" - Vitamin C 120-200 mg *A.. .,...

6000 -''''"- Vitamin A
(as B-carotene) 1500-4000 pg eq. retinol - . sõ, ---- - ====
- . = = ---- .
I cassava leaves i 1 cassava leaves Vitamin E (as cc-tocopherol) 150-200 mg 4000 .- --- ------- = ---.-- 200 ¨ .
Eating 100 grams fresh Morioga oleifera leaves provides you with as much protein as an egg, as much calcium as a big glass of milk, as much iron as a 200 grams beef steak, Moringa iVloringa as much vitamin A as a carrot and as much vitamin C as an orange.
3000 -, amaranth -- oleifera _______________ --I carrot I- 150 oleifera_____.........._ 2000- ________________________ ¨ 100 I mango l amaranth Imango - orange I ¨
0 - ._ Graphs 1 - 5 page 54 USING M_ORINGA LEAVES
FOR NUTRITION USING MORINGA LEAVES FOR NUTRITION
page 55 ``,..:, . "!FI . '= , ..z.,õ..,i.= 31 - . .. =:::
'..i ;', ' ' ":11., ¨ -,õ..taiitiluz. - 2. Nutritional content of dry moringa leaf powder ,),.!. ,, . .:'!.:7......=1 1,44. :. :, lom,.. - ., ,-.,..
i V.W..õ ,.õ.,..õ.::.. ,4,:4.=:-.:.W4 ,õ,.:: At.,,,, Another way of consuming A4oringa oleifera leaves is to dry them and reduce them õ
. .,, : I! I .711.. into powder, making it easier to store and use at any time. To ensure the good nutri-tional and microbiological quality of the leaf powder, its water content has to be lower , -= ,. . than 7%, the drying time should be as short as possible and the drying temperature . . .
.=.,,,1 not too high (no more than 50-55 C).
,x- :;:.. , = ' :ii,:, - , -, -... , ,: ..., f.,..,..
,:-, __, ,.., .. _. _ õ._,...i--, Even if a large amount of the vitamins are lost during drying and storage, the leaf \ look"
powder still constitutes a very rich nutritional supplement, since it is a concentrate of = !-04 ','',',---- 4; , --1,-,: ';4-1-, ' µ'' the leaves (see table 6).
f _ Table 6 1 2 Mean nutritional values of 100 grams Moringa oleifera leaf powder.
Indeed, 100 grams fresh Moringa oleifera leaves are enough to cover:
Dry matter 90-95%
¨
o = 30 to 100% of the daily recommended intake of calcium (30 to 50% for teenagers, Proteins 20-26 grams 40 to 60% for adults, children and pregnant and breastfeeding women, 80 to 100% 0 Total ash (= total minerals) 8-11 grams i..) for young children below 3 years old) co = 25 to 80% of the daily recommended intake of iron (25% for pregnant women, 40- Minerals 0, (xi 60% for teenagers and women, 50 to 100% for men and children).
Calcium (Ca) 1600-2200 mg (xi As for vitamins, the recommended daily intake for vitamin A varies from 400 pg retinol Potassium (K) 800-1800 mg i..) equivalents (young children) to 1,000 pg retinol equivalents (breastfeeding women). 0 Therefore, 100 grams of fresh Moringa oleifera leaves could theoretically cover 100% Magnesium (Mg) 350-500 mg 1-, Ø
i of daily needs, but this is highly variable depending on storage conditions and how Phosphorus (P) 200-600 mg 0 they are eaten, as vitamin A degrades over time and when exposed to light or heat. ko i Iron (Fe) 18-28 mg i..) Similarly, 100 grams of fresh Moringa oleifera leaves could cover 100% of the vitamin w C requirements, for which the recommended daily intake varies from 60 mg (young Manganese (Mn) 5-9 mg children) to 130 mg (breastfeeding women), but this vitamin degrades quickly with Zinc (Zn) 1,5-3 mg time and during cooking.
Copper (Cu) 0,7-1,1 mg For optimal nutrient retention, it is advised to consume fresh leaves shortly after har-Vitamins _________________________________________________________________________ vesting and to cook the leaves for a short time (a few minutes only), or even to eat them raw if they are young and tender. Vitamin C
15-100 mg Vitamin A (as B-carotene) 4000-8000 pg retinol eq.
Vitamin E (as ca-tocopherol) 80-150 mg =
1 Tasting a moringa dish (Togo).
2 Moringa leaves and powder.

page 56 USING M3RINGA LEAVES FOR NUTRITION
USING MORINGA LEAVES FOR NUTRITION page ,.., Table 7 Comparison of the nutritional composition of spirulina powder and Moringa oleifera leaf powder ., -, Values for 100 grams of powder ,t ..
4'' Element Spirulina phitensis Moringa oleifera .., _ , .,.%' Humidity 3% 7%
:,,...,, ,,, ,,,,:::=,,,,/,,,,,,..1., , loot,*
. , , Digestible proteins (g) ., 40 _ 20-26 ' --',7' - '" ' If = :. . ' - * ,...*::::.
7, . . )1' .¨ Potassium (mg) 1400 800-1800 . ...... . .,;4, -4,, ,... Calcium (mg) , . :,'.'= . .' ,..., A , \- - - . - Phosphorus (mg) 800 200-600 Magnesium (mg) grams of Moringa oleifera leaf powder per day cover: Iron (mg) Ca/ciurn Vitamin A (pg retinol eq.) 7000 4000-8000 =
About 30% of the recommended daily intake for children between 1 and 3 years old. o = About 25% of the recommended daily intake for children between 4 and 9 years old Vitamin C (mg) 0 15-100 o as well as adult women. Riboflavin (jig) 3500 8800 n.) co =
About 15% of the recommended daily intake for teenagers and women over 55.. cn Nicotinamid (pg) 4000 10400 (xi 1-, Iron (xi o = About 30% of the recommended daily intake for children between 1 and 12 years old. Moringa leaf powder can be stored for some time before it is consumed. If so, the leaf n.) l¨' = About 15% of the daily recommended intake for teenagers. powder has to be stored in a water- air- and light-proof container to preserve as much .o.
= About 20% of the daily recommended intake for adults over 55. vitamins as possible and avoid microbial contamination. In storage, the protein and oi = About 12% of the recommended daily intake for adult women. mineral contents will be preserved for up to six months, whereas a loss of up to 50% ko i = About 7% of the recommended daily intake for pregnant women. of vitamins can be reached after six months of storage.
Vitaniin 4 Once the container is opened, the leaf powder should be consumed quickly (within = 50 to 100% of the recommended daily intake for all population categories, one week) since its water content will increase and it will be exposed to microbial contamination. For this reason, it is advised to package leaf powder in rather small Moringa leaf powder can be used somewhat like dried spirulina, a nutritionally rich, green seaweed, often used as a dietary supplement. Table 7 compares the nutritional containers.
value of the two plants.
1 Tasting moringa in Togo.
2 Moringa sauce.

page 58 USING MORINGA LEAVES FOR NUTRITION
USING MORINGA LEAVES FOR NUTRITION
page 59 3. Nutritional content of cooked moringa leaves 4. Water soluble and fat soluble vitamins Fresh moringa leaves can be eaten raw, if they are very young and tender, but usually Vitamin C and all the B vitamins contained in the moringa leaf are water-soluble.
they are cooked. Even if cooking the leaves destroys a part of their nutrients, notably Other vitamins are soluble in fat: such is the case of vitamin A (B-carotene) and E
vitamins, others become easier to assimilate. For this reason, it is important to consider (0.-tocopherol).
various ways of cooking moringa and to understand how to preserve the maximum When cooking fresh or dried moringa leaves, the cooking water should be kept to amount of nutrients. This can be achieved by associating moringa leaves with other benefit from the vitamins B and C, soluble in water. In addition, to render the fat-soluble ingredients that enhance the availability of nutrients, by cooking the leaves only for vitamins A and E available, it is suggested that the leaves be cooked using oil or other a short time, or by keeping the liquid (water, sauce) in which the leaves are cooked, sources of fat.
Using moringa leaf powder is also a way of preserving nutrients (although some have been lost during drying and storage), as the powder can be added to food after Ideally, the leaves should be quickly boiled in a small quantity of water. Add both leaves cooking. and the cooking water to a sauce containing a source of fat. This way both water-soluble Vitamin and fat-soluble vitamins, only slightly diminished by cooking, are made available.
C
A study from Sri Lanka showed that on average, leafy vegetables lose 32% of their Research concerning the nutritional value of food now gives an increasing importance vitamin C content when they are boiled for five minutes, and 54% in ten minutes. to how the foods are cooked and the interaction between ingredients. The moringa Steaming is less damaging, with 15% loss in five minutes and 39% loss in ten minutes. leaf cannot be summed up in one nutritional formula: the culinary and cultural o Cooking moringa leaves or moringa leaf powder the least possible time is thus a good traditions are fundamentally important. This branch of research has opened way to preserve the vitamin C content. up a vast road to be explored, not only with nutritionists but also with rooks n.) co and African consumers.
0, Beta-carotene (xi The World Vegetable Centre (AVRDC, Taiwan) showed that the retention of total ca-cri rotene and beta-carotene of moringa leaves was enhanced by adding oil to the leaves 0 during pressure cooking (76-99% of retention with oil against 46-63% without).
N) o ...., 1-, , Iron ':i. ..= = -; . , : . . 0.
,.
The bioavailability of nutrients is the ability they have to be digested and used by the4if oi = ,,, -human body. The bioavailability of the iron provided by plants is lower than when 4,, ...iikii:õ. i ,. i . ir . ., ,m;
...,=piv... =iõ,,i......: - ' ,0 i .;: , .,,,,,1,,,,,,,,,, = , . .. .1, N.) provided by meat. A good way to improve the availability of iron to the body is to = -= " ' .iii ' = allik 2 ..-:. , - ,.. .....1%,0"' -...''.-- ,..,, w 6, add vitamin C to the dish. This can be done by using lemon juice, lemon peel or fresh r avm.--: : =,. , , "AV. , )tomatoes.
, 3- . , / Kit=f-'= = :10) == = ---...õ
' -.....=,'--,., f *i = ,==:
..!= .. 4..õ.. , :4=!.,0=.?=i := = .1.,..),=,,!...... ¨ , AVRDC demonstrated that boiling moringa leaves in water enhanced the in vitro iron , k' !. : - r..,. _ . itfrit6' ' ' .. .= '' bioavailability of fresh leaves and dried powder by 3.5 and 3 times, respectively. In 4,,,. IL,=41..:= . .. = vi ..,=
im..i., = ,_ = - , ,, , ,t , . . . r =..
addition, boiling moringa leaves in water enhanced aqueous antioxidant activity.
rir ;lit .
...õ.= .. ., ....,::.= . Vi-== , : .. .- . ,/,, . . ==.
, . ' - :; i This shows that cooking moringa leaves does not necessarily have a negative impact on . ,, r .
, .
, ,,,, i ,=.=., nutrient intake. The heat destroys some of the vitamin C, but improves the assimilation=
- 4. , -=== - =
.., ...õ,, .
. . . :
==
of iron. The best option is to vary consumption modes. 1 1 Togolese moringa dish.
2 Melanie Broin tasting a moringa dish in Togo.

t, a a MI

hod a =
6s i page 62 page 63 The future of moringa Farmers in rural or pen-urban Africa can easily undertake moringa leaf produc-tion. Its production creates employment, requires little financial investment and can be cultivated without using chemicals. The keys to a successful farm are pruning the trees to obtain bushy leaf-growth and regular but limited amounts of water and organic manure. By following these recommendations, a moringa plantation can produce leaves in abundance all year-round.
Processing is also an accessible activity that generates income for food proces-sing businesses and rural farmers' associations. Sun drying is an inexpensive, effi-cient method used to obtain quality results. Milling does not require specific equipment;
the mills widely used in Africa are perfectly adapted. Packaging has to be airtight and lightproof. The fundamental aspects of processing are hygiene and humidity control to ensure that the leaf powder stays perfectly dry until packaging.
Moringa leaves are an inexpensive source of proteins, vitamins and minerals for developing countries. Dried and milled, moringa leaves are easily stored and used by families who can then add the powder to their daily meals. The powder can 0 n.) also be used by food businesses to enrich their products in nutrients. Moringa leaves co can help decrease developing countries' dependence on imported goods, such as vitamin and mineral complexes that ward off nutritional deficiency but are too expensive to be used in a sustainable way.
Moringa is categorised as a leafy vegetable like the leaves of the baobab, manioc, sweet potato, amaranth and hibiscus. These local leafy vegetables, either cultivated or collected, are all highly concentrated in nutrients. Their use had for a long time been 0 shadowed by European vegetables considered more modern, such as cabbage, carrots n.) etc.
Though today, African consumers are showing a rising interest for these leafy vegetables, not only for their low cost but also for their taste and health benefits. The importance research programmes and NGOs have given these products, before consi-dered outdated, has also contributed to revamping the image of local leafy vegetables.
This increase in interest for local foods and culinary traditions is part of a worldwide trend.
The moringa leaf is a nutritionally rich, ecological, economical vegetable available in practically all countries with malnutrition issues. It is therefore essential to develop the production and consumption of this "green superfood".

page 64 page 65 RIfSPINCIS
Various uses Abdulkarim, S. M. and Long, K. and Lai, 0. M. and Mughal, M. Haseeb and Saba and Srivastava, P. S. and Muhammad, S. K. S. and Ghazali, H. M. 2007. Frying lqbal, M. 1999. Drumstick (Moringa pterygosperma quality and stability of high-oleic Moringa oleifera seed Gaertn.): A unique source of food and medicine. Jour-oil in comparison with other vegetable oils. Food Che-nal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 1, 47-61.
mistry 4, 1382-1389.
Oluwalana, S. A. and Bankole, W. and Bolaji, G. A. and Anwar, F. and Latif S. and Ashraf M. and Gilani, A. H.
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page 68 page 69 AWTHOPII PARTIN/RI
14(14/10111111lIBUIVIIENTS CRIBITli Moringa Association of Ghana (MAG) CTA We would like to thank the producers and processors Graphic creation and design The Association was created in November 2006 during The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Coope-of Ghana, Burkina and Togo who accepted to share Christele Hue the second international meeting on moringa organised ration (CTA) was established in 1983 under the Lome their knowledge, enabling us to include a synthesis of Website wvwv.christelehuc.com by Moringanews in Accra. Membership of MAG is now Convention between the ACP
(African, Caribbean it in this guide.
three hundred and fifty strong (350). MAG's mission and Pacific) Group of States and the European Union Typography Sakiane (titles and cover) statement is to develop the moringa sector by coordi- Member States, Since 2000, it has operated within the Our thanks to Jean Lichou, of the Microfel association, by Benoit SjOholm nating the activities of members and other stakeholders framework of the ACP-EU Cotonou Agreement. CTA's for his well documented advice concerning insect and so as to achieve a competitive advantage in local and tasks are to develop and provide products and services fungus control. Translation global markets and to ensure product safety.
that improve access to information for agricultural and Andrea van Tuyl rural development, and to strengthen the capacity of We would also like to thank the CDE and the CTA who E-mail avantuyl@yahoo.com Mc Mozart Adevu, Chairman ACP countries to acquire, process, produce and dis-have accompanied us, for a number of years now, in Mr. Godfred Dosu, Manager seminate information in this area, developing moringa in Africa. Photo credits P.O Box KIA 9195, Airport, Accra, Ghana Armelle de Saint Sauveur CTA is financed by the European Union. Lastly, we would like to thank the late Lowell Fuglie, p. 8 photo 2, p. 11 photos 2 and 3, p. 12 photos 1 and Christian Council of Ghana Building, who passed away just as this book was being finished. 2, p.20 photos 1 and 2, p.21 photo 2, p.23 photos 1 F 146/2, Lokko Road, Osu, Accra Postbus 380 He was a pioneer in the nutritional use of moringa and and 2, p. 24 photo 1, p. 27 photos 1 and 2, p. 31 photo T. +233-26-454-8732 (GSM, MAG office) contributed immensely to the development of moringa 1, p. 32 photo 1, p. 33 photos 1 and 2, p. 37 photo 1, 6700 AJ Wageningen T. +233-24-454-8732 (GSM, Mozart Adevu) The Netherlands in Africa. We are greatly indebted to him. p. 38 photos 3, Sand 6, p.40 photos 3,4 and 6, p.44 T. +233-24-377-8986 (GSM, Godfred Dosu) Website www.cta.int photos 1 and 2, p. 45 photos 1 and 2, p. 49 photo 2, E-mail Madevu1201@yahoo.com MAG
and Moringanews authors. p. 54 photo 2. on.) gdosu@yahoo.co.uk Melanie Broin co 0) Website www.moringagh.org CDE
p.8 photo 1, p.32 photo 3, p.49 photo 1, p. 52 photo U-1 p. 57 photo 2 p. 54 photc 1, .
The Centre for the Development of Enterprise (CDE) 1, En MORINGANEWS is an ACP (Afrlcan, Caribbean and Pacific)/EU joint Boukare Sankara 0 Moringa and Plant Resources Network institution created in the framework of the Cotonou p. 17 photo 1 and 4, p. 24 photo 2, p.25 photos 1 and n.) Agreement. CDE's mandate given in the Cotonou 2, p. 26 photo 1 and 2, p, 32 photo 2, p. 38 photo 4, o The Moringanews association's mission is to promote Agreement positions the Centre as an Institution de- p. 52 photo 2.
Ø
the use of moringa and other plants with a strong ,., urcated to support private sector development in ACP
Moringa Association of Ghana O
potential to impove living conditions in developing countries. Its objective is to ensure the development of p.
37 photos 2 and 3, ID. 38 photos 1 and 2, p. 40 to tropical countries. The Moringanews network and its professional ACP enterprises operating in the private photos 1 and 2. i website were created in 2002, as a result of the first in-sector. The Centre provides non-financial services to Newton Amaglo F")w ternational summit on moringa, organised in Tanzania ACP companies and to joint initiatives of ACP and EU p.21 photo 1, p.38 photo 1 and 2.
by the PROPAGE association. Moringanews has been economic operators in various economic sectors, with an association in its own right, registered in Pans, since the main aim to create, consolidate and increase and Caroline Olivier 2005. It disseminates scientific information, fosters competitiveness of ACP enterprises. p. 40 photo 5.
and carries out research and development projects arid facilitates the coordination of contributers through its CUE'S financial resources mainly come from the Euro-Illustration credits website and the organisation of international confe- pean Development Fund (EDF). Bosco Kahindi rences.
p. 10.
52 avenue Herrmann-Debroux M.N. Wachinou, do ACFD, Porto-Novo, Benin Dr Armelle de Saint Sauveur 6-1160 Brussels p. 16, 22 and 36.
Dr Melanie Broin Belgium Melanie Broin Moringanews T. + 32 2 679 18 11 p. 48.
Moringa and Plant Resources Network F. + 32 2 675 26 03 211, rue du Faubourg Saint Antoine Printer E-mail info@cde.int 75011 Paris Imprimerie Horizon, Gemenos, France, May 2010.
France Website vvww.cde.int This book is printed on Cyclus recycled paper.
E-mail asauveur@wanadoo.fr Melanie.broin@gmail.com Website www.moringanews.org Growing and processing moringa leaves The moringa leaf is a nutritionally rich, ecological and economical vegetable available in practically all tropical countries. It is therefore essential to develop the production and consumption of this "green superfood".
Moringa leaves are an excellent, concentrated source of proteins, vitamins and minerals.
Of the 120 vegetable species tested for their nutrient content, antioxidant activity, gustatory qualities and the facility with which they are grown and processed, moringa leaves were top ranked by the World Vegetable Centre (AVRDC).
Moringa oleifera grows quickly and is easy to cultivate. The moringa leaf, fresh or processed into dried powder, can be used as an every-day food item in a multitude of ways: in ready-made meals, juices, breads, pasta, fritters, condiments, instant soups...
This food can be used in households, school cafeterias, dispensaries, maternity wards, nutrition rehabilitation centres, as well as in restaurants and supermarkets.
This handbook is destined to improve moringa leaf farming and processing in order to meet top sanitary and nutritional standards. For the first time, the techniques of moringa production, perfected by African farmers, have been compiled, verified and presented in an easy-to-use, precise manner. The steps in the leaf-processing phase have been tested and improved based on information gathered from both Africa and Asia. Finally, the analysis of reliable scientific reports has helped establish average nu-trient values of fresh or powdered moringa leaves.
Moringa is an exceptional resource for developing countries. Processed or fresh, the moringa leaf is not only a new, promising source of income and employment, but also an outstanding, nutritionally rich vegetable for families and markets.
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Claims (4)

CLAIMS:

1. A composition comprising:
cannabis sativa oil, cannabis indica oil, or a combination thereof; and Moringa oleifera oil.

2. Use of a composition as defined in claim 1, for the treatment of a cancer, Multiple Sclerosis, Alzheimer's Disease, or Dravet Syndrome.

3. Use of a composition as defined in claim 1, in the preparation of a medicament for treating a cancer, Multiple Sclerosis, Alzheimer's Disease, or Dravet Syndrome.

4. Animal feed comprising a composition as defined in claim 1.