CA2840513C - Recombinant proteins of parapoxvirus ovis and pharmaceutical compositions therefrom - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to polynucleotides coding for the PPVO viral genome, to fragments of the polynucleotides coding for the PPVO genome and to polynucleotides coding for individual open reading frames (ORFs) of the PPVO viral genome. The invention also relates to recombinant proteins expressed from the above mentioned polynucleotides and to fragments of said recombinant proteins, and to the use of said recombinant proteins or fragments for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions.

Description

DEMANDES OU BREVETS VOLUMINEUX
LA PRESENTE PARTIE DE CETTE DEMANDE OU CE BREVETS
COMPREND PLUS D'UN TOME.

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Recombinant proteins of Parapoxvirus ovis and pharmaceutical compositions therefrom This is a division of Canadian Patent Application Serial No. 2,510,049 filed on December 17, 2002.
It is to be understood that the expression "the present invention" or the like used in this specification encompasses not only the subject matter of this divisional application but that of the parent also.
Field of the invention The present invention relates to polynucleotides and recombinant proteins of Parapoxvirus ovis (PPVO) and their use, alone or in combination with other sub-- = .stances, for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions.
10. =
= Background of the invention =
It is known that latent and chronically persistent viral infections can be activated or reactivated by immunosuppression, or conversely that the immune system suppresses acute diseases which may be caused by a latent virus (for example a latent herpes virus infection recurs as a result of immunosuppression in= the form of lip vesicles in cases of stress or the administration of cortisone). It is also known that chronically persistent latent viral infections can only be treated with difficulty or not at all using = conventional low-molecular-weight antiviral substances.
=20 =
=
=
It was demonstrated that class I restricted cytotoxic T cells were capable of inhibiting hepatocellular HBV gene expression in BBV-transgenic. mice, and that this process was caused by TNF-a and IFN-y.

. 25 = It is also known that in the case of chronically persistent viral infections a super-= infection with another virus can produce' antiviral effects against the chronically persistent virus. The dependence of this effect on interferons such as IFNI, as well as other cytoldnes and chemokines, such as TNF-a, which are secreted by T
cells, natural killer cells and macrophages, has been demonstrated.

- 2 -BAYPAMUN , a pharmaceutical product for inducing "paraspecific immunity", i.e., a pharmaceutical product for inducing the unspecific immune system, is used therapeutically, metaphylactically and prophylactically for the treatment of animals in need. BAYPAMUN is manufactured from chemically inactivated PPVO strain =D1701 (see= German Patent DE3504940). The inactivated PPVO induces in animals non-specific protection against infections with the most diverse types of pathogens. It is assumed that this protection is mediated via various mechanisms in the body's own defense system. These mechanisms include the induction of interferons, the acti-vation of natural killer cells, the induction of "colony-stimulating activity"
(CSA) and the stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation. Earlier investigations of the.
mechanism of action demonstrated the stimulation of interleulcin-2 and interferon-a.
= The processes for the production of the above-mentioned pharmaceutical compo-sitions are based on the replication of the virus in cultures of suitable host cells.
One aspect of the invention relates to the use of particle-like structures comprising recombinant proteins of the invention. These particle-like structures can be, e.g., fusion proteins, protein-coated particles or virus-like particles.
Methods to produce fusion proteins, protein-coated particles or virus-like particles comprising recombinant proteins of the invention are well known to persons skilled = in the art: Casal (Biotechnol. Genet. Eng. Rev. 2001, 18: 73-87) describes the use of -baculovirus expression systems for the generation of-virus-like particles.
Ellis (Curr.
Opin. Biotechnol. 1996, 7(6): 646-52) presents methods to produce virus-like particles and the application of suitable adjuvants. Roy (Intervirology 1996, 39(1-2):
62-71) presents genetically engineered particulate virus-like structures and their use as vaccine delivery systems. Methods to produce fusion proteins are also well known to the person skilled in the art (Gaudin et al., Gen. Virol. 1995, 76:
1541:56;
Hughson, Curr. Biol. 1995, 5(3): 365-74; Uhlen et al., Curr. Opin. Biotechnol.
1992,

3(4): 363-369). Known to the person skilled in the art is also the preparation of protein-coated micro- and nano spheres (Arshady, Biomaterials 1993, 14(1): = 5-15).

4 PCT/EP2002/014402 Proteins can be attached to biodegradable rnicrospheres (Cleland, Pharm Biotechnol.
1997, 10: 1-43) or attached to other polymer microsheres (Hanes et al., Pharm.

Biotechnol. 1995, 6:389-412) such as, e.g., polysaccharides (Janes et al., Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2001, 47(1): 83-97).
PPVO NZ2 is another Parapoxvirus strain that exhibits immunostimulatory effects when administered in inactivated form to mammals.
The closest prior art describes the construction of an expression library representing = = 10 about 95 % of the= PPVO NZ2 genome using the Vaccina lister virus to create recombinant viruses comprising the complete Vaccina lister genome and various = fragments of the PPVO genome (Mercer et al. 1997, Virology, 229: 193-200). For the construction of the library, 16 PPVO DNA fragments with an average size of 11,4 kb were inserted into the Vaccinia lister genome. Each fragment was mapped relative to the PPVO restriction endonuclease maps but was otherwise uncharacterized (Fig.
1).
It was found that a major portion of the PPVO genes were expressed in cells infected by the recombinant virus. The authors also showed that the entirety of all PPVO
proteins expressed by some of the recombinant viruses of the expression library was -able to provide protection against challenge with virulent PPVO. Expression of PPVO genes of the individual recombinant viruses has been demonstrated by irrununofluorescence and immune precipitation (Mercer et al. 1997, Virology, 229:
193-200).
To identify components of PPVO responsible for the vaccinating activity of PPVO, the Vaccinia lister/ PPVO NZ2 expression library was applied.
Based on the above background it was desirable to develop PPVO based pharma-= ceutical compositions with antiviral and anti-tumor efficacy as well as with efficacy in paraimmunization and other desirable therapeutic effects. It was also desirable to obtain a pharmaceutical composition that exerts its full therapeutic effect while showing fewer side effects. It was furthermore desirable to find methods to produce PPVO based pharmaceutical compositions in large quantities and in economically advantageous manners.
These desirable effects have been achieved by the systematic use of selected recombinant proteins of PPVO alone or in combination with other recombinant proteins from PPVO for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of objects in need.
Summary of the invention = 10 = The invention relates to polynucleotides coding for the PPVO viral genome, to fragments of the polynucleotides coding =for the PPVO =genome and to poly-nucleotides coding for individual open reading frames (ORFs) of the PPVO viral genome. The invention also relates to= fragments of said polynucleotides of at least 15 = 15 or 30 =or 100 base pairs in length. The invention also relates to recombinant proteins = expressed from the above mentioned polynucleotides = and to fragments of said recombinant proteins of at least 5 or 10 or 30 amino acids, and to the use of recom-binant proteins or fragments for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions.
= 20 "Fragments" of a polynucleotide, within the meaning of the invention, shall be understood as polynucleotides that have the same nucleotide sequence as contiguous parts of the full length (the original) polynucleotide. =
=
"Active fragments", within the meaning of the invention, shall be those fragments of =
25 = the PPVO genome the expression products of which have demonstrated to be pharmacologically active according to the invention, when inserted into the Vaccina lister genome and expressed in a suitable host Whereas the use of the complete PPVO virus for the manufacture of vaccines against 30 PPVO challenge has been described, the present invention relates to the use of polynucleotides coding for the PPVO viral genome and selected fragments of the =

- 5 - =
PPVO viral genome and of selected PPVO expression products, alone or in combination with others, for the preparation of improved pharmaceutical com-positions for the treatment of various diseases.
The systematic use of selected genomic fragments of PPVO and their recombinant expression products makes it possible to produce pharmaceutical compositions which contain fewer (and may not contain any) inactive components (i.e., polynucleotides and proteins of PPVO) in addition to the active components.
These pharmaceutical compositions which contain less, or do not contain any addi-tional inactive components are generally preferred by doctors and patients compared to the less well defined biological preparations of inactivated virus material.
Furthermore, the possibility of producing the recombinant product in fermentation processes allows an economically advantageous mode of production. It is well known to persons' skilled in the art that an ecOnomically advantageous mode of production can be achieved, e.g., by using rapidly growing production organisms (host organ- =
isms) which might also place low demands on the culture medium employed.
Microorganisms which can advantageously be used as hosts for the production of recombinant proteins include, e.g., but are not limited to, Escherichia coli, Bacillus spec., Cotynebacterium spec., Streptomyces spec., as well as yeasts, e.g., Saccha-romyces cerevisiae, Candida spec:, Pichia spec., Hanselula -spec., and filamentous fungi, e.g., Aspergillus spec., Penicillium spec. and other suitable microorganisms.
Recombinant proteins of the invention can also be' produced from cell lines expressing the proteins of interest. These cell lines can be recombinant mammalian cell lines, recombinant insect cell lines (e.g., using the baculovims transfection system) or other suitable expression systems. Transfection can be achieved b various techniques known to the skilled person, one of which is the use or recombinant viruses such as the. Vaccinia virus/PPVO recombinants (VV0Vs) described in the examples.
= =

- 5a -In one embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a purified and isolated polynucleotide with a sequence consisting of the nucleotides number 122616 to 136025 of SEQ
ID NO: 1 (PPVO insert of VVOV 82), for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of hepatitis, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is effective to down-regulate cross-presentation.
In another embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a recombinant protein encoded by a polynucleotide with a sequence consisting of the nucleotides number 122616 to 136025 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (PPVO insert of VVOV 82), for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of hepatitis, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is effective to down-regulate cross-presentation.
In another embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a vector comprising a polynucleotide with a sequence consisting of the nucleotides number 122616 to 136025 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (PPVO insert of VVOV 82), for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of hepatitis, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is effective to down-regulate cross-presentation.
In another embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a cell containing a vector comprising a polynucleotide with a sequence consisting of the nucleotides number 122616 to 136025 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (PPVO insert of VVOV 82), for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of hepatitis, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is effective to down-regulate cross-presentation.
In another embodiment, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a polynucleotide with a sequence consisting of the nucleotides number 122616 to 136025 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (PPVO insert of VVOV 82), for use in the treatment of hepatitis, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is effective to down-regulate cross-presentation.
In another embodiment, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a recombinant protein encoded by a polynucleotide - 5b -with a sequence consisting of the nucleotides number 122616 to 136025 of SEQ
ID NO: 1 (PPVO insert of VVOV 82), for use in the treatment of hepatitis, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is effective to down-regulate cross-presentation.
In another embodiment, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a vector comprising a polynucleotide with a sequence consisting of the nucleotides number 122616 to 136025 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (PPVO
insert of VVOV 82), for use in the treatment of hepatitis, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is effective to down-regulate cross-presentation.
In another embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a purified and isolated polynucleotide with a sequence consisting of the nucleotides number 122616 to 136025 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (PPVO insert of VVOV 82), for the treatment of hepatitis, wherein said polynucleotide encodes a protein that is effective to down-regulate cross-presentation.
In another embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a recombinant protein encoded by a polynucleotide with a sequence consisting of the nucleotides number 122616 to 136025 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (PPVO insert of VVOV 82), for the treatment of hepatitis, wherein said polynucleotide encodes a protein that is effective to down-regulate cross-presentation.
In another embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a vector comprising a polynucleotide with a sequence consisting of the nucleotides number 122616 to 136025 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (PPVO insert of VVOV 82), for the treatment of hepatitis, wherein said polynucleotide encodes a protein that is effective to down-regulate cross-presentation.
In another embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a cell containing a vector comprising a polynucleotide with a sequence consisting of the nucleotides number 122616 to 136025 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (PPVO insert of VVOV 82), for the treatment of hepatitis, wherein said polynucleotide encodes a protein that is effective to down-regulate cross-presentation.

- 6 -=
Description of the invention = The invention relates to fragments of the PPVO genome of at least 15 or 30 or 100 base pairs in length, and recombinant proteins expressed therefrom and to the use of said fragments and recombinant proteins for the preparatioa of pharmaceutical compositions. The invention also relates to individual genes (0111's) of PPVO
and =
their expression products, and their use, *alone or in combination with others, for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions.
=
A protein, within the meaning of the invention, is any polypeptide of at least five amino acids. A recombinant protein, within the meaning of the invention, is any protein that is expressed in a cell, to which the coding polynucleotide was introduced using recombinant DNA technology.
A polynucleotide, within the meaning of the invention, is meant to comprise, poly-.
ribonucleotides and/or polydesoxyribonucleotides.
Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can be used as immunotherapeutic or immunoprophylactic agents for the treatment of infectious and non-infectious immuno-= 20 deficiencies. They can also be used for the treatment of tumor diseases, cancer, viral infections and diseases associated therewith, such as, e.g., hepatitis, papillomatosis, herpes virus infections, liver fibrosis, for the prevention or prophylaxis of infectious diseases after stress (e.g. operations), for the prevention and prophylmds of infectious diseases by administration prior to operations or procedures (e.g. preceding implan-- 25 tations of artificial limbs or dental procedures), for the prophylactic and metaphylactic treatment of non-viral infections, for the healing of wounds, and in particular for accelerating wound-healing processes and for promoting the healing of poorly healing or non-healing wounds (e.g. Ulcus cruris), for diseases such as multiple 'sclerosis, warts and other skin neoplasms, for alleric diseases, for preventing the onset of systemic 30 allergies and for topical allergies and for improving well-being, e.g.
in old age, for autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammatory diseases, such as, e.g., Crohn's disease,

- 7 = COPD and asthma. It is an object of the invention to use of polynucleotides and recombinant proteins of PPVO for the production of pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of the above mentioned conditions and diseases in humans and animals.
The viral strains of the invention are PPV0=NZ2 and homologues, such as D1701, NZ7, NZ10 and orf-11 strains. It is also possible to use polynucleotides and recombinant proteins of the progeny of these strains obtained by passaging and/or adaptation using specific cells, such as e.g. WI-38, MRC-5 or Vero cells.
We have found that the identified recombinant proteins are effective for the treatment of viral diseases, cancer and other diseases or conditions in which a Thl type immune response is of benefit. The results obtained also imply that PPVO gene products or parts thereof protect hepatitis virus-expressing hepatocytes (e.g.
hepatitis B virus, HBV, or hepatitis C virus, HCV) from immune attack through HBV or HCV
= 15 specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cells circulating in the blood because T cells will not leave the blood stream if their specific antigen is not presented by liver sinus endothelial cells (LSEC, that anatomically separate hepatocytes from .T cells passing the liver with the blood). Therefore, we expect to have a recombinant protein that is =
derived from the ORFs 120-R3 (base pairs 122616 ¨ 136025 Bp, recombinant virus VV0V82) that is able to down-modulate or prevent side effects such as necro-inflammatory liver disease when immunostimulants, e.g. cytoldnes or any others including the proteins described above administered to e.g. hepatitis patients.
Considering the knowledge about the influence of a Thl type immune induction in conditions and diseases such as latent and or chronic viral infections, proliferative = diseases such as cancer and the capability of recombinant proteins that contain gene =
products of PPVO or parts thereof. to induce a Thl immune response or a local immune response selectively, we claim the use of polynucleotides and recombinant .
polypeptides of PPVO and recombinant proteins that contain gene products of PPVO
or parts thereof for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions for use in humans and animals. The recombinant proteins are made from products or parts

- 8 -== thereof of the following open -reading frames (ORFs) of PPVO NZ2:
64r-96r (recombinants VVOV 285 and VVOV 330 as well as VVOV 243 and VVOV 283), 18r-57 (recombinants VVOV 97, VVOV 96 and VVOV 245), 4r-14r (recombinant VVOV 215). The recombinant protein may also be made from gene.products or parts thereof of ORFs 120-R3 (recombinant VVOV 82). The proteins may be prepared and used in any combination. =
Recombinant proteins of PPVO within the meaning of the invention shall be understood as proteins that derive from PPVO and are expressed in homologous or heterologous systems other than the systems in which PPVO is naturally produced.
- Examples for recombinant proteins of PPVO are proteins of PPVO which are expressed using Vaccinia virus 'vectors and fibroblasts as host cells or baculovirus vectors and insect cells as host cells. Recombinant proteins, within the meaning of the = invention, could also be produced in bacterial cells (e.g., Escherichia coli, Bacillus spec., Streptornyces spec.) or in yeast (e.g. Saccharonlyces cerevisiae, = Candida spec., Pichia pastoris, Hansenula spec.) systems. In these cases, polynucleotides of the PPVO genome would typically be brought into the respective host genome so that PPVO genes are expressed by the host. Recombinant proteins of = PPVO could also be expressed by the object in need in the sense of a gene therapy.
= Recombinant proteins, within the meaning of the invention, could also be recom-. binant virus particles that contain PPVO 'derived proteins.
Recombinant proteins, within the meaning of the invention, could also be in form of viral-like particles that are formed or assembled from PPVO derived proteins. Recombinant proteins, within the meaning of the invention, could also be chimeric proteins that contain PPVO
gene products.
= In a preferred embodiment of the invention the recombinant proteins are attached to particle-like structures or be part of particle-like structures.
=

- 9 -,.
In another preferred embodiment of the invention the recombinant proteins= are attached to, or part of, fusion proteins.
In another preferred embodiment of the invention the recombinant proteins are.
attached to, or part of, protein-coated particles.
= In another preferred embodiment of the invention the = recombinant proteins are attached to, or part of, virus-like particles.
= 10 Particle-like structures, ,such as particle-like fusion proteins, protein-coated particles or - virus-like particles can be phagocytosed = and processed by monocytes or macrophages. The process of phagocytosis enhances the efficacy of recombinant = proteins of the invention in uses within the meaning of the invention.
=
= 15 A particle-like structure, within the meaning of the invention, is particulate matter in particle-like form of which the average particle size and other characteristics are suitable for medical application. Preferred particle-like structures are, e.g., fusion proteins, protein-coated particles, or virus-like particles.
20 Immunomodulating activity is defined as local or systemic suppression and/or stimulation and/or induction of any= Th-1 or Th-2 type cytoldne response or of any effector function of these cytolcines, .(e.g. cytolytic or antiviral activity or humoral response) or the modulation of MI-1C cross-presentation. Immunomodulating activity could also be the induction of apoptosis in antigen presenting cells or recruiting of 25 antigen presenting cells. =
Nucleotides and recombinant proteins .of the invention can be administered at the = same time or sequentially, administered with other agents and drugs, e.g.
with drugs that treat the disease or are supportive, e.g. in the case of cancer therapy with = 30 antineoplastic or other anti-cancer agents or/and anti-coagulants or vitamins, pain relief and others.

µ,

- 10 -The nucleotides and recombinant proteins can be administered systemically (e.g., , intravenously, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intracutaneously, intraperitoneally), locally (e.g., into a tumor) or orally (per os). The recombinant proteins or products thereof should be formulated appropriately, e.g. in a non-pyrogenic solution or suspension for i.v. use or in capsules for iMplantation or in capsules for per os use.
Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can be administered, e.g., oral, nasal, anal, vaginal etc., as well as parenteral administration. Pharmaceutical compositions of ,the invention can be in the form of suspensions, = solutions, syrups, elixirs or appropriate formulations in polymers as well as liposomes.
Recombinant proteins of the invention can also be prepared with suitable = recombinant cell lines and other cell lines. Alternatively, non-recombirkint cell lines, such as WI-38, MR.C-5, Vero cells could be infected with recombinant viruses that carry the recombinant genes using viral vectors such as, but not limited to, the Vaccina virus (e.g., Vaccina lister). In addition, other suitable viruses can be used in = combination with other suitable cells (e.g., using Vaccinia virus vectors and fibro-blasts as host cells or baculovirus vectors and insect cells as host cells).
It is .
advantageous to cultivate the recombinant cell cultures in high-cell-density ferrnen-tations to achieve favorable productivity and a good overall process performance.
=
The invention relates to purified and isolated polynucleotides with the sequence of SEQ JD 01. The invention also relates to purified and isolated polynueleotides of at least 15 or 30 or 100 nucleotides which bind under stringent conditions to the poly-nucleotide of SEQ JD 01 or its complementary sequences.
Stringent conditions, within' the meaning of the invention are 65 C in a .buffer containing 1 mM EDTA, 0.5 M NaHPO4 (pH 7.2), 7 % (w/v) SDS.
The invention also relates to purified and isolated= polynucleotides which comprise the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID 01 or polynucleotide sequences encoding the

- 11 -same amino acid sequence and fragments of at least 15 or 30 or 100 nucleotides thereof. The invention also relates to recombinant proteins of five and more amino acids encoded by these polynucleotides.
= The invention also relates to purified and isolated polynucleotides which show at least 99 %, 95 % or 90 % or 80% sequence homology to the polyrtucleotides of the previous paragraph. =
s Homology of biological sequences, within the meaning of the invention, shall be = 10 understood as the homology between two biological sequences as calculated by the algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch. (1970. J. =Mol. Biol. 48: 443-453) using the BLOSUM62 substitution matrix (Henikoff and Henikoff 1992. Proc. Natl. Acid.
Sci.
USA 89:10915-10919) for-proteins and penalties of +4 and ¨3 for identical and.
non-identical bases, respectively, when comparing polynucleotide sequences. For com-parison of protein sequences the gap creation penalty and the gap extension penalty are 8 and 2, respectively. For comparison of polynucleotide sequences the gap creation penalty and the gap extension penalty are .20 and 3, respectively.
The invention also relates to purified and isolated polynucleotides which are active fragments of the PPVO genome, with a sequence selected from a group of sequences consisting of nucleotides 122616-136025 of SEQ ID 01. (PPVO insert of VVOV
82), 31003-46845 of SEQ ID 01 (PPVO insert of VVOV 96), 24056-33789 of SEQ ID 01 = (PPVO insert of VVOV 97), 10264-20003 Of SEQ ID 01 (PPVO insert of VVOV
215), 82324-92502 of SEQ ID .01 (PPVO insert of VVOV 243), 47952-66263 of SEQ ID 01 (PPVO insert of VVOV 245), 89400-103483. of SEQ ID 01 (PPVO insert of VVOV 283), 74804-88576 of SEQ ID 01 (PPVO insert of VVOV 285), and 102490-108393 of SEQ ID 01 (PPVO insert of VVOV 330).
=
=
The invention also relates to purified. and isolated polynucleotide which encode for the same amino acid sequence as the active fragments of the PPVO genome of the previous paragraph and to polynucleotides of at least 15 or 30 or 100 nucleotides

- 12 -binding under stringent conditions to the above mentioned active fragments of the PPVO genome or its complementary sequence.
The invention also relates to polynucleotides with 99 %, 95 %, or 90 %, or 80 %
sequence homology to 8equences consisting of nucleotides 122616-136025 of SEQ
= ID 01 (PPVO insert of VVOV 82), 31003-46845 of SEQ ID 01 (PPVO insert of VVOV 96), 24056-33789 of SEQ ED 01 (PPVO insert of VVOV 97), 10264-20003 of SEQ lD 01 (PPVO insert of VVOV 215), 82324-92502 of SEQ lD 01 (PPVO
insert of VVOV 243), 47952-66263 of SEQ ID 01 (PPVO insert of VVOV 245), 89400-103483 of SEQ lD 01 (PPVO insert of VVOV 283), 74804-88576 of SEQ ID
01 (PPVO insert of VVOV 285),= and 102490-108393 of SEQ ID 01 (PPVO insert of VVOV 330) or the respective complementary sequences.
The invention also relates to purified and isolated polynucleotide, with a sequence of nucleotides 3 to 539 (ORF. L1), 781 to 449 (ORF L2r), 1933 to 1664 (ORF L3r), 3269 to 2790 (ORF.L4r), 2799 to 3851 (ORF L5), 2962 to 3753 (ORF L6), 3784 to 3122 (ORF L7r), 4341 to 4.129 (ORF L8r), 4904 to 4428 (ORF lar), 6517 to 4970 (ORF 1r), 8042 to 6684 (ORF 2r), 9989 to 8070 (ORF 3r), 11195 to 10062 ORF
4r), 11493 to 11227 (014 5r), 11802 to 12038 (ORF 6), 12358 to 12080, (ORF 7r), 13980 to 12364 (ORF 8r), 14826 to 14053 (ORF 9ar), 15080 to 15394 (ORF 10), 16838 to 15423 (ORF 11r), 19021 to 16847 (ORF 1.2r), 19704 to 19156 (ORF 13r), .20314 to 19736 (ORF" 14r), 20401 to 22101 (ORP 15), 22125 to 22940 (ORF 6), 23003 to 23866 .(ORF 17), 26908 to 23873 (ORF 18r), 26926 to 27213 (ORF 19), = 27626 to 27216 (ORF 20r), 2054 to 27616 (ORF 21r), 32217 to 29800 (ORF
22r), 33380 to 32418 (ORF 23r), 33602 to 33393 (ORF 24r), 34466 to 33612 (ORF 25r), . 34735 to 34502 (ORF 26r), 35905 to 34739 (ORF 27r), 37194 to 35905 (ORF 28r), =37200 to 39248 (ORF 29), 41037 to 39229 (ORF 30r), 41374 to 42066 (ORF 31), 42336 to 41731 (ORF 32r), 42407 to 41997 (ORF 33r), 42410 to 43765 (ORF 34), 43770 to 43958 (ORF 35), 43980 to 44534 (ORF 36), 45727 to 44537 (ORF 37r), 45760 to 46557 (ORF 38), 46567 to 47568 (ORF 39), 47572 to 48303 (ORF 40), 48352 to 48621 (ORF 41), 49887 to 48634 (ORF 42r), 49917 to 50693 (ORF 43),

-13-50719 to 51102 (ORF 44), 51059 to 51511 (ORF 44a), 51584 to 52591 (ORF 45), 52509 to 53066 (ORF 46), 53523 to 53023 (ORF 47r), 53607 to 57473 (ORF 48), 58070 to 57528 (ORF 49r), 57700 to 58662 (ORF 50), 59674 to 58673 (ORF 51r), 62089 to 59678 (ORF 52r), 62198 to 62881 (ORF.53), 62909 to =63862 (ORF 55), 63858 to 64271 (ORF 56), 64309 to 66831 (ORF 57), 67266 to 66799 (ORF 58r), 67803 to 67273 (ORF 58ar), 67915 to 68607 (ORF 59), 68624 to 70984 (ORF 60), 70994 to 72898 (ORF 61), 72938 to 73507 (ORF 62), 73540 to 74211 (ORF 63), 76120 to 74207 (ORF 64r), 76749 to 76186 (ORF 65r), 77698 to 76799 (ORF 66r), 79343 to 77709 (ORF 67r), 79816 to 79367 (ORF 68r), 80529 to 79858 (ORF 69r), 80774 to 80529 (ORF 70r), 82815 to 80788 (ORF 71r), 83835 to 82834 (ORF 72r), 83874 to 85583 (ORF 73), 85535 to 84402 (ORF.74r),, 88096 to 85574 (ORF 75r), .
87759- to 88667 (ORF 76), 88920 to 88642 (ORF 77r),91652 to 88938 (ORF 78r), . 91667 to 92674 (ORF 79), 93466 to 92681 (ORF 80r), 93761 to 93486 (ORF 81r), 94060 to 93788 (ORF 82r), 94238 to 94080 (ORF 83r), 94508 to 94242 (ORF 84r), " 95571 to 94498 (ORF 85r), 96187 to 95600 (ORF 86r), 96202 to 97665 (ORF
87), 97915 to' 97643 (ORF 88r), 98251 to 99-537 (ORF 89), 99537 to 99974 (ORF 90), 100001 to 101140 (ORF 91), 101168 to 104650 (ORF 92), 106354 to 104795 (ORF
= 93r), 107947 to 106400 (ORF 94r), 108256 to 107.990 ORF.95r), 108719 to =
(ORF 96r), 109679 to 108738 (ORF 97r), 109861 to 169682 (ORF 98r), 110830 to=
.
= 10033 (ORF 99r), 110208 to 110417 (ORF 100), 1.10469 to 110651 (ORF 100a), 110915 to .111397 (ORF 101), 111419. to 111913 (ORF 102), 11.1949' to 112485 (ORF 103),.112593 to 113450 (ORF 104); 113323 to 112967 ORF 105r); 113526 to 114152 (ORF 106), 114199 to 115236 (ORF .107), 11535.3 to 115'787 (ORF 108), 115859 o 116551 (ORF 109), 116729 to 117523 (ORF 110), 117572 to 117114 (ORF Mr), 117423 to 118085 (ORF 12), 118968 to 118375 (ORF 114r), 118508 to 119119 (ORF 115), 119588 to 120202 (ORF 116), 120314 to 21231 (ORF 117), .
121380 to 123920 (ORF 118), 121288 to 122256 (ORF 119), 122350-to 123924 (ORF 120), 123962 to 125566 (ORF 121), 125193 to 124591 (ORF 122r), 125689 to 123935 (ORF 1230, 123839 to 123297 ORF 123ar), 125652 to 126170 (ORF 124), 126121 to 125699 (ORF 125r), 126279 to 127769 (ORF 126), 127851 to 128408 (ORF 127), 128520 to 130076 (ORF 128), 130105 to 131700 (ORF 129), 131790 to

14 PCT/EP2002/014402 133283 (ORF 130), 133246 to 133920 .(ORF 131), 133972 to =134370 (ORF 132), 134418 to 134693 (ORF 133a), 134402 to 134992 (ORF R1), 134853 to 134419 (ORF R2r), 135628 to 135897 (ORF R3), 136780 to 137112 ORF R4), and 137558 to 137022 (ORF R5r) of SEQ IP 01, which encode for the identified open reading frames (ORFs) listed in Table 7. ORFs of this paragraph of which the start position is a larger number than the stop position are coded by the complementary sequence of SEQ ID 01. The names of these ORFs end with the letter "r". The invention also . relates to the complementary sequences of the sequences of this paragraph.
=
The invention also relates to polynucleotides which encode for the same amino acid sequence as encoded by the identified ORFs of the previous paragraph. The invention also relates to polynucleotides of at least 15, 30 or 100 nucleotides binding under = .
stringent conditions to the identified ORFs. The invention also relates to.
poly-= =
nucleotides which show at least 99 %, 95 % or 90 % or 80 % sequence homology.to . .
the sequences of the previous paragrapb or which are functional variants a sequence _ = of the previous paragraph.
. -A functional variant of a gene, within the meaning of the invention, shall be defined as a gene which is at lea.st 99 %, or 95 %, or 90 %, or 80 % homologous to the first gene and which has a similar biological function as the first -gene. A
functional variant of a gene can also-be a Second gene encoding the same amino acid sequence as does the first gene (or as does a functional variant thereof), employing the degeneration of the genetic code. A functional variant of a gene can also be a poly-nucleotide comprising the same sequence as has said gene, however said poly-nucleotide being shorter (i.e., by means of deletions of one or several nucleotides at one or both ends of the polynucleotide) or said polynucleotide haying additional nucleotides at one or both ends of the identical part of the polynucleotide.
= A functional variant of a protein, within the meaning of the invention, shall be .
defined as another protein which is at least 99 %, or 95 %, or 90 %, or 80 %
=

- 15 -homologous to the first protein and which has a similar biological function as has the original protein.
The invention also relates to recombinant proteins encoded by nucleotides of the invention and parts and fragments of said proteins which are at least 5 or 7 or 10 or =
30 amino acids long. =
The invention also relates to recombinant proteins encoded by nucleotides of the =
invention and parts and fragments of said proteins which are at least 5 or 7 or 10 of 30 amino acids long, said recombinant proteins being attached to a carrier protein or = to another carrier. Attaching a protein to a carrier protein can improve or strengthen the immune response to said protein, thereby enhancing the therapeutic or prophylactic effect of administering said protein to a subject.
=
. The. invention also relates to vectors containing polynucleotides of the invention and cells containing these vectors or polynucleotides of the invention.
. -The invention also relates to the use of recombinant proteins and polynucleotides of the invention, alone or in combination with at least one other =recombinant protein or polynucleotide of the invention for the manufacture of pharmaceutical composiiions.
Combinations of recombinant proteins (or polynucleotides) according to the=
' invention, comprise = combinations of at least two recombinant proteins encoded by SEQ ID 01 (or combinations of at least two fragments of a polynucleotide of SEQ lD 01), =
= combinations of at least two recombinant proteins encoded by the same active fragment of the PPVO genome, i.e., two or more recombinant proteins encoded by the same VVOV of Table 3, Table 4, Table 5, and Table 6 (or WO 2004/054614 . PCT/EP2002/014402

-16-= combinations of at least two fragments of the same active fragnzent (VVOV) of the PPVO genome), = combinations of at least two recombinant proteins, encoded by at least two distinct active frag,rnents of the PPVO genome, i.e., from distinct VV0Vs of = Table 3, Table 4, Table 5, and Table 6 (or combinations of at least two fragments of at least two distinct active fragments (VV0Vs) of the PPVO
genome), or = = combinations of at least two distinct recombinant proteins encoded by ORFs of Table 7 (or combinations of at least two polynucleotides with the sequence of any of the ORFs listed in Table 7). =
= =
The invention also relates ,to the use of recombinant viruses comprising the Vaccina lister genome and selected fragments of the PPVO genome for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions.
=
- The invention also relates to the use of recombinant proteins and polynucleotides of the invention for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions for the treatm.ent of virus related diseases, viral infection's, non-viral infections, proliferative diseases, inflammatory diseases, allergic diseases, and autoimmune diseases:
Viral infections, within the meaning of the invention, shell be understood as diseases associated with 'viral infections of the human or animal body, such as hepatitis, .25 papillomatosis, herpes virus infections; liver fibrosis, I-11V infections, AIDS, and influenza.
=
Non-viral infections, within the meaning of the invention, shell be understood as diseases associated with non-viral infections of the human or animal body, such= as = 30 infections with mycobacteria, mycoplasma, amoebia, and plasmodia.

WO 2004/054614. . PCT/EP2002/014402

- 17 -Proliferative diseases, within the meaning of the invention, shell be understood as diseases associated with proliferative disorders, such as cancer, leukemia, warts, tumor diseases, and other skin neoplasms.
=
Inflammatory diseases, within the meaning = of the invention, shell be understood as diseases associated with acute or chronic inflammatory conditions, such as inflam-mation of the skin or organs, Crohn's disease, COPD, Asthma, but also conditions related to the healing of wounds, e.g. Ulcus cruris., and others.
=
Allergic diseases, within the meaning of the invention, shell be understood as = -comprising both systemic and topical allergies.
Autoimmune diseases within the meaning of the invention, shell be understood as comprising systemic =lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, and juvenile diabetes mellitus, and other auto-= immune diseases. . .
The invention also relates to the use of recombinant viruses comprising a Vaccinia lister genome and fragments of a PPVO genome for the manufacture of pharma- -ceutial compositions.
The invention also relates to .the use of recombinant viruses comprising a Vaccinia lister genome and at least one heterologous gene to express at least one heterologous =
= = = gene in a subject, e.g., for prophylactic and/or therapeutic purposes.
=
The invention also relates to the use of a recombinant viruses comprising a Vaccinia = lister genome and at least one heterologous gene for gene therapy.
"Gene therapy", within the meaning of the invention, shall be understood as the act of administering to a subject polynucleotides (and, if necessary, suitable adjuvants or suitable carriers) for the purpose of obtaining a prophylactic or therapeutic effect in =

T.

= =- 18 -said subject. Typically, the polynucleotides administered are expressed in the subject and the expressed gene products exert a prophylactic or therapeutic effect.
The inVention also relates to (a) a particle-like structure comprising a recombinant polypeptide encoded by an open reading frame (ORF) of the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 1 or . fi.mctional variants of said polypeptides, .(b) the use of a particle-like structure- of (a) for the preparation of a medicament, =
(c) the use of a particle-like structure of (a) for the preparation of a medicarrient for the treatment of virus related diseases, viral infectionS, non-viral infections, proliferative diseases, inflammatory diseases, allergic diseases, and/or autoimmune diseases, = =
=
. (d) pharmaceutical compositions comprising a particle-like structure 6f (a), and to = 20 (e). pharmacelitical compositions comprising a particle-like structure of (a) for the = treatment of virus related diseases, = viral infections, non-viral infections, = proliferative diseases, inflammatory diseases, allergic diseases, and/or autoi-une diseases. ' Brief description of the figures =
Figure 1 shows the genomic locations of the DNA fragments constituting the insertion library. The position of each DNA fragment is shown against the Kpnl map of PPVO NZ2 (Mercer et al. 1997, Virology, 229: 193-200).

=
Examples =
Example 1: Determination of the integrated PPVO Fragments in the active VV0Vs.
DNA preparation from Vaccinia lister/PPVO recombinants was performed as =
follows:
BK-KL 3A cells were grown to confluency in 175 cm2 flasks (Becton Dickson Labware, Heidelberg, Germany). Cells were infected with a recombinant Vaccina listerIPPV 0 virus (VVOV) of Mercer et al. (1997, Virology, 229: .193-200) at a MO1 (multiplicity of infection) of 0.01-0.32 and incubated at 37 C until 100 % CPE

(cytopathic effect) had been reached. The infected cells were frozen at ¨80 C, thawed and processed as follows, with modification to the RNA extraction method of Vilcek et al. (1994, J. Clin. Microbiol. 32: 2225-2231). Using 2 ml PLG Heavy Eppendorf tubes (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany) 0.5 ml aliquots of cellular suspension were incubated with .100 ug Proteinase K (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Mannheim, Germany) and50 p.1 SDS (Sigma-Aldrich, Chemie .GmbH, Tauflcirchen, Germany) at 56 C for 25 min.. 0.5= ml Rotie-Phenol/Chloroform (Carl Roth GmbH, Karlsruhe, -=
Germany) was added and the tubes were inverted for several times. After = centrifugation at 12000 x g for 10 min, ,the upper phase was transferred into a fresh tube and two volumes of ethanol (Merck Eurolab GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany) and 1/10 volume of sodium acetate (Sigma-Aldrich, Chemie GmbH, Taufldrchen, = Germany) was added. The reagents were mixed several times and stored at -80 C for - 3 h. The tubes were centrifuged at 14000 x g for 30 min, the supernatant was decanted and the pellet was air-dried for 5-10 min. Finally the DNA pellet was resuspended in 30 ul nuclease free water and stored at -20 C until used.
DNA concentration Was measured spectrophotometrically on a BioPhotometer 6131-(Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany) at 260/280 nm. rim. The DNA yield of different sample preparations spanned from 100 ng/ml up to 1 tig/ml.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of terminal flanking regions of the integrated fragments in the Vaccinia lister/PPVO recombinants was performed as follows:
Three different PCR amplification systems were used for amplifying the terminal flanking regiOns. Each reaction mixture of 50 1.11 contained 100 ng ¨ 1 lig re-suspended DNA and primers ={Table 1)) were added in a final concentration of 300 n.M. Amplifications were carried out on a Mastercycler gradient (EPpendorf, Hamburg, Germany).
The 3-prime flanking region Of recombinant vyov 285 had been analyzed using 2 x.
=
Ready-MixTm PCR Master Mix (1,5 mM MgC12) (AB Gene, Hamburg, Germany).
- 1 ill BSA (MBI Fermentas GmbH, St. Leon-Rot, Gerinany) was added to .each reaction. Denaturation was performed at 94 C for 3 =min, followed by 30 cycles (94 C for 30 s, 58.7 C - 65.3 C for 30 s, 72 C for 1 min) and 72 C for 5 min.
=
' The 5-prime flanking region of the PPVO insert of recombinant VVOV 285, the = _ prime flanking region of VVOV 97, and both terminal flanking regions of VVOV 215, VVOV 243, VVOV 245 were amplified using PfuTurboe DNA=
Polymerase (Stratagene, Amsterdam, Netherlands). The reactions were setup with 2.5 U of enzyme, 1.5 ni_M MgC12 and 200 p.M of each dNTP. Denaturation was performed at 94 C for 3 min, followed by 30 cycles (94 C for 30 s,=58.7 C ¨
65.3 C
for 30 s, 72 C for J. min) and 72 C for 5 min.
The amplification of the 5-prime flanking region of VVOV 97 and VVOV 82, the 3-prime flanking region of VVOV 96 and VVOV 283 were performed with Platinium Pfx DNA Polymerase (Life Technologies GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany).
A reaction of 50 p.1 contained 1.25 U polymerase, 1-1.5 mM MgC12 and 300 1.iM
of =
each dNTP. Additional use of PCRx Enhancer Solution was necessary for amplification of the 5-prime flanking regions of VVOV 96 (lx concentrated) and the' 3-prime flanldng regions of VVOV 82 (2x concentrated). Denaturation was =

performed at 94 C for 2 min, followed by 30 cycles (94 C for 15 s, 54.6 C ¨
60.7 C
for 30 s, 68 C for 1-2 min) and 68 C for 5-7 min.

18 p.1 of each amplification product was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis on 5 1.5-2 SeaKem LE agarose (Biozym, Hessisch Oldendorf, Germany). After staining in a ethidium bromide solution for 20 min the DNA fragments were visualized on an TSJV transilluminator UVT-20 M/W (Herola.b, Wiesloch, Germany). -The sequence of the amplified DNA-fragments were. determined by standard 10 sequencing procedures and compared to the published Vaccinia lister thymidine kinase-sequence and the =genome sequence of PPVO NZ2 to determine exactly the integrated PPVO NZ2 sequences.

..
, Table 1 - =
. .
.

N
. . .

=
= 0 PCR-primers, amplification and sequencing of the terminal flanking regions of the integrated fragments in the Vaccinia lister/PPVO NZ2 g .P.
- recombinants ...
.
0.
. . ' = ' .
. .
Amplified terminal == =
= Length of amplifi-VVOV . .
Primers used for amplification region of NZ2 insert = .=
cation product [bp] 0 Primer name . = Sequence S' - 3' = 0 1.) ¨

5, VAC-P11-1 ATTACAGTGATGCCTACATGCCG ' 0.

. VVOV 215 =' PPVO 14r-1 OCTGTAGTCGTGGTCCGGC
. 01 1-.
=
w = PPVO 4r-2 CTTCCTAGGCTTCTACCGCACG
3' 402 1.) ' VAC-TK-1 CGGTTTACGTTGAAATGTCCCAT

1-.
0.

5`.
553 . , 0 PPVO =57-1 CTGGCCAACGACGCCTTC -N) 1-.

t.) 1 1.) , 0.
3' =

VAC-P11.-1 ATTACAGTGATGCCTACATGCCG
=
5' 241 PPVO 78r-5 GAACCCOCTCTCGCTCGA

' PPVO 64r-1 GCCGGGCAAGTGTCTGGTC

=320 =
VAC-P11-1= ATTACAGTGATGCCTACATGCCG
*C1 n 5'392 . VVOV 330 t PPVO 96r-1 AGAGCTTTACGTAGACTCTCCAAGTGTC
=
3' =

. =
¨
=
.
. .
4:.
.0 .= =
. . t.) .
= .' . ' =
=
Table 1 (continued) Amplified terminal Length of amplifi-VVOV = Primers.Used for amplification region of NZ2 insert =
cation product [bp] z=:->
=
Primer name = Sequence 5' =VAC-TK-fwd ATACGGAACGGGACTATGGACG
5'239 PPVO 22r-3 GCGGTGGCCATGTACGTG

PPVO 22r-4 =GGTTGTGGCGATGGTCGG
3' 1055 =

1.) VAC-TK-fwd = ATACGGAACGGGACTATGGACG
5' 309' =

=
PPV.0 18r-1 CTTGATGAGCCGGACGCA = .

= PPVO 25r-1CCGAGTTGGAGAGGAAGGAGC
3' VAC-TK-1 CGGTTTACGTTGAAA.TGTCCCAT

5' =
PPVO 71r-1 CGTGCTCATGCCTGTGGAC
1.) 3' VAC-TK-1 , CGGTTTACGTTGAAATGTCCCAT
u.) 3' 234 .

VAC-TK-fwd ATACGGAACGGGACTATGGACG
5' _ 275 3'- =

VAC-TK-1= õCGGTTTACGTTGAAATGTCCCAT
=
41, = CZ) tsI
=
=

= WO

Example 2: Induction of interferon gamma and turnor necrosis factor alpha by = PPVO gene products The 16 recombinants were tested of their ability to induce tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) and interferon gamma (IFN-y) in whole blood cultures. =
Whole blood cultures containing blood and RPMI medium (Life Technologies GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) in the ratio of 1:5 were stimulated with the recombinant viruses. A pure Vaccinia lister and a whole PPVO preparation served as controls. All . 10 preparations were used at a final dilution of 1:10. The stimulation for the IEN-y = determination was done together with ConcanavalinA (SIGMA, =St. Louis, MO), because the virus alone does not induce IFN-y. Then the cells were incubated for 24 h = (TNF-a) and or 72 h (IFN-7)..The cytokine concentration was then determined in the = cell culture supernatants by TNF-a or ]FN-y specific ELISA. These time points were found to be optimal when the experimental conditions were determined using whole =
PPVO as a control.
= It was possible to identify 5 active recombinant viruses (VVOV 96, VVOV
97, VVOV 243, VVOV 285, and VVOV 330) that induced both TNF-a and IFNI
=
secretion and, thus, could mimic the effect of the whole PPVO. The results are = depicted in Table 2.
= =
=

=

=
Table 2 TNF-a was determined after 24 h stimulation of blood cells with the recombinant virus or the controls, respectively. IFN-7.was determined after 72 h stimulation of 5 blood cells with the recombinant virus or the controls. Stimulation was performed in the presence of the mitogen ConA. The relative induction in percent 'of the Vaccinia virus control is shown. Therefore, values greater than 100 % are due to the activity of ,= the PPVO fragments. Active PPVO fragments are in bold. The data represent mean values of three different blood donors. =
Recombinant Virus Clone Interferon Induction TNF Induction or control (%) (%) Vaccinia virus control 100 100 NZ-2 control 2224= 264 =
VVOV 80 200 = =66 VVOV 85 209, 94 =

= VVOV 97 1713 1285 =
=
VVOV 212 = 94= 62 VVOV 213 =192 38 -VVOV 245 = = 98 45 = VVOV 247 85 VVOV 283 = 115 = 78 Table 3 =
The recombinant Vaccinia lister/ PPVO viruses that induce both interferon gamma and TNF-a expression are listed in column 1, the "corresponding PPVO sequence in =
column 2 and all open reading frames (ORFs) that are completely or partially contained in the recombinant are depicted in column 3.
=
=
Active recombinant PPVO NZ2 Sequence PPVO NZ2 ORFs PPVO Vaccinia virus [Bp] that is contained in that are contained in the recombinant the recombinant VVOV 97 24056 ¨ 33789 18r ¨ 25r =
VVOV 96 31003 ¨ 46845 22r ¨ 39 VVOV 285 74804 ¨ 88576 = 64r-76 = VVOV 243 . 82324 ¨ 92502 = 71r ¨ 79 =
VVOV 330 = 102490 ¨ 108393 92 ¨ 96r =
Example 3: Local immunomodulation by PPVO gene products in liver sinus endothelial cells (LSEC) . =
=
= We have established a new cell-based assay system that allows testing of hepato-protective properties of recombinant PPVO proteins expressed in different systems (e.g., Vaccinia virus). This assay system uses primary murine liver cells, which play = the central role in deciding whether immunity or tolerance- is induced in the liver, the LSEC. The unique ability of LSEC to present exogenous antigens to CD8+ T cells on MHC class I molecules allows immune surveillance of hepatocytes as viral antigens released by infected hepatocytes are likely to be taken by LSEC and presented to cells of the immune system. The new assay =allows to measure the ability of LSEC to interact antigen-specifically with CD8+ T cells, that are responsible for tissue destruction in necroinflammatory hepatitis.

=

Pure populations of LSEC are isolated from murine liver by a stepwise procedure of = portal-vein perfusion with collagenase A (0.05 %), mechanical dispersion and further enzymatic digestion in a rotatory waterbath for 40 min at 37 C (245 rpm), gradient centrifugation (metrizamide 1.089g/cm3) and centrifugal elutriation using a Beckman Avanti J25I centrifuge =equipped with a JE-6B rotor and a standard elutriation Chamber. LSEC cell populations isolated by this method are typically around 95-99 % pure as measured by uptake of endothelial cell specific substrate (acetylated = low density lipoprotein). LSEC were seeded onto collagen type I coated 24 well tissue culture plates at a density of 100.000 cells per well and were further cultured in = Dulbecco's modified= Eagle Medium supplemented with 5 %
fetal calf serum (specially tested not to interfere With the assay system) and 2 % glutamine.
Three days after isolation, when LSEC gained a postmitotic and quiescient state, we tested = for the ability of LSEC to present soluble ovalbumin to (ovalbtunin-specific) CD8+ T
cells. -LSEC were incubated with 1 uM of ovalbumin for three hours (antigen dose - = and time were previously shown to be optimal for testing of substances suspected to influence antigen-presentation), washed and incubated with a =CD8+ T cell hybridonia (200.000 cells/well) that recognizes the peptide SDNFEKL. SIINFEKL
is =
= recognized in a H2b context and directly"binds on the MHC-I molecules.
Therefore, it has not to be processed by the Cell. This allows to differentiate between, accessory " 20= functions of LSEC (such as MHC-I expression) and antigen-processing function.
=
The extent of CD8+ T cell activation waS measured by determining the extent of 11,-2 release from T cells by specific sandwich ELISA.
Using Vaccinia virus expressed recombinant proteins derived from PPVO we have been able to attribute hepatoprotective activity to individual clones. To be able to compare different clones directly with respect to their ,ability to influence crosS-.
presentation by LSEC, we used equal amounts of "infectious units".
We found that LSEC cross-present exogenous ovalbumin very efficiently on MHC
class I molecules (kb) to CD8+ T cells. To our surprise we found if LSEC were = WO

incubated with several recombinant PPVO proteins we observed subsequently a potent downregulation of cross-presentation by more than 60 % compared to the mock-treated control that includes all but the active ingredient. Several regions within the genome of }TV have immunregulatory properties. Especially the region termed 82 (43 % reduction) which is located at the 3' end of the genome appears to be responsible for the overall effect of PPVO on cross-presentation by LSEC.
Further regions (VVOV 215, VVOV 212, VVOV 247= and VVOV 86) bear further immunregulatory potential, although to a lesser degree (around 30 % reduction in cross-presentation). It further appears that genes coding for proteins that down-regulate cross-presentation are arranged in clusters. It is of interest to note that we identified two gene clusters coding for proteins that improved cross-presentation (VVOV 330; VVOV 283, VVOV 285, VVOV 97, and VVOV 96). However, for unknown reasons the downregulatory effect of the proteins = mentioned above is dominant in the activity of PPVO on cross-presentation.
= 15 . Our results strongly suggest that PPVO contains a mixture of different proteins that . in a complementary way work to eliminate hepatocytes from hepatitis B virus while conserving hepatic integrity and avoiding long lasting damage secondary to hepatic .
=
fibrosis. As PPVO contains a gene With high homology to the anti-inflammatory = agent IL-10 (located in the 5-prime region of the genome) we wondered whether the potent downregulatory effect of the clone 82 was due to expression = of ovine IL-10.
This assumes that there is cross-reactivity between murine and ovine 1L-10 at the level of receptor recognition. We have been unable to demonstrate involvement of ovine 11-10 on the immunoregulatory potential of PPVO. Recombinant murine EL-did not show any influence on cross-presentation through LSEC and several -monoclonal antibodies to murine and human 1L-10 did not influence PPVO
mediated downregulation of cross-presentation. We conclude that the immunoregulatory component of PPVO is probably not IL-10 but a new, so far not identified mediator.
= The data for the MIFIC-I cross-presentation - down-modulating recombinant virus are depicted in Table 4, those for the MHC-I cross-presentation - stimulating recombinant viruses in Table 5.
=
=

Table 4 =
The recombinant Vaccinia lister/ PPVO virus that down-modulates the MHC-I
cross presentation is designated in column 1, the corresponding PPVO sequence in column = 2 and all open reading frames (ORFs) that are completely or partially contained in the recombinant are depicted in column 3.
Active reconibinant PPVO NZ2 Sequence PPVO NZ2 ORFs PPVO Vaccinia virus [Bp] that is contained in that are contained in = the .recomb in ant the recombinant VVOV 82 122616 ¨ 136025 120 ¨ R3 Table 5 The recombinant Vaccinia lister/ PPVO viruses that stimulate the MHC-I cross presentation are designated in column 1, the' corresponding PPVO sequence in column 2 and all open reading frames (ORFs) that are completely or partially contained in the recombinant are depicted in -column 3.
Active recombinant PPVO NZ2-Sequence PPVO NZ2-ORFs PPVO Vaccinia virus [Bp] that is contained in that are contained in the recombinant the recombinant VVOV 97 24056 ¨ 33789 18r ¨ 25r VVOV 96 . 31003 ¨ 46845 22r ¨ 39 = VVOV 285 - 74804 ¨ 88576 = 64r ¨ 76 = =
VVOV 283= 89,4 ¨ 103483 78r ¨ 92 VVOV 330 1-02490 ¨ 108393 92 ¨ 96r =
=

Example 4: Determination of the immunostimulatory activity of the Vaccinia lister / PPVO recombinants in the Aujeszky mouse model We also tested the activity of recombinant Vaccinia listerIPPV0 NZ2-viruses in the Aujeszky mouse model, a lethal challenge model of acute Suid Herpesvirus 1 disease for determining the activity of various immunostimulators (e.g. Baypamune, CpG
oligonucleotides). =
a) Conditions employed for the mice =
The NMRI mice (outbreed strain HdsWin:NMRI; female; weight: 18-20 g;
obtained via Harlan/Winkelmann, Borchen, Germany) were kept in auto-= clavable polycarbonate crates lined with sawdust in an S2 isolation stall at 20-22 C (atmospheric humidity: 50-60 %) and subjected to an artificial day/night rhythm (illumination from 6:30 h to 18:30 h and darkness from 18:30 h to 6:30 h). They had free access to feed and water.
b) Challenge model =
=
Groups of mice consisting of 10 mice per group were used for the tests. All of = the animals in one group were given the same test substance.
After the mice were supplied they were kept in the animal stall for 2,3 days.
Then the Vaccinia listerIPPV0 NZ2 recombinants were= diluted with PBS =
(Life Technologies GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) to a titer equivalent of approx. 108 TaD50/m1 and thermally inactivated (twice for one hour at 58 C). Of these solutions 0.2 ml was administered per mouse intraperi-.
toneally.
24 hours after the treatment the mice were infected with the pseudorabies virus of the Hannover 112 strain by intraperitoneal administration. For this purpose the virus was =
diluted in PBS to a test titer of approx. 104 TOD50/m1 and 0.2 ml of this suspension was adniinistered.
=
As a negative control one group of mice was treated with PBS and then infected. The mice in this group died 3-8 days after infection. A large proportion of the mice treated the Vaccinia listerIPPV 0 NZ2 recombinants VVOV 215, VVOV 245, VVOV
285 or VVOV 330 survived infection with the pseudorabies virus. 10 days after the infection with the virus the test was ended.
=
The level of induced immunostimulation was. determined by comparing the number of dead mice in the PBS control group with the number of dead mice in the test groups and was quantified by the efficacy index (El). This index indicites the percentage proportion of mice protected against the lethal effects of the Aujeszlcy =
virus infection through immune stimulation by the substance to be tested. It is = calculated by means of the following formula:
EI = (b-a)lb x 100, = where b is the percentage proportion of the dead mice in the control group and a the percentage proportion of the dead mice in the test group.
A. chi-square test was used for the statistical evaluation. This test reveals the = minimum activity indices indicating a significant difference between the mortality rate of those mice treated with the test substance and those treated with PBS.
Activity indices of 60 % are significant where at least 5 of the mice used in tests with n5 mice per group in the PBS control group and at least 7 of the mice used in tests with n=10 in the PBS control group do not survive the infection with the Aujeszky virus.
Altogether 3 separate tests were carried out in each case. The testing of Vaccinia listerIPPV 0 NZ2 recombinants in the Aujeszlcy mouse model shows the following:

= - 32 -Surprisingly, after =the treatment of the mice with the Vaccinia listerIPPV0 = recombinants VVOV 215, VVOV 245, VVOV 285 or VVOV 330 the average activity indices of higher than 60 % demonstrated immunostimulation. By contrast all of the other Vaccinia listerIPPV0 NZ2 recombinants were ineffective. The data is summarized in Table 6.
Table 6 =
The recombinant Vaccinia lister/ PPVO viruses that protected mice from herpesvirus induced death are designated in column 1, the corresponding PPVO sequence in column 2 and all open reading frames (ORFs) that are completely or partially contained in the recombinant are depicted in column 3.
=
Active recombinant PPVO NZ2-Sequence PPVO NZ2 ORFs = PPVO Vaccinia virus. [Bp] that is contained in that are contained in = the recombinant the recombinant VVOV 215 = = 10264 ¨ 20003 . 4r ¨ 14r VVOV 245 47952 ¨ 66263 40r - 57 = =
VVOV 285 74804 ¨ 88576 64r ¨ 76 = VVOV 330 102490 ¨ 108393 = 92 ¨ 96r Table 7 Sequences of the Parapox ovis open reading frames. ORFs the names .of which end with "r" are encoded on the complementary DNA strand. Base pair positions in the 5. "from" and "to" column are relative to SEQ ID 01.
ORF from = to N-term C-term Comment long termal repeat (LTR)-protein, , Ll 3 539 IRGFAG PQKVFRL
retroviral pseudoprotease. .
L2r 781 449 MSEGGRL LLGLLFP LTR-protein, retroviral pseudoprotease L3r 1933 1664 MTVHPPK VLPPNSL LTR-protein, retroviral pseudoprotease L4r 3269 2790 MHPSPRR PVSHPFL LTR-protein, retroviral pseudoprotease = L5 = 2799 3851 MGDREGE FEDGVKC LTR-protein, retroviral pseudoprotease = . =
LTR-protein, similar to 134r, retroviral L6 2962' 3753 MCTVATF GAPRAGW
= pseudoprotease = L7r 3784 3122 MTPTSR_E ARTAPPR LTR-protein, retroviral pseudoprotease = . L8r 4341 4129 MPGEGQY NGGLGICI LTR-protein, retroviral pseudoprotease lar 4904 4428 MEFCHTE DTAWYIS dUTPase lr 6517 4970 MLSRESV RAMLTRP homolog of GIL in NZ2, AnIcyrin-repeats 2r 8042 6684= MFFWFWC SGEGVPV
involved in maturation of EEV
' 3r 9989 8070 MLGFWGK= VLPSVSR
(Extracellular Enveloped Virions) = 4r 11195 10062 MWPFSSI EFCKPIN
Phospholipase D-type enzyme 5r 11493 11227 MLIYGPR RLLKDFP homolog of B3L in NZ2 6 11802 12038 MGVVMCG A_PAGVTE
ubiquitination protein with RING-finger- =
7r 12358 12080 MPVICVKQ ASREFIV motiv (related to yeast proteins and HRT1) 8r 13980 12364 MEEELTR SPMVVFN no Vaecinia virus hotnolog =
'9ar 14826 14053 MIRIGGG DNMRVDD =
15080 15394 MDGGVHIC. EQMCRRQ virion core DNA-binding phosphoprotein 11r, = 16838 15423 MAPPVIE AKNVITH polyA polyrnerase 12r 19021 16847 MLQLLKR NNRGFRK

ORF from to = N-term C-term Comment interferon resistance protein, homology to mammalian PACT (protein activator of the interferon-induced protein kinase) also called PRICRA (dsRNA dependent 13r 19704 19156 = MACECAS NNCGISF activator of Interferon-induced protein kinase), 13r-protein contains a dsRBD
motiv (double-stranded RNA binding domain) and a 'DRADN-domain that is typical for RNA-editing enzymes) 14r 20314 . 19736 MDEDRLR. KKGKPKS RNA polymerase 16 22125 = 22940 MVDSGTH PENVVLL =
17 23003 23866 MA- SYISG RTHTVYV =
18r 26908 23873 MLFEMEL SKPVFTG DNA polymerase distant homolog of the ERVVALR-= .
= protein-family (ERV1: yeast Protein,

19 26926 27213 MEPRFWG AKVRPLV Essential for Respiration and Vegatative growth, ALR: mammalian protein, . Augmenter of Liver Regeneration) 20r 27626 27216 MEAINVF RAYEGML
21r 29754 27616 MLLYPICK LLGDGGD related to 12r =
22r 32217 29800 EAQNMQN
-2.3r 33380 32418. MEDERLI PSPCGGE
24r 33602 33393 MD1CLyTG HIYLKLV
25r 34466 - 33612 1vEKRAVSK LEAPFNI DNA binding phosphoprotein -26r 34735 34502 MESRDLG LNARRQN
27r 35905 34739 MNI-EFFKQ RSLYTVL
-28r 37194 35905 MDKYTDL PEKPAAP core protein 29 37200 39248 MENHLPD IEAEPPF RNA helicase Zn-protease, involved in virion 30r 41037 39229 MIVLENG RMGARPR =
morphogenesis 31 41374 42066 MTFRELI DSMASRS late transcription factor 32r 42336 41731 MRGHPAH VAPREEL
=

= WO

ORF from to N-term C-term Comment 3,3r = 42407 41997 MASDASP QPSSSRR Glutaredoxin-like enzyme 35 43770 43958 MVFPIVC LPMLDIS RNA polymerase 37r 45727 44537 MESSKQA TRAPPLF core virion protein precursor 38 = 45760 46557 MTLRIKL DRSLSCD late transcription factor = 40 47572 48303 MGAAASI TEFPPSV virion protein, related to vaccinia F9L

42r 49887 48634 MEEICRGR ARAMVCL
43 49917 50693 MTNLLSL TGAEAAP core protein, DNA binding domain 44a 51059 51511 MDHEKYV ATLSPGL =
45 . 51584 52591 MEGVEMD RPLRGGK. = polyA polymerase 46 52509 53066 MNRHNTR SVSVVLD RNA polymerase = . =
47r 53523 53023 MFFRRRA GRRPPRP
48 53607 57473 MSVVARV EAAEEEF RNA polymerase chain 1 = 49r 58070 57528 = MGDKSEW FVCDSPS tyrosine phosphatase 51r 59674 58673' MDPPEIT LLVTATV immunodominant envelope protein . , RNA polymerase-associated transcription 52r 62089 59678 MDSRESI YMENTFNN
specificity factor (also called RAP94) 53 62198. *62881 MSSWRLK KAAACICK late transcription factor 55 62909 63862 MRALHLS NSEQVNG topoisomerase I

= 57 64309 66831 MDAPSLD LYVFSKR mRNA capping enzyme 58r- 67266 66799 MEPSAMR DVQHVDL virion protein 58ar 67803 67273 MAGFSQS TTCVPPQ
59 - 67915 68607 MATPANA FSFYSEN Uracil DNA glycosylase = 60 68624 70984 MAAPICD LEDVENK ATPase, involved in DNA replication 61 70994 72898 MNSDVEK EVSVVNI early transcription factor 62 72938 73507 MSTFRQT ASPAAKN RNA polymerase 63 73540 -74211 MRTYTSL WGAAVTR NTP pyrophosphohydrolase ORF from to N-term C-term Comment 64r 76120 -74207 MTSAHAA VDPASIA virion NTPase 65r 76749 76186 MEGRARF RFCNYCP
. 66r 77698 76799 MKTDCAS ICLICLLLQ mRNA capping enzyme 67r 79343 77709 MNNSVVS AEKVTAQ rifampicin resistance, virion membrane 68r 79816 79367 MKRIALS MALKSLI late transactivator protein 69r 80529 79858 MNLRMCG AACSLDL late transactivator protein . 70r 80774 80529 MGDNVWF VLGLEQA thioredoxin-like protein 71r 82815 -80788 MESPACA , NMCDVLC major core protein 72r 83835 82834 MDLRRRF VDNTGTS core protein 73 83874 85583 MEESVAV LLNYGCG RNA-polymerase 74r 85535 84402 MDRLRTC AEAAESA
75r 88096 85574 MVSVMRK QEFYPQP early transcription factor - 76= 87759 88667 MFQPVPD SACRASP =
77r= *88920. 88642 MRPCYVT TRGTQTG
- 78r 91652 88938 MTAPNVH AVSFDSE major core protein .
=
79 91667 92674 MTA'VPVT VRKLNLI
80r 93466 92681 MASE1CMA DLDGGMC virion protein =
. 81r= 93761 93486 MGLLDAL RFSAASS virion membrane protein 82r 94060 93788 MDIFETL DIELTAR virion membrane protein 83r 94238 94080 MVSDYDP HFVHSVI
= 84r 94508 94242 MFLDSDT DMPFSVV
85r 95571 94498 MGDTVSK KTINVSR
= 86r 96187 95600 MESYFSY EDLFFAE = virion membrane protein 87 96202 97665 MFOGVQV GRDLAAV RNA helicase =
= 88r 97915 97643 MSAVICAK PLRDLAR Zn-finger protein .
89 98251 99537 MTSESDL ATARAQP DNA polymerase processivity factor 90 99537 99974 =MIVAAFD NYVLRTN
91 100001 101140 MLALFEF LKE'LLGP intermediate transcription factor 92 101168 104650 MEQALGY SLFSPED RNA polyrnerase b-chain = -93r 106354 104795 MESDNAL GQHAAIW A-type inclusion body/Fusion peptide 94r 107947 106400 MEKLVSD GRSGAIW A-type inclusion body/Fusion peptide 95r. 108256 107990 MDENDGE QTGYSRY viral fusion protein 96r 108719 108300 MDAVSAL LFLKSIL

=

ORF from to N-term C-term Comment 97r 109679 108738 -MADAPLV RELRANE RNA polymerase subunit = 98r 109861 109682 MEEDLNE MGQASSA
99r 110830 110033. MDVVQEV ADSDGGN ATPase 100a 110469 110651 MRPKSVG SGHTKPS
101 110915 111397 MAHNTFE KYFCVSD enveloped virion glycoprotein 102 111419 111913 MGCCKVP CMKEMHG =enveloped virion glycoprotein 104 112593 113450 MKA'VLLL LNLNPGN GM-CSFEL-2 inhibition factor 105r 113323 112967 MHASLSS DETLTYR

= 108 115353 115787 MACF1bL 1-11SSSE
=109 115859 116551 MSSSSSETT TTGTSTS
110 116729 117523 MACLR'VF CSMQTAR GM-CSF/IL-2 inhibition factor 111r 117572. 117114 MAIAHTT FRFRTPG
= 112 117423 118085 MAATIQI ICRDGYSR
114r 118968 118375 MEGLMPK RPISVQK

116 119588 =120202 MRLILAL PQMIARIG

= 118 121380 123920 MHLHICDP LAPP SLA

120 122350 123924 MENNDGN RFLPSHIC related to 1r/G IL
with AnIcyrin-repeats = 121 123962 125566 MDPAGQR CSETDRW
122r 125193 124591 MSSSAAA IAPDSRM =
123r '125689 123935 MTAEASI DPVYBIECK
123ar 123839 123297 MPRTTSG REQTEGL
124 =125652 126170 MANREEI VRVLRRT
= 125r 126121 125699 MTAPTPR AAYSLAR
126 126279 127769 MADEREA = LACAMRK related to 1r/G1L
with Ankyrin-repeats 127 127851 128408 MSKNKIL SYMTTKM sheep-like Interleukin 128 128520 130076 - MLTRCYI RASGLAE related to 1r/G1L wih AnIcyrin-repeats ORF from to N-term C-term Comment 129 130105 131700 MVGFDRi CGRRAPE related to lr/G IL, with Ankyrin-repeats (NT slightly changed) 130 131790 133283 MILARAG PDAAALS Kinase homolog to the sheep VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) 133a 134418 134693 MR1CICAPR ARTAPPR corresponds to L7r R1 134402 134992 MMRSGHA RMHRSEL LTR-protein (corresponds to L4r), retroviral pseudoprotease R2r 134853 134419 MCTVATF SVAPSSA LTR-protein (corresponds to L6, 134r), retroviral pseudoprotease R3 135628 135897 MTVHPPK VLPPNSL LTR-protein (corresponds to L3r), = retroviral pseudoprotease LTR-protein (corresponds to L2r), .
R4 136780 137112 MSEGGRL LLGLLFP =
retroviral pseudoprotease LTR-proteiri (corresponds to Lir), R5r 137558 137022 1RGFAGG PQKVFRL
retroviral pseudoprotease =
=

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Claims (18)

CLAIMS:

1. Use of a purified and isolated polynucleotide with a sequence consisting of the nucleotides number 122616 to 136025 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (PPVO insert of VVOV 82), for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of hepatitis, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is effective to down-regulate cross-presentation.

2. Use of a recombinant protein encoded by the polynucleotide as defined in claim 1, for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of hepatitis, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is effective to down-regulate cross-presentation.

3. Use of a vector comprising the polynucleotide as defined in claim 1, for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of hepatitis, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is effective to down-regulate cross-presentation.

4. Use of a cell containing a vector comprising the polynucleotide as defined in claim 1, for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of hepatitis, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is effective to down-regulate cross-presentation.

5. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a polynucleotide with a sequence consisting of the nucleotides number 122616 to 136025 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (PPVO insert of VVOV 82), for use in the treatment of hepatitis, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is effective to down-regulate cross-presentation.

6. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a recombinant protein encoded by a polynucleotide with a sequence consisting of the nucleotides number 122616 to 136025 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (PPVO insert of VVOV
82), for use in the treatment of hepatitis, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is effective to down-regulate cross-presentation.

7. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a vector comprising a polynucleotide with a sequence consisting of the nucleotides number 122616 to 136025 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (PPVO insert of VVOV 82), for use in the treatment of hepatitis, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is effective to down-regulate cross-presentation.

8. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 5 to 7, which is for administration systemically or locally.

9. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 5 to 8, which is for intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intracutaneous, intraperitoneal, oral, nasal, anal, vaginal or parenteral administration.

10. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 5 to 9, which is in the form of a suspension, a solution, a syrup or an elixir; or which is in formulation with polymers or liposomes.

11. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 5 to 7, which is for intravenous administration and is in a non-pyrogenic solution or suspension.

12. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 5 to 7, which is for oral administration and is in the form of a capsule.

13. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 5 to 12, which is for use at the same time or sequentially with one or more other agents or drugs.

14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 13, wherein the one or more other agents or drugs are antineoplastic or other anti-cancer agents, anti-coagulants, vitamins or pain relief agents.

15. Use of a purified and isolated polynucleotide with a sequence consisting of the nucleotides number 122616 to 136025 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (PPVO insert of VVOV 82), for the treatment of hepatitis, wherein said polynucleotide encodes a protein that is effective to down-regulate cross-presentation.

16. Use of a recombinant protein encoded by a polynucleotide with a sequence consisting of the nucleotides number 122616 to 136025 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (PPVO
insert of VVOV 82), for the treatment of hepatitis, wherein said polynucleotide encodes a protein that is effective to down-regulate cross-presentation.

17. Use of a vector comprising a polynucleotide with a sequence consisting of the nucleotides number 122616 to 136025 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (PPVO insert of VVOV 82), for the treatment of hepatitis, wherein said polynucleotide encodes a protein that is effective to down-regulate cross-presentation.

18. Use of a cell containing a vector comprising a polynucleotide with a sequence consisting of the nucleotides number 122616 to 136025 of SEQ ID NO: 1 (PPVO
insert of VVOV 82), for the treatment of hepatitis, wherein said polynucleotide encodes a protein that is effective to down-regulate cross-presentation.