CA2389950A1 - How to produce crude petroleum from organic wastes by a process called petrolisation - Google Patents
How to produce crude petroleum from organic wastes by a process called petrolisation Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2389950A1 CA2389950A1 CA002389950A CA2389950A CA2389950A1 CA 2389950 A1 CA2389950 A1 CA 2389950A1 CA 002389950 A CA002389950 A CA 002389950A CA 2389950 A CA2389950 A CA 2389950A CA 2389950 A1 CA2389950 A1 CA 2389950A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- organic wastes
- carbon compounds
- crude petroleum
- catalyst
- synthetic crude
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 239000010815 organic waste Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical class [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001722 carbon compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000009903 catalytic hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001149 thermolysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010791 domestic waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010805 inorganic waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010871 livestock manure Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010813 municipal solid waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/002—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal in combination with oil conversion- or refining processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/06—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal by destructive hydrogenation
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a process for producing synthetic crude petroleum from carbon compounds-organic wastes in virtue of hydrogenation using two natural catalysts instead of one or many costly industrial catalysts. The process recreates in industry natural conditions of petroleum formation as they existed millions of years ago. Using two natural catalysts, conversion of heterogeneous organic wastes is now not only possible but also profitable because production efficiency of synthetic crude is improved by more than 50%. While recycling unwanted heterogeneous organic wastes, the process has the advantage of producing a valuable product. Doing so, petrolisation is a permanent solution to organic waste problems and a permanent source of valuable crude.
Description
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a process for the conversion of carbon compounds-organic wastes to produce a synthetic crude petroleum by hydrogenation with two natural catalysts instead of one industrial catalyst. Petrolisation is a process for recreating in industry natural conditions of crude petroleum formation like mother nature did milions of years ago. Instead of using one or many costly industrial catalysts, the process works with a natural iron catalyst plus a natural salt catalyst. In already known process of hydrogenation, the choice of catalyst is very important: an iron catalyst is suitable for the conversion of coal or homogeneous carbon matters but not efficient enough to produce crude petroleum using heterogeneous carbon compounds-organic wastes as raw materials. The main cause is the presence of humidity or moisture in organic wastes or matters.
With salt, the second natural catalyst of the process, petroleum formation efficiency is improved by more than about 50% because salt, NaCI, has the property to retain humidity and to avoid formation of microscopic crystals of oxygen upon the iron catalyst. The salt catalyst chemically helps the iron catalyst in the whole process of hydrogenation using heterogeneous carbon compounds-organic wastes as raw materials to produce synthetic crude petroleum.
HOW TO PRODUCE CRUDE P);TROLEUM FROM ORGANIC WASTES
BY A PROCESS CALLED PETROLISATION.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to a process for producing hydrocarbons from carbon compounds contained in organic wastes or matters, in particular, to a process for producing synthetic crude petroleum from heterogeneous organic wastes by catalytic hydrogenation.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
There is a steadily increasing demand for technology which is capable of the conversion and recovery of usefull products from discarded and unwanted materials such as solid organic wastes.
With the increased environmental emphasis for the conversion and recycle of unwanted and potentially environmentally damaging organic wastes, there is an increased need for improved processes to convert organic wastes to produce synthetic crude petroleum which may then subsequently be used to produce valuable, finished products such as heating oil or diesel. Therefore, those skilled in the art have sought to find feasible and economical techniques to convert solid organic wastes to produce synthetic crude.
As for the industrial production of synthetic crude petroleum, the first known process is berginisation, from Friedrich Bergius, german chemist, 1921. This technique consists in making synthetic crude petroleum from coal by hydrogenation using an iron catalyst.
Research presently being conducted suggests that liquid synthetic crude petroleum produced from carbon compounds-organic wastes could economically meet a much larger energy demand. In U.S.
Pat. No. 6,133,491, Mr. Xing, October 17, 2000, a process is disclosed for producing hydrocarbons from residential trash or waste and/or organic waste materials. In this process, they use an industrial catalyst called SR-1 comprising 5% CHO-l, 20% REY, 309'o mercerized zeolite and 45% ZMS-5. In U.S.
Pat. No. 6,060,631, Mr. James, May 9, 2000, a process is disclosed fur the conversion of plastic to produce a synthetic crude oil. In this process, they use an industrial catalyst containing amorphous and/or zeolitic components. Many other disclosures describe well known processes like catalytic hydrogenation.
Their main differences lie in the choice of catalysts. They adjust the conditions of hydrogenation according to the chosen catalysts. Petrolisation, also, is a process of catalytic hydrogenation but comprising 2 natural catalysts, iron and salt, instead of an industrial one and fitting the conditions of hydrogenation to these natural catalysts.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
A method using carbon compounds contained in organic wastes or matters for producing liquid synthetic crude petroleum having the same chemical components as natural crude petroleum is described as follows:
Preparation of carbon compounds-organic wastes.
- Take carbon compounds-organic waste like domestic wastes, vegetal residues, animal residues, residues from paper, carboard, wood, textile, plastic, rubber, even dry manure, rotting matters, etc.
Only inorganic wastes like metal, glass, pottery or concrete are excluded.
- Shred these organic wastes to a size a diameter less than about 10 millimetres.
- Dry these shredded wastes to about 5-159'o humidity, preferably to about 109'o humidity.
- Take an iron catalyst, FeO, crush it to a size a diameter less than about 1 millimetre. Mix it with shredded and dried wastes in a proportion between about 29'0-159'0 of the total weight, preferably about 59'0.
- Take a salt catalyst, NaCI, crush it to a size a diameter less than about 1 millimetre. Mix it with shredded and dried wastes in a proportion between about 2%-159'0 of the total weight, preferably about 10%.
- Put the prepared wastes in a reactor where they can be heated in an oxygen-free environment.
- Now, the carbon compounds-organic wastes are shredded, dried, mixed with two catalysts, namely Fe0 and NaCI, and ready for thermolysis and hydrogenation.
Thermolysis and Hydrogenation - Manage to have an oxygen-free environment within the reactor.
- Pump hydrogen gas into the reactor till a pressure of about 1500-3000 p.s.i., preferably about 1850 p.s.i., is reached.
- Heat up to about 380°C-450°C, preferably about 400°C, under a constant hydrogen gas pressure. It is essential to heat prepared wastes in an oxygen-free environment.
- Maintain these conditions during about 15-60 minutes, preferably about 30 minutes, causing formation of liquid synthetic crude petroleum.
- Extract mixtures of gases, liquids and solids from reactor.
- Repeat process of petrolisation using formed synthetic crude petroleum as raw material.
Deoxidization - This repeated petrolisation formed synthetic crude petroleum must be deprived of oxygen using an acid, preferably sulfuric acid, to have the same chemical components as natural crude petroleum.
After deoxidization, the process yields about 60~% liquid synthetic crude petroleum, 20% reusable gases and/or reusable solids and 20% water and remainings. The whole process of petrolisation is self sufficient: the process yields 5 times more energy than it consumes.
The present invention provides a process for the conversion of carbon compounds-organic wastes to produce a synthetic crude petroleum by hydrogenation with two natural catalysts instead of one industrial catalyst. Petrolisation is a process for recreating in industry natural conditions of crude petroleum formation like mother nature did milions of years ago. Instead of using one or many costly industrial catalysts, the process works with a natural iron catalyst plus a natural salt catalyst. In already known process of hydrogenation, the choice of catalyst is very important: an iron catalyst is suitable for the conversion of coal or homogeneous carbon matters but not efficient enough to produce crude petroleum using heterogeneous carbon compounds-organic wastes as raw materials. The main cause is the presence of humidity or moisture in organic wastes or matters.
With salt, the second natural catalyst of the process, petroleum formation efficiency is improved by more than about 50% because salt, NaCI, has the property to retain humidity and to avoid formation of microscopic crystals of oxygen upon the iron catalyst. The salt catalyst chemically helps the iron catalyst in the whole process of hydrogenation using heterogeneous carbon compounds-organic wastes as raw materials to produce synthetic crude petroleum.
HOW TO PRODUCE CRUDE P);TROLEUM FROM ORGANIC WASTES
BY A PROCESS CALLED PETROLISATION.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to a process for producing hydrocarbons from carbon compounds contained in organic wastes or matters, in particular, to a process for producing synthetic crude petroleum from heterogeneous organic wastes by catalytic hydrogenation.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
There is a steadily increasing demand for technology which is capable of the conversion and recovery of usefull products from discarded and unwanted materials such as solid organic wastes.
With the increased environmental emphasis for the conversion and recycle of unwanted and potentially environmentally damaging organic wastes, there is an increased need for improved processes to convert organic wastes to produce synthetic crude petroleum which may then subsequently be used to produce valuable, finished products such as heating oil or diesel. Therefore, those skilled in the art have sought to find feasible and economical techniques to convert solid organic wastes to produce synthetic crude.
As for the industrial production of synthetic crude petroleum, the first known process is berginisation, from Friedrich Bergius, german chemist, 1921. This technique consists in making synthetic crude petroleum from coal by hydrogenation using an iron catalyst.
Research presently being conducted suggests that liquid synthetic crude petroleum produced from carbon compounds-organic wastes could economically meet a much larger energy demand. In U.S.
Pat. No. 6,133,491, Mr. Xing, October 17, 2000, a process is disclosed for producing hydrocarbons from residential trash or waste and/or organic waste materials. In this process, they use an industrial catalyst called SR-1 comprising 5% CHO-l, 20% REY, 309'o mercerized zeolite and 45% ZMS-5. In U.S.
Pat. No. 6,060,631, Mr. James, May 9, 2000, a process is disclosed fur the conversion of plastic to produce a synthetic crude oil. In this process, they use an industrial catalyst containing amorphous and/or zeolitic components. Many other disclosures describe well known processes like catalytic hydrogenation.
Their main differences lie in the choice of catalysts. They adjust the conditions of hydrogenation according to the chosen catalysts. Petrolisation, also, is a process of catalytic hydrogenation but comprising 2 natural catalysts, iron and salt, instead of an industrial one and fitting the conditions of hydrogenation to these natural catalysts.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
A method using carbon compounds contained in organic wastes or matters for producing liquid synthetic crude petroleum having the same chemical components as natural crude petroleum is described as follows:
Preparation of carbon compounds-organic wastes.
- Take carbon compounds-organic waste like domestic wastes, vegetal residues, animal residues, residues from paper, carboard, wood, textile, plastic, rubber, even dry manure, rotting matters, etc.
Only inorganic wastes like metal, glass, pottery or concrete are excluded.
- Shred these organic wastes to a size a diameter less than about 10 millimetres.
- Dry these shredded wastes to about 5-159'o humidity, preferably to about 109'o humidity.
- Take an iron catalyst, FeO, crush it to a size a diameter less than about 1 millimetre. Mix it with shredded and dried wastes in a proportion between about 29'0-159'0 of the total weight, preferably about 59'0.
- Take a salt catalyst, NaCI, crush it to a size a diameter less than about 1 millimetre. Mix it with shredded and dried wastes in a proportion between about 2%-159'0 of the total weight, preferably about 10%.
- Put the prepared wastes in a reactor where they can be heated in an oxygen-free environment.
- Now, the carbon compounds-organic wastes are shredded, dried, mixed with two catalysts, namely Fe0 and NaCI, and ready for thermolysis and hydrogenation.
Thermolysis and Hydrogenation - Manage to have an oxygen-free environment within the reactor.
- Pump hydrogen gas into the reactor till a pressure of about 1500-3000 p.s.i., preferably about 1850 p.s.i., is reached.
- Heat up to about 380°C-450°C, preferably about 400°C, under a constant hydrogen gas pressure. It is essential to heat prepared wastes in an oxygen-free environment.
- Maintain these conditions during about 15-60 minutes, preferably about 30 minutes, causing formation of liquid synthetic crude petroleum.
- Extract mixtures of gases, liquids and solids from reactor.
- Repeat process of petrolisation using formed synthetic crude petroleum as raw material.
Deoxidization - This repeated petrolisation formed synthetic crude petroleum must be deprived of oxygen using an acid, preferably sulfuric acid, to have the same chemical components as natural crude petroleum.
After deoxidization, the process yields about 60~% liquid synthetic crude petroleum, 20% reusable gases and/or reusable solids and 20% water and remainings. The whole process of petrolisation is self sufficient: the process yields 5 times more energy than it consumes.
Claims (5)
-
- MULTIPLE DEPENDENT CLAIM
- What I claim as my invention is:
- A method of producing a synthetic crude petroleum having the same chemical components as a natural crude petroleum from thermolysis-hydrogenation-deoxidization of heterogeneous carbon compounds called organic wastes or matters contained within a reactor comprising in combination:
a) shredding the heterogeneous carbon compounds-organic wastes to a size a diameter less than about 10 millimetres, b) drying the shredded heterogeneous carbon compounds-organic wastes to about 10% humidity, c) mixing the shredded dried heterogeneous carbon compounds-organic wastes with a size a diameter less than about 1 millimetre FeO-iron catalyst in proportions about - 5% of total weight, d) mixing the shredded dried iron-catalyst-mixed heterogeneous carbon compounds-organic wastes with a size a diameter less than about 1 millimetre NaCl-salt catalyst in proportions about 10% of total weight, e) injecting hydrogen gas into an oxygen-free reactor under constant pressures about 1850 p.s.i., f) heating the shredded dried iron-salt-catalyst-mixed heterogeneous carbon compounds-organic wastes to about 400°C, g) thermolysing-hydrogenating the shredded dried iron-salt-catalyst-mixed heterogeneous carbon compounds-organic wastes during about 30 minutes causing formation of a synthetic crude petroleum, h) repeating the whole process using the formed synthetic crude petroleum as raw material, i) deoxidizing the repeated petrolisation formed synthetic crude petroleum with a sulfuric acid.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002389950A CA2389950A1 (en) | 2002-06-28 | 2002-06-28 | How to produce crude petroleum from organic wastes by a process called petrolisation |
| US10/379,522 US20040002622A1 (en) | 2002-06-28 | 2003-03-06 | How to produce crude petroleum from organic wastes by a process called petrolisation |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002389950A CA2389950A1 (en) | 2002-06-28 | 2002-06-28 | How to produce crude petroleum from organic wastes by a process called petrolisation |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2389950A1 true CA2389950A1 (en) | 2003-03-09 |
Family
ID=4171174
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002389950A Abandoned CA2389950A1 (en) | 2002-06-28 | 2002-06-28 | How to produce crude petroleum from organic wastes by a process called petrolisation |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20040002622A1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2389950A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9085735B2 (en) | 2013-01-02 | 2015-07-21 | American Fuel Producers, LLC | Methods for producing synthetic fuel |
| JP6976853B2 (en) * | 2015-01-07 | 2021-12-08 | スカイ メディカル テクノロジー リミテッドSky Medical Technology Limited | Electronic device |
| US12157858B2 (en) | 2020-08-25 | 2024-12-03 | Resonante LLC | Process for production of useful hydrocarbon materials from plastic waste |
| US20220064539A1 (en) | 2020-08-25 | 2022-03-03 | Resonante LLC | Process for production of useful hydrocarbon materials from plastic waste and reaction system therefor |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3602041C2 (en) * | 1986-01-24 | 1996-02-29 | Rwe Entsorgung Ag | Improved process for processing carbon-containing waste |
| US4983278A (en) * | 1987-11-03 | 1991-01-08 | Western Research Institute & Ilr Services Inc. | Pyrolysis methods with product oil recycling |
| CZ98196A3 (en) * | 1993-10-04 | 1996-10-16 | Texaco Development Corp | Process of plastic material partial oxidation |
| US6060631A (en) * | 1997-06-23 | 2000-05-09 | Uop Llc | Process for the conversion of plastic to produce a synthetic crude oil |
-
2002
- 2002-06-28 CA CA002389950A patent/CA2389950A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2003
- 2003-03-06 US US10/379,522 patent/US20040002622A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20040002622A1 (en) | 2004-01-01 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Discontinued |