CA2136018C - Composition et procede permettant de reduire la teneur en contaminants des huiles renfermant des glycerides - Google Patents
Composition et procede permettant de reduire la teneur en contaminants des huiles renfermant des glycerides Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2136018C CA2136018C CA002136018A CA2136018A CA2136018C CA 2136018 C CA2136018 C CA 2136018C CA 002136018 A CA002136018 A CA 002136018A CA 2136018 A CA2136018 A CA 2136018A CA 2136018 C CA2136018 C CA 2136018C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- oil
- sodium
- ffa
- hydrous
- amount
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 146
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 125000005456 glyceride group Chemical group 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title abstract description 20
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title description 15
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 67
- 235000021588 free fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- KEZYHIPQRGTUDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[dithiocarboxy(methyl)amino]acetic acid Chemical compound SC(=S)N(C)CC(O)=O KEZYHIPQRGTUDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000004115 Sodium Silicate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000010913 used oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 35
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Na2O Inorganic materials [O-2].[Na+].[Na+] KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229910052910 alkali metal silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 4
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 123
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 25
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 22
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 21
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 16
- 239000003518 caustics Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 10
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000000017 hydrogel Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000004006 olive oil Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000004061 bleaching Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000008162 cooking oil Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000008390 olive oil Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 235000019795 sodium metasilicate Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 235000019482 Palm oil Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002540 palm oil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000003904 phospholipids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000003716 rejuvenation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 244000068988 Glycine max Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000019351 sodium silicates Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 240000007817 Olea europaea Species 0.000 description 2
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000019484 Rapeseed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000012343 cottonseed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008157 edible vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004686 pentahydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000019489 Almond oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000017060 Arachis glabrata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000105624 Arachis hypogaea Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010777 Arachis hypogaea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000018262 Arachis monticola Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000002791 Brassica napus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000004977 Brassica sinapistrum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000283153 Cetacea Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000007049 Juglans regia Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000009496 Juglans regia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001310793 Podium Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000019498 Walnut oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000008168 almond oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000378 calcium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052918 calcium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OYACROKNLOSFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;dioxido(oxo)silane Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][Si]([O-])=O OYACROKNLOSFPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002385 cottonseed oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004332 deodorization Methods 0.000 description 1
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000002683 foot Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019645 odor Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000020232 peanut Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003303 reheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicic acid Chemical compound O[Si](O)(O)O RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001948 sodium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008234 soft water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002277 temperature effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- POWFTOSLLWLEBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrasodium;silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] POWFTOSLLWLEBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000020234 walnut Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008170 walnut oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B3/00—Refining fats or fatty oils
- C11B3/008—Refining fats or fatty oils by filtration, e.g. including ultra filtration, dialysis
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B3/00—Refining fats or fatty oils
- C11B3/10—Refining fats or fatty oils by adsorption
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Fats And Perfumes (AREA)
- Edible Oils And Fats (AREA)
- Detergent Compositions (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US3296793A | 1993-03-18 | 1993-03-18 | |
| US08/032,967 | 1993-03-18 | ||
| PCT/US1994/002848 WO1994021765A1 (fr) | 1993-03-18 | 1994-03-17 | Procede de reduction des contaminants presents dans des huiles glyceridiques |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2136018A1 CA2136018A1 (fr) | 1994-09-29 |
| CA2136018C true CA2136018C (fr) | 2005-02-01 |
Family
ID=21867835
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002136018A Expired - Fee Related CA2136018C (fr) | 1993-03-18 | 1994-03-17 | Composition et procede permettant de reduire la teneur en contaminants des huiles renfermant des glycerides |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0646162A4 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JPH07507100A (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR950701676A (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA2136018C (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO1994021765A1 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2007088421A3 (fr) * | 2005-08-26 | 2008-01-03 | Ocean Nutrition Canada Ltd | Reduction de sterols et autres composes provenant d'huiles |
Families Citing this family (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB9408865D0 (en) * | 1994-05-04 | 1994-06-22 | Unilever Plc | Process for refining glyceride oil |
| US6248911B1 (en) * | 1998-08-14 | 2001-06-19 | Pq Corporation | Process and composition for refining oils using metal-substituted silica xerogels |
| US6376689B1 (en) | 1999-09-02 | 2002-04-23 | Cargill, Incorporated | Removal of gum and chlorophyll-type compounds from vegetable oils |
| US7977498B2 (en) | 2005-08-26 | 2011-07-12 | Ocean Nutrition Canada Limited | Reduction of sterols and other compounds from oils |
| DE102006061604A1 (de) * | 2006-12-27 | 2008-07-03 | Alois Dotzer | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Kraftstoffs aus Pflanzenöl |
| DE102009043418A1 (de) | 2009-09-29 | 2011-04-07 | Süd-Chemie AG | Alumosilikat-basierte Adsorbentien zur Aufreinigung von Triglyceriden |
| DE102014210662A1 (de) | 2014-06-04 | 2015-12-17 | Gea Westfalia Separator Group Gmbh | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Gewinnung von Glycoglycerolipiden und Glycosphingolipiden aus lipoiden Phasen |
| EP3098293A1 (fr) | 2015-05-27 | 2016-11-30 | Evonik Degussa GmbH | Procédé d'élimination de métaux à partir d'une huile de glycérides contenant un métal comprenant le traitement d'un sel d'ammonium quaternaire basique |
| GB2538758A (en) | 2015-05-27 | 2016-11-30 | Green Lizard Tech Ltd | Process for removing chloropropanols and/or glycidol |
| EP3098292A1 (fr) | 2015-05-27 | 2016-11-30 | Evonik Degussa GmbH | Procédé de raffinage d'huile glycéridique comprenant un traitement de sel d'ammonium quaternaire basique |
| EP3483237A1 (fr) | 2017-11-10 | 2019-05-15 | Evonik Degussa GmbH | Procédé d'extraction d'acides gras d'une huile glycéridique |
| MY176002A (en) * | 2018-04-25 | 2020-07-21 | Sime Darby Plantation Intellectual Property Sdn Bhd | Process for producing crude palm fruit oil |
| GR1009852B (el) * | 2019-01-23 | 2020-10-29 | Pinchas Or | Ελαιολαδο ψυχρης εκθλιψης με περιεκτικοτητα ελευθερων λιπαρων οξεων μικροτερη του 0,1% |
| EP3858958A1 (fr) * | 2020-01-28 | 2021-08-04 | Or, Pinhas | Huile d'olive pressée à froid ayant une teneur en acides gras libres inférieure à 0,1 % |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3557008A (en) * | 1967-05-08 | 1971-01-19 | Jennings Dev Corp | Animal fat cleaning composition and method |
| GB2006729B (en) * | 1977-09-14 | 1982-10-06 | Johns Manville | Fast flow rate coarse synthetic hydrous calcium silicate |
| EP0269173B2 (fr) * | 1986-11-24 | 1995-10-25 | Unilever N.V. | Adsorbant à base de métal-oxyde-silice et son utilisation dans le raffinage d'huiles |
| GB8718523D0 (en) * | 1987-08-05 | 1987-09-09 | Unilever Plc | Marine/vegetable oil blend |
-
1994
- 1994-03-17 EP EP94912793A patent/EP0646162A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1994-03-17 WO PCT/US1994/002848 patent/WO1994021765A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 1994-03-17 CA CA002136018A patent/CA2136018C/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-03-17 KR KR1019940704107A patent/KR950701676A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 1994-03-17 JP JP6521217A patent/JPH07507100A/ja not_active Ceased
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2007088421A3 (fr) * | 2005-08-26 | 2008-01-03 | Ocean Nutrition Canada Ltd | Reduction de sterols et autres composes provenant d'huiles |
| AU2006337417B2 (en) * | 2005-08-26 | 2011-01-20 | Dsm Nutritional Products Ag | A process for the removal of sterols and other compounds from glycerol oils |
| CN101292020B (zh) * | 2005-08-26 | 2013-02-20 | 加拿大海洋营养食品有限公司 | 一种从丙三醇油中去除固醇和其他化合物的方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH07507100A (ja) | 1995-08-03 |
| KR950701676A (ko) | 1995-04-28 |
| EP0646162A1 (fr) | 1995-04-05 |
| CA2136018A1 (fr) | 1994-09-29 |
| WO1994021765A1 (fr) | 1994-09-29 |
| EP0646162A4 (en) | 1995-04-19 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| MKLA | Lapsed |