CA2156005A1

CA2156005A1 - Multiple color offset press utilizing aqueous ink and waterless printing plates with interstation drying and extraction

Info

Publication number: CA2156005A1
Application number: CA 2156005
Authority: CA
Inventors: John W. Bird
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1994-08-16
Filing date: 1995-08-14
Publication date: 1996-02-17
Also published as: EP0697290A1; JPH08169188A

Abstract

A rotary offset printing method utilizes dry planographic, waterless printing plates, aqueous printing ink and interstation drying and extraction. Because a dampening system is not needed and the aqueous printing ink does not contain oily components, the problems associated with the two-component water/oil chemistry of offset lithography printing are eliminated. The aqueous printing ink is transferred to a waterless printing plate having a non-image surface area which is hydrophobic and also having an image surface area which is hydrophilic. The aqueous printing ink is applied to the surface of the waterless printing plate whereby the image areas are wetted by the aqueous printing ink, and the aqueous printing ink is repelled from the non-image surface areas. The water component of the aqueous printing ink is evaporated by a high velocity, hot air interstation dryer. Water vapor, volatiles and hot air are extracted from the press by a high performance heat and moisture extractor so that the aqueous ink on a freshly printed substrate is dry and can be immediately overprinted on the next printing unit.

Description

~_ 2156û0~

MULTIPLE COLOR OFFSET PRESS UTILIZING AQUEOUS INK
AND WATERLESS PRINTING PLATES WITH
INTERSTATION DRYING AND EXTRACTION

This invention relates generally to rotary offset printing presses, and in particular to a rotary offset press in which water-based printing ink is transferred to a waterless printing plate and then to an ink receptive blanket without using a dampening unit, and in which the aqueous printed sheet is dried by a high velocity, hot air dryer and a heat and moisture extractor system.
Printing is a highly developed art which includes three basic printing processes, namely (a) L~GyLaphy (letterpress and flexography), which is printing from a raised surface; (b) lithography, which is printing from a substantially flat surface having chemically-treated image and non-image areas, in which the image areas are wettable by ink (oleophilic) and the non-image areas are wettable by water (hydrophilic); and (c) rotogravure and intaglio, which employ engraved plates in which the printing ink is received in depressions or recesses. The planographic printing process, sometimes referred to as offset lithogra-phy, relies upon the principle that oil and water are mutually repellant. Rotary offset printing is a special form of the lithographic process which employs a cylindri-cal plate having a planographic surface.
A conventional rotary offset press utilizes a lithographic plate cylinder. In offset printing with lithographic plate cylinders, the printing plate surface is chemically treated to form mutually exclusive, ink recep-~_ 2156005 tive areas and water receptive areas. Offset lithographyprinting plates have non-image areas which are hydrophilic (wettable by water) and also having image surface areas which are oleophilic (wettable by ink). In the course of the printing process, the lithographic plate is completely wetted with a water film (a damppning solution), and the oil-based ink is then applied to the printing plate by the inking rollers. The hyd~ophobic oil-based ink will be rejected by the hydrophilic surface areas that are wetted by water. This produces an inked image on the oleophilic surface of the printing plate which may then be transferred to the surface of an intermediate ink receptive blanket, which transfers (offsets) the inked image onto a substrate, for example a paper sheet or web.
Printing inks cont~;n;ng high-boiling range mineral oils are characterized by a long drying interval.
The drying of oil-based printing inks is accomplished through evaporation, penetration and absorption of the solvent and oily components of the printing ink into the substrate, and by oxidation of the oily components which is accelerated by heat. It will be appreciated that in high-speed printing presses, printing ink cont~; n; ng high-boiling range oily solvents and polymerizing components will not set or dry between printing units, thus reducing printing quality because of backtrapping and dot gain.
Backtrapping on the blanket causes a faint image to appear on the successive sheets, producing what is known in the printing trade as ghosting. Dot gain is the increase in -- ~156005 dot size at successive printing units caused by capillary ~Y~Ancion and me~h~nical pressure enlargement of the printed dot.
In offset lithography, a careful balance must be main~AinP~ between the amount of ink fed to the printing plate and the amount of dampening solution applied to the surface of the printing plate. Too much dampening solution causes washed-out colors, retards the drying of the ink and also causes ink emulsification and dot gain. Insufficient dampening solution causes the non-image areas of the printing plate to pick up ink (scumming) and to print in non-image areas, thus causing dot gain. Because the ink/dampen;ng liquid balance is temperature sensitive, elaborate means are required for press temperature control at high speed operation.
A further limitation on the use of oil-based printing inks is the release of harmful volatiles into the press room and into the atmosphere as the oil-based printing ink dries. Additionally, spray powder which is applied to the freshly printed sheets to prevent set-off and sticking in the delivery stacker migrates into the press room.
It will be appreciated that the time required for an oil-based printing ink to oxidize and the difficulty in controlling the balance of the oil-based ink and liquid dampening solution constitute technical limitations on the use of a printing ink based on oil and water chemistry.
one approach to overcome the problem of control-'- 2156005 ling the oil/water balance problem is to eliminate the use of liquid dampening solution altogether. Such a solution has been ~lo~G~ed in connection with the use of a waterless printing plate, also referred to as a dry planographic plate, in combination with oil-based printing inks.
The waterless printing plate has image surface areas which are oleophilic, and non-image surface areas which are oleophobic. Prior to the present invention, waterless plate printing has been performed exclusively with specially formulated oil-based inks. However, it has been found that the tack of the oil-based waterless ink is substantially rP~l)cD~ as a result of frictional heat generated by the inking rollers and other moving parts of each printing unit during high speed printing, resulting in scumming and toning, whereby the oil-based waterless ink adheres to the waterless printing plate non-image areas which originally rejected the oily ink. Because the oil-based waterless ink properties are very temperature sensitive, in high speed waterless printing presses elaborate cooling means are required to maintain the ;~ki~g rollers, the plate cylinder and even the side frames of the press to within a temperature of plus or minus three degrees F (+1.65C) of the ink manufacturer's specified set point.
Z5 I have discovered a method for using aqueous printing inks and coating materials as a substitute for oil-based inks in waterless printing processes, thereby avoiding the oil/da~pDning solution problem of lithographic ~ 21S600S

ink processes and the temperature control problem of waterless ink processes. That is, I have discovered a way to use water-based inks on a high speed rotary offset printing press that is equipped with a waterless printing plate, and which does not include a dampening system. The method of my invention is based on my discovery that the surface tension differential between the hydrophobic non-image surface areas of waterless printing plates and aqueous printing ink is sufficiently large that adhesion wetting of aqueous printing ink on the non-image surface areas will not occur over a wide range of high operating temperatures, ~ince the surface tension of the aqueous ink is always substantially greater than the critical surface tension value of the waterless plate non-image material.
For example, the surface tension of a conventional water-less plate non-image material made of silicon dioxide (sio2) is in the range 20-30 dyn/cm at temperatures of 80F
to 100F (26F to 37C) while conventional aqueous printing inks have a surface tension in the range of 60-70 dyn/cm at the same temperatures. Consequently, aqueous printing ink can be used as a substitute for oil-based waterless ink over a wide range of press operating temperatures without causing scumming or toning problems, and without requiring cooling of press parts.
I have discovered that the image surface areas of a waterless printing plate that are designed to be oleo-philic are also hydrophilic, and the non-image surface areas of a waterless printing plate which are designed to 21S600~

be oleophobic are also hydrophobic.
Adhesion wetting of the non-image surface areas does not occur because the surface tension of the aqueous ink does not approach the critical surface tension value of typical waterless plate non-image surface material (for example, SiO2), even though the temperature may vary over a wide range. The existence of the large surface tension differential guarantees that the non-image area of the waterless printing plate will repel the aqueous printing ink. Metals (such as aluminum) that form the image surface areas of waterless plates have high surface tension values ranging from several thousand (at ambient) to several hundred dyn/cm (near melting point). Such metal image surface areas are easily wetted by the aqueous ink, which spreads readily on the metallic surface since the surface tension of the aqueous ink never exceeds the critical surface tension value of the metal surface.
Moreover, a dampening system which is needed for lithographic processes is not required for use in combina-tion with a waterless printing plate and aqueous printingink. Multiple printing unit operation in rotary offset sheet-fed presses, rotary offset web-fed presses and heat-set web presses is made possible by drying the aqueous ink or coating material on the freshly printed or coated substrate before the substrate is printed on the next printing unit.
The problems associated with two-component chemistry printing inks are completely eliminated by the method of the present invention in which printing is carried out with an aqueous printing ink which contains a non-oily solvent such as water, glycol, and the like as a vehicle, diluent or a dispersing agent. A dampening system is not used, and the aqueous printing ink does not contain oily components of any kind. The aqueous printing ink is transferred to a waterless (dry planographic) printing plate having non-image surface areas which are hydrophobic and also having image surface areas which are hydrophilic.
The surface of the waterless printing plate is rolled-up with the aqueous printing ink whereby the agueous printing ink is contacted against the image and the non-image surface areas. The aqueous printing ink is repelled from the non-image surface areas, which are hydrophobic, and are retained in the image surface areas, which are hydrophilic.
The aqueous printing ink is then transferred from the hydrophilic image areas to an ink receptive blanket. The water component of the aqueous ink on the freshly printed substrate is evaporated by a high velocity, hot air interstation dryer and a high volume heat and moisture extractor system so that the freshly printed ink is dry before the substrate is printed on the next printing unit.
Operational features and advantages of the present invention will be understood by those skilled in the art upon re~ing the detailed description which follows with reference to the attached drawings, wherein:
FIGURE 1 is a schematic side elevational view showing a four color rotary offset printing press having ~ 2156005 one or more waterless printing units in which the method of the present invention may be practiced;
FIGURE 2 is a simplified side elevational view showing a typical installation of inking rollers and high velocity, hot air interstation dryers with heat and moisture extractors in the four color rotary offset printing press of FIGURE 1;
FIGURE 3 is a sectional view of a plate cylinder having an etched, waterless printing plate which is used in the practice of the present invention;
FIGURE 4 is an enlarged sectional view showing the hydrophobic, non-image surface areas and also showing the hydrophilic, image surface areas of the waterless printing plate of FIGURE 3;
FIGURE 5 is a schematic side elevational view of a conventional five color heat set, web offset perfecting printing press which includes a gas-fired oven, a chill roller stand and a catalytic afterburner;
FIGURE 6 is a side elevational view of a five color web offset perfecting printing press in which the oven, chill roller stand and catalytic afterburner have been removed, and in which waterless printing plates, aqueous ink, high velocity hot air dryer with high volume heat and moisture extractor unit have been added;
FIGURE 7 is a simplified schematic side eleva-tional view of dual high velocity dryers, each having a high volume heat and moisture extractor which is installed in the web press of FIGURE 6;

21~60~5 FIGURE 8 is a schematic side elevational view of a multiple web, multi-color perfecting press which includes waterless printing plates, aqueous ink and the high velocity hot air dryers/extractors of the present inven-tion; and, FIGURE 9 is a schematic side elevational view of a four color, non-perfecting web press which uses aqueous ink, waterless printing plates, and the high velocity, hot air dryer/extractor units of the present invention.
As used herein, the term "proc~e~" refers to various printing methods which may be applied to either side of a substrate, including the application of aqueous inks and/or coatings. The term "substrate" refers to sheet or web material. Also, as used herein, the term "waterless printing plate" refers to a dry planographic printing plate having non-image surface areas which are oleophobic and also having image surface areas which are oleophilic.
Referring now to FIGURE 1, the method of the present invention may be practiced in connection with multiple printing units of a sheet-fed, rotary offset printing press 12. In the exemplary embodiment, the press 12 is a four color, rotary offset printing press which is capable of handling individual printed sheets having a width of approximately 40" (102 centimeters) and capable of printing 10,000 sheets or more per hour, such as that manufactured by Heidelberg Druckmasr-hinen AG of Germany under its designation Heidelberg Speedmaster 102V.
The press 12 includes a press frame 14 coupled on ~ 215600~

the right end to a sheet feeder 16 from which sheets, herein designated S, are individually and sequentially fed into the press, and at the opposite end to a delivery sheet stacker 18 in which the freshly printed sheets are collect-ed and uniformly stacked. Interposed between the sheetfeeder 16 and the delivery sheet stacker 18 are four substantially identical sheet printing units 20A, 20B, 20C
and 20D which are capable of printing different color inks onto the sheets as they are transferred through the press.
As illustrated in FIGURE 1 and FIGURE 2, each printing unit includes a plate cylinder 22, a blanket cylinder 24, an impression cylinder 26 and an inking transfer apparatus 36. A dampening system is not illus-trated, since it is not needed in practice of the present invention. Freshly printed sheets S from the impression cylinder 26 are transferred to the next printing unit by transfer cylinders T1, T2, T3.
A protective and/or decorative coating is applied to the printed sheets by a coating unit 28 which is positioned adjacent to the last printing unit 20D.
The freshly printed and/or coated sheets S are delivered to the sheet stacker 18 by a delivery conveyor system, generally designated 30. The delivery conveyor 30 is of conventional design and includes a pair of endless delivery gripper chA i nC 32 carrying laterally disposed gripper bars having gripper elements for gripping the leading edge of a freshly printed sheet S as it leaves the impression cylinder 26. As the leading edge of the printed -- 21~600~

sheet S is gripped by the gripper elements, the delivery c~ s 32 pull the gripper bars and sheet S away from the last impression cylinder 26 and deliver the freshly printed and/or coated sheet to the sheet stacker 18.
Prior to reaching the delivery sheet stacker, the freshly printed and/or coated sheets S pass throuqh the e~o~u}e zone of a delivery dryer assembly 34 which includes an infra-red thermal radiation, high velocity hot air flow and a high performance heat and moisture extractor for drying the aqueous ink and/or the protective/decorative coating.
Referring now to FIGURE 2, each printing unit includes an inking apparatus 36 having a train of inking rollers 38 arranged to transfer aqueous ink Q from an ink fountain 40 to the plate cylinder 22. This is accomplished with the aid of a fountain roller 42 and a ductor roller 44. The fountain roller 42 projects into the fountain 40, whereupon its surface is wetted with aqueous ink. The aqueous printing ink Q is transferred intermittently to the ink roller train 38 by the ductor roller 44. The inking roller train 38 supplies aqueous ink Q to the image areas of a waterless printing plate 46. A waterless printing plate 46 having oleophilic image and oleophobic non-image surface areas may be obtained from Toray Industries, Inc.
of New York, U.S.A. and Urayasu, Chiba, Japan.
The aqueous printing ink Q is transferred from the waterless printing plate 46 to an ink receptive blanket 47 which is mounted on the blanket cylinder 24. The ~ 215600S

aqueous printing ink is transferred from the image surface areas of the waterless printing plate 46 to the ink receptive surface of the blanket 47. The inked image carried on the blanket 47 is transferred to a substrate S
as the substrate is transferred through the nip 49 between the impression cylinder 26 and the blanket 47.
Referring now to FIGURE 2, FIGURE 3 and FIGURE 4, the waterless printing plate 46 is mounted on the plate cylinder 22 by a mechA~ical clamp 48. The waterless printing plate 46 has a trailing edge portion 46B which is secured to the plate cylinder 22 by the mech~nical clamp 48. The leading edge 46A of the waterless printing plate is secured within an elongated slot of a ratchet wheel R.
After the waterless printing plate 46 has been mounted in place, the ratchet wheel R is tightened to secure the printing plate 46 in tension about the plate cylinder 22.
The waterless printing plate 46 includes a thin aluminum layer 50 which is bonded to a polyester film base 52. The external surface of the aluminum sheet 50 is covered by a layer 54 of silicon dioxide (SiO2). The silicon dioxide layer 54 is etched to expose the surface 50A of the underlying aluminum layer 50, thereby defining a reservoir cell C for receiving a predetermined amount of the agueous printing ink. The aluminum surface layer 50A
is hydrophilic, and is thus wettable by the aqueous printing ink. The silicon dioxide film or coating 54 is hydrophobic, and thus repels the aqueous printing ink.
The exposed surface 50A of the underlying '- 215600~

aluminum layer 50 defines an image surface area, and the external surface 54A of the silicon dioxide layer 54 defines a non-image surface area of the waterless printing plate. The underlying hydrophilic image areas 50A are rec~cse~ with respect to the hydrophobic, non-image surface areas 54A. By this arrangement, the hydrophobic, non-image material 54 forms a sidewall boundary of each reservoir cell C, thus providing clean separation and sharp release of a precise amount of aqueous ink Q. A predetermined volume of aqueous printing ink is retained in the cell C by adhesion wetting of the image surface area until contacted by the ink receptive blanket. Since there is no affinity for the aqueous printing ink with respect to the ~u~o~l~d-ing sidewalls of the cell C, clean release of the aqueous printing ink from each reservoir cell C is accomplished, so that each dot is sharply printed and well-defined.
Referring again to FIGURE 2, the freshly printed ink on the sheet S is dried before the sheet S reaches the next printing unit. For this purpose, a primary high velocity hot air dryer and a high performance heat and moisture extractor 56 is mounted adjacent the impression cylinder 26, and directs high velocity hot air flow into an exposure zone Z and onto the printed sheet. Simultaneous-ly, hot moist air and volatiles are extracted from the ex~G~re zone Z while the printed sheet is in contact with the impression cylinder. Because the aqueous component of the ink dries by evaporation, the aqueous ink on the freshly printed sheet S is dry before the sheet reaches the '- 21S6005 next printing unit 2OB.
For some operations, an additional dry-er/extractor unit may be used to ensure thorough drying of the aqueous ink on the freshly printed sheet. For this purpose, an additional high velocity hot air dry-er/extractor unit 58 is installed in an interstation position adjacent the intermediate transfer cylinder T2, and directs high velocity hot air flow through an exposure zone Z onto the freshly printed sheet S before it is printed in the next printing unit.
The high velocity, hot air dryer and high performance heat and moisture extractor units 56, 58 utilize high velocity air jets which scrub and break-up the moist air layer which clings to the surface of each freshly printed sheet S. Within each dryer, high velocity air is heated to a high temperature as it flows along a resistance heating element within an air delivery baffle tube. High velocity jets J of hot air are discharged through multiple airflow apertures onto the freshly printed side of the sheet S as it moves through the dryer exposure zone Z.
Each dryer assembly includes a pair of air delivery dryer heads 56A, 56B and 58A, 58B, respectively, which are arranged in spaced, side-by-side relation.
Hot air and moisture displaced from each printed sheet are completely exhausted from the printing unit by high volume extractor 56C, 58C, respectively. Each extractor includes a manifold coupled to the dryer heads and draws the moisture vapor and high velocity hot air as 21~6005 indicated by the arrow A from the e~G~Le zone Z through a longitllAin~l air gap 59 between the dryer heads.
According to this arrangement, each printed sheet S is dried before it is run through the next printing unit.
Aqueous printing inks which are suitable for use in the practice of the present invention includè those which traditionally have been used in flexographic (relief) printing, letter press printing and rotogravure printing.
Such aqueous inks contain colored pigments and/or soluble dyes, binders which fix the pigments onto the surface of the printed substrate, and waxes, defoamers and thickeners.
Aqueous printing inks predominantly contain water as a solvent, diluent and/or vehicle. The thickeners which are preferred include alginates, starch, cellulose and its derivatives, for example cellulose esters or cellulose ethers and the like. Coloring agents including organic as well as inorganic pigments may be derived from dyes which are insoluble in water. Preferably, the aqueous printing ink used in the practice of this invention has a dynamic viscosity of 2,000 to 4,000 centipoise, measured at 73F
(23C) by means of a viscometer. Typically, the aqueous printing ink has a gel-like consistency at 73F (23C).
As a suitable alternative to a water-based printing ink, the solvent of the printing ink composition may be predominantly glycol or the like, and may contain a minor water component, with the pigment being bound by an appropriate resin.
Referring now to FIGURE 5 and FIGURE 6, the method of the present invention may be practiced in combination with a web-fed rotary offset press 60. In the exemplary embodiment, the web press 60 is a five color, rotary web offset, perfecting printing press which is capable of handling a continuous web having a width of approximately 38 inches (97 centimeters) and capable of rllnni ng at 500 feet or more per minute, such as that manufa~u~ed by Heidelberg Druckm~chinen AG of Germany under its designation "Heidelberg Web".
The web press 60 includes a press frame 62 coupled on its right end to a web supply unit 64 from which a web substrate, herein designated W, is continuously fed into the web press, and at the opposite end, to a sheet folding unit 66 and a sheet cutter/stacker 68. Interposed between the web supply unit 64 and the folding unit 66 are four substantially identical web printing units 70A, 70B, 70C and 70D, which are capable of printing different color inks onto the web W as it passes through the press, and a fifth unit 70B which is capable of optionally applying a fifth color or a protective and/or decorative coating to the freshly printed substrate. The press may include as many as eight to ten printing units, each of which prints blanket-to-blanket. According to this arrangement, the printing is performed in the perfecting mode so that both sides of the web substrate are printed and/or coated as it p~s~c through the web press 60.
In a conventional web press 60 as shown in FIGURE
5, the freshly printed oil-based ink is dried as the web W

~ 21S6005 passes through an oven 72. The oven is operated at a temperature of approximately 300F (149C) so that high boiling range mineral oils and other volatile solvents will be removed, and drying occurs substantially as a solvent evaporation process. The web substrate W then passes through a chill roller stand 74 having multiple chill rollers for reducing the high temperature of the web substrate W and ink, which causes the ink to set and harden.
It will be appreciated that the high boiling range mineral oils used in conventional oil-based inks are toxic and must be carefully controlled. This is accom-plished in a conventional web press by the use of a catalytic converter afterburner which effectively removes the vaporized oily ink components before the oven gases are released into the atmosphere. The volatiles and other flue gases are exhausted from the oven 72 through an exhaust manifold 78 into the catalytic converter afterburner 76.
After conversion, the non-toxic gases 80 are exhausted into the atmosphere through an exhaust conduit 82.
Referring to FIGURE 6 and FIGURE 7, the web press 60 has been modified by the removal of the oven 72 and the associated catalytic converter afterburner equipment 76, 78, 82, and the chill roller stand 74. The oven 72, catalytic converter 76 and chill roller stand 74 and oil-based inks are not needed in the practice of the present invention. Instead, water-based inks are used and toxic distillates are eliminated. Consequently, the distillate disposal problem and the large capital investment connected with a high BTU oven system, chill roller unit and after-burner are also eliminated. Elimination of the large capital investment equipment is made possible by utilizing an aqueous ink system and waterless printing plates in combination with the high velocity, hot air dryer heat and moisture extractor units of the present invention.
As shown in FIGURE 6 and FIGURE 7, the web press 60 has been simplified considerably by removal of the oven 72, the associated catalytic converter afterburner equip-ment 76, 78, 82 and the chill roller stand 74. The web press 60 is further modified by the installation of waterless printing plates 46A, 46B on the plate cylinders 22A, 22B, respectively. The waterless printing plates 46A, 46B are engaged against lower and upper blankets 47A, 47B, respectively, which prints both sides of the web substrate W.
Each web printing unit includes inking apparatus 36 having a train of inking rollers 38 arranged to transfer aqueous ink Q from an ink fountain 40 to the waterless printing plates 46A, 46B, respectively. The transfer of aqueous ink Q is accomplished with the aid of a fountain roller 42 and a ductor roller 44. The fountain roller 42 projects into the fountain 40, whereupon its surface is wetted with the aqueous ink Q. The inking roller train 38 supplies aqueous ink to the image areas of the waterless printing plates 46A, 46B, respectively. The waterless printing plate, blanket-to-blanket printing arrangement is ~ 2156005 repeated in each printing unit 70A, 70B, 70C, 70D and 70E.
Optionally, the last printing unit 70E may be utilized for applying a decorative/protective coating, or it may be configured as shown in FIGURE 7 to print a fifth color.
Referring again to FIGURE 6 and FIGURE 7, a pair of high velocity, hot air dryer/high performance heat and moisture extractor units 84, 86 are installed at inter-station positions below and above the web W. As shown in FIGURE 7, each dryer/extractor unit 84, 86 includes a pair of dryer heads 84A, 84B and 86A, 86B, respectively. Heated air jets J are Ai ~chArged at high velocity through preci-sion holes located in the dryer heads onto the freshly printed web W as it moves from one printing unit to the next printing unit. The boundary layer of air which follows the web W is displaced from the surface of the web W by the high velocity hot air jets J. The aqueous ink Q
is completely dried as a result of evaporation in response to the absorption of thermal energy, and as a result of hot air convection/extraction.
The liberated moisture vapor and hot air A are completely extracted from each printing unit by high performance, high volume extractors 84C, 86C, respectively.
Each extractor includes a manifold which is coupled to the dryer heads and draws moisture-laden hot air A from the exposure zones Z on both sides of the web W through a longitll~in~l air gap 59 between the dryer heads. According to this arrangement, the aqueous ink Q is completely dried before the web substrate is pulled to the next printing 21S600~

unit.
It will be appreciated that the method of the present invention eliminates the use of toxic distillates of oil-based printing inks, so that the distillate disposal problem and the large capital investment connected with an oven system, chill roller stand and after burner are eliminated. The oven itself represents a substantial capital investment, in addition to the high volume of fuel which it consumes, together with the afterburner or catalytic converter which eliminates the distillate vapors before the gases are exhausted into the atmosphere. The chill roller stand 74 also represents a substantial capital investment and is needed in the conventional heat-set, web offset press to reduce the high temperature of the web substrate W and thus preventing smearing of the ink as the web substrate is further handled and processed in the folding unit 66 and cutting/stacker unit 68.
A further disadvantage of the high temperature oven 72, in addition to its eYp~nce and space requirements, is that the oven can take out too much moisture from the web substrate W during the drying process, which will create significant static electricity problems and cause the substrate to become brittle during folding. Moisture ~o,.~ol and electrostatic control systems are not needed in the practice of the present invention since the drying of the substrate is carried out between printing units by the interstation high velocity hot air dryer and heat and moisture extractor units 56, 58 (sheet-fed press), the ~ 215600~

interstation high velocity, hot air dryer and heat and moisture extractor units 84, 86 (web press).
The water-based inks as used in the web press emho~iment of the present invention dry at a relatively S moderate drying temperature provided by the interstation high velocity hot air dryer of the present invention.
Because the freshly printed web W is dried between each printing unit, clarity and print quality are substantially improved since the aqueous ink Q is dried at each printing unit (dry trap) before the web substrate W enters the next printing unit. Because the web substrate is dry before it enters the next printing unit, unit-to-unit dot gain and backtrapping on the blanket are completely eliminated.
Consequently, by utilizing the method of the present invention, the oven 72, the chill roller stand 74, the damp~ig units and the afterburner 76 are eliminated. A
substantial capital saving as well as a savings of floor space are thus realized along with a substantial im~love ment in printing quality.
In addition to the rotary sheet-fed offset press and web offset press as previously described, the invention may be practiced in combination with an open web press 90 as shown in FIGURE 8 which is equipped with waterless printing plates 46A, 46B, using aqueous ink Q and inter-station dryers/extractor units 84, 86. Open web presses are commonly used as newspaper presses and have significant down-time or idle time between runs. By using aqueous ink, waterless printing plates and interstation dryer/extractor ~ 215600S

units, the newspaper press 90 can be utilized for printing on higher quality paper, for example coated stock, super-calendered stock and the like. That is, the newspaper press 90, that may be used only one day a week for produc-ing a weekly newspaper, can be used for the remainder ofthe week for custom printing jobs that require a better grade of paper, for example advertising brochures, cata-logs, direct mail pieces, glossy newspaper inserts and the like.
The operation of the open web newspaper press 90 of FIGURE 8 is substantially the same as the operation of the rotary offset, web fed perfecting press of FIGURE 5, except that multiple printing units 92A, 92B, 92C and 92D
are arranged in a vertical array for printing four colors on a first web Wl. A fifth printing unit is separated from the vertical array and prints a fifth color, usually black, on a second web W2.
The first web W1 is pulled from a supply roll 94 in an unwind stand 96. After the first web Wl is printed in the open web vertical array, it is fed into an assembly unit 98 where the web is folded and cut. The freshly printed web W2 is likewise fed from a supply roll through the printing unit 92E into the assembly station 98, where it is folded, cut, interleaved and assembled together with folded sections of the multicolor web Wl.
A coater unit may be added for providing a spot or blanket coating, for either protective or decorative purposes. Thus, an open web newspaper press 90 which previously had been utilized only for printing newspapers, telephone directories and the like on very absorbent stock, may now be used for printing on high quality, low absorben-cy paper for completing specialty printing jobs during when the press is not being used for newspaper production.
The inventive may also be practiced on a rotary offset, non-perfecting web press 100 as shown in FIGURE 9.
The web press 100 includes multiple printing units 102A, 102B, 102C, and 102D, and is typically used for printing business forms on uncoated stock. By using a waterless printing plate 46, the interstation dryer 84 and the aqueous ink Q, the rotary offset web press 100 may be used for printing on coated stock, for example catalogs, magazines, brochures and glossy newspaper inserts. In the exemplary embodiment, the web offset press 100 prints on only one side of the web W in an arrangement referred to as non-perfecting "blanket-to-steel". That is, the inked image is transferred from a blanket 47 through a nip between a blanket 47 and an impression cylinder 26, ~o that printing is accomplished on one side only.
Perfecting (printing on both sides) is accom-plished in the press 100 by routing the web W through interstation turn bars and printing on the opposite side.
The marking and smearing problems are eliminated by drying the aqueous ink on the web at each printing unit. This permits the web press 100 to overprint coated paper, and also permits the use of a better grade of paper. Thus, the web press 100, which traditionally is dedicated for ~ 21S6005 printing uncoated paper business forms, may be easily converted for print jobs which require a better quality paper and/or a glossy finish.
The rotary offset printing method of the present invention eliminates the problems associated with the two-component water/oil chemistry of offset lithography, because a liguid damr~ning solution is not used, and the aqueous printing ink does not contain oily components. The aqueous component of the water-based ink is dried by evaporation, using a combination of high velocity hot air drying and high performance heat and moisture extraction, so that the freshly printed ink is dried on the substrate before it reaches the next printing unit. Since a liquid damp~ninq solution is not used, there is no color dilution.
Because oily ink components are not used, backtrapping on the blanket is eliminated. Also the aqueous ink is completely dry as the substrate enters the next printing unit, and unit-to-unit dot gain is also eliminated.
Because of the large surface energy differential of the hyd-o~hobic non-image areas of the waterless printing plate relative to the aqueous printing ink, there is clean separation and release of the aqueous ink from the non-image surface areas. Consequently, a crisper image, more faithful color reproduction and high color intensity are obtained.
The control of color intensity is im~uved by the waterless printing plate in which the hydrophilic image surface areas are recessed with respect to the hydrophobic, ~ 2156005 -non-image surface areas. The hydrophobic, non-image material forms the sidewall boundary of each image or dot area, thus providing clean separation and release of a precise amount of aqueous ink. Since oily ink components such as high-boiling range mineral oil are not used, harmful volatiles are not released into the atmosphere.
Because the aqueous printing inks are stable and relatively i~cencitive to temperature change, it is not ~ceccAry to cGnL~ol the temperature of the ;nkin~ rollers, the plate cylinder or other parts of the press.
Another advantage provided by the high velocity, hot air dryer and high performance heat and moisture extractor is that it cleans the substrate sheet or web between printing units. That is, the high velocity hot air and moisture extractor also suctions off loose paper dust, fibers and any foreign particulate material which may be on the substrate. Such debris will be removed and extracted from the substrate prior to entering the next printing unit. The removal of such particulate material from the sheet or web helps maintain printing quality and keeps the printing plate and the blanket in a clean condition, thus reducing press down-time which would otherwise be required for wA~hi~q and/or replacing the blanket and/or printing plate.
Because a dampening system is not needed, it may be disconnected and/or removed if it is already on the press, and need not be installed. The space which other-wise would be occupied by the dampening system thus becomes '- 21S6005 available for other ~u~03es. Except for the initial installation of the dryer/extractor units, and the substi-tution of a waterless printing plate and using aqueous ink, no press modification is required.
S Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations may be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method for printing a substrate on a rotary offset printing press employing aqueous printing ink and a dry planographic, waterless printing plate chacter-ized by:
transferring aqueous printing ink to a waterless printing plate having a non-image surface area which is hydrophobic and also having an image surface area which is hydrophilic;
distributing the aqueous printing ink on the surface of the waterless printing plate;
repelling the aqueous printing ink from the hydrophobic, non-image surface area;
retaining the aqueous printing ink on the hydrophilic, image surface area;
transferring the aqueous printing ink from the image areas to an ink-receptive blanket;
transferring the inked image from the blanket to a substrate; and, drying the aqueous ink on the freshly printed substrate.

2. A method for rotary offset printing as defined in claim 1, wherein a blanket is mounted on a blanket cylinder, and the substrate is transferred through a nip between an impression cylinder and the blanket cylinder, characterized in that:

the drying step is performed by discharging high velocity, heated air onto the freshly printed sub-strate while the freshly printed substrate is in contact with the impression cylinder.

3. A method for rotary offset printing as defined in claim 1, characterized by the step:
extracting hot air and moisture vapor from an exposure zone between the dryer and the substrate.

4. A method for rotary offset printing as defined in claim 1, wherein the hydrophilic image surface area of the waterless printing plate is recessed with respect to the hydrophobic non-image surface area, with the boundary of the hydrophilic image surface area being defined by the surrounding hydrophobic non-image material, thereby defining an ink holding cell, characterized by the step:
retaining the aqueous printing ink in the ink holding cell by adhesion wetting of the hydrophilic image surface area with the aqueous ink.

5. A method for rotary offset printing as defined in claim 1, characterized by the steps:
transferring the freshly printed substrate to an interstation transfer cylinder; and, drying the freshly printed substrate while it is in contact with the interstation transfer cylinder.

6. A method for rotary offset printing as defined in claim 1, characterized in that:
the drying step is performed by discharging hot air onto the freshly printed substrate while the printed substrate is in contact with the impression cylinder.

7. A method for rotary offset printing as defined in claim 1, characterized in that:
the drying step is performed by discharging hot air onto the freshly printed substrate after it has been transferred out of the first printing unit and while it is in contact with a transfer cylinder, but before it is processed in the next printing unit.

8. A method for rotary offset printing as set forth in any preceding claim 2 through 7, characterized by the step:
feeding the substrate through the printing press in successive sheet form.

9. A method for rotary offset printing as set forth in any preceding claim 2 through 7, characterized by the step:
feeding the substrate through the printing press in continuous web form.

10. A printed substrate produced by the rotary offset printing method as recited in claim 1.

11. A rotary offset printing press having a printing unit including an ink reservoir for containing a volume of printing ink; a plate cylinder having a printing plate mounted thereon; inking roller apparatus coupled to the ink reservoir for transferring printing ink from the ink reservoir to the printing plate; a blanket cylinder having an ink receptive blanket disposed in ink transfer engagement with the plate for transferring the printing ink from the printing plate to the blanket;
an impression cylinder disposed adjacent the blanket cylinder thereby defining a nip between the impression cylinder and the blanket wherein the printing ink is transferred from the blanket to a substrate as the substrate is transferred through the nip; characterized in that:
a volume of aqueous printing ink is con-tained within the ink reservoir;
the printing plate is a dry planographic, waterless printing plate having non-image surface areas which are hydrophobic and having image surface areas which are hydrophilic; and, a dryer is mounted on the press for dis-charging heated air onto the freshly printed substrate.

12. A rotary offset printing press as defined in claim 11, characterized in that:

the dryer is mounted adjacent the impression cylinder for discharging heated air onto a freshly printed substrate while the substrate is in contact with the impression cylinder.

13. A rotary offset printing press as defined in claim 11, characterized in that:
a transfer cylinder is disposed in an interstation position on the press and coupled in substrate transfer relation with the impression cylinder;
an interstation dryer is disposed adjacent the transfer cylinder for discharging heated air onto a freshly printed substrate after it has been transferred out of the printing unit and while it is in contact with the transfer cylinder.

14. A rotary offset printing press as defined in any one of claims 11, 12 or 13, characterized in that:
an extractor is coupled to the dryer for extracting hot air and moisture vapor from an exposure zone between the dryer and the freshly printed substrate.

15. A rotary offset printing press as defined in claim 11, characterized in that:
the hydrophilic image surface area of the waterless printing plate is recessed with respect to the non-image hydrophobic surface area, with the boundary of the image area being defined by the surrounding non-image hydrophobic surface material, thereby defining an aqueous ink holding cell.

16. A rotary offset printing press as defined in claim 11, wherein the non-image surface areas of the waterless printing plate are characterized by:
a surface tension value which is less than the surface tension value of the aqueous ink, and the image surface areas are characterized by a surface tension value which is greater than the surface tension value of the aqueous ink.

17. A rotary offset printing press as defined in claim 11, characterized by:
an extractor coupled to the dryer for extracting hot air and moisture vapor from an exposure zone between the dryer and the substrate.

18. A rotary offset printing press as defined in claim 11, wherein the printing unit is a web printing unit including first and second ink reservoirs, first and second plate cylinders, first and second printing plates mounted on the first and second plate cylinders, respectively, first and second inking roller apparatus coupled to the ink reservoirs for transferring ink from the ink reservoirs to the first and second printing plates, respectively, and first and second blanket cylinders each having an ink receptive blanket disposed in engagement with the first and second printing plates, respectively, for transferring printing ink from the first and second printing plates to the first and second ink receptive blankets, respectively, the blanket cylinders being aligned with each other thereby defining a nip for receiving a web substrate in blanket-to-blanket engagement wherein the printing ink can be trans-ferred from the blankets to both sides of the web substrate as it is pulled through the nip, the web printing unit being characterized by:
a volume of aqueous printing ink is con-tained within the ink reservoirs of the web printing unit;
the printing plates on the plate cylinders of the web printing unit are waterless printing plates each having non-image surface areas which are hydrophobic and also having image surface areas which are hydrophilic; and, first and second dryers are mounted on the press for discharging heated air onto both sides of a freshly printed web substrate before the web substrate is processed in the next printing unit.

19. A rotary offset web printing press as defined in claim 18, characterized by:
first and second extractor units are coupled to the first and second dryers, respectively, of the web printing unit for extracting hot air and moisture vapor from first and second exposure zones disposed between each dryer and the web substrate, respectively.

20. A rotary offset, web-fed printing press as defined in claim 18, wherein the waterless printing plates are characterized as follows:
the hydrophilic image surface area is recessed with respect to the non-image hydrophobic surface area of each waterless printing plate, with the image surface area being bounded by the surrounding non-image hydrophobic surface material, thereby defining an aqueous ink holding cell.

21. A rotary offset printing press as defined in claim 18, characterized in that:
the non-image surface area material of each waterless printing plate is characterized by a surface tension value which is less than the surface tension value of the aqueous printing ink, and the image surface area material of each waterless printing plate is characterized by a surface tension value which is greater than the surface tension value of the aqueous ink.