CA1078648A - Mold formed of a copper alloy - Google Patents
Mold formed of a copper alloyInfo
- Publication number
- CA1078648A CA1078648A CA284,160A CA284160A CA1078648A CA 1078648 A CA1078648 A CA 1078648A CA 284160 A CA284160 A CA 284160A CA 1078648 A CA1078648 A CA 1078648A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- amount
- mold
- weight
- deoxidizing agent
- present
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000009749 continuous casting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims 8
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- -1 iron or steel Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 6
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 3
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium atom Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004881 precipitation hardening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/04—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into open-ended moulds
- B22D11/059—Mould materials or platings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C9/00—Alloys based on copper
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Continuous Casting (AREA)
- Mold Materials And Core Materials (AREA)
- Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
- Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
Abstract
Abstract of Disclosure A mold for continuous casting of high melting temperature metals, such as iron or steel, is formed of a copper alloy of 1.5 to 4% iron, 0 to 0.25%, preferably 0.05 to 0.25% of zircon-ium, a deoxidizing amount of a copper deoxidizing agent, the remainder copper.
Description
~7~
The present invention relates to the continuous casting of high melt;ng temperature metals such as iron and steel, and more particularly to a new and improved mold, and use thereof, formed of a copper alloy.
For a long time, copper has been used as a material for making molds for continuous casting of high melting temperature metals like iron or steel9 because copper quickly dissipates the heat from the melt due to its high thermal conductivity. The wall thickness of the molds is such that they provide the requisite ;
mechanical properties. It had been suggested to make molds with an alloy having at least 85~/o copper and an alloying element which enhances dispersion hardening; e.g., copper alloys with up to 3%
chromium, silicon, silver or beryllium. However, the molds made out of such alloys did not work adequately, since particularly the alloy compone~s silicon and beryllium reduce the thermal conductivity (Austrian Patent 234, 930).
- Such molds have been formed from a copper alloy wh~ch contains 0.05 to 0.08% chromium, 0.005 to 0.04% phosphorous ~ -and the remainder copper. Due to cold working, a Brinell hard- ~;
ness of 120 kp/mm2 can be obtained, with thermal conductivity of ; ~ ;
at least 80% of copper. The softening temperature is above 350C
(German laid open Patent a, 318, 662); however, none of the afore-mentioned materials meet the requirements for continuous casting molds.
~''' ".
~1 . . .
~07B~48 In accordance with the present invention, there is provi-ded a mold for the continuous casting OI high melting temperature metals formed of a copper alloy of from 1.5 to 4% iron, 0 to 0.25%
zirconium, an effective deoxidizing amount of a deoxidizing agent and the remainder copper and its usual impurities, all by weight.
The zirconium is preferably present in the alloy in an amount of from 0.05 to 0.25 weight percent. The alloy preferably ~ -contains from 2.0 to 2.5%, by weigm, of iron.
The deoxidizing agent is generally employed in an effective amount, with the deoxidizing agent generally being present in an ;
amount of up to 0.04%, by weight. The deoxidîzing agent may be any one of a wide variety of deoxidizing agents for copper such as boron, lithium, calcium, silicon, magnesium, phosphorous, etc., with phosphorous being preferred. The deoxidizing agent ~
is preferably present in an amount OI at least 0. 005%, by weight.
The amount of deoxidizing agent preferably does not exceed 0. 02~o, by weigh~.
The alloy has favorable mechanical and physical charac-teristics. The material has thermal conductivity which is above 70% of copper. The values for the heat resistance as well as the so~tening temperature are also in a favorable range for molds for continuous casting of high melting temperature metals such as iron. The Brinell hardness number as a measure for the . ; .
.
.
373~8 abrasive resistance reached values above 120~ A further require-ment for such molds is a high corrosion resistance with respect to the cooling water which contacts the copper alloy employed in the present invention.
U.S. Patent 2,137,281 teaches a copper alloy of 0.1 to 5% iron and 0.1 to 3% zirconium; however, this material is used `
only for articles which have a high electrical conductivity and hardness such as electrodes for electrical resistance welding.
That patent does not suggest a mold for continuous casting of high melting temperature metals.
The invention will now be described in more detail with reference to an embodiment of the inven$ion.
EXAMPLE I
A copper alloy having 2.5% iron, 0.15% zirconium and 0.01% phosphorous, the remainder copper and the usual impur-itiee, all by weight, was cast into a block having a dlameter of 420 mm and was extruded at 950C to a tube having an outside diameter of 220 mm and was quenched. Subsequently, the tube was cold worked 50% in a plurality of drawing operations, where- ;
by the outer diameter was reduced to 150 mm. The tube was then annealed for about one and one half hours at a temperature of 475C and furnace cooled~ Subsequently, the pipe was finished into a continuous casting mold for high melting temperature ', .- . - , ; .. . . .
metals. ~fter the above mentioned operations, the continuous casting mold had the following properties:
Thermal conductivity 70% of copper Softening temperature 600C
Elardness HB 2.5/62. 5 145 Tensile strength 42 oN /mm2 Elongation 15%
The continuous casting mold, after being used for the casting of steel over a prolonged operation cycle, did not have any flaws such as cor~traction of the mold tube and heat cracks, Furthermore, apparent wear at the lower end of the continuous casting mold, as compared to prior art continuous casting molds, was reduced considerably, EXAMPLE II
A copper alloy of 2 . 35~ iron, 0.10% zirconium, 0. 03%
phosphorous, remainder copper, was hot rolled about 60% at a temperature of about 950C and quenched. The plate was then cold rolled 45% in a plurality of rolling steps, annealed for one hour at 500C, and slowly cooled off in the furnace, After the annealing, the plate was cold rolled about 38% and was annealed , .
for lO hours, at 450C.
Subsequently, the material was finished into mold plates.
The plates had the following properties:
Thermal conductivity 73~0 of copper Softening temperature 550C
Hardness HB 2 . 5 /62 . 5 12 5 Tensile strength 392N /mm2 Elongation 18% . .
Tensile strength at 300G 321N/mm2 Reduction of area at 300C 63%
The molds which were made of the aforementioned - ;
material showed good retention of dimensions after 450 heats which is the result of the high heat resistance of the material. For ~
example, the change in the longitudinal dimensions was less than ; :
0.025la. In known molds made of copper, changes of up to l.5Clc were observed.
The present invention relates to the continuous casting of high melt;ng temperature metals such as iron and steel, and more particularly to a new and improved mold, and use thereof, formed of a copper alloy.
For a long time, copper has been used as a material for making molds for continuous casting of high melting temperature metals like iron or steel9 because copper quickly dissipates the heat from the melt due to its high thermal conductivity. The wall thickness of the molds is such that they provide the requisite ;
mechanical properties. It had been suggested to make molds with an alloy having at least 85~/o copper and an alloying element which enhances dispersion hardening; e.g., copper alloys with up to 3%
chromium, silicon, silver or beryllium. However, the molds made out of such alloys did not work adequately, since particularly the alloy compone~s silicon and beryllium reduce the thermal conductivity (Austrian Patent 234, 930).
- Such molds have been formed from a copper alloy wh~ch contains 0.05 to 0.08% chromium, 0.005 to 0.04% phosphorous ~ -and the remainder copper. Due to cold working, a Brinell hard- ~;
ness of 120 kp/mm2 can be obtained, with thermal conductivity of ; ~ ;
at least 80% of copper. The softening temperature is above 350C
(German laid open Patent a, 318, 662); however, none of the afore-mentioned materials meet the requirements for continuous casting molds.
~''' ".
~1 . . .
~07B~48 In accordance with the present invention, there is provi-ded a mold for the continuous casting OI high melting temperature metals formed of a copper alloy of from 1.5 to 4% iron, 0 to 0.25%
zirconium, an effective deoxidizing amount of a deoxidizing agent and the remainder copper and its usual impurities, all by weight.
The zirconium is preferably present in the alloy in an amount of from 0.05 to 0.25 weight percent. The alloy preferably ~ -contains from 2.0 to 2.5%, by weigm, of iron.
The deoxidizing agent is generally employed in an effective amount, with the deoxidizing agent generally being present in an ;
amount of up to 0.04%, by weight. The deoxidîzing agent may be any one of a wide variety of deoxidizing agents for copper such as boron, lithium, calcium, silicon, magnesium, phosphorous, etc., with phosphorous being preferred. The deoxidizing agent ~
is preferably present in an amount OI at least 0. 005%, by weight.
The amount of deoxidizing agent preferably does not exceed 0. 02~o, by weigh~.
The alloy has favorable mechanical and physical charac-teristics. The material has thermal conductivity which is above 70% of copper. The values for the heat resistance as well as the so~tening temperature are also in a favorable range for molds for continuous casting of high melting temperature metals such as iron. The Brinell hardness number as a measure for the . ; .
.
.
373~8 abrasive resistance reached values above 120~ A further require-ment for such molds is a high corrosion resistance with respect to the cooling water which contacts the copper alloy employed in the present invention.
U.S. Patent 2,137,281 teaches a copper alloy of 0.1 to 5% iron and 0.1 to 3% zirconium; however, this material is used `
only for articles which have a high electrical conductivity and hardness such as electrodes for electrical resistance welding.
That patent does not suggest a mold for continuous casting of high melting temperature metals.
The invention will now be described in more detail with reference to an embodiment of the inven$ion.
EXAMPLE I
A copper alloy having 2.5% iron, 0.15% zirconium and 0.01% phosphorous, the remainder copper and the usual impur-itiee, all by weight, was cast into a block having a dlameter of 420 mm and was extruded at 950C to a tube having an outside diameter of 220 mm and was quenched. Subsequently, the tube was cold worked 50% in a plurality of drawing operations, where- ;
by the outer diameter was reduced to 150 mm. The tube was then annealed for about one and one half hours at a temperature of 475C and furnace cooled~ Subsequently, the pipe was finished into a continuous casting mold for high melting temperature ', .- . - , ; .. . . .
metals. ~fter the above mentioned operations, the continuous casting mold had the following properties:
Thermal conductivity 70% of copper Softening temperature 600C
Elardness HB 2.5/62. 5 145 Tensile strength 42 oN /mm2 Elongation 15%
The continuous casting mold, after being used for the casting of steel over a prolonged operation cycle, did not have any flaws such as cor~traction of the mold tube and heat cracks, Furthermore, apparent wear at the lower end of the continuous casting mold, as compared to prior art continuous casting molds, was reduced considerably, EXAMPLE II
A copper alloy of 2 . 35~ iron, 0.10% zirconium, 0. 03%
phosphorous, remainder copper, was hot rolled about 60% at a temperature of about 950C and quenched. The plate was then cold rolled 45% in a plurality of rolling steps, annealed for one hour at 500C, and slowly cooled off in the furnace, After the annealing, the plate was cold rolled about 38% and was annealed , .
for lO hours, at 450C.
Subsequently, the material was finished into mold plates.
The plates had the following properties:
Thermal conductivity 73~0 of copper Softening temperature 550C
Hardness HB 2 . 5 /62 . 5 12 5 Tensile strength 392N /mm2 Elongation 18% . .
Tensile strength at 300G 321N/mm2 Reduction of area at 300C 63%
The molds which were made of the aforementioned - ;
material showed good retention of dimensions after 450 heats which is the result of the high heat resistance of the material. For ~
example, the change in the longitudinal dimensions was less than ; :
0.025la. In known molds made of copper, changes of up to l.5Clc were observed.
Claims (16)
1. In a mold for the continuous casting of high melting temperature metals, the improvement comprising:
said continuous casting mold being formed of a copper alloy consisting essentially of from 1.5 to 4% iron, 0 to 0.25% zirconium, all by weight, a deoxidizing amount of a deoxidizing agent, and the remainder copper.
said continuous casting mold being formed of a copper alloy consisting essentially of from 1.5 to 4% iron, 0 to 0.25% zirconium, all by weight, a deoxidizing amount of a deoxidizing agent, and the remainder copper.
2. The mold of Claim 1 wherein the zirconium is present in an amount of from 0.05% to 0.25%, by weight.
3. The mold of Claim 2 wherein the iron is present in an amount of from 2 to 2.5%, by weight.
4. The mold of Claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the deoxidizing agent is present in an amount of up to 0.04%, by weight.
5. The mold of Claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the deoxidizing agent is selected from the group consisting of boron, lithium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorous.
6. The mold of Claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the deoxidizing agent is present in an amount of at least 0. 005%, by weight.
7. The mold of Claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the deoxidizing agent is present in an amount of no greater than 0.02%, by weight.
8. The mold of Claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the deoxidizing agent is phosphorous.
9. A process for the continuous casting of high melting temperature metals, comprising:
effecting said continuous casting in a mold formed of a copper alloy consisting essentially of from 1.5 to 4% iron, 0 to 0.2 5% zirconium, all by weight, a deoxidizing amount of a deoxidizing agent, and the remainder copper.
effecting said continuous casting in a mold formed of a copper alloy consisting essentially of from 1.5 to 4% iron, 0 to 0.2 5% zirconium, all by weight, a deoxidizing amount of a deoxidizing agent, and the remainder copper.
10. The process of Claim 9 wherein the zirconium is present in an amount of from 0.05% to 0.25%, by weight.
11. The process of Claim 10 wherein the iron is present in an amount of from 2 to 2.5%, by weight.
12. The process of Claim 9, 10 or 11 wherein the deoxidizing agent is present in an amount of up to 0.04%, by weight.
13. The process of Claim 9, 10 or 11 wherein the deoxidizing agent is selected from the group consisting of boron, lithium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorous.
14. The process of Claim 9, 10 or 11 wherein the deoxidizing agent is present in an amount of at least 0.005%9 by weight.
15. The process of Claim 9, 10 or 11 wherein the deoxidizing agent is present in an amount of no greater than 0. 02%, by weight.
16. The process of Claim 9, 10 or 11 wherein the deoxidizing agent is phosphorous.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE2635443A DE2635443C2 (en) | 1976-08-06 | 1976-08-06 | Use of a copper alloy |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1078648A true CA1078648A (en) | 1980-06-03 |
Family
ID=5984901
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA284,160A Expired CA1078648A (en) | 1976-08-06 | 1977-08-05 | Mold formed of a copper alloy |
Country Status (15)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5319137A (en) |
| AT (1) | AT355813B (en) |
| BE (1) | BE857517A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1078648A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH628930A5 (en) |
| DD (1) | DD131096A5 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2635443C2 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES460934A1 (en) |
| FI (1) | FI60820C (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2360681A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1533944A (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1079769B (en) |
| SE (1) | SE433455B (en) |
| SU (1) | SU927127A3 (en) |
| YU (1) | YU185177A (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4377424A (en) * | 1980-05-26 | 1983-03-22 | Chuetsu Metal Works Co., Ltd. | Mold of precipitation hardenable copper alloy for continuous casting mold |
| DE3725950A1 (en) * | 1987-08-05 | 1989-02-16 | Kabel Metallwerke Ghh | USE OF A COPPER ALLOY AS A MATERIAL FOR CONTINUOUS CASTING MOLDS |
| DE4126079C2 (en) * | 1991-08-07 | 1995-10-12 | Wieland Werke Ag | Belt casting process for precipitation-forming and / or tension-sensitive and / or segregation-prone copper alloys |
| RU2232200C2 (en) * | 2002-10-07 | 2004-07-10 | Хабаровский государственный технический университет | Copper-base alloy |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1242882B (en) * | 1959-12-01 | 1967-06-22 | Ver Deutsche Metallwerke Ag | Use of internal copper-zirconium alloys for objects of high heat and long-term resistance as well as good deformability and processes for curing such objects |
| US3039867A (en) * | 1960-03-24 | 1962-06-19 | Olin Mathieson | Copper-base alloys |
| US3789915A (en) * | 1971-04-23 | 1974-02-05 | Olin Corp | Process for improving heat transfer efficiency and improved heat transfer system |
| US3850227A (en) * | 1971-04-23 | 1974-11-26 | Olin Corp | Process for improving heat transfer efficiency and improved heat transfer system |
| DE2253994B2 (en) * | 1972-11-04 | 1975-11-06 | Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | Copper-iron alloy for electrical letter |
-
1976
- 1976-08-06 DE DE2635443A patent/DE2635443C2/en not_active Expired
-
1977
- 1977-06-20 CH CH751577A patent/CH628930A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1977-06-24 AT AT448077A patent/AT355813B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1977-07-07 IT IT50188/77A patent/IT1079769B/en active
- 1977-07-15 GB GB2980/77A patent/GB1533944A/en not_active Expired
- 1977-07-21 ES ES460934A patent/ES460934A1/en not_active Expired
- 1977-07-27 YU YU01851/77A patent/YU185177A/en unknown
- 1977-07-28 FI FI772307A patent/FI60820C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1977-08-04 DD DD7700200448A patent/DD131096A5/en unknown
- 1977-08-05 FR FR7724303A patent/FR2360681A1/en active Granted
- 1977-08-05 BE BE179930A patent/BE857517A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1977-08-05 JP JP9345377A patent/JPS5319137A/en active Granted
- 1977-08-05 CA CA284,160A patent/CA1078648A/en not_active Expired
- 1977-08-05 SE SE7708919A patent/SE433455B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1977-08-05 SU SU772510251A patent/SU927127A3/en active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FI772307A7 (en) | 1978-02-07 |
| SE7708919L (en) | 1978-02-07 |
| FI60820C (en) | 1982-04-13 |
| SU927127A3 (en) | 1982-05-07 |
| DE2635443C2 (en) | 1984-10-31 |
| FI60820B (en) | 1981-12-31 |
| YU185177A (en) | 1984-08-31 |
| JPS5319137A (en) | 1978-02-22 |
| DE2635443A1 (en) | 1978-02-09 |
| JPS614900B2 (en) | 1986-02-14 |
| SE433455B (en) | 1984-05-28 |
| GB1533944A (en) | 1978-11-29 |
| IT1079769B (en) | 1985-05-13 |
| BE857517A (en) | 1978-02-06 |
| CH628930A5 (en) | 1982-03-31 |
| AT355813B (en) | 1980-03-25 |
| FR2360681A1 (en) | 1978-03-03 |
| FR2360681B1 (en) | 1983-05-06 |
| DD131096A5 (en) | 1978-05-31 |
| ES460934A1 (en) | 1978-07-16 |
| ATA448077A (en) | 1979-08-15 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKEX | Expiry |