BRPI1004465A2 - anthropomorphic and anthropometric simulators of human body structures, tissues and organs - Google Patents

Abstract

ANTHROPOMORPHIC AND ANTHROPOMETRIC SIMULATORS OF HUMAN BODY STRUCTURES, TISSUES AND ORGANS. The present invention relates to tissue simulators and nuclear equivalent organs (phantoms), anthropomorphic and anthropometric. Phantoms are produced from synthetic tissue-equivalent materials (TE) that preserve electronic density, mass density and the percentage of elemental chemical composition of their in vivo counterpart. The phantoms of the proposed invention represent the following regions and structures of the human body: head, neck, thorax and pelvis, for both males and females, which can be produced for different ages. Such synthetic pieces were developed to reproduce the main parts of human anatomy in their shape and biometrics. The tissues reproduced using tissue-equivalent materials are: cortical and trabecular bone tissue, nervous tissue, structural (solid) and constituted (flexible) muscle tissue, epithelial tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage tissue and glandular tissues. The organs developed are: lung, heart, brain, liver, spleen, kidney, uterus, breast, in addition to the prostate, parotid and thyroid glands, produced from tissue-equivalent material. In addition, the main pathways of the vascular system of the trunk and head are reproduced.

Description

ANTHROPOMORPHIC AND ANTHROPOMETRIC SIMULATORS OF HUMAN BODY STRUCTURES, TISSUES AND ORGANS

The present invention relates to anthropomorphic and anthropometric equivalent nuclear tissue and phantom simulators. Phantoms are produced from tissue-equivalent synthetic (TE) materials that preserve the electron density, mass density and the percentage of elemental chemical composition of their in vivo counterpart.

The phantoms of the present invention represent the following regions and structures of the human body: head, neck, thorax and pelvis, for both males and females, which may be produced for various ages. These synthetic pieces were developed to reproduce the main parts of human anatomy in their shape and biometrics.

Tissues reproduced using tissue-equivalent materials are cortical and trabecular bone tissue, nervous tissue, structural (solid) and constitutive (flexible) muscle tissue, epithelial tissue, adipose tissue, cartilaginous tissue, and glandular tissues. The organs developed are: lung, heart, brain, liver, spleen, kidney, uterus, breast, in addition to the prostate, parotid and thyroid glands, produced from tissue-equivalent material. In addition, the main pathways of the trunk and head vascular system are reproduced.

TECHNICAL STATE

Tissue-Equivalent Material is defined as synthetic materials represented by a mixture of chemical compounds that reproduce equivalent nuclear characteristics to human tissue upon exposure to ionizing radiation. Thus, such materials may be substitutes for human tissues in radiological simulations or radiotherapy. The equivalent radiological response is found in them when such material replaces human tissue in X-ray exposures, computed tomography, fluoroscopy, among other modalities. The same can be achieved in absorbed dose assessments in photon or neutron radiotherapy. Such tissue-equivalent materials are used to compose the simulating objects, or said phantoms, which reproduce parts of the human body.

The tissue-equivalent synthetic fabrics reproduce the anthropomorphic characteristic in the article for application in radioprotection, radiology, radiotherapy and nuclear medicine. The simulating objects propose to reproduce an equivalent response to the interaction of nuclear radiation with humans, with equivalent radiological response.

In radiotherapy, simulative objects can simulate and improve radiotherapy treatments by teletherapy and brachytherapy, evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of the technique. In radiology, such objects can be used for the quality control of radiological X-ray imaging, computed tomography, nuclear resonance and SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) and PET (positron emission tomography). In general, the simulator objects are suitable tools to assist the calibration of ionizing radiation emitting equipment. Moreover, they may be useful in compression and impact traction simulations, where radiological follow-up of mechanical action-induced physical effects is relevant. Thus, such objects replace human anatomical parts in health care, where monitoring by radiological images, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation is certainly beneficial, serving for experimentation as well as for training and teaching. Pathological characteristics may also be reproduced by altering the characteristics of equivalent tissues.

Some patents related to the present technology have been found in the prior art, such as:

US Patent 4,655,716 - Contoured mammography phantom with skin deals with a phantom, made from a non-biological material that maintains the shape of the breast. This material has physical characteristics of the breast tissue and is used for medical use in training the interpretation of mammograms and as a tool to test the quality of the radiological imaging system. The phantom material comprises an epoxy resin based on a surrogate tissue that simulates breast tissue and another that simulates epithelial tissue.

US Patent 4,818,943 - Phantom for imaging systems refers to a phantom for evaluation and calibration of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging systems. The phantom includes a cylindrical shell with a central axis defining a hollow region. Within this shell are two congruent conical pieces, one attached to the top and the other to the bottom of the shell by their bases. The conical pieces separate the hollow region into two parts: an outer and an inner (within the conical pieces themselves). Each region is filled with a distinct predetermined fluid. Preferably, each conical wall part is positioned symmetrically about the central axis and has its apex disposed along it.

US Patent 4,865,552 - Ophthalmologic phantom system is a simulated human eye system used for the practice of surgical technique for the removal of cataract-affected lenses using emulsification of posterior chamber lenses. Optionally, one can also practice implantation techniques through small incision and refractive surgery. The human eye is reproduced using an outer orbit with three connected inner chambers, separated by the membranes corresponding to the cornea, iris, and posterior chamber membrane. The lens phantom is attached to the orbit within the chamber located between the iris and the posterior chamber membrane so that it can be removed as needed. The lens phantom consists of a structured and water sensitive composition, such as gelatin to which a water soluble polymer has been added. Thereafter, it is encapsulated within a clear vinyl or vinylidene chloridate copolymer film. The positioning of the eye system within structures that reproduce features outside the human head, with the possibility of varying rotation and degree of eye projection, completes this model.

US Patent 4,873,707 - X-ray tomography phantoms, method and system consists of a computed tomography system that includes a high energy imaging apparatus (such as an X-ray computed tomography device) and also one or more phantoms. whose solid characteristics generally correspond to the density and shape of the object represented (preferably including internal and external contours). The phantom is used to assist in image error correction techniques as it allows extremely accurate imaging of bone contours in vivo. The images obtained in this way allow the fabrication of orthopedic prostheses that have a highly accurate fit to the existing bone structure.

US patent application 5,266,035 - Lung pair phantom deals with a material, and method of constructing such material, which provides an improved simulation of radiation attenuation of real lungs, equivalent to an "authentic lung tissue" or ALT phantom. More specifically, the ALT phantom is a medium-density polyurethane foam mixed with calcium carbonate, potassium carbonate (if required), lanthanum nitrate, acetone, and other substances. ATL phantom material is made according to established procedures, but without adding foaming agents. To ensure the uniformity of ALT phantom density required for accurate simulation, polyurethane chemicals should be mixed at low temperatures before the mixture is poured into the mold.

US Patent 5,805,665 - Anthropomorphic mammography phantoms, relates to an apparatus and method of use and construction of anthropomorphic phantoms for mammography. These phantoms solve deficiencies that currently exist in mammography practice through X-ray images. Mammographic phantom is a tool for training health professionals in the field of mammography regarding the correct positioning of the patient's breast and the optimal exposure of the patient to X-rays. It can also be used to generate x-ray images similar to the patient's mammographic x-ray images. Mammographic phantom still simulates normal breast tissue and tissue irregularities and abnormalities associated with various known breast pathologies such as microcalcifications, cysts, tumors, etc. It preferably comprises the shape of a woman's upper torso including one or two breast simulators which may vary in size, density, compressibility and elasticity. It has been constructed so that breast simulators can be detached from the upper phantom of the phantom, used independently and repositioned over the torso, thereby allowing the mounting of a variety of breast simulator types. Its upper torso also provides the rib cage (with the pectoralis major muscle) for mounting breast simulators, an additional element for realistic patient simulation.

US Patent Application 5,910,975 - Anatomic phantom for evaluation of radiographic imaging systems deals with an anatomical phantom for evaluating the projection of radiographic imaging systems. The anatomical X-ray phantom is composed of two layers of radioluminescent material, with at least one layer of metallic material between them, plus a test pattern.

The metal layer attempts to match some human anatomical portion and has similar X-ray absorption characteristics to this portion. The test standard is used to test and ensure the x-ray quality of the imaging system and is positioned within the phantom in an area that has radiopacity and radioluminescence characteristics similar to those of the corresponding anatomical human portion. Other metal layers may also be present between the two radiolucent layers. Preferably, the test pattern is directly adhered to the metal layer, facing the direction of the X-ray photon source.

US Patent 6,302,582 - Spine phantom simulating cortical and trabecular bone for calibration of dual energy x-ray bone densitometers refers to a spinal phantom for dual energy x-ray attenuation measurement instrument calibration used to measure vertebral bone density . Simplified construction of the phantom is made possible by equating density variations in the three-dimensional complex and inhomogeneous spine as a set of easily constructed flat surfaces of different thicknesses. In particular, the spinal phantom includes a vertebrae simulating body, with the base surface perpendicular to the X-ray beam of the apparatus and defining an intervertebral section, a bone composite section, and cortical wall sections. Each of these sections extends to planes of different heights from the base surface, simulating cartilage, cortical and trabecular bone, and cortical bone wall regions of the human spine, respectively.

The spinal phantom of the present invention may include various vertebrae simulating bodies simulating various vertebrae types and densities. In addition, vertebral simulator bodies can be placed on vinyl-coated acrylic blocks to simulate the human spine covered with soft tissue.

US Patent 6,364,529 - Radiation Phantom deals with a phantom for quality assurance of intensity modulated radiotherapy. This phantom is adapted for use with various dosimetry devices, such as ion chambers, MOSFETs, radiochromic film, and TLDs. The phantom includes a base where a static block is attached. A dynamic block, also on the base, can have its distance from the static block adjusted. Several dividing films fit between the blocks, like a sandwich. After inserting the films between the film separators, the blocks are attached. The static and dynamic blocks have several cavities to receive several dosimeters. Dosimeters can be alternated by changing cavities, thereby increasing the versatility of the phantom.

From the analysis of the state of the art it can be observed that there are several objects already developed that aim to simulate the behavior of parts of the human body subjected to physical and chemical phenomena. It is also noted that each patent describes its own characteristic simulator object for a single function. In addition, the simulated objects described address the anthropometric or anthropomorphic feature, but do not reproduce both features at the same time. Thus, there are pieces that reproduce the human physical form, but without nuclear equivalence (such as PI4818943) or using simplified materials such as epoxy (PI4655716). Most patents described are parts that simulate radiation attenuation with matter, but solve this problem by reproducing the mass equivalence of fabric from thin metal parts such as PI5910975. Another patent, for example, reproduces tissue equivalence with acrylic boxes, without anatomical representation but filled with tissue-equivalent liquid (PI4818943). The above state of the art has restrictions on its anthropometric and anthropomorphic characteristics, being limited to materials that do not have equivalent chemical composition, such as metallic alloys, epoxy and acrylics, among others, or whose thicknesses are simply reduced to reproduce the desired radiological texture. in the film, consequently decharacterizing the anatomy.

The present technology incorporates several anthropometric and anthropomorphic features in one piece, thus reproducing the internal organ topology and external biometrics representative of the main anatomical characteristics of the human being. In addition, it includes production of children's phantoms, parts for newborns and adult men and women.

LIST OF FIGURES

The simulating objects and tissue equivalent materials are shown in the following Figures:

Figure 1 shows the pre-project of the idealized eye simulator object, used as a starting point for the definition of the stages and subsequent construction of the eye simulator. The drawing is numbered from 1 to 6, respectively showing the target structures as well as their geometries and their limits. They are: (1) air; (2) cornea; (3) aqueous humor; (4) crystalline; (5) sclera, choroid and retina (grouped membranes) and (6) optic nerve.

Figure 2 (A) Figure 2A shows the skull made with articulated bone ET (lower skull, upper skull, and mandible). Figure 2 (B) shows the internal view of the lower skull. Figure 2 (C) shows the internal view of the upper skull. Figure 2 (D) shows the mandible. Figure 2 (E) shows the hyoid bone. Figures 3 (A) and 3 (B) show one of the cervical vertebrae

Figures 4 (A) and 4 (B) show one of the thoracic vertebrae. Figure 4 (A) shows its lateral portion and Figure 4 (B) its upper portion.

Figures 5 (A, B and C) show how the intervertebral discs and spinal cord were articulated to the vertebrae.

Figure 6 (A) shows how the brain was positioned within the skull box and illustrates that the back cover can be removed for brain manipulation. Figure 6 (B) shows the articulation of the skull with the cervical vertebrae.

Figure 7 shows the synthetic piece of head and neck involved with TE muscle, in addition to the eyes, nose, mouth and ears involved only with TE skin, for subsequent filling.

Figure 8 illustrates the head and neck simulator model, all covered by TE skin.

Figure 9 shows the anatomical pre-design of the laryngeal cartilages. All cartilages were made with cartilage TE (tissue equivalent) and were interconnected with muscle TE. Figure 9 (A) shows the cartilages in lateral view and Figure 9 (B) in posterior view.

Figures 46 and 47 show KERMA deviation of photons and neutrons between infant brain and its tissue-equivalent material.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The anthropomorphic and anthropometric simulators represent objects developed with tissues or organs composed of material with equivalent radiation interaction properties, reproducing at first three regions: head and neck, thorax and male and female pelvis, at different ages of the human being.

The pelvis and thorax may also be enlarged with part of the abdomen, but there is also the possibility of isolated individual parts such as infant head, spinal section and compressed breast (mammography). The present invention relates to region and piece simulator objects, methods of preparation and their respective tissue or organ equivalent materials, referred to as equivalent tissue material or TE.

For the dosimetric validation of the equivalent tissue materials, the theoretical evaluation of the kinetic energy of the secondary charged particles released in the matter - KERMA was made. For this, we adopted a standard atomic composition of the human tissue under study and the respective composition of the manipulated tissue-equivalent material, and photon and neutron monoenergetic beams. Such quantity and its calculation methodology are defined in the ICRU-46 and ICRU-63 (International Commission Radiation Unit, number 46 and 63, 2000) standards and can be reproduced from these references. Values of deviation of this magnitude from the reference value were obtained as a function of the energy of the incident particle. Validation also took place by visually comparing tomographic or X-ray sections in humans and simulating objects under similar radiological image processing conditions. Simulating objects and their respective tissue-equivalent materials are useful in healthcare, medical physics, and engineering. They can be used as tools for simulation in radioprotection, radiobiology, radiology and radiotherapy and nuclear medicine during internal or external exposure, for calibration of radiation detection systems, measurement of absorbed dose depth, improvement of radiological image quality, simulations of compression and traction on mechanical impacts of humans. They can still be employed in the experimentation, training and teaching of radiology, where pathological characteristics can be reproduced by alternating the characteristics of equivalent tissues.

The simulators of the regions, head and neck, chest and pelvis, of both sexes and different ages are described below. Head and neck

The head and neck simulator object consists of several structures. Structures in the head such as: skullcap and jaw, as well as brain, eyeball, facial muscles and internal muscles such as tongue, nasopharynx and pharynx, incorporating solid structural and flexible muscles of constitution, as well as parotid, submandibular and skin glands. The ocular pair includes structures such as cornea, aqueous humor, iris, lens, optic nerve and the sclera, choroid and retina membranes. In the neck region there are structures such as laryngeal cartilages, cervical vertebrae, 1st and 2nd thoracic vertebrae, spinal cord and neck muscles that make up the larynx and pharynx, as well as the thyroid gland.

The child head simulator object includes the child head, meeting the age range of newborns up to 3 years old and incorporating bone structure, brain and eyes, as well as nasofacial constitution, for dosimetric studies and radiological response. Children's phase. Such an object is justified by reproducing an anatomical piece that differs with growth (up to 3 years old).

Chest

The chest simulator object is divided into two parts: outer part and inner part. The outer part, called the framework, includes bone structures such as: 2 clavicles, 2 scapulae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 24 costal arches (12 arches on each side) and the sternum (manubrium, body and xiphoid appendix), in addition to solid structural muscle. and flexible, fat, breast and skin. Inside are included organs such as heart, right and left lungs, spleen and liver. There is the option of chest extension, including stomach and part of the intestine, involving the abdomen.

The simulated compressed breast object includes the breast structure, involving mammary glandular tissue, adipose tissue and skin, in specific proportions featuring a young breast, a breast with excess fat tissue and a standard breast (maintaining a 1: 1 ratio between these tissue, however obeying an anatomical shape compressed at a thickness of 5 cm). This object is justified by the needs of radiodosimetric evaluations and radiological responses in mammography exams.

The spinal section simulator object includes the bone structure of the spine in a limited section, including the body of the vertebrae, medulla, muscle tissue, associated major veins and arteries, and skin, limited to a volume of 20 cm x 20 cm by 15 cm. cm deep. This object is justified by the need for radiotherapy measurements in radiotherapy of spinal tumors, besides fluoroscopy radioscopy in surgical procedures, which requires studies, experimentation and training of the clinical staff.

Pelvis

The male and female pelvis simulator object includes the bone structure of the pelvis, the femur head, the spine, the internal organs, the musculature and the adipose tissue. Internal organs may be introduced, such as bladder, uterus or prostate, depending on gender. There is no external indication of gender. The bone structure can be changed according to the specified gender. In addition, organs such as the kidney, the large intestine and the small intestine may be included, forming part of the abdomen in extension with the pelvic simulator object.

Materials with equivalent fabric properties

The chemical constituents of the equivalent tissue (TE) materials as well as their proportions were presented in the non-limiting examples, which were divided into: organ simulating materials, tissue simulating materials and method of assembling the parts.

I. Description of organ simulating materials:

Example 1 - Adult Brain Tissue-equivalent Material

The following chemical compounds were used (with their respective weight percentages): 10.80% CH3CO2NH4, 0.90% (NH4) 2SO4, 0.90% NH4H2PO4, 0.50% C28H30Na8O27, 0.50 % NaH 2 PO 4, 0.08% KOH; 0.50% KCI, 80.50% H2O, 0.1% NaCl and 5.04% dehydrated animal collagen.

These compounds reproduce the weight percentage of S, C + O, Η, P, Cl, K, Na and N: 0.2178; 81.0366; 10.04247; 0.37179; 0.2987; 0.31768; 0.229 and 2.26593, respectively.

Example 2 - Children's Brain Equivalent Tissue Material

The following chemical compounds were used (with their respective weight percent weight): 8.00% CH3CO2NH4, 0.45% (NH4) 2SO4, 0.90% NH4H2PO4, 0.50% C28H30Na8O27, 0.40 % NaH 2 PO 4, 0.7% KOH; 0.3% KCI, 84.50% H2O, and 5.04% animal collagen gelatin.

These compounds reproduce the weight percentage of S, C + O, Η, P, Cl, K, Na, N: 0.1089; 82.2794; 10,20557; 0.34596; 0.2035; 0.20592; 0.209 and 1.66093, respectively.

Example 3 - Tissue-equivalent thyroid material

The following chemical compounds (with their respective weight percentages by weight) were used: 12.7% CH3CO2NH4, 0.42% (NH4) 2SO4, 0.1% NH4H2PO4, 0.2% C28H30Na8O27.0, 36% NaH 2 PO 4, 0.1% KOH, 0.132% KCl, 81.00% H2O, 0.25% NaCl, 5.04% animal collagen gelatin.

These compounds reproduce the weight percentage of S, C + O, Η, P, Cl, K, Na and N: 0.1016; 81.8827; 10,1868; 0.191948; 0.1517; 0.1012; 0.2048; 2,4126 and 0,1003, respectively. Example 4 - Liver equivalent tissue material

The following chemical compounds (with their respective weight percentages by weight) were used: 15.00% CH3CO2NH4, 1.20% (NH4) 2SO4, 0.37% NH4H2PO4, 0.30% C28H30Na8O27.1, 00% NaH2PO4, 0.50% KCl1 76.00% H2O1 and 6.08% dehydrated animal collagen.

These compounds reproduce the weight percentage of the chemical elements S, C + O, Η, P, Cl, K, Na and N: 0.2904; 79.8999; 9,9119; 0.358052; 0.2380; 0.2620; 0.2282 and 3.0294, respectively.

The liver equivalent tissue material was prepared from the salts and organic compounds described, composing the elemental isotopic percentages of the following elements present in the liver tissue: C, H1 O, N, Cl, K, Na1 P and S.

The salts were dissolved in 1/3 of the total liver volume of distilled water in a water bath at 37 ° C. The mixture was mechanically homogenized. The organic compound CMC was dissolved in 1/3 of the organ volume in ml of distilled water, also in a water bath, at 56 ° C. The dehydrated animal collagen was in turn dissolved in 1/3 of the organ volume of distilled water in a water bath at 60 ° C.

The three parts obtained were then mixed by adding fungicide and bactericide. The obtained mixture was finally poured into the mold of the organ in question. The same preparation procedure as described for TE liver was followed for the tissue-equivalent materials pancreas, thyroid, kidney, mammary gland, prostate, infant and adult brain, under normal conditions. sufficient dilution to produce the mass of each organ or tissue.

Figure I (Annex) shows the liver made of gelatinous equivalent tissue material.

Example 5 - Heart-equivalent fabric material

The following chemical compounds (with their respective weight percent weight) were used: 0.10% NH 4 Cl, 16.00% CH 3 CO 2 NH 4, 0.82% (NH 4) 2 SO 4, 0.37% NH 4 H 2 PO 4, 40% C28H30Na8O27, 0.15% NaH2PO4, 0.5% KCI, 78% H2O, and 4% dehydrated animal collagen.

These compounds reproduce the weight percentage of S, C + O, Η, O, P, Cl, K, Na and N: 0.1984; 81.8026; 10,1973; 0.1384; 0.3043; 0.2620; 0.1037 and 3.1570, respectively. An additional collagen can be applied to achieve greater stiffness as desired, reaching an additional percentage of up to 12%.

The preparation method is presented below. The salts and organic compounds described above provide the following elements present in cardiac tissue: C, Η, O, N, Cl, K, Na, P and S. The salts were diluted to 1/3 of the total heart volume (83, 33 ml) of distilled water in a water bath at 37 ° C, the mixture being mechanically homogenized. Subsequently, CMC organic compound was diluted in distilled water, also in a water bath, at 56 ° C. Next, the dehydrated collagen was diluted in distilled water under a water bath at 60 ° C, in a proportion that gives consistency to the equivalent tissue material so that it can be molded and follow the similar morphological pattern (anatomical conformation and topology). The three separately obtained parts were then hot mixed, adding fungicide and bactericide. Then the mixture was placed into the molding molds of the anatomical parts. Figure 2 (Annex) shows the equivalent tissue material of the heart and Figure 3 (Annex) shows the image of the heart and its tomographic image. Example 6 - Spleen-equivalent tissue material

The following chemical compounds were used (with their respective weight percent weight): 16.00% CH3CO2NH4, 1.00% (NH4) 2SO4, 0.90% NH4H2PO4, 0.30% C28H30Na8O27, 0.40 % NaH2PO4, 0.52% KCI1 76.00% H2O, and 5.04% dehydrated animal collagen.

These compounds reproduce the weight percentage of S1 C1 H, O1 P1 Cl, K, Na and N: 0.2420; 80.5061; 10,00741; 0.34596; 0.24752; 0.27248; 0.13302 and 3.23353, respectively.

The salts were dissolved in 1/3 of the total spleen volume (33.33 ml) of distilled water and the mixture was kept in a water bath at 37 ° C and mechanically homogenized. The carbomethylcellulose compound - CMC was dissolved in distilled water also in a water bath at 56 ° C. The same was done with the dehydrated collagen in a water bath at 60 ° C. After hot mixing of the three parts, fungicide and antibacterial were added. Formic acid at 5ppm was also incorporated. Then the mixture was placed into the molding molds of the anatomical parts.

Figure 4 (Annex) shows the spleen made of gelatinous equivalent tissue material. Figure 5 (Annex) shows the spleen and liver phantom, its x-rays and their tomography.

Example 7 - Tissue-equivalent kidney material

The following chemical compounds (with their respective weight percent weight) were used: 0.15% NH 4 Cl, 16.15% CH 3 CO 2 NH 4, 0.83% (NH 4) 2 SO 4, 0.38% NH 4 H 2 PO 4, 30% C28H30Na8O27, 0.40% NaH2PO4, 0.30% KOH, 0.30% KCl, 0.525 CaCO3; 76% H2O, 0.16% NaCl, and 5.04% dehydrated animal collagen gelatin.

These compounds reproduce the weight percentage of S, C + O, Η, P, Cl, K, Na and N: 0.2008; 80,7763; 10,0000; 0.2057; 0.1966; 0.2088; 0.1959; 3,2007 and 0,1008, respectively. Example 8 - Pancreas equivalent tissue material

The following chemical compounds (with their respective weight percent weight) were used: 11.30% CH3CO2NH4, 0.45% (NH4) 2SO4, 0.38% NH4H2PO4, 0.70% C28H30Na8O27.0, 40% NaH2PO4, 0.40% KCl, 82% H2O, and 5.04% dehydrated animal collagen.

These compounds reproduce the weight percentage of S, C, Η, O, P, Cl, K, Na and N: 0.1089; 82.3066; 10,2025; 0.2057; 0.1904; 0.2096; 0.2079 and 2.1982, respectively.

Example 9 - Tissue-equivalent lung material

The chemical compounds to be incorporated in the manufacture of synthetic lung (with their respective weight percent masses) are: 0.10% NH 4 Cl, 15.00% CH 3 CO 2 NH 4, 1.30% (NH 4) 2 SO 4, 0.37 % NH4H2PO4, 0.50% C28H30Na8O27, 0.60% NaH2PO4, 0.45% KCI, 76% H2O, 0.10% NaCl and 6.08% animal collagen gelatin.

These compounds reproduce the weight percentage of S, C + O, Η, P, Cl, K, Na and N: 0.3146; 79.8037; 9.9250; 0.2548; 0.3413; 0.2358; 0.2282 and 3.0768, respectively.

The lung equivalent tissue material was made with the mixtures of salts, together with the organic compound CMC and dehydrated animal collagen, as in the other equivalent tissue made. The salts were dissolved in 1/3 of the total volume of each lung (266.67ml to the right and 233.33ml to the left, for example) of distilled water in a water bath at 37 ° C, the mixture being mechanically homogenized. Using the same materials and procedures as above, the organic CMC compound was dissolved in the respective volume of 1/3 of each lung in distilled water in a 56 ° C water bath. Then the dehydrated animal collagen was diluted in the remaining volume (respective for each lung) in a 60 ° C water bath in proportion to the desired viscosity. Subsequently, the three parts were mixed and fungicidal and bactericidal were added. This material was used to compose the high density lung and was adsorbed on low density polyurethane foam. Figure 6 (Annex) shows the right and left lungs made with a sponge, embedded in TE lung.

Example 10 - Mammary glandular tissue-equivalent material

The following chemical compounds (with their respective weight percent weight) were used: 0.28% NH 4 Cl, 15.00% CH 3 CO 2 NH 4, 0.85% (NH 4) 2 SO 4, 0.2% NH 4 H 2 PO 4, 3% C28H30Na8O27, 0.2% NaH2PO4, 80.00% H2O, 0.03% NaCl and 5.04% animal collagen gelatin.

These compounds reproduce the weight percentage of S1 C, Η, O, P, Cl, K, Na and N: 0.2057; 82.8968; 10,333724; 0.10558; 0.20399; 0.0; 0.10641 and 3.007816, respectively.

Figure 7 (Annex) illustrates the compressed breast phantom. Example 11- Prostate glandular tissue-equivalent material

The following chemical compounds (with their respective weight percentages by weight) were used: 15.5% CH3CO2NH4, 0.85% (NH4) 2SO4, 0.1% NH4H2PO4, 0.2% C28H30Na8O27.0, 4% NaH2PO4, 0.2% KCI, 78% H2O and 5.04% animal collagen gelatin.

Such compounds reproduce the elemental weight percent of S, C + O, Η, P, Cl 1 K, Nae N: 0.2057; 81,4557; 10,13065; 0.13028; 0.0952; 0.1048; 0.11428 and 3.01337, respectively.

II. Description of Tissue Simulating Materials: Example 12 - Cortical Bone Tissue-Equivalent Material

It is made up of powdered bone (with specific particle size, chemically treated and autoclaved) and orthophytic polymeric resin (in 1: 1 proportions, with catalyst added).

For the preparation of bone tissue, a thermochemical treatment of the ground bone powder was initially performed using acid, basic and neutral solution baths. The fine-grained sieved portion (between ΙΟΟμίτι to 300μιη) was washed with slightly acidic solution and then basic, followed by neutral solution, and brought to 60 ° C for 24h for drying. The bone powder was mixed with the polyester and a specific catalyst was added, such as methyl ethyl ketone, to form a compound called cortical bone. This compound was vigorously mixed to give a paste of pasty consistency, granular texture and high viscosity. The compound was poured into a suitable form under a vibrating table to remove voids and bubbles. The mass was then deposited in the slots of each elastomer mold, thus filling the voids. After the gripping time, the equivalent bone material solidified, thus shaping the pieces. Handling time varied with ambient temperature. Longer catching time was observed on colder and wetter days. The density of the final product reached values of 1.4 to 1.9 g / cm3, depending on the particle size used.

Example 13 - Tissue-equivalent trabecular bone material

Consists of a mixture containing catalyzed orthofital resin, the same amount of finely ground and crushed bone powder and 25% of the final volume of strongly hydrated animal collagen in heated water, adding calcium carbonate and yeast or inorganic expander for thermo-chemical expansion. (up to 2hr from 60 to 120 ° C). Changes in composition, specifically bone powder particle size, viscosity of orthofital resin, hydrated collagen addition and hydration content, fermentation agent and calcium carbonate percentage, as well as changes in temperature and time expansion allow to change the concentration and diameters of bone trabeculae

Figure 8 (Annex) shows the structures constructed with bone ET, respectively: skull (A) and mandible (articulated) (B) 1 vertebrae (articulated) and hyoid bone (C).

Figure 9 (Appendix) shows the right femoral head radiograph showing radiological equivalence at the proximal end between the femur (a) and human (b) phantoms. Example 14 - Tissue-equivalent cartilage material

It can be prepared by two distinct methods depending on the need to maintain rigidity or flexibility.

Rigid cartilages can be fabricated using an acrylic polymer and self-curing (42%), self-curing acrylic copolymer (37%) and collagen powder (21%). In this example, the collagen was initially mixed with the self-curing acrylic and added with specific catalyst. This compound was vigorously mixed by hand to give a paste of liquid to pasty consistency whose artificial color follows that of the skin or mucosa. The compost was poured on a vibrating table to remove voids and bubbles. Then the material was deposited in the elastomer molds, thus filling in the voids, or brushed in the appropriate places. After the gripping time, the equivalent cartilage material solidified, thus shaping the pieces.

Already the equivalent flexible cartilage woven material constituting the invertebrate discs, for example, was produced with thermoplastic polymer and kiln molded at a temperature higher than the glass temperature (Tg), occupying the desired molds with or without applied pressure. After cooling and disassembly, they take the form of invertebrate discs.

Example 15 - Tissue-Equivalent Tissue Material

The materials used in the synthesis are: ddH20 (distilled water): 88.08%; Agar-Agar1 pure powder: 1.76%; CH 3 CO 2 NH 4 (ammonium acetate): 8.31%; (NH 4) 2 SO 4 (ammonium sulfate): 0.42%; NaH 2 PO 4 (anhydrous monobasic sodium phosphate): 1.05%; KCl (potassium chloride): 0.38%.

The preparation of the material was started by mixing and stirring 200 ml of warmed water with 19.36g of agar (M1). The remaining components were mixed with 200 ml of heated water (M2). M1 and M2 were mixed and then 568.8 ml of water was added. The final mixture was boiled until it was time to produce a homogeneous compound. This compound was then poured into the molds. As an end product, the material changes from liquid to solid state after cooling. Variations of tissue-equivalent material nerve tissue can be applied to compose infant and adult brain tissue-equivalent material, changing the percentages of selected compounds and consequently their chemical compositions.

Example 16 - Solid Muscle Tissue-Equivalent Material

The synthesis consisted of:

i. Preparation of the powder complement, with: 5.30 g KOH (potassium hydroxide), 8.87 g NaH2PO4 (sodium phosphate), 72 g CH3CO2NH4 (ammonium acetate), 0.88 g Ca (NO3) 4-H2O (Hydrated calcium nitrate), totaling 87.05g;

ii. 608.63g complement incorporation of C4H7O2;

iii. mixing the powder to 304.31 g of C3H4O2, liquid at 8 ° C, yielding 100.0g of product after picking up.

The measured density of the product was 1.02 g.cm-3. The elemental weight percentage obtained was 8.66% (H) 1 86.99% (C + O), 3.5% (N), 0.17 % (Na), 0.228% (W), 0.015% (Ca), 0.370% (K).

Example 17 - Tissue-equivalent Flexible Muscle Material

The materials used in the synthesis were: 796.7 ml of distilled water; 8g of sodium carboxymethylcellulose salt (CMC); 170.2g of CH 3 CO 2 NH 4; 12.4g of (NH 4) 2 SO 4; 11.2g of K 2 HPO 4; 1.5g NH4Cl (ammonium chloride) and 10% dehydrated animal collagen gelatin, taking percentages and masses as an example. The following components were slowly mixed until complete dissolution was achieved: distilled water, CMC, CH 3 CO 2 NH 4, (NH 4) 2 SO 4, K 2 HPO 4, and NH 4 Cl. The solution was then boiled, cooled, and then kept at 4 ° C.

Subsequently, the solution was boiled again and 10% (w / w) dehydrated animal collagen was added under constant homogenization. This compound was then poured into a container which upon slow cooling makes the solid material flexible. A solid volume or layered overlay plates may be used for overlaying or filling to form an equivalent muscle tissue material. Example 18 - Flexible Leather Fabric-equivalent Material

The materials used were: 50% hydraulic silicone and 50% collagen powder. Collagen was slowly added to the silicone and mixed by hand until it took on the texture of a pasty to solid mass. This mass becomes adherent and with great clamping power, forming an alloy that needs vigorous mechanical action to be manipulated. After repeated and vigorous manipulation of the dough, it was placed on a smooth, impermeable surface so that it was opened with a properly lubricated cylindrical roller with Vaseline. This manipulation is applied to obtain equivalent skin material of appropriate thickness and length. 50x60cm2, 30x40cm2, 25x40cm2 skin sections can be made, with thickness ranging from 2 to 5 mm, for example. The equivalent skin sections were placed for drying for 48 h. After this period, they were cut and positioned under the desired piece, being glued on the solid or flexible muscle, or on any base.

A second procedure for fabricating this structurally equivalent skin-like fabric consists of a 1: 1 mixture of latex and dehydrated collagen powder, which is deposited in layers on a synthetic fiberglass or carbon fabric, for example. , with predefined plot. After drying, the obtained layers were deposited on each other. The thickness was controlled by the number of layers applied. By maintaining a desired topology, such material assists in structuring the simulating objects, for example by reproducing the topology of a compressed breast.

Example 19 - Fatty tissue-equivalent material

The chemical compounds used were paraffin and vegetable wax (natural or industrial), in the proportion of 30% paraffin and 40% vegetable wax respectively, with the addition of silicone oil.

The mixture was heated in a water bath at 80 ° C and mixed vigorously after being liquid. The obtained compound was then poured hot at the site to be filled, or manipulated into cold pasty form to be applied in layers. Example 20 - Tissue-equivalent epithelial membrane material Representative of the sclera, choroid and retina membranes. The material used for preparation was dehydrated collagen and flexible muscle tissue-equivalent material, following the ratio of 2g of crystalline dehydrated collagen (20%) to 8g of flexible muscle TE (80%). This mixture was heated at 60 ° C in a water bath for 5 min and then poured into molds, forming membranes, for example. It was then dried and demoulded.

III. Detailed description of the preparation and assembly methods for each simulator object in the paragraphs below.

Example 21 - Method of Preparation and Assembly of the Brain and Marrow

For the best fit of the brain tissue inside the skull, it was necessary to reproduce the three membranes that surround the brain (dura, arachnoid, and pia mater, ie, the meninges). These membranes were represented by a thin layer of latex or silicone elastomer. The elastomer was manipulated inside the disarticulated skull, still in liquid state, through light brush strokes inside the cranial box. After drying the silicone film, some retouching and cleaning were done. To access the cranial casing, the skullcap on its upper part was drilled, producing a 7 mm diameter hole. The foramen magnum was sealed, as well as other perforations, for housing the brain TE material. The TE material was then heated to 90 ° C and homogenized. After hot ET, the upper skull was sealed with sanitary silicone. Once cooled, the brain TE becomes solid, generating the anthropomorphic and anthropometric shape of the brain. This same procedure was repeated in due proportion to make the spinal cord by pouring the TE mixture of nerve tissue into the cervical vertebrae. The vertebrae were previously articulated to each other with thermoplastic material and temporarily sealed with plastic. The marrow TE material was manipulated, heated to 90 ° C and poured into the seal containing the vertebrae. Immediately after the substance solidified, the seal was removed and excess TE material from nervous tissue removed, giving the respective shape of the spinal cord.

Figure 10 (Appendix) shows the simulation of silicone rubber meninges in the lower skull internally. This simulation was made with considerable thickness and with the purpose of protecting the brain with ET.

Figure 11 (Appendix) shows the brain made with ET in its lower portion. Note perfectly the shape of the brain and cerebellum, as well as the delimitations of the brain lobes. Figure 11 (BeC) shows the relationship of the brain and cranial box, showing perfect fit. Figure 11 (B) shows its upper portion and 11C its lateral portion.

Example 22 - Method of preparing and assembling the ocular structure Initially, the geometry and main dimensions of the model were specified, such as radius and thickness of the parts, namely cornea, aqueous humor, iris, lens, optic nerve and membranes, incorporating the sclera, choroid and retina. Shapes and models of the eyepiece parts have been previously prepared. The pre-existing models were positioned in the molds, which were then completely filled with elastomer. The inner and outer geometries of the lens and parts of the eye were reproduced separately. The eye piece was split in the center, like a semihemisphere. One half incorporates the cornea and the other half the optic nerve. After drying, the two halves of the model were removed from the molds. Then the molds were filled with plastic molding (epoxy resin-based epoxy and polyamide polyamides). To reproduce the membranes, each half of the semi-hemisphere was divided into inner and outer parts, so that the intersection between them constitutes the membrane. Thus, two molds of the elastomeric parts (internal and external) were made, also in the form of semi-hemispheres. The inner semi-hemisphere was positioned within the corresponding outer hemisphere, allowing adequate spacing equivalent to the membranes of the eyeball. The spacing between the molds maintains the correct thickness of the membranes. Filling of the molds was then continued with tissue-epithelial equivalent tissues. This was poured into the spacing between the silicone elastomer shapes. The cornea was molded to 1.0 mm thickness. The sclera, choroid and retina membranes, being very thin, were grouped and molded with a thickness of 1.5 mm.

The second part of the manipulated globe is the lens. To reproduce such a structure, translucent orthophythalic polymer resin was used and could also be replaced by any translucent polymer with a density close to 1.5 g / cm3. This manipulation was done in the lens shape itself, which was immediately subjected to a bubble elimination vibration and kept diluted with specific monomers. The material takes hold at room temperature. To represent the suspensory ligaments, a thin latex membrane was used, glued together with the lens and placed at the bottom of the cornea.

In turn, the vitreous humor was represented by a mixture of water-diluted agar in a ratio of 10 mL of distilled and deionized water (96.15%) to 0.4 g of Agar-agar (3.84 %), for example. The method of preparation consisted of dissolving the Agar-Agar powder in boiling water, boiling until completely dissolved. After dilution, such a mixture was poured into the inner parts of previously prepared membranes. The optic nerve was represented by a 6.0 mm hollow translucent elastomer hollow cylinder, justified by the need to receive thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) inside. Holes were made for passage of the material of the vitreous humor. After drying of the TE of the vitreous humor, the separated parts of the eyeball were joined. The glassy humor TE itself was used by brush strokes as glue to join the two parts of the eye.

Then, the exterior was waterproofed to prevent dehydration by contact with air, using a polyurethane varnish for this purpose. To better represent the real human eye, it was also covered with a layer of ice-colored synthetic enamel (alkyd resin). To represent the pupil, the pupil area was also covered with a matte black synthetic enamel (alkyd resin).

The superior oblique, inferior oblique, superior rectus, inferior rectus, lateral rectus and mediate rectus muscles were represented with the same material of the suspensory ligaments, from latex. This elastomeric material was measured according to the size of each muscle and affixed according to the actual position in the human eye, identifying the right eye and the left eye.

Adipose tissue-equivalent material was hot-poured into the uveal cavity, previously prepared to fit the ocular simulator object. Following are some geometric parameters (radius, thickness and refractive index): radii of 7.8 mm and 6.0 mm, thickness 1.0 mm, for cornea; iris: radius 6.0 mm, thickness 3.0 mm; crystalline / ciliary muscle: radius 4.0 mm, thickness 4.0 mm; membranes incorporating the sclera, choroid and retina: radius 11.5 mm, thickness 1.5 mm; optic nerve, radius 3.0 mm, internal thickness (withers) 1.0 mm, external thickness 6.0 mm.

Figure 1 shows the pre-project of the idealized eye simulator object, used as a starting point for the definition of the stages and subsequent construction of the eye simulator. The drawing is numbered from 1 to 6, respectively showing the target structures as well as their geometries and their limits. They are: (1) air; (2) cornea; (3) aqueous humor; (4) crystalline; (5) sclera, choroid and retina (grouped membranes); and (6) optic nerve.

Figure 12 (Appendix) shows the final result of eye tunics made of TE material, divided into two parts: posterior and frontal.

Figure 13 (Annex) shows the end result of a pair of eyepieces, one represented separately and the other next to the Suspension Bond TE.

Figure 14 (Annex) shows a side view of the right eyepiece object before being semi-inserted into the bone structure made with equivalent tissue.

Figure 15 (Appendix) shows the fully inserted (fat) eye simulator to the head and neck simulator object in its lateral portion. Example 23 - Method of preparing and assembling the head and neck simulator object

It was made from a pre-project containing the main head structures, identifying the boundary conditions of the pieces and creating independence between them. The sequence of its production was determined, describing the shape and articulation between each piece and allowing the idealization and visualization of the entire construction procedure. Anatomical designs of trabecular and cortical bone, cartilaginous, muscular, nervous and epithelial tissues were made. Pre-existing anatomical models of the skull, cervical vertebrae, and 1st and 2nd thoracic vertebrae of plastic material were used to prepare the bone parts (for academic purposes). The hyoid bone model was reproduced with epoxy mass, obeying its metric characteristics. The molds were then made of silicone elastomer. The elastomer and catalyst mixture was then poured over the models. When the elastomer took hold, the anatomical models were unmolded. The bone equivalent tissue material (TE bone) was poured into these molds to obtain the negatives of these structures following the trabecular or cortical bone procedure as described. In addition, for the best filling of mold spaces and mixing homogeneity, a mechanical mixer, a compressor and a greenhouse were used during the mold filling process. After 24 hours, the bone parts were unmolded. These pieces were subsequently sanded, drilled and polished. For the assembly of bone parts and fixation of vertebrae, hydraulic silicone was used, and between vertebrae were placed intervertebral discs, using thermoplastic polymers forming layers with thicknesses of 3 mm simulating the intervertebral discs. The parotid, submandibular, and thyroid glands were attached to the piece before the closure of the skin covering the simulating object. The dimensions of the head and neck simulator object (height, width) and final weight are: head - height 22.0 cm, width 19.0 cm; neck - height 15.0 cm, width 15.0 cm; total weight 5.0 kg. Figure 17 (A) shows the skull made with bone bone, all articulated (lower skull, upper skull, and mandible). The dash on the skull indicates the cross section made on the simulator object, allowing the skull to open inside for later manipulation of the brain. From this it was defined that the portion of the skull above the cross section would be the upper part of the skull and the portion below the cross section would be the lower part of the skull. The indicated X point on the cross section of the skull indicated that the two parts would be joined with an elastomer when necessary. The indicated X point between the skull and the jaw indicated that there would be the point of articulation between these two structures, also using an elastomer, for better jaw mobility. Figure 17 (B) shows the internal view of the underside of the skull, and all the foramina were capped with bone MTE for later brain manipulation.

Figure 2 (C) shows the internal view of the upper skull. The central X indicated where a hole would be drilled, which later aids brain manipulation. Figure 2 (D) shows the mandible, where its foramina were also capped with bone MTE. Figure 2 (E) shows the hyoid bone, which was only articulated after larynx construction.

Figures 3 (A) and 3 (B) show one of the cervical vertebrae. All cervical vertebrae were constructed. Figure 3 (A) shows its front portion and Figure 3 (B) shows its side portion. Its transverse foramina were filled with bone ET, and in the region of the vertebra body a central hole was made to fit one vertebra to another.

Figures 4 (A) and 4 (B) show one of the thoracic vertebrae. Figure 4 (A) shows its lateral portion and Figure 4 (B) its upper portion.

Figures 5 (A, B and C) show how the intervertebral discs and spinal cord were articulated to the vertebrae. Figure 5 (A) shows the initial step, where the intervertebral discs (formed by 3 mm elastomer) were glued between the vertebrae bodies. The blue wrapper represents a plastic wrap around the already articulated vertebrae for later filling of the spinal cord, where only an opening of the plastic was kept in the lower portion. Figure 5 (B) shows how the spinal cord looks inside the vertebrae (vertebral foramen), after the plastic bag with the articulated vertebrae has been filled with brain ET. After brain ET solidification, the plastic was removed and the medulla was carved into the vertebral foramen, removing excess material. Figure 5 (C) shows the end result: the vertebrae and intervertebral discs articulated with the medulla within.

Figure 6 (A) shows how the brain was positioned within the skull box and illustrates that the back cover can be removed for brain manipulation. Figure 6 (B) shows the articulation of the skull with the cervical vertebrae. The indicated point X shows the region where the foramen magnum (capped with bone ET) articulates with the Atlas (the first cervical vertebra, which was wrapped with silicone rubber to protect the marrow). This joint was made with elastomer.

Figure 7 shows the head and neck involved with muscle ET and the eyes, nose, mouth and ears involved only with skin ET, for subsequent filling. In this case, the eyes are represented with the eye simulator object. Figure 8 illustrates the head and neck simulator model, all covered by skin ET.

Figure 16 (Appendix) illustrates the sternum produced with coupled equivalent trabecular bone and equivalent cartilage.

Figure 17 (Appendix) shows a head and neck simulator object in its final portion. Figure 17 (A) shows its right lateral portion, indicating the exact positioning for the radiotherapy treatment (hyperextended neck).

Figure 17 (B) shows its frontal portion, where it is noted that the phantom responds to the questions of human shape and metric. Figure 17 (C) shows its posterior portion and part of its lower portion. Figure 17 (D) shows its lower portion, where the second thoracic vertebra, the medulla, and the opening of the larynx and pharynx can be observed.

Figure 18 (Appendix) illustrates a tomographic section of the head simulator object. Figure 19 (Appendix) shows the radiological response of the head and neck phantom.

Figure 20 (Annex) illustrates lateral and longitudinal x-ray taken of the head and neck simulator object.

Example 24 - The Flexible Muscle Manufacturing Process to Represent the Tongue, Face, and Neck Base Muscles

The mixture containing the flexible muscle TE material was manipulated and then poured into a tray for consistency. After 24 hours, its final consistency was equivalent to a dense elastomer material. This material was heated under an electric plate for fractions of seconds to melt one of its faces in such a way that it could then be attached to the surface made of solid muscle TE. The TE muscle material was then lightly pressed with the hands until it adhered to the solid muscle. The same procedure was done to adhere a flexible muscle slice to another slice made of the same material. Through this technique the flexible muscles were molded on the face, the base of the tongue and the neck. After drying, small irregular friezes were removed.

Example 25 - Iarinqe and Farinqe Mounting Method

The larynx was assembled using laryngeal cartilages previously prepared with cartilage TE material, articulating them with the solid muscle TE material itself, just as they were manipulated during the assembly of the head simulator object. The solid muscle ET was manipulated by brush strokes and manual pressure to adhere to previously produced cartilages. This procedure was chosen since both the larynx and pharynx structures are practically made up of rigid cartilages, muscles and ligaments. To produce the true size of the trachea, a cylindrical mold with a diameter equivalent to the internal volume of the larynx was used as a base. Such a tube was surrounded by an insulating plastic and the TE muscle material was manipulated over the cylindrical form. When the material dried and solidified, the form and the insulator were removed. After the cartilage structures were attached to the TE material of muscle, forming the larynx, the construction of the pharynx began. A cylindrical rod of appropriate diameter was used as a model to aid in pharyngeal production. This stick was covered with insulating film and the material of TE was manipulated on it, as the other procedures, by brush strokes and manual pressure, partially applied in its diameter and without covering the whole stick. After drying and solidification of the material, the cylinder was removed, forming the pharynx, which was later coupled to the larynx through solid muscle TE material (since the posterior muscles of the larynx are the anterior muscles of the pharynx, that is, they form the same muscle wall).

Example 26 - Method of cartilage preparation

The anatomical models of the laryngeal cartilages were made with epoxy mass, as well as the hyoid bone, reproducing them respecting shape and metric. After drying of the anatomical models, silicone elastomer molds were manufactured. The molding of such structures (as described above) including epiglottis, cricoid, corniculate and cuneiform were all made separately. The TE cartilage material was manipulated and poured into the molds. After grabbing, cartilage pieces made of equivalent material were removed from the molds. These structures were sanded and cleaned before use.

Figure 9 (A and B) shows the anatomical pre-design of the laryngeal cartilages, all cartilages were made with cartilage ET and were interconnected with muscle ET. Figure 9 (A) shows the cartilage in its lateral portion and Figure 9 (B) in its posterior portion.

Figure 21 (Appendix) shows some of the laryngeal cartilages (thyroid and epiglottis) made with cartilage ET, especially the thyroid cartilage (A), anterior cricoid (B), articular thyroid with anterior face cricoid (C). and lateral (D) Example 27 - Bone structure covering method by solid and flexible muscles

The solid muscle has structural function, being used to cover the bone and cartilaginous structures and to support these structures. The flexible muscle was used for filling and external covering, without structural function for the simulator object. Among the structures covered with solid muscle, the skull and mandible were the first. For example, the jaw was articulated to the skull through clear sanitary silicone, to give more flexibility to jaw movement (opening and closing the mouth). The mixture with solid muscle TE material was brushed over the surface of the skull and jaw. This material was then brushed over the vertebrae and medulla. Several layers of TE material of muscle covering the skull and vertebrae, evenly distributed, were reproduced. As this material solidifies very quickly, the desired position must be molded manually by brush strokes. Once dried and solidified, the vertebrae containing the spinal cord and covered with solid muscle TE material were articulated to the skull via hydraulic sanitary silicone or thermoplastic polymer. Figure 22 (Appendix) shows the initial process of handling muscle replacement tissue over the bone parts.

Example 28 - Skin Simulation Object Coating Method

The simulator object was previously wrapped with thin blanket of cotton, glass or carbon fibers, to aid the skin fixation. It was later covered with TE material of skin adhered with hydraulic silicone, giving its final finish with equivalent woven material of skin.

Example 29 - Method of preparing the chest framework

The chest simulator object is divided into two parts: the outer part, or chest framework, and the inner part. The outer part includes bone structures such as 2 clavicles, 2 scapulae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 24 costal arches (12 arches on each side) and the sternum (manubrium, body and xiphoid appendix), solid muscle, breast and skin. Inside are included organs such as mediastinum, right lung, left lung, spleen and liver.

The method of preparing the chest framework is described below. The models used for this experiment were: academic-didactic-pedagogical artificial full-body skeleton, and epoxy pieces. Copies were made manually of each piece of the plastic skeleton modeled using epoxy material when there was an interest in size suitability. In this stage the structures of the costal framework were reproduced, namely: 24 costal arches, 12 on the right and 12 on the left, 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1 to T12), 2 clavicles, 2 scapulae and the sternum composed of 3 subdivisions: body, manubrium and xiphoid appendix. After copying the original part and drying the parts, they were separated and stored for use in the elastomer molds manufacturing process. The materials used in this procedure were: silicone elastomer and catalyst, as well as compounds to accelerate the drying process and formwork. All parts were placed in the molds, properly accommodated, then covered with the elastomer. After drying, each box containing a specific structure inside was demolded and the elastomer blocks preserved. These blocks were then opened, leaving the shape of the object imprinted, reproducing a negative impression of the bones of the chest framework. The equivalent tissue materials were prepared using the cortical and trabecular bone preparation method, filled and made, and passed through the final finishing step. The bone material consisted of 2 clavicles, 2 scapulae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 24 costal arches (12 arches on each side) and the sternum (manubrium, body and xiphoid appendix).

Figure 23 (Appendix) shows the bone structures made with substitute tissue and their assembly process (articulation). Figure 23 (A) shows the initial assembly process in attempting to articulate a vertebra to its respective rib. Figure 23 (B) shows the joint of the bone parts. Figure 23 (C) shows the bone parts of the thorax hinged together with hot thermoplastic polymer on their front face, enabling the articulation and movement they need so as not to be damaged. Figure 23 (D) shows the articulated chest bone parts on its lateral face. Note the exact positioning of the vertebrae and intervertebral discs, represented by a rubber containing their thickness and angulation.

Example 30 - The Intervertebral Disc Construction Method

The materials used in this procedure were: low density elastomer, eg low density siliconized rubber, thermoplastic glue and sharp-tipped scissors. Twelve rounded structures (T1 to T12) were cut and measured, copying the shape of the intervertebral discs and overlapping, using thermoplastic glue for fixation. After bonding these structures, forming a single piece, they were checked, in their thickness, diameter and edge, in order to provide similarity to intervertebral discs. These discs already made were placed between the intervertebral plateaus, fitting them one by one, keeping their anatomical distribution (T1 to T12). In this step, the important thing is to check the diameter and thickness of each disc by modulating it according to each case, increasing or reducing its dimensions and trimming its edges in order to represent the anatomical model.

Figure 24 (Appendix) shows the column phantom model in anterior, superior, and posterior view.

Figure 25 (Annex) shows the synthetic spine. Example 31 - The method of framing the costal framework

This procedure involved the following materials: polyurethane foam blanket, waxed cotton yarn, metal support structure (grid attached to the ceiling) and thermoplastic glue. The made bone parts have equivalence in density, weight, texture and even in the color of the human bone. Fixation and support processes were used, including placing the sternum piece on a foam cylinder reproducing the thoracic internal volume. The various pieces, then released, were hung one by one to allow them to be accommodated in their anatomical position, then tied and supported by thin strands of waxed cotton. Such procedure allows sufficient traction to follow the anatomical path, maintaining the physiological curvature of the model. The result obtained was the support of several pieces of equivalent bone tissue according to the desired anatomy. The whole assembly was suspended by several wires tied to a metal fixation structure. To fixate and join the sternum to the clavicles, costal arches to the sternum and costal arches to the vertebrae, thermo-plastic glue was applied. The anatomical configuration of the costocondral, sternal-costal, sternoclavicular and costvertebral joints was preserved. The type of glue adopted (plastic term) allows some mobility of the pieces, conferring a small degree of flexibility, especially in the costovertebral union. The cartilaginous surfaces of the cochondral joints were also connected with thermoplastic glue for the same purpose. This procedure creates an architectural arrangement that allows the placement of each bone structure in its proper place, obtaining three-dimensionality and keeping the distances, inclinations and angles of its components. The parts have been fixed, ensuring stability.

Example 32 - Method of Finishing Bone Parts

It consists in removing excess material, protrusions and discrete deformities to suit the anatomical model. It was necessary to sand each piece individually for fine workmanship, having been used in this grinding process grinding with ground-tipped whip. All the pieces were turned and sanded according to the individual need and compared with the model, so that they presented the same shape and size, maintaining fidelity with the original model. Damaged parts were discarded and redone.

Example 33 - Costal Frame Covering Method for Equivalent Muscle Tissue Support

The purpose of this procedure is to assemble an equivalent muscle tissue structure over the costal framework, with density similar to human muscle. The materials used in this procedure were, for example: 1000g of solid muscle TE; cotton blanket (Sterile Hydrophilic Gauze), Brush - 3 brushes; Plastic Film - 1 meter; Plastic Canvas - 50 cm. The costal framework was covered with a thin layer of gauze to support the equivalent muscle material and adipose tissue. The rigid muscle TE fluid was mixed with the polymerizing powder compound and brushed over the surface covered by the gauze layer. The powder material, when added to the polymerizing liquid, forms a solidifying compound. Such procedure requires speed, dexterity and ventilated environment, as the emission of toxic vapors is harmful to the health of the operator. Reduction of vapor emission and increase of the handling time was achieved by cooling the curing liquid to -4 ° C and ventilating the environment. Several layers of equivalent muscle material were reproduced on the surface of the costal framework in an attempt to distribute them evenly. To solve the problem of material accumulation in certain parts of the costal body, more liquid was brushed, dissolving the lumps formed. Then the added liquid was quickly spread over the surface, with the frame upside down (base up and head down), thereby minimizing the action of gravity. Another relevant factor was the lack of a supporting tissue to receive the muscle layer. The cotton membrane (gauze) was used because it was impossible to roll the equivalent muscle material directly over the bone framework. There is a short period of time when the material is still in the liquid state, making it impossible to handle due to the lack of a support base to roll the brush soaked in the mixture and spread it properly over the costal mesh without it dripping through. between the bones. Other materials can be used to generate adequate support for the bony frame coating process, such as plastic film, plastic film, plastic screen, or fiberglass or carbon screen. In the case example, the support was performed by the cotton membrane, mimicking the connective tissue. The cotton membrane (gauze) was opened, one by one, over the bone framework, involving the entire costal, sternal, backbone, scapula and clavicle mesh. Then, several layers of equivalent muscle material were brushed and properly spread out as needed, with bone contours as a guide.

The next step was the coating with adipose tissue immersed in low density polyurethane foam and superimposed on solid muscle. Then, the cover was made with equivalent skin tissue.

To initiate the process of bonding the skin over the muscle or the foam immersed in adipose tissue, a thin layer of silicone was spread over the interior of the equivalent skin before being transferred to its bonding site. This procedure aims to maximize the adhesion between surfaces.

A cotton membrane layer was again used as a fixation mechanism between the skin and the musculature of the simulator object, as the roughness and nature of the equivalent muscle tissue made it difficult to adhere to the skin, especially where muscle surface irregularities existed. .

After the skin was bonded, the chest framework was kept dry and contained in a ventilated place.

The dimensions (height, width, depth and weight) achieved by the chest framework are, for example: height, 45.3 cm; width 33.2 cm; depth 22 cm; weight 4.3 kg.

Figure 26 (Appendix) illustrates sacrum bones, scapulae, and ilia produced with equivalent trabecular bone tissue.

Example 34 - Method of Preparing the Breast Simulator Object

The materials used in this procedure were: plastic mold plastic glue, mammary glandular TE material, adipose tissue TE and skin TE. The plastic mold in the shape of a breast prosthesis and glued with plastic glue was filled with the equivalent hot breast material. The plastic prosthesis had a volume of 100 ml. Then the prosthesis was covered with a layer of adipose tissue and again covered with equivalent skin material. The model can be made for posterior fixation in the thorax, keeping the anatomical relationships and covered with flexible skin, or to obey the compressed breast topology, being covered with rigid skin TE. Example 35 - Method of preparing and assembling the internal organs of the chest

In the initial project, the anatomical sketch of the chest was elaborated, defining the organs of greatest radiological relevance. Priority was given to radiosensitive organs and tissues. Next, TE materials associated with the anatomical parts that constitute the simulator object were selected. The anatomical models were sculpted in clay, following the anatomical pattern of each organ, such as morphology and proportion. These models were used to obtain the elastomer molds. The molds were filled with corresponding equivalent woven material. The anatomical pieces, constructed of equivalent tissue material, had their mass, mass densities and volumes measured and calculated. For the elaboration of the pieces corresponding to the spleen, heart, liver and lungs, the corresponding TE materials were used, and for the parotid, submandibular, thyroid glands, among others, the glandular TE material. The amounts of each material were adjusted for the volume ratio of each organ to obtain the desired mass.

To assemble the internal organs of the thorax, studies of the anatomy of the organs that would make up the thorax simulator object were first performed: lungs, heart, trachea, aorta, as well as organs located in the upper quadrants of the abdomen, such as liver, spleen and stomach. . After studying the anatomical characteristics of each organ, each anatomical clay piece was carved, following the desired dimensions and the anatomical peculiarities of each organ. For the heart, an academic anatomical model with acceptable anatomical standards was used. Following drying and preparation of the models, the models were molded in silicone elastomer. After the production of the molds, the models were removed. The equivalent tissue material of each organ was introduced into its respective mold. After unmolding the anatomical pieces of equivalent tissue, they were coated with plastic to maintain tightness and thus prevent dehydration, preventing changes in volume and consistency of the equivalent tissue material. Figure 27 (Appendix) shows the bottom view of the chest cavity. In the middle mediastinum the heart and main bronchi are observed, and in the posterior mediastinum the esophagus and aorta.

Figure 28 (Annex) illustrates a frontal radiographic image of the chest simulator object.

Figure 29 (Annex) illustrates views of the tomographic construction of the chest simulator object.

The method of lung assembly is described below. Flexible low-density polyurethane foam was used as the basis for the lung's equivalent tissue material. Two polyurethane foams were applied, presenting the volume and morphology equivalent to those of the right and left lungs. Each foam, referring to each lung, was immersed in equivalent tissue material from the respective lungs. Shortly thereafter, each foam soaked in equivalent woven material was wrapped in clear plastic, which serves as a seal and prevents dehydration.

The method of mounting the mediastinum is detailed below. The trachea and bronchi were prepared with a corrugated polyethylene tube of equivalent diameter. The bronchi were glued to the trachea with thermoplastic polymer to form Carina. For the esophagus and aorta, 3.0 mm thick siliconized tubes were used. For bonding both, silicone sealant was used. The mediastinal space between the two lungs was filled with solid glycerin dissolved in a water bath at 70 ° C. For the simulation of the diaphragm a 1.5 mm elastomeric blanket was used. The trachea was first placed, followed by the right and left bronchi, esophagus, aorta, and heart. All were wrapped in a clear plastic seal, and inside it was added liquid hot glycerin. After glycerin drying, the right and left lungs were positioned inside the thoracic cavity. After solidification of the mediastinum, the diaphragm, simulated by the 1.5 mm elastomeric blanket, was inserted following the morphology of the diaphragmatic domes normally positioned at the level of the 10th or 11th thoracic vertebra. The edges of the rubber blanket were attached to the last sixth pair of ribs, the lower end of the sternum, and the spine. In the central part of the elastomeric blanket that simulates the diaphragm, two holes were made to allow the passage of the aorta (in the aorta hiatus) and the esophagus (in the esophageal hiatus). In the lower portion that simulates the right diaphragmatic dome was placed the liver and in the lower portion of the left diaphragmatic dome, the spleen. Between the liver and the spleen was placed the silicone pouch in the equivalent anatomical shape, partially filled with Styrofoam balls to simulate the empty stomach.

The lower opening of the chest simulator object was closed by a rubber mesh to contain the structures inserted within the simulator object cavity. The weights achieved were, for example: heart, 248 g; spleen, 112 g; liver, 1255 g; right lung, 422 g; left lung: 370 g.

Figure 30 (Annex) shows human ribs compared to those made (a) and (b).

Figure 31 (Appendix) illustrates hand and foot bones as well as rib bones made of equivalent trabecular bone tissue. Example 36 - Male Pelvis Mounting Method

Through an anatomical study, the biometric and morphological criteria to be adopted for the development of bone structure and internal organs were established. Initially, positive clay models of the kidney and prostate organs were prepared. Then, through artificial anatomical parts of the bone structure, negative elastomer casts were obtained. The bone tissue was then fabricated with equivalent tissue material in a pasty state.

Models of the muscle parts of the pelvis were obtained using cross-sectional images from a project called "Visible Man". These images were used to fabricate the positive muscle cast. For this, the selected images were treated one by one. The contour of the muscles was delineated in order to delimit and individualize them. The external diameters of the "Visible Man" body were measured by resizing the muscle areas of each of the images to print them separately, configuring a "block" of representative tomography muscles to generate the full-size final muscle impressions. Once the muscle contours were printed, each muscle was individually cut. After completion of this step, positive muscle molds were prepared by superimposing these printed sheets on a rubber whose thickness was equivalent to the thickness of each sectional section of the "Visible Man" project. Next, the sections of each muscle were stacked to obtain the three-dimensional configuration at actual size. The next step consisted in the assembly of all muscle groups in order to obtain the positive mold of the muscle parts. The molds of these muscle groups were obtained using silicone elastomer. Equivalent flexible muscle tissue was prepared, added with 10% w / w animal origin collagen and heated in a water bath for 1 hour at 60 ° C. The molds were filled with equivalent muscle tissue. After the form was removed, the ready muscle was placed in the lower part of the spine in the pelvic region, previously constructed with equivalent bone tissue. The internal organs of the pelvic region were positioned inside the pelvis in their proper anatomical positions. The bladder was made of an elastomeric pouch containing water inside. The prostate, also constructed from equivalent tissue material, was positioned close to the bladder.

The urethra was simulated by a plastic tube that passes through the prostate. Such a tube was extracted outwards. The large intestine and rectum were made of 3 mm thick elastomer tubes filled with Styrofoam beads to simulate voids and the fecal plunger. Such tubes were tied to produce folds equivalent to those present in the large and small intestines. The pelvic girdle was lined inside and outside the bone with the muscle by a layer of artificially equivalent fatty tissue.

The region of the male pelvis includes structures and organs such as flexible muscle, bladder, prostate, urethra, large intestine, rectum, iliac, lumbar vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, thigh vertebrae, and fat. The dimensions (height, width, weight) of a simulator object, for example, are: pelvis, height 26 cm and width 121 cm; right and left thigh, 9 cm high and 67 cm wide; weight 33.0 kg. It may also include part of the abdomen, incorporating the kidneys and part of the large and small intestine.

Figure 32 (Appendix) shows the pelvic phantom, anteroposterior view.

Figure 33 (Appendix) shows the bony part of the pelvis made of equivalent and correctly articulated tissue material.

Figure 34 (Annex) shows axial tomographic images of the pelvic phantom.

Figure 35 (Appendix) shows the anatomical plastic model corresponding to the male pelvis (a). Photo of built pelvis phantom (b).

Figure 36 (Annex) shows X-ray image of human pelvis (a) and constructed pelvic phantom (b).

Example 37 - Validation of tissue or organ equivalent materials

To verify the equivalence of radiation interaction with the proposed tissues, two methodologies were applied, namely: obtaining radiological response by image, obtained from CT or conventional X-ray of the simulating object, and obtaining the deviation between the generated KERMA by the chemical composition of the respective tissue or organ in relation to the elemental chemical composition produced by the tissue equivalent material. KERMA deviations were obtained as a function of photon and neutron spectrum energy (neutral nuclear particles), encompassing the spectrum of radiological diagnosis and radiotherapy. The term KERMA stands for uKinetics Energy of the secondary charge particles. "KERMA has absorbed dose unit (Gy = J / kg) and represents a value". calculated as a function of the incident particle energy in the material All tissues showed a complex deviation profile between the KERMA relative to the human tissue and the respective material.

However, this deviation presented a range from 0% to 5%, which is within the scope of diagnosis and radiotherapy. In ranges below 1keV for photons and 10 "4 eV for neutrons, there were high deviations, however they are not relevant for medical practice. Table 1, for example, illustrates the variations in density and elemental chemical composition of the tissue-equivalent infant brain material. in relation to data presented by ICRU-63.

Table 1. Elemental composition and density of the infant brain (ICRU-63) and its manipulated tissue equivalent material.

<table> table see original document page 42 </column> </row> <table>

The KERMA deviation of photons and neutrons between the infant brain and its tissue-equivalent material is shown in Figures 10 and 11. It is observed that the deviation from the reference approached 0% from 20 MeV to 100 KeV, extending to 6% from 100 KeV to 10 Kev and reached values close to 8% to 1keV under the energy spectrum of emitted photon radiation. This deviation is considered acceptable for the proposed radiotherapy and radiology conditions. However, such material has radiation interaction equivalence for energy neutrons greater than 100 eV. Under thermal conditions (0, 025 eV), the deviation of KERMA from the reference (ICRU-63) reaches 25%.

According to the illustrated results, the developed Infant brain material has satisfactory radiation interaction equivalence to related natural tissue (it is within the range of 100 keV for photons and neutrons). Anthropomorphic and anthropometric simulators constructed with the proposed equivalent tissues reproduce the radiation interaction behavior of the respective living tissues, maintaining equivalent dosimetry. This phenomenon is best observed when the deviation from the reference KERMA is less than 5% in the energy spectra of the incident particles.

Claims (38)

1. ANTHROPOMORPHIC AND ANTHROPOMETRICAL SIMULATORS OF HUMAN BODY STRUCTURES, TISSUES AND ORGANS, characterized by comprising reproduction of parts of the human anatomy, such as tissues and organs produced from tissue-equivalent materials with similar electron density, mass density and elemental composition by weight. of their respective in vivo, as well as internal organ topology and external biometrics representative of the main anatomical characteristics of the human being. 2. Anthropometric and anthropometric simulators of human body structures, tissues and organs according to claim 1, characterized in that they comprise the production of phantoms for newborns, children, young people and adults of both sexes; reproducing a radiological response equivalent to the interaction of nuclear radiation with humans. Anthropomorphic and anthropometric simulators of human body structures, tissues and organs according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the tissues and organs produced from tissue-equivalent material are selected from the group comprising: adult and infant brain; nervous tissues; solid muscle; flexible muscle; epithelial; adipose; prostate, breast and thyroid glands; liver; spleen; kidney; pancreas; lungs; heart; bones; cartilage; marrow; dura mater, arachnoid, and meningeal membranes; cornea; aqueous humor; iris; crystalline; optic nerve; epithelial tissue membranes incorporating the sclera, choroid and retina; language; larynx; pharynx; trachea; bronchi; esophagus; aorta; flexible skin; composing head and neck simulating objects, male and female pelvis, chest, spine section, compressed breast, eyeball. 4. Anthropomorphic and anthropometric simulators of human body structures, tissues and organs according to claim 3, characterized in that the head and neck simulator object comprises a skullcap, mandible, brain composed of tissue-equivalent material in the infant and adult brain, the eyeball. , facial muscles, internal muscles (tongue), nasopharynx and pharynx, parotid, submandibular glands, skin, laryngeal cartilages, cervical vertebrae, 1st and 2nd thoracic vertebrae, spinal cord, neck muscles that make up the pharynx and pharynx, thyroid gland , muscle, fat and skin lining, representative of the tissue-equivalent tissue material, tissue-equivalent material flexible muscle, tissue-equivalent material skin. Anthropometric and anthropometric simulators of human body structures, tissues and organs according to claim 3, characterized in that the tissue-equivalent material of the adult brain consists of the percentages by weight of the selected chemical compounds from the group comprising 3% to 15; 80% CH3CO2NH4, 0.40 to 1.20% (NH4) 2SO4, -0.40 to 1.20% NH4H2PO4, 0.40 to 1.20% of C28H30Na8O27, 0.16 to 0.7 % NaH 2 PO 4, 0.02% to 0.12% KOH; 0.16 to 0.7% KCI, 50% to 90% H2O, -0.02% to 0.2% NaCl and 2% to 7% dehydrated animal collagen. Anthropometric and anthropometric simulators of human body structures, tissues and organs according to Claim 3, characterized in that the tissue-equivalent material of the infant brain is made up of the weight percentages of the selected chemical compounds from the group comprising 3% to 16%. 90% CH3CO2NH4, 0.2% to 0.95% (NH4) 2SO4, 0.40 to 1.20% NH4H2PO4, 0.40 to 1.20% C28H30Na8O27, 0.16 to 0.7% NaH 2 PO 4, 0.3% to 1.2% KOH; 0.16 to 0.7% KCI, 50% to 90% H2O, and -2% to 7% animal collagen gelatin. Anthropometric and anthropometric simulators of human body structures, tissues and organs according to claim 3, characterized in that the tissue-equivalent material of the nerves comprises a skullcap, mandible, brain composed of tissue-equivalent material in the infant and adult brain. , eyeball, facial muscles, internal muscles (tongue), nasopharynx and pharynx, parotid, submandibular glands, skin, laryngeal cartilages, cervical vertebrae, 1st and 2nd thoracic vertebrae, spinal cord, neck muscles that make up the larynx and pharynx , thyroid gland, lining of muscle, adipose tissue and skin, representative of tissue-equivalent material to fat tissue, tissue-equivalent material to flexible muscle tissue, tissue-equivalent material to skin. Anthropometric and anthropometric simulators of human body structures, tissues and organs according to claim 3, characterized in that the tissue-equivalent material of the adult brain consists of the percentages by weight of the selected chemical compounds from the group comprising 3% to 15; 80% CH3CO2NH4, 0.40 to 1.20% (NH4) 2SO4, -0.40 to 1.20% NH4H2PO4, 0.40 to 1.20% of C28H30Na8O27, 0.16 to 0.7 % NaH 2 PO 4, 0.02% to 0.12% KOH; 0.16 to 0.7% KCI, 50% to 90% H2O, -0.02% to 0.2% NaCl and 2% to 7% dehydrated animal collagen. Anthropometric and anthropometric simulators of human body structures, tissues and organs according to claim 3, characterized in that the tissue-equivalent material of the infant brain is made up of the weight percentages of the selected chemical compounds from the group comprising 3% to 16%; 90% CH3CO2NH4, 0.2% to 0.95% (NH4) 2SO4, 0.40 to 1.20% NH4H2PO4, 0.40 to 1.20% C28H30Na8O27, 0.16 to 0.7% NaH 2 PO 4, 0.3% to 1.2% KOH; 0.16 to 0.7% KCI, 50% to 90% H2O, and -2% to 7% animal collagen gelatin. Anthropometric and anthropometric simulators of human body structures, tissues and organs according to claim 3, characterized in that the tissue-equivalent material to the nervous tissue is of the group comprising cotton, glass or graphite, the high viscosity liquid of which comprises 10% to 60% natural collagen in natural latex, reaching a thickness of 1 to 8 mm and can be cut, molded, and bonded. 11. Anthropometric and anthropometric simulators of tissues and organs of the human body according to claim 3, characterized in that the tissue-equivalent material is composed of a mixture of 10 to 80% paraffin with 10% to 80% wax. carnauba and 1% to -30% polyol, the proportions of which are defined according to the required mass density and viscosity. Anthropometric and anthropometric simulators of human body structures, tissues and organs according to claim 3, characterized in that the tissue-equivalent material of the prostate gland consists of the weight percentages of the selected chemical compounds from the group comprising 8% to 35%; 5% CH3CO2NH4, 0.56% to 1.75% (NH4) 2SO4, 0.06 to 0.2% NH4H2PO4, 0.1% to 0.8% C28H30Na8O27, 0.1% at -0 , 9% NaH 2 PO 4, 0.1 to 0.8% KCI, 50% to 90% H2O, and 2% to 9% animal collagen gelatin. Anthropometric and anthropometric simulators of human body structures, tissues and organs according to claim 3, characterized in that the tissue-equivalent material to the mammary gland consists of the weight percentages of the chemical compounds selected from the group comprising 0.12 to 0. , 48% NH 4 Cl, 7% to 30% CH 3 CO 2 NH 4, 0.25 to -1.5% (NH 4) 2 SO 4, 0.09% to 0.6% NH 4 H 2 PO 4, 0.08% to 0.8% of C28H30Na8O27, -0.1% to 0.6% NaH2PO4, 60 to 92.00% H2O, 0.01% 0.09% NaCl and 2% to 9% animal collagen gelatin. Anthropometric and anthropometric simulators of human body tissues and organs according to claim 3, characterized in that the tissue-equivalent material of the thyroid gland consists of the weight percentages of the selected chemical compounds from the group comprising 9% to 15% of CH3CO2NH4. 0.12% to 0.7% (NH4) 2SO4, 0.05% to 0.4% NH4H2PO4, 0.1% to 0.5% C28H30Na8O27, 0.15% to 0.60% NaH2PO4, 0.05% to 0.4% KOH, 0.05% to 0.3% KCI, 50% to 90% H2O1 -0.1% to 0.45% NaCl, 2% to 9% % animal collagen gelatin. ANTHROPOMORPHIC AND ANTHROPOMETRIC SIMULATORS OF HUMAN BODY STRUCTURES, TISSUES AND ORGANS according to claim 3, characterized in that the liver tissue-equivalent material is constituted by the percentages by weight of the selected chemical compounds from the group comprising 8% to 25% of CH3CO2NH4, 0.5% to 2.5% (NH4) 2SO4101I 0.7% NH4H2PO4l 0.1% to 0.6% C28H30Na8O27l 0.2% 3% NaH2PO4, -0.25% 0.80% KCI1 50% to 90.00% H2O, and 3% to 10% dehydrated animal collagen. ANTHROPOMORPHIC AND ANTHROPOMETRIC SIMULATORS OF HUMAN BODY STRUCTURES, TISSUES AND ORGANS according to claim 3, characterized in that the tissue-equivalent material of the spleen consists of the weight percentages of the selected chemical compounds from the group comprising 7% to 30% of CH3CO2NH4, 0.5% to 3% (NH4) 2SO4, 0.4% to -1.25% NH4H2PO4, 0.1% to 0.60% C28H30Na8O2710O115% to 0.70% NaH2PO4l 0.10% 0.8% KCI, 30% to 90% H2O, and 3% to 10% dehydrated animal collagen. ANTHROPOMORPHIC AND ANTHROPOMETRIC SIMULATORS OF HUMAN BODY STRUCTURES, TISSUES AND ORGANS according to claim 3, characterized in that the tissue-equivalent material of the kidney consists of the weight percentages of the selected chemical compounds from the group comprising 0.09% at 0 ° C. , 3% NH4Cl, 9% to 25% CH3CO2NH4, 0.2% to 0.9% (NH4) 2SO4, 0.15% to 0.6% NH4H2PO4, 0.1% to 0.6% C28H30Na8O27, 0.2% to 0.7% NaH2PO4, 0.15% to 0.7% KOH, 0.15% to 0.6% KCl, 0.25% to 0.95% CaCO3 ; 30% to 95% H2O, 0.08% to 0.4% NaCl, and 3% to 10% dehydrated animal collagen gelatin. ANTHROPOMORPHIC AND ANTHROPOMETRIC SIMULATORS OF HUMAN BODY STRUCTURES, TISSUES AND ORGANS according to claim 3, characterized in that the tissue-pancreatic equivalent material consists of the percentages by weight of the selected chemical compounds from the group comprising 5% to 25% of CH3CO2NH4, 0.2% to 0.7% (NH4) 2SO410, 15% to 0.60% NH4H2PO4, 0.35% to 0.9% C28H30Na8O27, 0.2% to 0.6% NaH2PO4 0.15% to 0.7% KCl, 50% to 90% H2O, and 3% to 10% dehydrated animal collagen. ANTHROPOMORPHIC AND ANTHROPOMETRIC SIMULATORS OF HUMAN BODY STRUCTURES, TISSUES AND ORGANS according to claim 3, characterized in that the tissue-equivalent material to the lung is made up of the weight percentages of the selected chemical compounds from the group comprising 0.05 to 0; 4% NH4Cl, 9% to 30% CH3CO2NH4, 0.8% to 3.30% (NH4) 2SO4, 0.1% to 0.8% NH4H2PO4, 0.15% to 0.9% C28H30Na8O27, 0.25% to 0.9% NaH2PO4, 0.2% to 0.6% KCl, 50% to 90% H2O, 0.08% to 0.20% NaCl and 4% to 15%. % animal collagen gelatin. ANTHROPOMORPHIC AND ANTHROPOMETRIC SIMULATORS OF HUMAN BODY STRUCTURES, TISSUES AND ORGANS according to claim 3, characterized in that the tissue-equivalent material to the heart is made up of the weight percentages of the selected chemical compounds from the group comprising 0.05 to 0, 4% NH4Cl, 9% to 25% CH3CO2NH4, 0.3% to -1.2% (NH4) 2SO4, 0.1% to 0.8% NH4H2PO4, 0.2% to 0.70% of C28H30Na8O27.0.09% to 0.30% NaH2PO4.0.2% to 1.2% KCl, 50% to 90% H2O, and 1 to 9% animal dehydrated collagen, with an additional Collagen can be applied to achieve higher stiffness as desired, reaching an additional percentage of up to 15%. ANTHROPOMORPHIC AND ANTHROPOMETRIC SIMULATORS OF HUMAN BODY STRUCTURES, TISSUES AND ORGANS according to claim 3, characterized in that the tissue-cortical bone equivalent material consists of crushed powder bone and orthofitic polymer resin in 1: 1 proportions; with addition of 0.1 to 5% catalyst. ANTHROPOMORPHIC AND ANTHROPOMETRIC SIMULATORS OF HUMAN BODY STRUCTURES, TISSUES AND ORGANS according to Claim 3, characterized in that the tissue-equivalent material of the trabecular bone consists of catalyzed orthophthalic resin and crushed bone powder (1: 1). and sterilized, 10 to 45% strongly hydrated animal collagen, calcium carbonate and an expander selected from the group: organic, inorganic. 23. Anthropometric and anthropometric simulators of human body tissues and organs according to claims 21 and 22, characterized in that the crushed bone employed in the bone composition may be replaced by synthetic hydroxyapatite and the orthofital resin is replaced by biocompatible polymer, resulting in a useful substrate for human bone replacement. Anthropometric and anthropometric simulators of human body structures, tissues and organs according to Claim 3, characterized in that the cartilage-equivalent tissue-material consists of self-curing acrylic polymer and copolymer, 30 to 50% collagen. 10 to 30% powder and catalyst when rigid; or kiln molded thermoplastic polymer at a temperature greater than glass temperature (Tg) when flexible. ANTHROPOMORPHIC AND ANTHROPOMETRIC SIMULATORS OF HUMAN BODY TISSUES AND ORGANS according to claim 3, characterized in that the spinal section simulator object is produced with tissue material equivalent to cortical bone, tissue material equivalent to trabecular bone; muscle equivalent tissue material, marrow equivalent tissue material, adipose tissue equivalent tissue material, flexible skin equivalent tissue material, composing parts of the kidney, spleen, liver, and major arteries and veins, according to the depth and position of the section of the reproduced spine, generating an anatomical mimic of spinal section. ANTHROPOMORPHIC AND ANTHROPOMETRIC SIMULATORS OF HUMAN BODY STRUCTURES, FABRICS AND ORGANS according to Claim 3, characterized in that the tissue-equivalent material of the dura mater, arachnoid and meningeal membranes is composed of a thin layer of latex or silicone elastomer. . Anthropometric and anthropometric simulators of human body structures, tissues and organs according to Claim 3, characterized in that the tissue-equivalent material to the epithelial membranes consists of 6 to 30% dehydrated collagen and 60 to 90% equivalent tissue. Flexible muscle. Anthropometric and anthropometric simulators of tissues and organs of the human body according to claim 3, characterized in that the object simulating the eyeball with the main structures belonging to the human eye being selected from the group comprising: a) membrane (sclera, choroid and retina) consisting of 1 to 40% dehydrated animal collagen gelatin and the remainder of muscle equivalent tissue material; b) crystalline lens composed of polymeric resin, translucent, dense and homogeneous, and may have a hollow cylindrical space for the placement of radiation dosimeters; c) vitreous humor consisting of agar diluted in warmed water and cooled to room temperature obtaining a gelatin texture; d) optic nerve consisting of elastomer tube with external thickness of 4 to -7.0 mm e) cornea consisting of tissue material equivalent to epithelial membranes f) superior oblique, inferior rectus, inferior rectus, lateral rectus and rectus mediais, and ciliary consisting of elastomer thickness 0.5 to 3 mm; g) representative elastomeric blanket of ciliary muscles with holes for passage of the vitreous humor material; h) polymeric outer coating to reduce dehydration, with subsequent coating of synthetic enamel layer with represented white organic pigment, pupil and iris; Anthropometric and anthropometric simulators of tissues and organs of the human body according to claim 3, characterized in that the tongue consists of tissue-equivalent material to flexible muscle tissue. Anthropomorphic and anthropometric simulators of tissues and organs of the human body according to claim 3, characterized in that the larynx and pharynx consist of tissue-equivalent material to the cartilage and solid muscle. Anthropomorphic and anthropometric simulators of tissues and organs of the human body according to claim 3, characterized in that the tissue-equivalent material to the trachea and bronchi consist of a corrugated polyethylene tube of equivalent diameter. Anthropomorphic and anthropometric simulators of tissues and organs of the human body according to claim 3, characterized in that the esophagus and the aorta are made of rubber tubes with a wall thickness of 2 to 6 mm. 33. ANTHROPOMORPHIC AND ANTHROPOMETRIC SIMULATORS OF HUMAN BODY TISSUES AND ORGANS, according to claim 3, characterized by the pelvic simulator object comprising) iliac, right and left femur and lumbar vertebrae consisting of trabecular and cortical bone equivalent tissue, b) pelvis consisting of equivalent muscle tissue, represented by solid and flexible muscle tissue-equivalent material, c) adipose tissue represented by adipose tissue equivalent material, d) bladder represented by elastomer-based flexible pouch, e) urethra represented by plastic tube, f ) neck of the large intestine and folds straight made of tissue material equivalent to epithelial membrane filled with low density material, whose end piece is covered by tissue-equivalent material skin, g) kidneys, represented by equivalent material kidney, h) prostate, represented by tissue-equivalent material to glandular tissue (when men lino), i) uterus and ovaries, represented by tissue-equivalent material to muscle tissue (when female). 34. ANTHROPOMORPHIC AND ANTHROPOMETRIC SIMULATORS OF HUMAN BODY TISSUES AND ORGANS according to claim 3, characterized in that the thorax simulator object consists of the selected structures of the group comprising: a) spinal column consisting of tissue material equivalent to cortical bone, tissue material trabecular bone equivalent, solid and flexible muscle equivalent tissue material, spine equivalent tissue material, adipose tissue equivalent tissue material and flexible skin equivalent tissue material, b) vertebrae consisting of bone tissue-equivalent material, c) shoulder blade consisting of bone tissue-equivalent material d) intercostal muscles consisting of tissue-equivalent bone material; e) adipose tissue consisting of tissue-equivalent material f) muscle tissue consisting of tissue-equivalent muscle material g) main veins and arteries consisting of tissue-equivalent muscle material, h) ) skin cons (i) right and left lung consisting of tissue-equivalent material lung j) pancreas consisting of tissue-equivalent material pancreas k) esophagus consisting of tissue-equivalent muscle material, l) stomach consisting of tissue-equivalent material epithelial membranes equivalent, m) liver consisting of tissue-equivalent material liver, n) kidneys consisting of tissue-equivalent material kidney, o) spleen consisting of tissue-equivalent material spleen, p) heart consisting of tissue-equivalent heart material, q) breast, if female, consisting of adipose tissue-equivalent material and glandular tissue-equivalent material, r) trachea consisting of tissue-equivalent muscle material, s) bone structures: 2 clavicles, 2 scapulae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 24 costal arches 12 arches on each side) and the sternum (manubrium, body and xiphoid appendix). 35. ANTHROPOMORPHIC AND ANTHROPOMETRIC SIMULATORS OF HUMAN BODY TISSUES AND ORGANS according to claim 34, characterized by the fact that there is a pair of synthetic breasts present in the female thorax, which is made up of synthetic material tissue-equivalent to adipose tissue and tissue-equivalent material to the glandular tissue, covered by tissue material equivalent to the skin, which may assume one of the following topologies: natural or compressed breast, in which case the part may be produced as a breast simulating object. 36. ANTHROPOMORPHIC AND ANTHROPOMETRIC SIMULATORS OF HUMAN BODY TISSUES AND ORGANS according to claims 3 to 35, characterized by the incorporation of carbomethylcellulose (0 to 20%), dehydrated collagen powder (0 to 20%), and graphite in powder (0 to 20%) in tissue-equivalent materials when there is dispersion in natural latex in place of water. 37. ANTHROPOMORPHIC AND ANTHROPOMETRIC SIMULATORS OF HUMAN BODY TISSUES AND ORGANS according to claims 1 to 36, characterized by their use in medicine as tools for simulation in radioprotection, radiobiology, radiology, radiotherapy, radiodosimetry and nuclear medicine; calibration of radiation detection systems; depth measurement and spatial distribution of the absorbed energy distribution; improvement of radiological image quality; compression and traction simulations on mechanical impacts; radiological imaging monitoring, experimentation, training and teaching in medicine. 38. ANTHROPOMORPHIC AND ANTHROPOMETRIC SIMULATORS OF HUMAN BODY TISSUES AND ORGANS according to claims 1 to 37, characterized in that they are produced by three-dimensional or artisanal prototyping.