AU687509B2 - Curcumin, analogues of curcumin and novel uses thereof - Google Patents

Description

WO 95/18606 PCT/US95/00104 -1- CURCUMIN, ANALOGUES OF CURCUMIN AND NOVEL USES THEREOF Background of the Invention Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to the field of cell proliferative diseases. More specifically, the present invention relates to novel antiproliferative effects of curcumin and analogues thereof.

Description of the Related Art Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is a major active component of the food flavor turmeric (Curcuma longa).

Previously known properties of curcumin in animals include inhibition of both tumor initiation induced by benzo-alphapyrene and 7, 12 dimethylbenz-alpha-anthracene and tumor promotion induced by phorbol ester. In addition, curcumin exhibits anti-inflammatory properties in vivo. The pharmacological safety of curcumin is demonstrated by the consumption up to 100 mg/day.

In vitro, curcumin inhibits neutrophil activation, suppresses mitogen-induced proliferation of blood mononuclear cells, inhibits the mixed lymphocyte reaction, and inhibits proliferation of smooth muscle cells. Curcumin is also a potent scavenger of reactive oxygen species, protects hemoglobin from nitrite-induced oxidation to methemoglobin and inhibits lipid peroxidation. Some of these activities may be responsible for curcumin's ability to protect DNA from free radical-induced damage and hepatocytes against various toxins.

In addition, the phorbol ester-induced transcriptional factors c-jun/AP-1 are suppressed by curcumin. Recently, curcumin has -2been shown to be highly effective in inhibiting the type 1 human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat-directed gene expression and virus replication.

In the field of chemotherapy for cancer and other cell proliferative diseases, there remains the need and desire in the art for safe, non-toxic and orally effective pharmacological agents. The present invention fulfills this longstanding deficiency in the prior art.

Summary of the Invention In one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for the treatment of neoplastic diseases comprising administration to an animal of a pharmacologically effective dose of curcumin or an analogue thereof, wherein said neoplastic disease is selected from the group consisting of lung cancer, breast cancer, and melanomas.

In another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method of inhibiting the activity of phosphorylase kinase comprising administration to an animal of a pharmacologically effective dose of curcumin or an analogue thereof.

In another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method of inhibiting the activity of tyrosine kinase comprising administration to an animal of a pharmacologically effective dose of curcumin or an analogue thereof.

In another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for the treatment of pathological cell proliferative diseases comprising administration to an animal of a pharmacologically effective dose of a flavonoid or an analogue thereof.

Other and further aspects, features, and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following description of the presently preferred embodiments of the invention given for the purpose of disclosure.

2611 1/97GV8765.SPE, 1 WO 95/18606 PCT/US95/00104 -3- Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 shows the structure of curcumin and related analogues.

Figure 2 shows the dose response curve of curcumin on the growth of hormone-dependent human breast adenocarcinoma tumor cells (Figure 2A; MCF-7 cells) and (Figure 2B; T-47D cells). 5 x 103 cells were plated in 96-well plates overnight at 370 C. The cells were then incubated with either variable concentrations of curcumin (left panel) for 72 hours or for variable times (right panel) with curcumin (2.7 uM or 1 ug/ml) in a total final volume of 0.2 ml. During the last 6 hours, cells were pulsed with tritiated thymidine prior to harvesting. All determinations were made in triplicate.

Relative cell viability was calculated as follows: thymidine incorporation in treated cells over thymidine incorporation in untreated cells multiplied by 100.

Figure 3 shows the time course of the effect of curcumin on the growth of human breast adenocarcinoma cells, MCF-7. 5 x 103 cells were plated in 96-well plates overnight at 370 C, washed and then incubated with different concentrations of curcumin for different times. Viability of cells was examined either by thymidine incorporation (Figure 3A) or by counting viable cell number (Figure 3B).

Figure 4 shows the dose response (Figure 4A) and time course (Figure 4B) of effect of curcumin on the growth of hormone-independent human breast tumor cells.

Figure 5 shows the dose response (Figure 5A) and the time course (Figure 5B) of curcumin on the growth of human promyelomonocytic tumor cells, HL-60. 5 x 103 cells were plated in 96-well plates overnight at 370 C. The cells were then incubated with either variable concentrations of curcumin (left panel) for 72 hours or for variable times (right panel) with curcumin (2.7 uM or 1 ug/ml) in a total final volume of 0.2 ml. During the last 6 hours, cells were pulsed with tritiated thymidine prior to harvesting. All determinations WO 95/18606 PCT/US95/00104 -4were made in triplicate. Relative cell viability was calculated as follows: thymidine incorporation in treated cells over thymidine incorporation in untreated cells multiplied by 100.

Figure 6 shows the effect of curcumin on the growth of human glioblastoma U-251 cells (Figure 6A) and on human vascular endothelial cells (Figure 6B).

Figure 7 shows the additive effects of curcumin and TNF on the growth of human histiocytic lymphoma cell line U- 937. Cells were incubated with either TNF (100 units/ml) or curcumin (1 ug/ml) or both for 72 hours.

Figure 8 shows that a continuous presence of curcumin is needed for the growth of human breast adenocarcinoma tumor cells (MCF-7).

Figure 9 shows the effect of curcumin on the activities of various protein kinases. Preparations of phosphorylase kinase (Phos K, 134 units/ml), protein kinase C (PkC, 6.8 units/ml), protein kinase A catalytic subunit (PkA, units/ml), cytosolic protamine kinase (cPK, 500 units/ml), autophosphorylation-activated kinase (AK, 500 units/ml) and cellular tyrosine kinase(pp60csr"; 8 units/ml) were assayed with phosphorylase b, histone H-l, histone H-2B, protamine sulfate, myelin basic protein and poly glutamic acid-tyrosine, respectively, as substrates in the presence of the indicated concentrations of curcumin. Controls were treated in an identical manner except that dimethylsulfoxide was substituted for curcumin.

Figure 10 shows the dose response of phosphorylase kinase with curcumin. In Figure 10A, phosphorylase kinase (134 units/ml) was assayed with phosphorylase b in presence of the indicated concentrations of curcumin. An identical set of incubations were terminated with laemmli sample buffer instead of trichloroacetic acid and subjected to SDS-PAGE. The protein bands were then stained with coomassie brilliant blue and the gels dried. In Figure 10B, radiolabeled WO 95/18606 PCT/US95/00104 phosphorylase b was detected by autoradiography of the dried gel.

Figure 11A shows the Lineweaver-Burke plot analysis of the Inhibition of phosphorylase kinase by curcumin. The incubations contained various concentrations of curcumin as indicated. With each set of curcumin concentrations, the concentration of phosphorylase b was varied. The other two substrates, Mg 2 and ATP were present at saturating levels (2 mM and 0.2 mM respectively). The rates of each reaction were calculated as pmol of 32 P incorporated into phosphorylase b per minute. The reciprocal plot was graphed against the relevant concentrations of phosphorylase b as a Lineweaver-Burke plot. Figure 11B shows the slopes of the lines derived from the double reciprocal plot plotted against the relevant concentrations of curcumin in order to derive the

K

i value for curcumin.

Figure 12 shows the structure of two flavonoid compounds useful in the methods of the present invention.

Detailed Description of the Invention The present invention is directed to a method for the treatment of pathological cell proliferative diseases comprising administration to an animal of a pharmacologically effective dose of curcumin or an analogue thereof or a flavonoid.

The method of present invention may be used to treat either neoplastic diseases and non-neoplastic diseases.

Representative examples of neoplastic diseases are ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, lung cancer, cervical cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, gliomas, fibrosarcomas, retinoblastomas, melanomas, soft tissue sarcomas, osteosarcomas, colon cancer, carcinoma of the kidney and pancreatic cancer.

Representative examples of non-neoplastic diseases are selected from the group consisting of psoriasis, benign proliferative skin diseases, ichthyosis, papilloma, basal cell WO 95/18606 PCT/US95/00104 -6carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, restinosis, scleroderma and hemangioma.

The methods of the present invention may be used to treat any animal. Most preferably, the methods of the present invention are useful in human.

Generally, to achieve the antiproliferative or phosphorylase kinase inhibitory effects, the curcumin and curcumin analogues may be administered in any pharmacologically effective dose. Preferably, the curcumin and curcumin analogues are administered in a dose of from about 1 microgram to about 100 milligram.

A wide variety of curcumin analogues are effective in the methods of the present invention. Representative examples of curcumin analogues are compounds such as: (a) ferulic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid (compound and related compounds such as 3,4-methylenedioxy cinnamic acid (compound and 3, 4-dimethoxycinnamic acid (compound aromatic ketones, such as 4-(4-hydroxy-3methoxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-one (compound zingerone (compound 4-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanone (compound 4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-one (compound 4-hydroxyvalerophenone (compound 4-hydroxybenzylactone (compound 4-hydroxybenzophenone 1,5-bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-1,4-pentadien- 3-one (compound aromatic diketones such as 6-hydroxydibenzoylmethane (compound caffeic acid compounds such as 3, 4-dihydroxycinnamic acid (compound #13); cinnamic acid (compound aromatic carboxylic acids, such as 3,4-dihydroxyhydrocinnamic acid (compound 2-hydroxycinnamic acid (compound 3-hydroxycinnamic acid (compound #17) and 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (compound (g) aromatic ketocarboxylic acids such as 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (compound aromatic alcohols such as 4- WO 95/18606 PCT/US95/00104 -7hydroxyphenethyl alcohol (compound Figure 1 shows the structure of these curcumin analogues Representative examples of flavanoids are shown by structures 21 and 22 in Figure 12.

The present invention also provides a novel method of inhibiting the activity of phosphorylase kinase activity in an animal. This novel method comprises administration to an animal of a pharmacologically effective dose of curcumin or an analogue thereof.

The present invention also provides a novel method of inhibiting the activity of tyrosine kinase activity in an animal. This novel method comprises administration to an animal of a pharmacologically effective dose of curcumin or an analogue thereof.

The term "individual" is meant to include animals and humans.

The term "biologically inhibiting" or "inhibition" of the growth of proliferating cells is meant to include partial or total growth inhibition and also is meant to include decreases in the rate of proliferation or growth of the cells. The biologically inhibitory dose of the composition of the present invention may be determined by assessing the effects of the test element on target malignant or abnormally proliferating cell growth in tissue culture, tumor growth in animals and cell culture or any other method known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

Administration of the compositions of the present invention may be by topical, intraocular, parenteral, oral, intranasal, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, or any other suitable means. The dosage administered is dependent upon the age, clinical stage and extent of the disease or genetic predisposition of the individual, location, weight, kind of concurrent treatment, if any, and nature of the pathological or malignant condition. The effective delivery system useful in the method of the present invention may be employed in such forms as capsules, tablets, liquid solutions, WO 95/18606 PCT/US95/00104 -8suspensions, or elixirs, for oral administration, or sterile liquid forms such as solutions, suspensions or emulsions. Any inert carrier is preferably used, such as saline, or phosphate-buff-red saline, or any such carrier in which the compounds used in the method of the present invention have suitable solubility properties.

Preferably, delivery systems useful in the method of the present invention may be employed in such sterile liquid forms such as solutions, suspensions or emulsions. For topical use it may be employed in such forms as ointments, creams or sprays. Any inert carrier is preferably used, such as saline, or phosphate-buffered saline, or any such carrier in which the compounds used in the method of the present invention have suitable solubility properties.

There are a wide variety of pathological cancerous and noncancerous cell proliferative conditions for which the compositions and methods of the present invention will provide therapeutic benefits. These pathological conditions may occur in almost all cell types capable of abnormal cell proliferation. Among the cell types which exhibit pathological or abnormal growth are fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells and epithelial cells. It can be seen from the above that the method of the present invention is useful in treating local or disseminated pathological conditions in all or almost all organ and tissue systems of the individual. Purified curcumin inhibited the growth of a wide variety of human tumor cells including myeloid and lymphocytic leukemia, breast carcinoma and lung carcinoma (Table While all breast tumor cell Lines examined were highly sensitive to curcumin, other cell types such as kidney, hepatic, and certain epithelial cell types, were resistant. The comparison of the antiproliferative effects of curcumin with tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a cytokine produced primarily by the cells of the immune system, showed that curcumin at 1 ug/ml was at least as effective as WO 95/18606 PCTIUS95/00104 -9- TNF at 0.2 ug/ml (10,000 units/ml) (Table A human promyelomonocytic cell line, HL-60, which is highly resistant to TNF, was found to be also sensitive to curcumin.

Structural Analogues of Curcumin Structural analogues of curcumin are derivatized.

Hydroxycinnamic acids are synthesized via a phase i.ransfer catalyzed Wittig-Horner reaction of acetylated hydroxy aromatic aldehydes with triethylphosphonoacetate. The corresponding saturated analogs are obtained by hydrogenation of the cinnamic acids. Conjugated carbonyl compounds are synthesized by aldol condensation involving reactions on a solid support. This method is adaptable to the synthesis of compounds with sensitive functionality such as carbomethoxy group.

Morphologically, most cells are killed by two distinct mechanism, viz; apoptosis and necrosis. Apoptosis is generally characterized as a programmed cell death resulting in membrane blebbing, nuclear condensation, and fragmentation of DNA into 200-bp fragments whereas necrotic cell death involves swelling, dissolution of cellular components, and random DNA fragmentation.

The following examples are provided for the sole purpose of illustrating various embodiments of the present invention and are not meant to limit the present invention in any fashion.

EXAMPLE 1 Antiproliferative Effects of Curcumin x 103 cells were plated overnight at 37 0 C and then incubated with curcumin (2.7 uM) or TNF (0.2 ug/ml). After 66 hours at 37 0 C, cells were pulsed with tritiated thymidine for 6 hours prior to harvesting. All determinations were made in triplicate.

As shown in Table I, curcumin had a strong antiproliferative effect on myeloid cells, particularly the promyelocytic Hl-60 and ML-1 cell lines and myelogenous cell WO 95/18606 CUS5014 PCT/US95/00104 lines. Curcumin inhibited B Cell and T Cell Lymphoma cell lines and strongly inhibited breast cell lines and the lung cell line, A 549. In contrast, the Burkitt lymphoma (Raji) cell line, embryonal kidney (A293 LT) cell line, the epithelioid (HeLa) cell line and the hepatocellular (Hep G2) cell line was not affected by curcumin.

TABLE I Antiproliferative Effects of Curcumin and TNF Relative Cell Viability of Control) Cell Line Curcurnin TNF Myeloid Cells: Promyelocytic (HL-60) 10 0 100 Promonocytic (ML-l) 33 1 59 Myelogenous (KG1) 44 1 43 Myelogenous (KG-la) 46 3 Histiocytic Lymphoma (U-937) 70 4 54 Promonocytic (THP-l) 86 4 81 B Cell Lvmrphoma: Burkitt Lymphoma (Daudi) 45 5 ND Burkitt Lymphomna (Raji) 100 3 76 !L Cell LVmphoma (Jurkat) 23 1 7 Ep~ithelial Cells: Breast (BT-20) 1 +0 24 Breast (BT-20 TNF R) 8 0 Breast (SK-BR3) 6 +1 52 Breast (MCF-7) 9 +1 1 Breast (T-47 D) 13 0 Breast (ZR-75-l) 26 1 6 Lung adenocarcinoma (A549) 16 1 ND Small cell lung carcinoma (11596) 63 2 ND Retinal Pigment (D407) 41 4 ND Embryonal Kidney (A293-LT) 100 3 ND WO 95/18606 PCT/US95/00104 -11- Epithelioid (HeLa) 101 5 Hepatocellular (Hep G2) 138 2 83 Melanoma Cells: Tumorigenic metastatic (SB-CL-1) 3 1 ND Nontumorigenic nonmetastatic (SB-CL-2) 2 1 ND Tumorigenic but nonmetastatic (SB-CL-3) 1 1 ND Tumorigeni./.meta. adrenals (SB-CL-1A) 3 1 ND Tumorigen./meta. brain (SB-CL-1B) 1 1 ND Glioblastoma Cells: Glial (U-251) 103 3 ND Normal Cells: Human umbilical vein endothlial cells 89 3 ND Bovine arterial endothelial cells 94 9 Human foreskin fibroblasts 55 7 311 Figures 2A and 2B show the dose response inhibition by curcumin of the growth of hormone-dependent human breast adenocarcinoma tumor cells (MCF-7 cells) and T-47D cells, respectively. For both types of cells, a dose of 1 ug/ml showed almost total inhibition.

Figures 3A and 3B show the time course of the antiproliferative effect of curcumin on the growth of MCF-7 cells. Figure 3A shows that a dose of 1 ug/ml of curcumin inhibited the growth by about 80%. Figure 3B shows that the time course of curcumin's effect by thymidine incorporation.

Figures 4A and 4B show the dose response and time course of the antiproliferative effect of curcumin on hormone WO 95/18606 PCT/US95/00104 -12independent human breast tumor cell, SK-BR3 and respectively.

Figure 5A and 5B show the dose response and time course of the antiproliferative effect of curcumin on promyelomonocytic HL-60 cells.

Figure 5A shows that a dose of 1 ug/ml inhibited the growth of HL-cells by about Figures 6A and 6B show the antiproliferative effects of curcumin on glioblastoma (U251) cells and human vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC), respectively.

Figure 6A shows that a dose of about 2 ug/ml inhibited the growth of U-251 cells by about 60% while Figure 6B shows that a dose of curcumin of about 2 ug/ml inhibited the dose of HUVEC cells by about Figure 7 shows the effect of 1 ug/ml of curcumin or 100 units/ml of TNF both inhibited the growth of the U-9371 cell line. However, as seen by Figure 7, curcumin and TN? together exhibited a synergistic antiproliferative effect by inhibiting It 95% of the growth of these cells.

Figure 8 shows that curcumin must be present for several hours before its antiproliferative effects are seen.

EXAMPLE 2 Antiproliferative Effects of Ferulic Acid For the studies shown in Table II, 5x10 3 cells were plated overnight at 37 0 C and then incubated with ferulic acid (lug/ml). After 68 h at 37 0 C, cells were pulsed with thymidine for 6 hours prior to harvesting. Thymidine incorporation by untreated cells was expressed as 100%. All determinations were made in triplicate. The variation between the triplicate was less then As is shown in Table II, ferulic acid and related compounds had a strong antiproliferative effect on promyelocytic cells (HL-60 and ML-1). In addition, ferulic WO 95/18606 WO 95/8606 CT/US95/0()104 -13acid inhibited the breast tumor cell lines (BT-20 and T-47D), the hepatocellular (Hep G2) cell line and the embryonal kidney (A293 LT) cell line.

TABLE II Antinroliferative Effect of Ferulic acid on Tumor Cell Linea Cell Lines Relative Cell Viabilit-! Compound# 1 23 Myeloid Cells: Promyelocytic (HL-60) 37 79 Promonocytic (ML-l) 72 84 92 kMya1ogenous (KG-la) 86 79 Histiocytic Lyrnphoma (U-937) 108 90 111 Myelogenous (KG-i) 113 96 103 Promonocytic (THP-1) 138 95 114 B Cell Lymphoma: Burkitt Lymphoma (RFji) 126 112 Burkitt Lymphoma (Daudi) 184 136 128 T Cell Lvmphoma: (Jurkat) 78 37 49 Epithelial Cells: Breast (BT-20) 36 49 32 Breast (T-47 D) 77 68 Breast (MCF-7) 102 108 115 Breast (SK-BR3) 129 124 86 Hepatocellular (Hep G2) 71 90 Epithelicid (HeLa) 109 95 100 Embryonal Kidney (A293 LT) 77 64 87 Retinal Pigment (D407) 116 72 Lung (A549) 131 88 88 EXAMPLE 3 Antiproliferative effects of aromatic ketones In the experiments illustrated in Table III, 5x10 3 cells were plated overnight at 37 0 C and then incubated with aromatic ketones (1 ug/ml) After 68 hours at 37 0 C, cells were pulsed with tritiated thymidine for 6 hours prior to harvesting. Thymidine incorporation by untreated cells was expressed as 100%. All determinations were made in WO 95/18606 C1ISIO10 PCIAIS95/00104 -14triplicate.

then The variation between the triplicate was less As is shown in Table III, the aromatic ketones inhibited the promyelocytic (HL-60 and ML-l) cell lines and the myelogenous (KG-i and KG-la) cell lines. Moreover, antiproliferative effects of the aromatic ketones were seen on the Burkitt Lymphoma (Raji) cell line and the Breast tumor T47D and SK-BR3) cell lines.

TABLE III Antiproliferative Effect of Aromatic Ketones on Tumor Cell Lines Cell Lines Relative Cell Viability 6 7 8 9 10 11 Compounds: 4 Myel aid Cells: Promyelocytic Myelogenous (KG-l) Myelogenous (KG-la) Promonocytic (ML-1) Promonocytic (THP-1) Histiocytic Lym. (U-937) B Cell! Lymp:homa: Burkitt Lymphoma (Raji) Burkitt Lymphoma (Daudi) T Cell Lvmphoma: (Jurkat) Epithelial Cells: Breast (BT 20) Breast (T47 D) Breast (SK-BR3) Breast (MCF-7) Hepato- (Hep G2) Epithelioid (HeLa) Embryonal Kidney (A293 LT) Lung (A549) Retinal Pigment (D407) 63 126 111 159 ill 112 117 75 195 193 176 229 166 151 144 175 74 66 55 48 57 48 55 11 51 26 100 144 97 50 29 195 27 51 49 ill 109 96 100 49 235 18 57 91 104 144 98 115 63 103 119 WO 95/18606 PCT/US95/00104 EXAMPLE 4 Antiproliferative Effects of Aromatic Diketones In the experiments shown in Table IV, 5x103 cells were plated overnight at 37 0 C and then incubated with aromatic diketone (lug/ml). After 68 hours at 37 0 C, cells were pulsed with thymidine for 6 hours prior to harvesting. Thymidine incorporation by untreated cells was expressed as 100%. All determinations were made in triplicate. The variation between the triplicate was less then As shown in Table IV, the aromatic diketone showed a strong antiproliferative effect on all myeloid tumor cell lines tested except the Histiocytic Lymphoma (U-937) cell line. In addition, the aromatic ketone inhibited B cell and T Cell lymphoma tumor cell lines and the Breast tumor cell lines with the exception of SK-BR3).

TABLE IV Antiproliferative Effect of Aromatic Diketone (Compound 12) on Tumor Cell Lines Cell Lines Relative Cell Viability Myeloid Cells: Promyelocytic (HL-60) 6 Promonocytic (ML-1) 11 Myelogenous (KG-1) 21 Myelogenous (KG-la) 23 Promonocytic (THP-1) 62 Histiocytic Lymphoma (U-937) 94 B Cell Lymphoma: Burkitt Lymphoma (Daudi) Burkitt Lymphoma (Raji) 57 T Cell Lymphoma (Jurkat) 16 Epithelial Cells: Breast (BT-20) 42 Breast (MCF-7) 51 Breast(T-47 D) 73 WO 95/18606 PCTIUS95/00104 -16- Breast (SK-BR3) Embryonal Kidney (A293 LT) Epithelioid (HeLa) Hepatocellular (Hep G2) Lung (A549) Retinal Pigment (D407) 114 69 77 99 83 107 EXAMPLE Antiproliferative Effects of Caffeic Acid In the experiments shown in Table V, 5x10 3 cells were plated overnight at 37 0 C and then incubated with caffeic acid (lug/ml). After 68 hours at 37 0 C, cells were pulsed with thymidine for 6 hours prior to harvesting. Thymidine incorporation by untreated cells was expressed as 100%. All determinations were made in triplicate. The variation between the triplicate was less then As is shown in Table V, caffeic acid had a weaker antiproliferative effect on most tumor cell lines than other curcumin analogs. The tumor cell line most sensitive to caffeic acid was the T Cell Lymphoma (Jurkat) cell line.

TABLE V Antiproliferative Effect of Caffeic Acid (Compound 13) Cell Lines Myeloid Cells: Promyelocytic (HL-60) Myelogenous(KG-la) Histiocytic Lymphoma (U-937) Promonocytic (THP-1) Promonocytic(ML-l) Myelogenous (KG-1) B Cell Lmphoma: Burkitt Lymphoma (Daudi) Burkitt Lymphoma (Raji) Relative Cell Viability 89 92 99 108 93 WO 95/18606 PCTIUS95/00104 -17- T Cell Lymphoma: (Jurkat) 48 Epithelial Cells: Breast (T-47 D) 76 Breast (BT-20) 87 Breast (MCF-7) 98 Breast (SK-BR3) 105 Lung (A549) 86 Embryonal Kidney (A293 LT) 89 Epithelioid (HeLa) 100 Hepatocellular (Hep G2) 102 Retinal Pigment (D407) 110 EXAMPLE 6 Antiproliferative Effects of Cinnamic Acid In the experiments shown in Table VI, 5x10 3 cells were plated overnight at 37 0 C and then incubated with cinnamic acid (lug/ml). After 68 hours at 37 0 C, cells were pulsed with thymidine for 6 h prior to harvesting. Thymidine incorporation by untreated cells was expressed as 100%. All determinations were made in triplicate. The variation between the triplicate was less then Table VI shows that cinnamic acid had an antiproliferative effect on T cell lymphoma (Jurkat) cells, breast tumor (BT-20 and T-47D) cells, the hepatocellular (Hep G2) tumor cell line and the retinal pigment (D407) cell line.

TABLE VI Antiproliferative Effect of Cinnamic Acid (Compound 14) Cell Lines Relative Cell Viability Myeloid Cells: Promonocytic(ML-l) 84 Promonocytic (THP-1) 86 Promyelocytic (HL-60) 91

-II

WO 95/18606 PCT/US95/00104 -18- Myelogenous(KG-la) 98 Histiocytic Lymphoma (U-937) 100 Myelogenous (KG-1) 121 B Cell Lymphoma: Burkitt Lymphoma (Raji) 88 Burkitt Lymphoma (Daudi) 113 T Cell Lymphoma: (Jurkat) 36 Epithelial Cells: Breast (BT-20) 34 Breast (T-47 D) 54 Breast (SK-BR3) 87 Breast (MCF-7) 108 Hepatocellular (Hep G2) Epithelioid (HeLa) 99 Retinal Pigment (D407) 56 Embryonal Kidney (A293 LT) 52 Lung (A549) 107 EXAMPLE 7 Antiproliferative Effects of Carboxylic Acids For the experiment shown in Table VII, 5x10 3 cells were plated overnight at 37 0 C and then incubated with aromatic carboxylic acid (lug/ml). After 68 hours at 37 0 C, cells were pulsed with thymidine for 6 hours prior to harvesting.

Thymidine incorporation by untreated cells was expressed as 100%. All determinations were made in triplicate. The variation between the triplicate was less then Table VII shows that aromatic carboxylic acids had antiproliferative effects on promyelocytic (ML-1 and cells, myelogenous (KG-1) cells and T cell lymphoma cells. In addition, aromatic carboxylic acids inhibited embryonal kidney (A293 LT) cell, retinal pigment (D407) cells and Breast tumor cell lines.

WO 95/18606 PCT/US95/00104 -19- TABLE VII Antiproliferative Effect of Aromatic Carboxylic Acids Cell Lines Relative Cell Viability Compounds 15 16 17 18 Myeloid Cells: Promonocytic (ML-1) 68 74 80 Myelogenous (KG-1) 71 120 115 140 Promyelocytic (HL-60) 83 88 82 74 Myelogenous (KG-la) 114 128 105 126 Promonocytic (THP-1) 117 104 110 98 Histiocytic Lymphoma (U-937) 118 125 115 123 B Cell Lymphoma: Burkitt Lymphoma (Raji) 142 154 141 170 Burkitt Lymphoma (Daudi) 109 191 176 178 T Cell Lymphoma: (Jurkat) 43 66 46 46 Epithelial Cells: Embryonal Kidney (A293 LT) 37 140 107 98 Retinal Pigment (D407) 59 63 89 72 Breast (BT 20) 81 90 89 Breast (MCF7) 111 104 107 103 Epithelioid (HeLa) 91 81 100 108 Hepatocellular (Hep G2) 92 123 107 125 Lung (A549) 194 251 229 329 EXAMPLE 8 Antiproliferative Effects of Aromatic Ketocarboxylic Acids In the experiment shown in Table VIII, 5x10 3 cells were plated overnight at 37 0 C and then incubated with aromatic ketocarboxylic acid (lug/ml). After 68 hours at 37 0 C, cells were pulsed with thymidine for 6 hours prior to harvesting.

Thymidine incorporation by untreated cells was expressed as 100%. All determinations were made in triplicate. The variation between the triplicate was less then Table VIII shows that aromatic ketocarboxylic acids I- WO 95/18606 PCT/US95/00104 inhibited promyelocytic (HL-60 and THP-1) tumor cell lines.

In addition, aromatic ketocarboxylic acids inhibited T cell lymphoma tumor cells and retinal pigment (D407) cells.

TABLE VIII Effect of a ketocarboxylic acid (Compound 19) Cell Lines Relative Cell Viability Myeloid Cells: Promyelocytic (HL-60) 72 Promonocytic (THP-1) 83 Promonocytic(ML-l) Myelogenous (KG-la) 107 Myelogenous (KG-1) 112 Histiocytic Lymphoma (U-937) 118 B Cell Lymphoma: Burkitt Lymphoma (Raji) 197 Burkitt Lymphoma (Daudi) 135 T Cell Lymphoma: (Jurkat) Epithelial Cells: Retinal Pigment (D407) 83 Epithelioid (HeLa) 97 Hepatocellular (Hep G2) 98 Breast (MCF-7) 100 Breast (BT-20) 107 Embryonal Kidney (A293 LT) 176 Lung (A549) 286 EXAMPLE 9 Antiproliferative Effects of Aromatic Alcohols In the experiments shown in Table IX, 5x10 3 cells were plated overnight at 37 0 C and then incubated with aromatic alcohol (lug/ml). After 68 hours at 37 0 C, cells were pulsed with thymidine for 6 hours prior to harvesting. Thymidine incorporation by untreated cells was expressed as 100%. All c, I I I WO 95/18606 PCT/US95/00104 -21determinations were made in triplicate. The variation between the triplicate was less then Table IX indicates the antiproliferative effects of aromatic alcohols on promyelocytic (HL-60) tumor cell line.

In addition, aromatic ketocarboxylic acids inhibited T cell lymphoma tumor cells and retinal pigment (D407) cells.

TABLE IX Effect of an Aromatic Alcohol (Compound Cell Lines Myeloid Cells: Promyelocytic (HL-60) Promonocytic (THP-1) Histiocytic Lymphoma (U-937) Promonocytic (ML-1) Myelogenous (KG-1) Myelogenous (KG-la) B Cell Lymphoma: Burkitt Lymphoma (Daudi) Burkitt Lymphoma (Raji) T Cell Lymphoma: (Jurkat) Epithelial Cells: Retinal Pigment (D407) Breast (BT-20) Breast (MCF-7) Epithelioid (HeLa) Hepatocellular (Hep G2) Embryonal Kidney (A293 IT) Lung (A549) Relative Cell Viability 77 93 93 104 106 124 158 223 79 89 103 94 97 157 284 EXAMPLE Antiproliferative Effects of Flavanoids To examine the effects of flavanoids on tumor cell lines, 5x10 3 cells were plated overnight at 37 0 C and then incubated with flavanoids (lug/ml). After 68 hours at 37 0

C,

cells were pulsed with tritiated thymidine for 6 hours prior

I

Iq ~I WO 95/18606 PCT/US95/00104 -22to harvesting. Thymidine incorporation by untreated cells was expressed as 100%. All determinations were made in triplicate. The variation between the triplicate was less than Table X shows that flavanoids exhibited antiproliferative effects on promyelocytic (HL-60 and ML-1) cells, myelogenous (KG-1 and KG-la) cells, hepatocellular (Hep G2) cells, breast tumor cell lines (BT-20, T-47D and MCF-7) and embryonal kidney (A293 LT) cells.

TABLE X Antiproliferative Effect of Flavanoids on Tumor Cell Lines Cell Lines Relative Cell Viability Compounds 21 22 Mveloid Cells: Promyelocytic (HL-60) 37 34 Myelogenous (KG-la) 58 73 Myelogenous (KG-1) 59 100 Promonocytic (ML1) 70 84 Histiocytic Lymphoma (U-937) 103 89 Promonocytic (THP-1) 106 103 B Cell Lymphoma: Burkitt Lymphoma (Raji) 124 115 Burkitt Lymphoma (Daudi) 148 175 T cell Lymphoma: (Jurkat) 88 100 Epithelial Cells: Hepatocellular (Hep G2) 67 83 Epithelioid (HeLa) 104 108 Breast (BT-20) 24 33 Breast (T-47 D) 63 69 Breast (MCF-7) 57 117 Breast (SK-BR3) 121 106 Embryonal Kidney (A293 LT) 62 81 Retinal Pigment(D407) 138 93 Lung (A549) 207 126 I I r C1 I ICI Il ld~rlLL WO 95/18606 PCT/US95/00104 -23- Effects of Curcumin and Curcumin analogues on Kinase Activity EXAMPLE 11 Protein Kinase Assays Cytosolic protamine kinase and autophosphorylationactivated protein kinase were obtained from Dr. Z. Damuni, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia, South Carolina.

These protein kinase preparations were judged to be homogeneous based on SDS-PAGE and gel permeation chromatography. Phosphorylase kinase (170 units/mg), phosphorylase b, catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (41 units/mg), Histone H-l and H-2B, protamine sulfate (salmine), myelin basic protein, curcumin and phosphatidyl-L-serine were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. Protein kinase C (1200 units/mg) was obtained from Calbiochem Corp. gamma [32 P] ATP was obtained from ICN Biomedicals, Inc.

Protein kinase C, protein kinase A, and cytosolic protamine kinase were assayed as described by Damuni et al., 1989, Purification and properties of a distinct protamine kinase from the cytosol of bovine kidney cortex. J. Biol.

Chem. 264, 6412-6416 with modifications. Briefly, the assays were performed in 0.05 ml mixtures containing 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.3, 10% glycerol, 1 mM Benzamidine, 14 mM BmercaDtoethanol, 0.2 mM phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride, 100 ug/ml leupeptin, 4 uM microcystin LR, 2 ug/ml aprotinin, protein kinase, 50 ug histone H-l (PKC) or histone H-2B or 100 ug protamine sulfate, 10 mM MgCl 2 and 0.2 mM [gamma- 32 P] ATP (200-500 cpm/pmol). The reaction was initiated by adding MgCl 2 and ATP. After 10 minutes of incubation at 37°C, the reaction was terminated by the addition of 1 ml of trichloroacetic acid (TCA). Protein in the TCA terminated mixtures was pelleted by centrifugation for 2 minutes in a Beckman centrifuge at 15,000 x g. The pellet was washed five times with TCA, added one ml scintillant and counted for radioactivity in a Packcard liquid scintillation counter.

Control tubes were treated in an identical manner except that i _I -PB ~b I I LI- I WO95/18606 PCT/US95/00104 -24protein kinase was excluded from the mixture. Protein kinase C was assayed as described above except that the incubation mixture also included 0.5 mM CaC12 and u40 ug/ml phosphatidyl- L-serine. Phosphorylase kinase was similarly assayed with the following modifications. The assay mixture contained 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.3, 10% glycerol, 1 mM Benzamidine, 14 mM Bmercaptoethanol, 0.2 mM phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride, 100 ug/ml leupeptin, 4 uM microcystin LR, 2 ug/ml aprotinin and a protein kinase containing 0.5 mM CaCl 2 Following incubation for 10 minutes at 37 0 C, the reaction was terminated with 1 ml of 10% TCA and treated as described above. The autophosphorylation-activated kinase was first preactivated and then assayed with myelin basic protein as substrate. One unit of protein kinase activity was defined as the amount of enzyme that incorporated 1 nmol of phosphoryl groups into substrate/min. To ensure linearity the extent of incorporation of phosphoryl groups was limited to <1 nmol.

Sodium-Dodecyl Gel Electrophoresis: Polyacrylamide slab gels were run in a Biorad protein II apparatus at 200 volts constant voltage. Protein bands were detected by staining with coomassie brilliant blue, dried and autoradiographed.

The activity of cellular tyrosine kinase having a molecular weight of 60 kDa was determined as described by Budde et al., J. Biol. Chem., 268:24868-24872 (1993), with the following modifications. Briefly, the incubation mixture contained mM tris-HCl, pH 7.3, 10% glycerol, 1 mM benzamidine, 14 mM 3mercaptoethanol, 0.2 mM phenylmethyl sulphonyl fluoride, 100 ag/ml leupeptin, 2 gg/ml aprotinin, protein kinase, 50 Ag polyglutamic acid-tyrosine 10 mM MgC12 and 0.2 mM[gamma- 3 2 P]-ATP (200-500 cpm/pmol). Following incubation at 37 0 C for 10 minutes, the 0.05 mi of the mixture was blotted onto filter paper and immediately immersed in 10% TCA. The paper was then washed with 10% TCA before counting for radioactivity in the presence of scintillant.

-I--11 WO 95/18606 PCT/US95/00104 EXAMPLE 12 Curcumin Inhibition of Kinase Activity The effect of different concentrations of curcumin on the activity of six different protein kinases is shown in the present invention. Figure 9 illustrates that curcumin inhibited all the kinases examined but to different degrees.

At 1 mM curcumin, PhK, pp60s-src PkC, PkA, AK and cPK were inhibited by 98%, 40%, 15%, 10%, 1% and respectively.

However, higher concentrations of curcumin inhibited 98%, 46%, 49%, 17% and 2% of the activity of these kinases, respectively. The inhibitory effect was dose-dependent.

Among the kinases examined, PhK was most completely inhibited by the lowest concentration of curcumin. Near complete inhibition of cellular tyrosine kinase was also seen.

The inhibitory effects of curcumin on PhK is shown in Figure 10A. The effects of curcumin were seen at a dose of curcumin as low as 5 uM and the inhibitory effect plateued at about 3 mM. A similar effect was seen when the reaction product of PhK, phosphorylase b was analyzed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Figure 10B shows that the inhibitory effects of curcumin were seen at 5 uM and no phosphorylated product was observed at 1.36 M.

In order to examine the inhibitory constant of curcumin, the effect of the inhibitor on PhK at different concentrations of the substrate was examined. These results were then analyzed by Lineweaver-Burke plot analysis. Figure 11A illustrates that the curves for the inhibition of curcumin at different substrate concentrations were linear. Thus, curcumin is a non-competitive inhibitor and binds to the enzyme at a site different from the phosphorylase. Further, a plot of different curcumin concentrations against the slope indicated a Ki of 0.75 mM (Figure 11B).

Natural structural analogues of curcumin also inhibit PhK activity. Phosphorylase kinase (134 units/ml) was assayed with curcumin and its analogues as described Ir II~ llsl WO 95/18606 1'CT/IUS95/00104 -26above. As shown in Table XI, these analogues were inhibitory to curcumin but none inhibited the enzyme to the same extent as curcumin.

TABLE XI Inhibitory Effects of Curcumin and Curcumin Analogues of Phosphorylase Kinase (PhK) Activity Compounds PhK inhibition of control) curcumin 67 aromatic ketone (cmpd 7) 24 ferulic acid cinnamic acid aromatic ketone (cmpd 4) 14 All patents and publications mentioned in this specification are indicative of the levels of those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. All patents and publications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

One skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objects and obtain the ends and advantages mentioned, as well as those inherent therein. The present examples along with the methods, procedures, treatments, molecules, and specific compounds described herein are presently representative of preferred embodiments, are exemplary, and are not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention. Changes therein and other uses will occur to those skilled in the art which are encompassed within the spirit of the invention as defined by the scope of the claims.

I

I -I 26a Where the terms "comprise", "comprises", "comprised" or "comprising" are used in this specification, they are to be interpreted as specifying the presence of the stated features, integers, steps or components referred to, but not to preclude the presence or addition of one or more other feature, integer, step, component or group thereof.

26/11/ 97GV8765SPE.2 11- M1

Claims (18)

1. A method for the treatment of neoplastic diseases comprising administration to an animal of a pharmacologically effective dose of curcumin or an analogue thereof, wherein said neoplastic disease is selected from the group consisting of lung cancer, oreast cancer, and melanomas.

2. The methud of claim 1, wherein said animal is a human.

3. The method of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein said curcumin is administered in a dose of from about 1 microgram to about 100 milligrams.

4. The method of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein said analogue is selected from the group consisting of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid, 4- methylenedioxy cinnamic acid, 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid, 4-(4-hydroxy- 3-methoxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-one, zingerone, 4-(3,4- methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanone, 4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-one, 4-hydroxyvaleroohenone, 4-hydroxybenzylactone, 4- hydroxybenzophenone, 1,5-bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-1, 4-pentadien-3- one, 6-hydroxydibenzoylmethane, 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid, cinnamic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyhydrocinnamic acid, 2-hydroxycinnamic acid, 3- hydroxycinnamic arid, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid and 4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol.

A method of inhibiting the activity of phosphorylase kinase comprising administration to an animal of a pharmacologically effective dose of curcumin or an analogue thereof.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein said animal is a human.

7. The method of claim 5 or claim 6, wherein said curcumin is administered in a dose of from about 1 microgram to about 100 milligrams.

8. The method of any one of claims 5 to 7, wherein said analogue is selected from the group consisting of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid, 4- methylenedioxycinnamic acid, 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid, 4-(4-hydroxy- 3-methoxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-one, zingerone, 4-(3,4- 26/11/97GV8765.SPE,27 I 28 methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanone, 4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-one, 4-hydroxyvalerophenone, 4-hydroxybenzylactone, 4- hydroxybenzophenone, 1,5-bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-1,4-pentadien-3- one, 6-hydroxydibenzoylmethane, 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid, cinnamic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyhydrocinnamic acid, 2-hydroxycinnamic acid, 3- hydroxycinnamic acid, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid and 4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol.

9. A method for the treatment of pathological cell proliferative diseases comprising administration to an animal of a pharmacologically effective dose of a flavonoid or an analogue thereof.

The method of claim 9, wherein said animal is a human.

11. A method of inhibiting the activity of tyrosine kinase comprising administration to an animal of a pharmacologically effective dose of curcumin or an analogue thereof.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein said animal is a human.

13. The method of claim 11 or claim 12, wherein said curcumin is administered in a dose of from about 1 microgram to about 100 milligrams.

14. The method of any one of claims 11 to 13, wherein said analogue is selected from the group consisting of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid, 4-methylenedioxycinnamic acid, 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid, 4-(4- hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-one, zingerone, 4-(3,4- methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanone, 4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-one, 4-hydroxyvalerophenone, 4-hydroxybenzylactone, 4- hydroxybenzophenone, 1,5-bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-1,4-pentadien-3- one, 6-hydroxydibenzoylmethane, 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid, cinnamic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyhydrocinnamic acid, 2-hydroxycinnamic acid, 3- hydroxvcinnamic acid, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid and 4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol.

A method for the treatment of neoplastic diseases which method is substantially as herein described with reference to any one of the 26/11/97GV8765.SPE,28 ~ar 29 Examples and/or accompanying Figures but excluding any comparative examples and/or accompanying comparative Figures.

16. A method of inhibiting the activity of phosphorylase kinase which method is substantially as herein described with reference to any one of the Examples and/or accompanying Figures but excluding any comparative examples and/or accompanying comparative Figures.

17. A method for the treatment of pathological cell proliferative diseases which method is substantially as herein described with reference to any one of the Examples and/or accompanying Figures but excluding any comparative examples and/or accompanying comparative Figures.

18. A method of inhibiting the activity of tyrosine kinase which method is substantially as herein described with reference to any one of the Examples and/or accompanying Figures but excluding any comparative examples and/or accompanying comparative Figures. DATED this 2th day of November 1997. RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION By their Patent Attorneys: CALLINAN LAWRIE 26/11/97GV8765.SPE,29