AU2014210566A1 - Compounds and compositions for mitigating tissue damage and lethality - Google Patents

Abstract

Embodiments of the present invention provide compounds and compositions thereof, which are effective for mitigating tissue damage or lethality induced by an agent, and methods of making and using the same.

Description

AUSTRALIA Patents Act 1990 THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA COMPLETE SPECIFICATION STANDARD PATENT Invention Title: Compounds and compositions for mitigating tissue damage and lethality The following statement is a full description of this invention including the best method of performing it known to us: 1 COMPOUNDS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR MITIGATING TISSUE DAMAGE AND LETHALITY CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 5 The application is a divisional application pursuant to Section 79B of the Patents Act 1990 of Australian Patent Application No. 2011285708 which corresponds to International Application No. PCT/US2011/046451 in the Australian national phase, which claims priority to US No. 61/370,386 filed 3 August 2010, the contents of which are each incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 10 FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention generally relates to compounds for radiation-induced tissue damage and lethality, compositions comprising these compounds and methods of making and using the same. 15 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The recent tragic nuclear power plant accidents in Japan caused severe leaks of radioactive Iodine-131 and Cesium-137 and widespread exposure scare of radiation. In addition, the global use and storage of radioactivity is increasing rapidly. Millions of 20 radioactive sealed sources are used around the world for legitimate and beneficial commercial applications such as cancer treatment, food and blood sterilization, oil exploration, remote electricity generation, radiography, and scientific research. These applications use isotopes such as Cesium-137, Cobalt-60, Strontium-90, Americium-241, Iridium-192, Plutonium-238, Plutonium-239, Curium-244, Radium-226, and Californium-252. Many of these radiological 25 sources at sites around the world are no longer needed and have been abandoned or orphaned; others are poorly guarded, making the risk of theft or sabotage significant. Currently, there are tens of thousands of civilian locations worldwide with radioactive material, about 5,000 of which contain sources of 1,000 curies or greater (Office of Global Threat Reduction (NA-21). GTRI Strategic Plan, release date January 2007. 955 L'Enfant Plaza, Washington, DC 20585. 30 Iliopulos, Joanna et al. The Office of Global Threat Reduction: reducing the global threat from radiological dispersal devices. 2007. JNMM Volume 35 Issue 3 PP 36-40). Beyond the public safety concerns are the clinical implications of radiation use. Outside the radiation therapy clinic there is also significant relevance to identifying and characterizing novel compounds that protect cells from radiation induced cell death. 35 1A Fundamental to radiation exposure and injury is DNA strand breaks, resulting in genetic instability and DNA deletions which are involved in cell death, cellular dysfunction, as well as long-term consequences such as birth defects and cancer. There are currently only 5 agents approved by the FDA for radiation protection, 5 and none are approved for non clinical use. However, out of these, only one agent is classified as a cytoprotectant (AmifostineTM), and this agent, along with current leads, have demonstrated poor toxicity profiles (see, e.g., Seed, T.M., Health Phys, 2005. 89(5): p. 531-45; Brizel, D.MJ Clin Oncol, 2007. 25(26): p. 4084-9), which is a common shortcoming with all current small molecule leads in this area. The other agents are 10 Potassium Iodide, Zn-DTPA (Trisodium zinc diethylenetriaminepentaacetate) and Prussian Blue Ferric III / hexacyanoferrate II as chelators used for isotope exposure, and GranisetronTM as an anti-emetic. Thus, there is a need for novel drugs used for the prophylaxis, mitigation and treatment of radiation injury. 15 The embodiments described below address the above mentioned problems and needs. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In one aspect of the present invention, it is provided a compound, which is effective for mitigating tissue damage and lethality induced by an agent. The compound 20 can be a synthetic compound or a natural product in a substantially purified form. The compound also includes a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a prodrug thereof, a hydrate thereof, a solvate thereof, or a polymorphic crystal thereof In some embodiments of the compound, the compound comprises a structure of Formula I or Formula II: R1 R1 N' N R3 HN 25 R2 (Formula I), 2 R4 H / =0 S N

R

3 N O R1

NH

2 R2 0 (Formula II) where: in Formula I, each R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently hydrogen, straight chain or branched Cl -C20 alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl, which is substituted or unsubstituted. cyclo 5 alkyl, cyclo alkenyl, heterocyclic alkyl, or heterocyclic alkenyl, which is substituted or unsubstituted, phenyl, substituted phenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, amino, amido, F, Cl, Br, I, nitro, hydroxyl, thiol, alkylthio, selenol, alkylselenyl, silyl, siloxy, boryl, carboxylic acid, sulfonyl, -SO 4 FI, -BH 2 , alkoxy, or acyl groups along with a list of the following exemplary substitutions: 3 R = R 4 and are: YY O-cN F

NH

2 F H 0O 0 H O N-N H N OAO or Y YCH,0OH; and

R

4

R

2

=R

3 =and are CI13, 011, 0, SH,1I-, NI-I, or 0 s NH - N\,R 10 C

NH

2 0 In some embodiments of the compound, the compound has a Tanimoto coefficient at least 0.7 or higher based on a compound of Formula IA, Formula IIA or Formula 1113: -- (Formula IA) 5 H 0 S N N

NH

2 o (Formula IIA) H 0 S N N J' " N 0

NH

2 0 O (Formula JIB). The tissue damage or lethality can be induced by radiation of any kind. In some embodiments, the radiation is radiation by a radioactive element (also referred to as 5 particle radiation such as radiation by radioactive iron atoms, cobalt atoms, etc), alpha radiation, beta radiation, gamma radiation, neutron radiation, x radiation, or ultraviolet radiation. In some embodiments of the compound, the tissue damage or lethality is induced by radiation therapy. 10 In some embodiments of the compound, the tissue damage or lethality is of a condition selected from conditions related to radiation-induced lethality, conditions related to radiation-induced genotoxic and cytotoxicity, conditions related to radiation-induced damage to healthy tissues during radiation therapy, conditions related to radiation-induced persistent genetic instability, conditions related to ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced 15 damage, conditions related to damage to tissue induced by chemical carcinogens, radiation-induced cancer, spontaneous cancer, or aging. In some embodiments of the compound, the compound is selected from 6 N N-D NH0 N HN-N N SOMe Formula I F I N N SO NH NH N OMe NOMe Formula IC Formula IH N N, 70 H 0 S N N N _N O F

NH

2 o Formula IlA H 0 S N N / N

NH

2 0 Formula IIB 0 ,or a combination of the compounds of Formula IA-IH, Formula IIA, or Formula IIB. In some embodiments of the compound, the compound of the various 5 embodiments above includes a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a prodrug thereof. In another aspect of the present invention, it is provided a composition, which composition comprising a compound of the various embodiments disclosed herein. The composition comprises the compound in an amount effective for mitigating tissue damage 10 or lethality induced by an agent. In some embodiments, the composition includes a compound in an effective amount for a condition selected from conditions related to radiation-induced lethality, conditions related to radiation-induced genotoxicity and cytotoxicity, conditions related to radiation-induced damage to healthy tissues during radiation therapy, conditions related to radiation-induced persistent genetic instability, 15 conditions related to ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced damage, conditions related to damage induced by chemical carcinogens, radiation-induced cancer, spontaneous cancer, or aging. 8 In some embodiments of the composition, the composition can further optionally include at least one other therapeutic agent. In some embodiments of the composition, the composition of various embodiments disclosed herein further comprises an excipient. 5 In some embodiments of the composition, the composition of various embodiments disclosed herein further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The composition of various embodiments disclosed herein can be formulated into a formulation for local delivery or systemic delivery. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated into a formulation for oral administration, injection, topical 10 administration, implant, or pulmonary administration. The composition of various embodiments disclosed herein can be a therapeutic composition, a cosmetic composition, or a dietary supplement. In a further aspect of the present invention, it is provided a method of screening for a compound effective as a radiation protective/mitigating agent. The method comprises: 15 generating a screening system capable of screening a compound against radiation induced cell killing, genetic instability, or both; and subject a compound to the screening, and identifying a compound as radiation protective if the compound significantly reduces radiation induced cell killing or genetic instability as compared to a control. 20 In some embodiments of the method, the compound has a structure of Formula I or Formula II. In a further aspect of the present invention, it is provided a method of preparing a compound. The method comprises preparing a compound according to the various embodiments disclosed above. 25 In a further aspect of the present invention, it is provided a method of preparing a composition. The method comprises providing a compound which is effective for mitigating tissue damage and lethality induced by an agent, and forming the composition of the various embodiments disclosed herein. The compound is as in the various embodiments disclosed herein. 30 In a further aspect of the present invention, it is provided a method of treating, preventing, or ameliorating a condition. The method comprises administering to a subject a compound or a composition according to the various embodiments of disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the condition is selected from conditions related to radiation-induced lethality, conditions related to radiation-induced genotoxicity and 9 cytotoxicity, conditions related to radiation-induced damage to healthy tissues during radiation therapy, conditions related to radiation-induced persistent genetic instability, conditions related to ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced damage, conditions related to damage induced by chemical carcinogens, radiation-induced cancer, spontaneous cancer, 5 or aging. In a still further aspect of the present invention, it is provided a method of radiation therapy. The method comprises: administering to a subject a compound of invention, and administering to the subject a radiation; 10 wherein the subject has a medical condition capable of being treated or ameliorated by radiation. In some embodiments, the compound is included in a composition. In some embodiments, the composition further includes an optional second agent. In some embodiments of the method, the medical condition is cancer, e.g., skin 15 cancer or leukemia. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is an outline of the structure and possible mechanisms for reversion of the yeast intrachromosomal recombination (DEL) system. A: Sister chromatid conversion; B: single strand annealing; C: intrachromosomal crossing over; D: unequal sister chromatid 20 exchange. Figure 2 shows a representative sample of a z-score calculation-based graph with a radioprotector at Sl 1 position. Clearly shows an increase in +13 growth (z-score value of +1.71). significantly reduced -His growth (z-score value of -2.23), and a significantly reduced DEL recombination event (z-score value of -2.46) when compared to controls. 25 Figure 3 shows the number of DEL events per 10,000 cells in RS112 Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells following a 2000Gy irradiation. Each bar represents the number of DEL recombination events from an averaged 3 plating experiments. Figure 4 shows the percent survival of RS 112 Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells following a 2000Gy irradiation. The survival differences are statistically significant: 30 Compounds 1-4 and 6 (Yell (Radl)) had p-values <0.01 and Compound 5 (Yel2 (Rad2)) had with p <0.05. Figure 5 shows a representative graph of mitigation activity affecting DEL frequency of Yell (RadI) in RS 112 cells. Mitigation activity for all compounds has been 10 observed up to 60 minutes after 2000Gy irradiation. Each bar represents the number of DEL recombination events from an average of 3 experiments. Figure 6 shows a representative graph of radioprotection activity in Yel2 (Rad2) analogues after a 2000Gy irradiation. Each bar represents the number of DEL 5 recombination events from an average of 3 experiments. Figure 7 shows a noticeable difference in survival between 8 Gy control group and groups 1. 4, and 5 (Yel2 (Rad2)). The statistical significance, however, falls just a little short of p <0.05. at p=0.

0 58 14 days post irradiation for groups 1 and 5 (Yel2 (Rad2)), but is significant for group 4 at p=0.016. 10 Figure 8 shows an observable difference between groups 5 (Yel2 (Rad2)) and 6 (Yell (Rad 1)) and the rest of the study groups-here 67% of the mice in the group have survived past 30 days. 33% of mice treated with AmifostineTM are still alive. The results are encouraging but due to the small number of mice, an in-depth statistical analysis is unavailable. 15 Figure 9 shows the results of tests where 8 Male C3H mice for each condition were irradiated at 8Gy (LD100/30) and then treated se twice: 1 hr and 25 hrs post exposure with compounds Yell (Radl) and Yel2 (Rad2) at a concentration of 75mg/Kg in PBS carrier, controls were injected with the carrier only. Yel2 (Rad2) treatment has a p-value of .0117, Yell (RadI) treatment p-value=. 0455. 20 Figure 10 shows the results of tests where 8 Male C3H mice for each condition were irradiated at 8Gy (LD100/30) and then treated sc five times at 24,48,72,96, and 120 hrs post exposure with compounds Yell (Radi) and Yel2 (Rad2) at a concentration of 75mg/Kg in PBS carrier, controls were injected with the carrier only. Yel2 (Rad2) treatment has a p-value of .0209, Yell (Rad1) treatment. 25 Figures 1 IA and 1 IB shows results of tests where Male C3H mice for each condition were irradiated at 8Gy (LDlOO/30) and then treated sc either twice at 1 hr and 25 hrs post exposure with compounds YelOO and Yel002 or five times at 24,48,72,96, and 120 hrs at a concentration of 75 mg/kg in PBS carrier. Controls were injected with the carrier only. 30 Figure 12 shows photos of the coat changes in mice surviving lethal doses of radiation (8 Gy, LD100/30). Panel A: Day 265 following i.p. injections with Yel002. Panel B: Day 260 post irradiation at 8 Gy and subsequent treatment with YelO02 at 1 hr and 25 hr. 11 Figure 13 shows reduction of DEL events with YelOOl treatment following a 2000Gy irradiation on RS 112 cells. At all five time points there is a significant reduction of genetic instability as expressed by the reduction of the gene reversion frequencies (p value <0.05). 5 Figure 14 shows mitigation of radiation cytotoxicity has been observed with the addition of YelOOl at various time points. Difference in survival is only significant at the 60min time point for both compounds. Figure 15 shows reduction of DEL events with Yel002 treatment following a 2000Gy irradiation on RS 112 cells. At all five time points there is a significant reduction 10 of genetic instability as expressed by the reduction of the gene reversion frequencies (p value <0.05). Figure 16 shows mitigation of radiation cytotoxicity has been observed with the addition of Yel002 at various time points. Difference in survival is only significant at the 60min time point for both compounds. 15 Figure 17 shows the results of the test of YelO02 (Rad2) and YelOO 1 (Radl) in the radiation-induced leukemia model in vivo. At Day 94, 30% of the irradiated controls have developed leukemia; treatment with YeO02 has reduced the frequency to 10% and YelOO 1 to 20%. Figure 18 shows that YelOO 1 (Rad2) and Yel002 (Rad I) are effective for reducing 20 the frequency of radiation induced and spontaneous cancer. Figures 19A and 19B show structures of some compounds of Formula I or Formula I. Figure 20 shows that CJO 10 consistently mitigates the IR damage. Figure 21 shows the results of tests on radiation mitigation effect of CJ-0 10. 25 Figure 22 shows the results of tests mitigating 3 1 I-induced double stand breaks in human thyroid cell. Figure 23 shows survival of C3H mice (n=16) following 8 Gy irradiation and treatment with Yel002 (oral gavage in saline) at 24,48,72,96, and 120hrs. Figure 24 shows male C3H mice (n=8, per irradiation group) were exposed to 30 increasing doses of radiation (7Gy to 9.1 Gy, increments of .3Gy) and treated with YelO02 (75mg/kg) at 5x24 s.c. administration. Figure 25 shows recovery of the hematopoietic system following 6 Gy irradiation of C3H mice (n=4) with YelO02 treatment (s.c.) at 24,48,72,96, and 120 hrs. 12 Figure 26 shows recovery of the hematopoietic system following 6 Gy irradiation of C3H mice (n=4) with Yel002 treatment (s.c.) at 24,48,72,96, and 120 hrs. RBC- red blood cells (M/uL), HB-hemoglobin (g/dL), and HCT-hematocrit (%). Figure 27 shows platelet recovery following 6 Gy irradiation of C3H mice (n=4) 5 with Yel002 treatment (s.c.) at 24,48,72,96, and 120 hrs; p<.05 with a 1-tail. Student t-test. Figure 28 shows addition of Yel002 and Ye100I (15uM) to UV-irradiated yeast DEL tester strain RS 112 significantly reduces genotoxicity and cytotoxicity; P<.05. Figure 29a (left) shows a significant decrease in the amount of average yH2AX per cell in OMM lymphocytes at p<0.05. Figure 29b (right) shows that YEL 002 incubation 10 significantly decreases the amount of average yH2AX per cell in OMM lymphocytes p< 0

.

0 1 . Figure 30 shows the results of tests where C3H (n=8 in each group) were irradiated and treated at the 5x24 treatment protocol with Yel001 and CJ-10 s.c. Figure 31 shows addition of MMS to DEL RS 112 tester strain induces cell death 15 and genotoxicity that can be mitigated with Yel001 and Yel002 administration I hrs after exposure to MMS. Figure 32 shows co-culturing with Ye1002 decreases the progression into senescence of primary human keratinocytes at SuM concentration of the drug. Figure 33 shows primary keratinocytes harvested from a patient were isolated and 20 propagated in culture until 5Gy irradiation. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In one aspect of the present invention, it is provided a compound, which is effective for mitigating tissue damage and lethality induced by an agent. The compound can be a synthetic compound or a natural product in a substantially purified form. The 25 compound also includes a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a prodrug thereof, a hydrate thereof, a solvate thereof, or a polymorphic crystal thereof In some embodiments of the compound, the compound has a general structure of 13 R1 R1 N/ N

R

3 HN R2 (Formula I) or R4 H 0 S N

R

3 S N

NH

2 R2 0 (Formula II). 5 In Formula I, each R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently hydrogen, straight chain or branched Cl-C20 alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl, which is substituted or unsubstituted, cyclo alkyl, cyclo alkenyl, heterocyclic alkyl, or heterocyclic alkenyl, which is substituted or unsubstituted, phenyl, substituted phenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, amino, amido, F, Cl, Br, I, nitro, 10 hydroxyl, thiol, alkylthio, selenol, alkylselenyl, silyl, siloxy, boryl, carboxylic acid, sulfonyl, -SO 4 H, alkoxy, or acyl groups along with a list of the following exemplary substitutions: 14 Each R, independently = one or more of the following NH2, OH, OMe, Me, H, CH- 2 OH1, BH 2 , SMe, 0 0 0 R2 F OMe OH HH Y 0 CXSN CHO OH OH OMe NH 2 R Y Me Y = N11, OH, OMe, Me, 11, C11,OH, 13112, SeMe, SMe N oMeO , HN Y H Y X=S, HN, 0, BH. CH2 Y - NH 2 . 01-1, OMe, Me, H, CH 2 OH4, 13012, SeMe, SMe In Formula II, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently hydrogen, straight chain or branched Cl -C20 alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl, which is substituted or unsubstituted, cyclo alkyl, cyclo alkenyl, heterocyclic alkyl, or heterocyclic alkenyl, which is substituted or unsubstituted, 5 phenyl, substituted phenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, amino, amnido, F, Cl, Br, I, nitro, hydroxyl, thiol, alkylthio, selenol, alkylselenyl, silyl, siloxy, boryl, carboxylic acid, sulfonyl, -S0 4 11, alkoxy, or acyl groups along with a list of the following exemplary substitutions: 15 R = R 4 and are: F

NH

2 F H y N N H s N N NN OAc or Y =CH 3 OH; and

R

4 R2 R3 and are CH 3 . OH, 0, SH, H, NH 2 , or 0 S NH N

NH

2 0 In some embodiments of the compound, the compounds of formula I can have a Tanimoto coefficient 0.7 or above, based on compound of formula IA: N HN 0 H 0 (Formula IA, also described 5 below as Yel002 or Rad2), and compounds of formula II can have a Tanimoto coefficient Tanimoto coefficient 0.7 or above, based on the compound of formula IIA or formula JIB: 16 H 0 S N N =F 0 F

NH

2 0 (Formula IIA, also described below as Rad 1 or YelOO 1) H O S N O N 0

NH

2 0 0 (Formula JIB, also described below as C.J0 10). 5 In some embodiments, in Formula I: R, is a short chain alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, an alkenyl, or phenyl;

R

2 is an alkyl, alkenyl, or aryl, such as phenyl, or 2-furanyl; and R7 Rs N O H

R

3 is a group having formula III, Formula III , where R 4 ,

R

5 , R 6 , and R 7 are independently H, short chain alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, 10 isopropyl, n-butyl, or t-butyl, phenyl, short chain alkoxy, such as methoxy, or ethoxy, 17 phenoxy, halo (F, Cl, B1r, or 1), or amino groups. In some embodiments, in formula III, R 4 ,

R

6 , and R 7 are hydrogen, and R 5 is methoxy. In some embodiments of the compound, in the compound of Formulae I, R 1 , R 2 ,

R

3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are selected such that compound of Formula IA is specifically 5 excluded from the definition of the compound of Formula I. In some embodiments, the compound is an analogue of Formula IA selected from Formulae IB-IH: 0 N H 0 N OMe Formula 1B N 0 N H1 NNH N OMe Formula IC 18 S NH N OMe Formula ID N S NH O N H N OMe Formula IE 19 NH 0 NN H N OMe Formula IF S NH a NH N OMe Formula 1, and NH O NH Formula IHOe In some embodiments of the compound, in the compound of Formulae II, R1, R2, 5 R 3 , and are selected such that compound of Formula IIA is specifically excluded from the definition of the compound of Formula II. In some embodiments of the compound, it is a natural product in a substantially purified form. In some embodiments, the compound has a Formula I or Formula II, both defined above. As used herein, the term "substantially purified" refers to a purity of about 10 70% or higher, about 80% or higher, about 90% or higher, about 95% or higher, about 99% or higher. 20 Further, the compounds of the present invention include hydrates thereof, various pharmaceutically acceptable solvates thereof, and polymorphic crystals thereof. A compound disclosed herein can be isolated from a natural source or prepared according to established methodology in the art of organic synthesis. General methods of 5 synthesizing the compound can be found in, e.g., Stuart Warren and Paul Wyatt, Workbook for Organic Synthesis: The Disconnection Approach, second Edition, Wiley, 2010. Exemplary methods of making the compound is provided in the general section of the Examples, described below. In another aspect of the present invention, it is provided a composition, which 10 composition comprising a compound of the various embodiments disclosed herein. The composition comprises the compound in an amount effective for mitigating tissue damage or lethality induced by an agent. In some embodiments, the composition includes a compound in an effective amount for a condition selected from conditions related to radiation-induced lethality, conditions related to radiation-induced genotoxicity and 15 cytotoxicity, conditions related to radiation-induced damage to healthy tissues during radiation therapy, conditions related to radiation-induced persistent genetic instability, conditions related to ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced damage, conditions related to damage induced by chemical carcinogens, radiation-induced cancer, spontaneous cancer, or aging. 20 In some embodiments of the composition, the composition can further optionally include at least one other therapeutic agent. In some embodiments of the composition, the composition of various embodiments disclosed herein further comprises an excipient. In some embodiments of the composition, the composition of various embodiments 25 disclosed herein further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The composition of various embodiments disclosed herein can be formulated into a formulation for local delivery or systemic delivery. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated into a formulation for oral administration, injection, topical administration, implant, or pulmonary administration. 30 The composition of various embodiments disclosed herein can be a therapeutic composition, a cosmetic composition, or a dietary supplement. In a further aspect of the present invention, it is provided a method of screening for a compound effective as a radiation protective/mitigating agent. The method comprises: 21 generating a screening system capable of screening a compound against radiation induced cell killing, genetic instability, or both; and subject a compound to the screening, and identifying a compound as radiation protective if the compound significantly 5 reduces radiation induced cell killing or genetic instability as compared to a control. In some embodiments of the method, the compound has a structure of Formula I or Formula II. In a further aspect of the present invention, it is provided a method of preparing a compound. The method comprises preparing a compound according to the various 10 embodiments disclosed above. In a further aspect of the present invention, it is provided a method of preparing a composition. The method comprises providing a compound which is effective for mitigating tissue damage and lethality induced by an agent, and forming the composition of the various embodiments disclosed herein. The compound is as in the various 15 embodiments disclosed herein. In a further aspect of the present invention, it is provided a method of treating, preventing, or ameliorating a condition. The method comprises administering to a subject a compound or a composition according to the various embodiments of disclosed herein. In some embodiments of the method, the condition is selected from conditions 20 related to radiation-induced lethality, conditions related to radiation-induced genotoxic and cytotoxicity, conditions related to radiation-induced damage to healthy tissues during radiation therapy, conditions related to radiation-induced persistent genetic instability, conditions related to ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced damage, conditions related to damage induced by chemical carcinogens, radiation-induced cancer, spontaneous cancer, 25 or aging. In a still further aspect of the present invention, it is provided a method of radiation therapy. The method comprises: administering to a subject a compound of invention, and administering to the subject a radiation; 30 wherein the subject has a medical condition capable of being treated or ameliorated by radiation. In some embodiments, the compound is included in a composition. In some embodiments, the composition further includes an optional second agent. 22 In some embodiments of the method, the medical condition is cancer, e.g., skin cancer or leukemia. As used herein, the term "pharmacologically acceptable salt" is not specifically limited as far as it can be used in medicaments. Examples of a salt that the compound of 5 the present invention forms with a base include the following: salts thereof with inorganic bases such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and aluminum; salts thereof with organic bases such as methylamine, ethylamine and ethanolamine; salts thereof with basic amino acids such as lysine and ornithine; and ammonium salt. The salts may be acid addition salts, which are specifically exemplified by acid addition salts with the following: 10 mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and phosphoric acid: organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, methanesulfonic acid, and ethanesulfonic acid; acidic amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid. 15 As used herein, the term "prodrug" shall mean a precursor (forerunner) of a drug. A prodrug must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming an active pharmacological agent. As used herein, the term "significantly reduces" shall mean a reduction of cell killing or genetic instability by a percentage of 5% or higher, 10% or higher, 25% or 20 higher, 50% or higher, 75% or higher, 100% or higher, 200% or higher, 500% or higher, or 1000% or higher. As used herein, the terms "Yell", "YelOO1", and "Radl" are used interchangeably. As used herein, the terms "Yel2", "Yel002", and "Rad2" are used interchangeably. Tanimoto coefficient has been widely used in the art of design and preparation of 25 compounds with similar physical, chemical, and pharmacological properties (see, Ajay Kumar, et al., Computational Approach to Investigate Similarity in Natural Products Using Tanimoto Coefficient and Euclidean Distance, The IUP Journal of Information Technology, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 16-23, March 2010; Gen Kawamura, Shigeto Seno, Yoichi Takenaka and Hideo Matsuda: "A Combination Method of the Tanimoto Coefficient and 30 Proximity Measure of Random Forest for Compound Activity Prediction", IPSJ Digital Courier, Vol. 4, pp.238-249. (2008)). Formulations The composition disclosed herein can be formulated into various formulations. The composition can be formulated for systemic or local delivery of the radiation 23 protective compound. For example, such formulations include., e.g., liquid, solid, or semi solid formulations for various mode of administration, e.g., oral administration, subcutaneous injection, intravenous injection, topical administration, or implant. The compositions can be formed into a formulation suitable for a desired mode 5 administration. In some embodiments, the composition can include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The content of the compound disclosed herein in the composition according to the present invention may range, but is not limited to, preferably from 0.001 to 20 wt. %, more preferably from 0.01 to 15 wt. %, most preferably from 0.05 to 10 wt. 0. 10 Formulations can be made suitable for different routes of administration, for example, liquids for intravenous administration, topical administration via application to the surface of the diseased site, or mucosal application to cavities of the nose, mouth, eye, rectum, vagina or bronchopulmonary; solid dosage forms that may dissolve in the mouth or be inhaled through the broncopulmonary; and semisolids that may be applied to cavity 15 surfaces of the nose, mouth, eye, rectum, or vagina. Examples of the carrier employed in the composition disclosed herein can include any desired carriers generally contained in drugs, fibers, polymeric materials and the like. Concerning pharmaceutical compositions, illustrative of such desired carriers are excipients, coloring matters, taste or smell corrigents, binders, disintegrators, coating 20 materials, stabilizers, pH regulators, sugar-coating materials, emulsifiers, dispersants, and solubilizers. Especially for external dermal preparations, illustrative examples can include hydrocarbons such as liquid paraffin and vaseline, esters such as spermaceti and bees wax, triglycerides such as olive oil and beef tallow, higher alcohols such as cetanol and oleyl alcohol, fatty acids such as stearic acid and oleic acid, polyhydric alcohols such as 25 propylene glycol and glycerin, nonionic surfactants, anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, and thickeners. For clothing and plastics, illustrative examples can include plasticizers, crosslinking agents, coloring matters, antioxidants, and ultraviolet absorbers. In some embodiments, an aqueous preparation or formulation of the composition disclosed herein may contain buffers, surfactants, humectants, preservatives, flavorings, 30 stabilizers (including antioxidants) colorants, and other additives used in preparations administered into the oral cavity. In some embodiments, liquid compositions preferably should have a pH value ranging from 2 to 10, preferably 3.5 to 9, most preferably 4 to 8. A preparation having a p H of less than 4 would be likely to cause a stinging sensation. Furthermore, the 24 preparations having a higher pH are often unpleasant to use. The active agents need not be in solution to be effective. The active agents may be present wholly or in part as suspensions in aqueous solutions used as carriers to provide liquid compositions. The preparations are buffered as necessary to provide the appropriate pH. 5 Appropriate buffer systems include citric acid-citrate salts, acetic acid-acetate salts, and benzoic acid-benzoic salt systems. I however, any buffer system commonly used for preparing medicinal compositions would be appropriate. While the vehicle used generally is primarily water, other vehicles may be present such as alcohols, glycols (polyethylene glycol or polypropylene glycol are examples), glycerin, and the like may be used to 10 solubilize the active agents. Surfactants may include anionic, nonionic, amphoteric and cationic surfactants which are known in the art as appropriate ingredients for mouthwashes. Liquid formulations may contain additional components to improve the effectiveness of the product. For example, component(s) may be added to increase 15 viscosity to provide improved retention on the surfaces of the oral cavity. Suitable viscosity increasing agents include carboxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, and hydroxyalkyl alkyl celluloses, xanthan gum, carageenan, alginates, pectins, guar gum, polyvinylpyrolidone, and gellan gums. Gellan gums are preferred since aqueous solutions containing certain gellan gums may be prepared so that they will experience an increase in viscosity upon 20 contact with electrolytes. Some examples of the formulations of the composition disclosed herein include, for example, solid formulations such as tablets, capsules, granules, pills, troches, powders or suppositories, or liquid formulations such as syrups, elixirs, suspensions or injections, as well as aerosols, eye drops, ointments, ophthalmic ointments, emulsions, creams, 25 liniments or lotions. These formulations may be prepared in accordance with conventional methods commonly used in the field of drug formulations. In some embodiments, various additives which are commonly used in the drug formulation field, can be used. Such additives include, for example, saccharides such as lactose or glucose, a starch such as corn, wheat or rice, a vegetable oil such as soybean oil, 30 peanuts oil or sesame oil, a fatty acid such as stearic acid, an inorganic salt such as magnesium metasilicate aluminate or anhydrous calcium phosphate, a synthetic polymer such as polyvinylpyrrolidone or polyalkylene glycol, a fatty acid salt such as calcium stearate or magnesium stearate, an alcohol such as stearyl alcohol or benzyl alcohol, a synthetic cellulose derivative such as methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl 25 cellulose or hydroxy-propylmethyl cellulose, or others such as water, gelatin, talc and gum arabic. Further, in the case of a liquid formulation, it may be in such a form that at the time of use, it is dissolved or suspended in water or in other suitable medium. Especially 5 when administration is carried out by e.g. intramuscular injection, intravenous injection or subcutaneous injection, a suitable medium for such an injection may, for example, be distilled water for injection, a hydrochloric acid lidocaine aqueous solution (for intramuscular injection), physiological saline, an aqueous glucose solution, ethanol, liquid for intravenous injection (such as an aqueous solution of citric acid and sodium citrate) or 10 an electrolyte solution (for intravenous drip and intravenous injection), or a mixed solution thereof. Further, a buffer or a preservative may be added. In some embodiments, for delivery into a cell, the composition disclosed herein can be formulated into liposomal preparations (e.g., liposomal suspensions or particles). Liposomal suspensions (including liposomes targeted to infected cells with monoclonal 15 antibodies to viral antigens) are also preferred as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Methods for encapsulation or incorporation of compounds into liposomes are described by Cozzani, I.; Jori, G.; Bertoloni, G.; Milanesi, C.; Sicuro, T. Chem. Biol. Interact. 53, 131 143 (1985) and by Jori, G.; Tomio, L.; Reddi, E.; Rossi, E. Br. J. Cancer 48, 307-309 (1983). These may also be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the 20 art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811 (which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). For example, liposome formulations may be prepared by dissolving appropriate lipid(s) (such as stearoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine, stearoyl phosphatidyl choline, arachadoyl phosphatidyl choline. and cholesterol) in an inorganic solvent that is then evaporated, leaving behind a thin film of dried lipid on the surface of 25 the container. An aqueous solution of the active compound is then introduced into the container. The container is then swirled by hand to free lipid material from the sides of the container and to disperse lipid aggregates, thereby forming the liposomal suspension. Other methods for encapsulating compounds within liposomes and targeting areas of the body are described by Sicuro, T.; Scarcelli. V.; Vigna, M. F.; Cozzani, . Med. Biol. 30 Environ. 15(1), 67-70 (1987) and Jori, G.; Reddi, E.; Cozzani, L; Tomio, L. Br. J. Cancer, 53(5), 615-21 (1986). These formulations may contain usually from 0.00 1 to 100 wt %, preferably from 0.005 to 100 wt %, of the active ingredient in the case of the above-mentioned solid 26 formulations, and may contain from 0.05 to 10 wt %, preferably from 1 to 5 wt %, in the case of other formulations. A practically preferred dose of the compositions disclosed herein varies depending upon the type of the compound used, the type of the composition blended, the sex, age, 5 weight, diseased degree and the particular section to be treated of the patient, but it is usually from 0.1 to 150 mg/kg in the case of oral administration and from 0.01 to 150 mg/kg in the case of parenteral administration, per adult per day. The number of times of administration varies depending upon the administration method and the symptom, but it is preferred to carry out the administration from one to five times per day. 10 As used herein, the terms "formulation" and "preparation" are used interchangeably. As used herein, the term "radiation" refers to radiation by radioactive elements, which are well known by an oncology practitioner as well as radiation of a magnetic wave, e.g., alpha radiation, beta radiation, gamma radiation, neutron radiation, x-ray radiation, 15 ultraviolet radiation. X-rays are a very common form of radiation used in radiotherapy. Gamma rays are another form of photons used in radiotherapy. Gamma rays can be produced spontaneously as certain elements (such as radium, uranium, and cobalt 60), which release radiation as they decompose, or decay. Each element decays at a specific rate and can give off energy in the form of gamma rays and other particles. Typically x 20 rays and gamma rays have the same general effect on cancer cells. In some embodiments, the radiation refers to any radiation in therapy (e.g., cancer therapy). In some embodiments, the radiation refers to high LET radiation. As used herein, the term "radioactive element" refers to particle radiation by radioactive particles. Such radioactive particles can be any radioisotopes commonly used 25 in cancer treatment or emitted from a nuclear power plant. Examples of radioactive particles include, e.g., carbon-13, nitrogen-15, oxygen-18, etc. Such radioactive particles are well documented and within the general knowledge in the art (see, e.g., Joao Jos6 Pedroso de Lima, Eur. J. Phys. 19(6) 485 (1998); Ian Hore-Lacy (Lead Author); World Nuclear Association (Content Partner); Cutler J. Cleveland (Topic Editor);. 2009. 30 "Radioisotopes in medicine." In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). Other Therapeutic Agents 27 WO 2012/018932 PCT/US2011/046451 In some embodiments, the compound disclosed herein can combine with one or more other therapeutic agents so as to provide combinatorial treatment. Such other therapeutic agents that can be combined with the compound disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, Amifostine, free radical scavengers, growth factors, immune 5 modulators, anti-apoptotic agents, capture agents et cetera. In some embodiments, the compound disclosed herein can be used with NAC (N acetylamine) Method of Use The compound or composition disclosed herein can be used for treating or 10 ameliorating various conditions pertaining to radiation-induced tissue damage or genetic stability. For example, the compound or composition disclosed herein can be used for mitigation of radiation-induced lethality, radiation-induced genotoxic and cytotoxicity, radiation-induced damage to healthy tissues during radiation therapy, radiation-induced persistent genetic instability, ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced damage, or damage 15 induced by chemical carcinogens. In some embodiments, the compound or composition disclosed herein can be used for reduction of radiation-induced cancer or the frequency of spontaneous cancer, e.g., leukemia. In further embodiments, the compound or composition disclosed herein can be used for modulation or mitigating genetic instabilities associated with aging. 20 The invention method of use generally comprises administering to a subject (e.g., a human being) a compound or a composition disclosed herein. Such administering can be local administration or systemic administration, which administering can be achieved by, for example, oral administration, subcutaneous injection, intravenous injection, topical administration, or implant. 25 Examples of conditions related to radiation-induced lethality include, but are not limited to, early radiation lethality: death occurring within a few weeks following an intense radiation exposure, at very high doses (>100Gy) at 24-48 hrs death occurs most likely due to the collapse of the neurologic and cardiovascular systems (cerebrovascular syndrome); at intermediate dose of 5-12Gy death occurs within weeks due to severe 30 bloody diarrhea as a result of obliteration of gastrointestinal mucosa (gastrointestinal syndrome); at lower doses of 2.5-5 Gy death occurs at weeks to months after exposure due to the failure of the blood-forming organs (bone-marrow death or hematopoietic syndrome). Death can also occur much later due to radiation-induced cancer. 28 Examples of conditions related to radiation-induced genotoxic and cytotoxicity include, but are not limited to, direct and indirect DNA damage: single strand breaks, double strand breaks, oxidation of bases; cytotoxicity: cell death by necrosis, apoptosis, or an entrance into senescence and thus loss of function. 5 Examples of conditions related to radiation-induced damage to healthy tissues during radiation therapy include, but are not limited to nausea and vomiting after irradiation of the abdominal area, fatigue, somnolence after cranial irradiation, acute edema and erythema that results from radiation-induced inflammation after vascular leakage, radiation fibrosis, Telangiectasia, loss of hair and sebaceous glands, xerostemia as 10 a result of loss of the mucosal cells in the oral cavity; additionally, aplasia and pancytopenia in the bone marrow, acute and chronic hepatitis in the liver, obstruction, perforation, and fistula in the intestine, perforation, hemorrhaging, and ulcer in the stomach, infarction and necrosis in the brain/spinal cord, pericarditis and pancarditis, acute and chronic pneuomonitis, acute and chronic nephrosclerosis, ulceration and stenosis in 15 the rectum, sterilization in the ovaries and testes, growth arrest and dwarfism in growing cartilage in children, blindness if retina and cornea are irradiated, cataracts in lens, hypothyroidism, sensory otitis, muscular atrophy and fibrosis, artery and vein sclerosis, etc. Examples of conditions related to radiation-induced persistent genetic instability 20 include, but are not limited to, loss of genetic integrity as a result of DNA damages that were incorrectly repaired, mutation, chromosomal aberrations that lead to higher instances of carcinogenesis, reproductive abnormalities, teratogenesis, higher frequencies of spontaneous cancers in the offspring of irradiated individuals. Examples of conditions related to ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced damage 25 include, but are not limited to, cataracts, melanoma, carcinoma, premature aging, pinguecula, etc. Examples of conditions related to damage induced by chemical carcinogens include, but are not limited to, hemangiosarcoma (Arsenic exposure), mesothelioma (Asbestos exposure), leukemia and Hodgkin lymphoma (Benzene exposure), lung cancer 30 (cigarette smoke: active, second, and side stream). Examples of radiation-induced cancer include, but are not limited to, skin cancer, acute and chronic myeloid leukemia, thyroid cancer, breast and lung cancer, bone cancer, etc. 29 Examples of spontaneous cancer include, but are not limited to, leukemia, lung, breast, colon, and pancreatic cancers. EXAMPLES The embodiments of the present invention are illustrated by the following set forth 5 examples. All parameters and data shall not be construed to limit the scope of the embodiments of the invention. General procedures, methods, and materials A phenotypic in vitro screen is employed from which structural analogs from a library of the compounds of formulae IA (Yel 1) and IIA (Yel 2) (Targeted Library) are 10 subjected to screening for radiation protective candidates that are efficacious in vivo. A. Mice and rat All survival studies performed in vivo in this application have been C3H mice. Radiation-induced leukemia studies conducted at AFRRI involved C57BL6 mice. The survival studies were performed using Gamma-ray emitter (Cesium 137 source) for the 15 total exposure dose of 8 Gy (LD100/30) in the radioprotection and radiomitigation studies. Radiomitigation studies. Radiomitigation studies were conduced by pre-treating C3H mice with the compounds of interest at as concentration of 75mg/kg and at 24hrs and Ihr before an 8 Gy exposure. On a 5x24 mitigation treatment protocol mice were first lethally irradiated with 8 Gy and 24hrs later received the first subcutaneous injection with 20 the compound suspension with subsequent injections at 48, 72, 96, and 120hrs. The concentration of the compound in the suspension was 75mg/kg carrier with either IN saline or phosphate buffer solution (PBS). On the 1,25 protocol the mice were lethally irradiated with 8 Gy and then treated at lhr and 25hrs following exposure (Fig. 7-11, 21). Leukemia studies. Leukemia studies were conducted by irradiating C57BL6 mice 25 with sub lethal IR dose and transplanting bone marrow. Treatment then began with 5 doses at 25mg/kg suspensions injected at 24,48,72,96, and 120 hrs (Fig.17 and 18). B. Targeted Library -- analog inclusion Analogues within at least 70% or greater similarity as defined by the Tanimoto rule of similarity are believed to have similar results as the aforementioned compounds in this 30 application. Analogs from the library sets with the similarity scores of 70% or better have shown activity in preliminary studies: for example compounds from the UCLA chemical screening library such as 5346033 (99% similarity to YelO02), 5346021 (98% similarity to YelO02), 5346069 (96% similarity to YelO02), 5346081 (94% similarity to YelO02), 5346037 (89% similarity to Ye1O02), 5345724 (82% similarity to YelO02), and a de novo 30 synthesized Ye1002 fragment 2-{2-(Benzoyl-benzyl-amino)-acetylamino)-4,5-dimethyl thiophene-3-carboxylic acid amide; 6156077 (97% similarity to Ye1001), 6156259 (90% similarity to Ye1001), 6156426 (87% similarity to Yel001), 6156076 (86% similarity to Ye001), 6156817 (79% similarity to Ye1001), 6154166 (76% similarity to Yel001), and 5 6156829 (75% similarity to Yel00 1). Other structures within this limitation (Tanimoto rule of similarity as described and positive in DEL/Survival assay) are included. The DEL Assay, which is further described below, has established itself not only as a effective tool in carcinogenic activity detection but also as an effective methodology in establishing DNA protective properties against insults such as free radicals and ionizing radiation (see, 10 e.g., Sobol, Z., et al., Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 2008. 638(1-2): p. 83-89, Hafer, K., Rivina, L., Schiestl, RH. Yeast DEL assay detects protection against radiation induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity adaptation of a microtiter plate version, Radiation Research, 2010, 174(6):719-26)). Thus, the DEL Assay is a reliable tool for the prediction of genotoxic and cytotoxic modulating 15 agents. These agents also include, but are not limited to, ionizing radiation, UV radiation, environmental carcinogenesis, genetic instability, etc. Lipinski properties. Lipinski rule of five can be used to determine how likely a compound can become a drug, which is described in C.A. Lipinski; et al., (2001). "Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in 20 drug discovery and development settings". Adv Drug Del Rev 46: 3-26). Lipinski properties of Ye1002 (Formula IA) and Ye001I (Formula llA) are described below: 25 Yel001 Lipinski Properties Molecular weight 439.502 g/mol log P 5.00876 H-bond donors 2 H-bond acceptors 5 Lipinski Rule of 5 One violation Formula

C

23 H2 2

FN

3 0 3 S pKa -0.960924 Exact mass 439.137 g/mol Composition C (62.85%), H (5.05%), F (4.32%), N (9.56%), S0(10.92%), 31 S (7.3%) Ycl002 Lipinski Properties Molecular weight 400.430 g/mol log P 3.53972 H-bond donors __2 1l-bond acceptors 5 Lipinski Rule of 5 Satisfied Formula C 23

H

20

N

4 0 3 pKa 7.22848 Exact mass 400.154 g/mol Composition C (68.99%), H (5.03%),. N (13.99%), S0(11.99%) 5 Identification of lead radiation mitigators A. Determining the effects of structural analogues of lead radiation mitigators in vitro. The compounds are identified as being effective for mitigating radiation-induced cell damage (cytotoxicity) as well as DNA damage (genotoxicity) in low- and high-dose 10 radiation exposure. Compounds in the Targeted Library are selected as a development candidate using the Tanimoto coefficient. For Yell we have identified 210 analogues at 7 0% similarity, 50 analogues at 85% similarity, and 24 analogues at 90% similarity; for Yel2 we found 217 analogues at 70%, 43 analogues at 85%, and 25 analogues at 90%. Tests were 15 performed which showed that these compounds had similar mitigation activity in vitro. Radioprotection activity of structural analogues of lead compounds in vitro. DEL Assays All DEL assays utilize the established methodology of "recombination" (deletion of the interruption segment and consequent end joining of the adjacent sequences) of a disrupted histidine gene that renders yeast cells exposed to 20 radiation capable of growing on media lacking this amino acid. In the classical DEL assay radiation sensitive RS 112 strain of S. cerevisiae is added to the compounds of interest suspended in complete media, incubated for 2 hrs, and irradiated at 2000Gy. The cells are then plated onto full (+13) and lacking histidine (-His) agar plates. After incubation the colonies are scored and recombination events are calculated. The efficacy of the 25 compound is evaluated as a reduced fraction of DEL recombinations in comparison to that 32 of irradiated controls without treatment. Radioprotectors decrease the frequency of such recombination frequencies after radiation exposure. High Throughput DEL Screen. In the high throughput adaptation of the assay the compounds are suspended in 5 liquid full media (+13) and in media lacking histidine (-His) on a microtiter plate. Following the re-suspension RS 112 S. cerevisiae cells, synchronized at the synthesis stage, are added. The plate is then irradiated at 2000Gy and a color indicator is added (Promega CellTiter 96* AQueous Non-Radioactive Cell Proliferation Assay). After 16 hrs of incubation absorption is measured at 490nm and the DEL recombination frequencies 10 are calculated. As a part of the analogue screen, target microtiter plates are created with all 410 analogues, which are subjected to screen in this high throughput format for radioprotection activity. We have observed that the compounds with radioprotection activity also tend to have mitigation properties; compounds having high radioprotection activity are selected for further mitigation studies. 15 Identifying False Positives: All analogues of Yell and Yel2 displaying high radioprotection activity will be subjected to the classical DEL Assay to identify potential false positives. Only those compounds that pass this rigorous test are tested in the DEL Mitigation Assay. B. Establishing mitigation activity in structural analogues of lead compounds 20 in vitro. The mitigation protocol is based on the same DEL assay principle of recombination of the disrupted HIS3 gene that renders the cells capable of synthesizing its own histidine following radiation exposure. To establish mitigation properties of the compounds in question, the classical DEL protocol is modified as follows: first the RSl 12 25 cells are irradiated with 2000Gy and then the treatments are administered at 0 min, 10 min, 20 min, 3(0 min, and 60 min, incubated for 2 hrs, and plated on +13 and -His agar plates. The efficacy of the compounds is scored the same way as in the classical DEL protocol. Yell and Yel2 analogues that are efficacious in the HTS and classical DEL assay are analyzed for mitigation activity using this modified )EL protocol. 30 C. Synthesizing compounds with mitigation activity for studies in vivo. Compounds showing mitigation activity in the DEL assays are organized according to their similarity to the Yell and Yel2 and Lipinski rule satisfaction compounds most similar to parent compounds and complete Lipinski rule fulfillment are synthesized. Compounds from the libraries are either commercially available or 33 synthesized according to established methodologies. General methods of synthesizing the compound can be found in, e.g., Stuart Warren and Paul Wyatt, Workbook for Organic Synthesis: The Disconnection Approach, second Edition, Wiley, 2010. Example 1. Identification of radiation mitigators 5 Summary We identified novel radiation mitigators from chemical libraries, which are inducers of DNA repair and are general anticancer agents since spontaneous cancers are due to the same mechanisms as radiation causes, namely oxidative damage and strand breaks. 10 All the hits from the yeast assay also protected human cells from radiation toxicity and prolonged the life of mice after radiation. Two of the chemicals turned out to be powerful radiation mitigators in that 67% of animals survived a lethal dose of radiation when the chemicals were given one hour and again 24 hours after radiation. The reason for this result can be several folds. One is that by screening against radiation induced genetic 15 instability in addition to toxicity, it is more likely to select for chemicals that induce DNA repair which repairs damage leading to increased survival as well as reduced genetic instability. This is supported by our finding that nucleotide excision repair is involved in the adaptive response to radiation (data not shown). Furthermore, delayed effects of radiation include persistent genetic instability and 20 mutations which may actually be involved in the delayed toxicity. We have previously shown that radiation induces such persistent genetic instability (Brennan, R.J. and R.H. Schiestl, Radiat Res, 2001. 155(6): p. 768-77) with the very same assay that we used for screening for radioprotectors. Thus, our rationale that a reduction of such genetic instability would produce a good radiation mitigator was verified. Furthermore, genetic 25 instability is involved in carcinogenesis and our assay is shown to be a good predictor of carcinogenesis by chemicals (see, e.g., Carls, N. and R.H 1. Schiestl, Mutation Research, 1994. 320(4): p. 293-303) and mice genetically predisposed to a high frequency of cancer also show elevated frequencies of the same DNA deletions that we used as a screen in yeast (see, e.g., Aubrecht, J., et al., Carcinogenesis, 1999. 20(12): p. 2229-36; and Reliene, 30 R., et al., Adv Genet, 2007. 58: p. 67-87). Accordingly, the radiation mitigators of invention disclosed herein can also reduce radiation-induced carcinogenesis. The east DEL assay A plasmid with an internal fragment of the HIS3 gene, which is responsible for histidine synthesis in yeast, without which cells cannot survive in media lacking histidine, 34 has been integrated at the I 11S3 locus, yielding an integrative disruption of the HIS3 gene (Schiestl, R.H., et al., Genetics, 1988. 119(2): p. 237-47). This resulted in two copies of the HIS3 gene, each having one terminal deletion. The construct reverts to HIS3+ by recombination between the two his3 deletion alleles which is, in 99% of the cases, 5 associated with the deletion of the entire 6 kilobasepairs of DNA comprising the integrated plasmid. This system has thus been termed as the deletion (DEL) assay (Schiestl, R.H., Nature, 1989. 337(6204): p. 285-8) (see Figure 1). DEL recombination is inducible by a variety of Salmonella assay negative carcinogens which are not detectable with the Salmonella assay or with other short-term 10 tests (see, e.g., Carls, N. and R.H. Schiestl, Mutation Research, 1994. 320(4): p. 293-303). The data obtained with the DEL assay to date are very promising. In summary, these data show that 14 Salmonella-positive carcinogens and 22 Salmonella-negative carcinogens induced DEL recombination. From a total of 47 chemicals the Salmonella assay detected 16 correctly and the DEL assay detected 40 15 correctly (see, e.g., Carls, N. and R.H. Schiestl, Mutation Research, 1994. 320(4): p. 293 303). 31 of the agents tested were chosen because they are false negatives or false positives (not correctly identified) in the Salmonella assay. Only 34% of these chemicals were correctly identified with the Salmonella assay, compared with 85% correctly identified with the DEL assay. This establishes a higher correlation with carcinogenesis 20 for the DEL assay compared to the Salmonella assay that screens for point mutations. Double-strand breaks induce DNA deletions. DEL recombination is very well induced by double-stranded DNA breaks. Expression in yeast cells of I-Secel, a site specific endonuclease with a single restriction site between the two copies of the gene duplication resulted in deletion frequency of 25 almost 100% (Galli, A. and R.H. Schiestl, Genetics, 1998. 149(3): p. 1235-50). This observation is also supported by the fact that agents which produce DNA strand breaks, such as X-rays and oxidative mutagens (Brennan, R.J., et al., Oxidative mutagens induce intrac hromosomal recombination in yeast. Mutation Research, 1994. 308(2): p. 159-67), are positive in the yeast DEL assay. 30 N-acetyl cysteine protects against ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage but not against cell killing in east and mammals (data not shown). In this study, we examined the role of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a clinically proven safe agent, for it's ability to protect against y-ray-induced DNA strand breaks 35 and/or DNA deletions in yeast and mammals. In the yeast S. cerevisiae, DNA deletions were scored by reversion to histidine prototrophy. Human lymphoblastoid cells were examined for the frequency of y-H2AX foci formation, indicative of DNA double strand break formation. DNA strand breaks were also measured in mouse peripheral blood by the 5 alkaline comet assay. In yeast, NAC reduced the frequency of IR-induced DNA deletions. However, NAC did not protect against cell death. NAC also reduced y-H2AX foci formation in human lymphoblastoid cells but had no protective effect in the colony survival assay. NAC administration via drinking water fully protected against DNA strand breaks in mice whole-body irradiated with 1 Gy. NAC treatment in the absence of 10 irradiation was not genotoxic. These data suggest that, given the safety and efficacy of NAC in humans, NAC can be useful in radiation therapy to prevent radiation-mediated genotoxicity, but does not interfere with efficient cancer cell killing. Cell cycle dependence of ionizing radiation-induced DNA deletions and antioxidant radioprotection in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (data not shown). 15 In this study we used the DEL assay to measure gamma-ray induced DNA deletions throughout different phases of yeast culture growth. While yeast survival only differed by as much as two fold throughout the yeast growth phase, proliferating cells in lag and early exponential growth phases were ten-fold more sensitive to ionizing radiation-induced DNA deletions than cells in stationary growth. Radiation-induced DNA 20 deletion potential was found to directly correlate with the fraction of cells in S/G 2 phases. The ability of antioxidants L-ascorbic acid and DMSO to protect against radiation-induced DNA deletions was also measured within the different phases of yeast culture growth. Yeast cells in lag and early exponential growth phases were protected by antioxidant treatment, whereas non-dividing cells in stationary phase could not be protected against 25 DNA deletion induction. This knowledge was used for the screening of radioprotectors. Yeast high throughput DEL screen: Yeast high throughput DEL screen is described above. Roughly 16,000 compounds from the small molecule libraries have been screened in a DEL High Throughput format to yield 36 lead compounds. These 36 leads had a statistically 30 significant reduction in the radiation-induced DNA recombination (genotoxicity protection) and an increased survival (cytotoxicity protection) in the RS 112 strain of Saccharoinyces cerevisiae. 36 These 36 leads were then tested in the same high throughput microtiter format to yield 6 "hit" compounds. DEL plating assay: The 6 hits were then re-confirmed in the more sensitive "gold standard" classical 5 DEL Plating Assay. All 6 hits (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (Yel2), and 6 (Yell)) again have shown radioprotector characteristics with genotoxicity and cytotoxicity protection qualities. DEL plating assay for mitigation of radiation damage: Six confined hits were also tested for radioprotection with the compounds being presented to irradiated cells at different time points following irradiation exposure. The 10 DEL Plating Assay was used with a radiation sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae RS 112 strain. Summary of studies on data convergence and application of collaborative drug discovery (CDD) software: Similarity and substructure analysis. 15 Briefly, the CDDTM platform was utilized to perform similarity and substructure searches in silico to analyze and compare the structure of all hits. For each hit, a similarity search was performed where the entire library is ranked according to its structural similarity to the referenced hit based upon the Tanimoto coefficient. Data possessing a coefficient lower than 0.7 were excluded. Consequently, hits within the library of similar 20 structure as well as non hits of similar structure were identified. Non hit compounds possessing strong similarity were re-screened to address the possibility of false negatives. For classes of compounds possessing similar structural elements and positive hits, a substructure analysis was performed to determine the minimal elements that persist within all hit compounds in that family. Thus, SA R data was obtained for both Yell and Yel2 25 (data not shown). Using the system to compare our data with experiments on mammalian cell lines, it revealed an overlap with Compound 6 (Yell) (data not shown). Compound 6 (Yell) in a Therapy Bioluminescence Assay has shown a significant increase in survival (130% as compared to that of controls) following irradiation (data not shown). Furthermore, all other compounds also showed some effect, although to a lesser degree 30 (data not shown). In addition, using the CDD database application we were able to assess the relative toxicity of the hit compounds using the Drug Only Bioluminescence (data not shown). None of the compounds have shown significant decrease in survival following the exposure to the compound. 37 In addition, using the similarity and substructure analysis we have identified 10 analogues that showed activity in high throughput screen but were not selected for further analysis at the time when Yell and Yel2 were tested. We have tested these analogues with the classical DEL assay and saw radioprotection activity in 5 of these. These studies 5 demonstrated that there is a correlation between structure and activity. Toxicity Experiments in C3H Mice: Having seen no adverse effects of the chemicals alone on mammalian cell models we performed a preliminary toxicity study on a group of C3H mice. Exposures at 150 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg of Yell and Yel2 in mice did not show any adverse 10 physiological nor behavioral adverse effects 120 days following the injections. In a pilot reproductive toxicity study, 12, week old female mice were paired up with 6 week old male mice and checked daily for the presence of a characteristic "plug" in the female vaginal canal as an indication of mating. As soon as the mating has occurred, males were removed and the females were treated weekly with 75 mg/kg s.c. throughout the gestation 15 period and until the pups were weaned off (8 week treatment course). After weaning, treatment of the offspring was initiated at the same 75 mg/kg s.c. weekly dose. Controls were injected s.c. on the same schedule with the carrier (1N saline). Five treated and five control females gave birth to the same average number of pups per litter (n=6) without any detectable toxicities to the other. 3 litters of each treated and control groups survived to 20 continue the study. No pathologies, toxicities nor adverse effects were observed. There are no developmental or teratogenic deficiencies in mice, average weights (21g) are the same in both groups also. Radioprotection Experiments in C3H Mice: 25 Exposure of C31- mice to 8Gy (LD100/30) in the presence of the hit compounds (75 mg/kg) has shown an increase in survival for Compounds 1, 4, and 5 (Yel2). Only the results for Compound 4 are significant at Day 14 post irradiation. Irradiated controls died on Day 13 while most of the treated mice survived to Day 18, and mice in group 4 and 1 have survived to Day 24. The limitation of this study was the number of mice in each 30 group due to the small quantities of the commercially available compounds. Mitigation Experiments in C3H Mice: C311 mice in the mitigation experiment were irradiated with 8Gy and then injected with 75 mg/kg 1 hr post exposure and then again 25 hrs post exposure. Once again, the study was limited by the availability of the compound. However, the results are still 38 striking: 67% of mice have survived the LD100/30 irradiation dose with Compounds 5 (Yel2) and 6 (Yell), and 33% of mice have survived after treatment with Amifostin T M . All of the surviving mice have survived past Day 90 and have not exhibited any pathologies. The control mice have died on Day 15 post irradiation. 5 Example 2. Studies on mitigation efficacy of Yell and Yel2 The mitigation efficacy of Yell and Yel2 was tested within the actual therapeutic window: we have exposed radiation-sensitive C3H mice to 8Gy of ionizing radiation (LD100/30) and then treated them five times at 24,48,72,96, and 120 hrs with Yell, Yel2 (75mg/Kg) and PBS carrier. Yel2 has demonstrated a remarkable mitigation property: 10 100% survival (p-value= .0209) at an LD100/30. Yell also showed efficacy (See Figure 9). The same dose of 8Gy caused 100% death in the control in about 15 other experiments. In addition, we have also replicated our original results with a 1,25 hr post irradiation treatment: both Yell and Yel2 show activity on this therapeutic schedule (Yell 15 p-value=.0455 and Yel2 p-value=.0 117) (See Figure 10). This treatment protocol has application for first responders arriving at the site of the radiological incident and persons likely to receive high radiation doses through prolonged exposures. Examples 3-11. Studies on mitigating effects of compounds on radiation-induced conditions 20 Radiation protective compounds YelOO1 (Formula IIA) and Yel002 (Formula IA) were subjected to various tests on their respective effects as radiation mitigator. The results are described below. Example 3. Mitigation of radiation-induced lethality Compounds YelOO1 and Yel002 have shown mitigation of radiation-induced 25 lethality on two treatment protocols: an "early intervention" protocol with the first treatment administered at 1 hr and the second at 25 hrs post exposure (1,25) and a "late intervention" protocol where five doses are administered every 24 hrs with the first one being at 24 hrs after irradiation (5x24). The 1,25 treatment protocol has application for first responders arriving at the site of the radiological incident and for persons likely to 30 receive high radiation doses through prolonged exposures. The 5x24 treatment protocol has application as a therapy for accidental exposures such as a "dirty bomb" detonation or a reactor leakage where large populations are at risk of being exposed to lethal doses of radiation and where medical attention is likely to be provided hours later. 39 To test the efficacy of the compounds in both therapeutic scenarios, radiation sensitive C3H mice were exposed to 8Gy of ionizing radiation (LD10O/30) and then treated subcutaneously (SQ) five times at 24,48,72,96, and 120 hrs with YelO01 or YeO02 (75 mg/kg) and PBS carrier (Figures 1 IA and 1 IB) or treated I hr and 25 hrs after the 5 exposure with the same dose as the 5x24 groups. Without any signs of toxicity or advert effects Yel002 demonstrated remarkable mitigation activity: 100% survival at an 1)100/30 within the standard 30-day experimental period on the 5x24 treatment regimen; on the 1,25 schedule 88% of mice survived within the same timeframe (Figures 1 lA and I IB). YelOO did not exhibit significant efficacy on the 5 x 24 experiment within the 10 30day period; however, YelOOl did show therapeutic benefit on the 1,25 treatment regimen (Fig I lA). Following surviving mice beyond the standard 30 day experimental window (+292 days) on both protocols 40% of animals are still alive in the YeO02 groups and 30% in the YelOO1 groups. Again, in Figures 11 A and I IB, at the standard cut off point of 30-day we have 15 observed 100% survival with YeO02 on the 5x24 protocol, and 88% on the 1,25 schedule. However, at 252 days post irradiation, the pattern of radiation mitigation appears to be similar on both treatment protocols with higher percentage of survivors treated with YeI002 (40%) than with YelOOl (30%). All treated survivors are healthy without any indication of pathologies. Untreated survivors are showing signs of latent radiation 20 induced gastrointestinal damage. Figure 12 shows the photos of mice treated with radiation mitigator YeO02 prior to radiation or post radiation. The surviving mice were kept alive after the 30-day period to investigate our belief that those agents that mitigate radiation-induced cell death and DNA damage in yeast can 25 possess similar qualities in in-vivo models. Survivors of lethal ionizing radiation exposures tend not to exhibit long-term genetic instability as assessed by the frequency of spontaneous tumors (none were observed) and damage to the gastrointestinal epithelium. Additionally, we have observed that in the long run the survival frequencies are identical between the two therapeutic schedules possibly indicating that the therapeutic window 30 extends beyond the first hours following exposure. This result is of therapeutic significance when translated into real life scenarios: there are possibilities of radiation mitigation intervention for large and hard to reach populations. Example 4. Mitigation of radiation-induced genotoxicity and cytotoxicity 40 We utilized the yeast DEL assay to test YelO01 and Yel002 compounds for radiation-mitigation properties. The general DEL Assay is described above. In this example, DEL assay is a genetic construct in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae RS 112 strain where a plasmid with an 5 internal fragment of the HIS3 gene has been integrated at the HIS3 locus, yielding an integrative disruption of the HIS3 gene. This resulted in two copies of the HIS3 gene, each having one terminal deletion. The construct reverts to HIS3+ by recombination between the two his3 deletion alleles which is, in 99% of the cases, associated with the deletion of the entire 6 kilobasepairs of DNA comprising the integrated plasmid. DEL 10 events are inducible with a variety of DNA-assaulting agents: radiation, smoking, UV exposure, 92% of the known carcinogens, etc. RS 112 cells irradiated with 2000Gy show an induction of the deletion frequencies (DEL events) and roughly a 90% killing. Addition of YelOOl and YeO02 to the irradiated cells at various time points following the exposure and a 24-hour incubation has resulted 15 in decreased DEL frequencies and increased survival fractions (Figures 13-16). Example 5. Mitigation of radiation-induced damage to healthy tissues during radiation therapy During radiation therapy-purposeful exposure to Gamma-, X-ray, proton, heavy ion, and neutron radiation- with the goal to destroy malignant neoplastic formations 20 (tumors), not only the cancerous masses are affected, normal tissues are exposed to high doses of radiation with malignant consequences: direct-radiation burns, tissue necrosis, and indirect-apoptosis induced with the by-standard effect, acute immune response, etc. Administration of YelOO and YeO02 following radiation treatments would provide an effective therapeutic tool in the reduction of radiation-associated damage in 25 healthy tissues without compromising the effectiveness of the radiation treatment on the malignant tissues. The option of having a radiation mitigator aimed at healthy tissue protection would provide the opportunity to either increase the total or fraction dose of radiation or completely revise the accepted fractionated radiation treatments as one of the main concerns in such therapeutic schemes is the sparing of normal tissue (late responding 30 healthy tissue). Radiation mitigation properties of YelO01/Ye002 as observed in the above described experiment indicate the potential of these compounds to also mitigate damage to the healthy tissues during radiation therapies. 41 Example 6. Mitigation of radiation-induced persistent genetic instability Studies described above not only measure mitigation of radiation induced geno and cytotoxicities in vitro but they also assess the compounds' ability to reduce long-term genetic instability associated with high-dose radiation exposures (gamma, UV, etc). 5 Incubation of cells with Yel0O I or Yel002 24 hours following irradiation and subsequent treatment allows for the irradiated cells to divide at least 12 times before being plated. Chromatin damage associated with radiation exposures shows up only after the cells have either committed or attempted to divide; thus, the cells treated with YelOO and Yel002 will demonstrate reduced DEL frequencies indicative of the reduction of radiation-induced 10 long-term genetic instability. Reduction in long-term genetic instability is observed in the test animals that have survived a 100% lethal dose of 8Gy. These animals do not exhibit increased cancer frequencies nor any other abnonnalities expected after such high-dose exposures. Reduction of persistent genetic instability associated with gamma radiation as seen 15 in vitro and in vivo models can be translated into other scenarios of persistent genetic instability mitigation: exposures to particulate radiation, ultraviolet radiation, genetic mutations (p53, ATM, etc). Example 7. Reduction of radiation-induced cancer Yel001 and Yel002 treatment inhibits development of radiation-induced leukemia. 20 DBA/2 Mice (15/group) were irradiated with 6 oCo (3.5 Gy, 0.6 Gy/min) to induce leukemia. One group received no drug, another group of mice were injected s.c. with Yel001 or Yel002 (25 mg/kg) with 5 injections for 5 days. Leukemogenesis was monitored for 90 days. Blood was drawn at days -1, 21, 42, and 63 to monitor for leukemia every 21 days to monitor for leukemia development using WBCs and 25 differentials. Results are shown in Figure 17 where YelOO 1 and Yel002 increased latency to leukemia development. The first development of leukemia in irradiated mice (no drug) occurred within 42 days post-radiation; similarly YelOO 1 and Yel002 mice demonstrated their first leukemia's at day 42 as well. At day 94 30% of the mice exhibited leukemia 30 while only 20% and 10% of mice treated with Yel001 and Ye1002 respectively exhibited leukemia. It is important to note that this is at 1

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3 rd the original dosage of 75 mg/kg. Furthermore, at a later time point (Day 270, Figure 18) the irradiated population had 90% leukemia, treatment with Yell and Yel2 reduced the leukemia frequency to 50% and 40% respectively. The spontaneous frequency is decreased from 10% to 0% (Figure 18). 42 Leukemia model. This leukemia model takes advantage of non-targeted radiation effects, which are important to the carcinogenic process. This model has a shorter latency period to gamma radiation-induced leukemia (latency to 50% leukemic population: 107 days) than other murine leukemia models such as CBA mouse (399 days: 50% leukemic 5 population). DBA/2 mice were irradiated with 3.5 Gy ( 60 Co 0.60 Gy/min) and then injected intravenously with (5 X 106) FDC-PI cells. Animals were then monitored 5X/weekly for 10 weeks-post-injection and then daily after 10 weeks-post-injection until leukemia development and/or euthanasia. After the animal has been determined to be leukemic using hematological parameters, it is euthanized and a necropsy is conducted to 10 definitively determine a conclusive diagnosis of leukemia. Control animals not developing leukemia are assessed at 270 days post experiment initiation. At that time they are euthanized and necropsied. To monitor leukemia development, blood samples are obtained from day -I and every 21 days until euthanasia. Additionally, administration of Yel compounds up to an hour after exposure to 15 radioactive Iodine-131 (I 31), a major fallout product after nuclear explosions ultimately causing thyroid cancers, has significantly reduced the number of double strand breaks (DSB) from 84.5% to an average of 36% (Figure 22). This carries major implications in terms of mitigation of radiation-associated damage implying that the administration of Yel compounds leads to a decrease in DNA lesions that are heavily involved in carcinogenesis. 20 Of note, 1131 radioactive decay takes place not only via Gamma decomposition but also via Beta. This further supports our finding that Yel compounds mitigate radiation-induced damage implicated in carcinogenesis from various quality of radiation. Example 8. Reduction in the frequency of spontaneous cancer Certain predispositions, such as mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor 25 genes (BRCA 1/2, ATM, etc), abnormality in the DNA repair machineries, immune system deficiencies, infections with certain bacterial and viral pathogens, and hormonal imbalances increase the frequencies of spontaneous malignant neoplastic development. Despite of the different etiologies of the cancer formation all have one common denominator-genetic instability. 30 Yel00I and Ye002 have shown genetic stabilization properties-DEl frequency reduction, mitigation of radiation-induced leukemia, and absence of cancers in lethally irradiated mice-it is evident that these compounds also reduce the frequency of spontaneous cancers. Figure 18 shows that both Yel00 1 and Ye002 are effective for reducing the frequency of spontaneous cancer. 43 Mitigation effects of Yel0O and Yel002 on radiation-induced cancer of the proliferating hematopoietic cells are translatable into other radiation (or UV)-induced cancer models of proliferating tissues such as skin and intestinal lining. Beyond the mentioned public safety concerns are the clinical implications of 5 radiation use. About half of all cancer patients receive some type of radiation therapy and many receive multiple forms of radiation when treated. According to the American Cancer Society, the number of cancer cases in 2009 within the United States alone is over 1,400,000 which would amount to more than 700,000 individuals exposed to therapeutic doses of radiation on an annual basis. The compounds disclosed herein protect normal 10 tissues which may have a major clinical impact including but not limited to the following: increased capacity of a patients to receive radiation, IR (irradiation) treatment of normal tissues to ablate microscopic tumors, protecting patients from large amounts of IR exposure in a clinical setting, novel radiation treatment plans amongst other related uses. Example 9. Combinatorial treatment 15 The non-toxic nature of YelOOl and Yel002 make these two agents good combinatorial treatment options with other life-supporting therapies necessary post radiation exposures. YelOO and Yel002 can supplement each other in the mitigation protocols presented above or in combinations with other agents such as Amifostine, free radical scavengers, growth factors, immune modulators, anti-apoptotic agents, or capture 20 agents, et cetera. Example 10. Modulation of genetic instabilities associated with aging Genomic instability is one of the hallmarks of aging (senescence). Events such as genome rearrangement, deletion and point mutations, epigenetic modifications, erroneous DNA repairs, et cetera accumulate in the cells and eventually lead either to cell death, 25 failure to replicate, or carcinogenesis. In numerous in vitro and in vivo models, including yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), and mouse (Mus musculus) it has been shown that maintaining genomic integrity leads to higher regenerative potential in cells and overall increases longevity. While some underlying causes of genetic instability and consequently aging are 30 intrinsic (hormonal imbalances), most of the causes are extrinsic/environmental (oxidative stress, exposure to tobacco smoke, diesel exhaust). As identified with the yeast-based DEL assays, YelOO and Yel002 compounds confer genetic stability even after such an extreme assault on the genome as ionizing radiation. Drawing the parallel between genetic instability associated with aging and 44 genetic instability associated with radiation exposure it is logical that YelOO and YelO02 small molecules modulate the aging process on the cellular level by promoting the integrity of the genome. Example 11. Mitigation effects of a number of Yel001 and Yel002 analogs 5 Fourteen analogs of Yel0O1 and YelO02, whose structures are shown in Figures 19A and 19B, are subject to tests in a mitigation assay at +30min and +60min after 8 Gy radiation (IR). The results are shown in Figure 20. Figure 20 shows that CJ010 consistently mitigates the IR damage. Additionally, CJO 10 is subject to an in vivo assay under the same conditions as are 10 the other compounds (5x24) 75mg/kg s.c. (C3H mice). The results are shown in Figure 21, which shows, at 30days after IR (8 Gy) subjects receiving CJ010 have a 75% survival rate as compared with 0% survival rate for controls without CJO 10. Examples 12-13. Studies on mitigation of radiation induced lethality with oral administration of YeI002 in vivo 15 Example 12 In addition to previously described subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of Yel002 following 8Gy (LDI 00/30) irradiation at 24,48,72,96, and 120hrs (5x24),. Yel002 has also been administered orally (gavage) on the same administration schedule with a success rate of 33% versus 75% survival with s.c. administration. 20 Figure 23 shows survival of C3H mice (n=16) following 8 Gy irradiation and treatment with Yel002 (oral gavage in saline) at 24,48,72,96, and 120hrs. Controls received saline carrier only. P<.001. In Figure 23, the dose modifying factor (DMF) for Yel002 following radiation exposure is 1.15 at LD50/30. Figure 24 shows male C31H mice (n=8, per irradiation group) were exposed to 25 increasing doses of radiation (7Gy to 9.1 Gy, increments of .3Gy) and treated with Ye1O02 (75mg/kg) at 5x24 s.c. administration. Controls received saline carrier injections. Example 13 Yel002 was found to promote the recovery of the hematopoietic system when administered after irradiation on the 5x24hr schedule at 75mg/kg. Treatment with Yel002 30 increases the recovery of total white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Figure 25 shows recovery of the hematopoietic system following 6 Gy irradiation of C3H mice (n=4) with YelO02 treatment (s.c.) at 24,48,72,96, and 120 hrs. WBC- total white blood cells (K/uL), NE-neutrophils (K/uL), and LY- lymphocytes (K/uL). With 1 45 tail, Student's t- Student's t-test, WBC and NE, along with monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils (data not shown) are p<.05. Figure 26 shows recovery of the hematopoietic system following 6 Gy irradiation of C3H mice (n=4) with Yel002 treatment (s.c.) at 24,48,72,96, and 120 hrs. RBC- red 5 blood cells (M/uL), HB-hemoglobin (g/dL), and ICT-hematocrit (%). Figure 27 shows platelet recovery following 6 Gy irradiation of C3H mice (n=4) with Yel002 treatment (s.c.) at 24,48,72,96, and 120 hrs; p<.05 with a 1-tail, Student t-test. Example 14. Mitigation of ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced damage UV radiation is recognized as the main etiological agent responsible for 10 carcinogenesis (being a tumor initiator and promoter) and aging in the skin. UV radiation results in generating essentially the same genotoxic, prolonged genetic instability, and cytotoxicity profile as that of ionizing radiation: DNA single strand breaks, DNA cross linking, nucleotide base modification, cell cycle checkpoint bypass, apoptosis initiation, etc. Additionally, molecular pathways activated by UV exposures are very similar to those 15 induced by ionizing radiation assault. In vitro and in vivo experiments with YelOO 1 and Yel002 have demonstrated mitigation and protection against the damages induced by ionizing radiation. Based on these studies and the similarity between the radiation profiles it is evident that YelOOI and Yel002 can protect, mitigate, and ameliorate UV-associated injuries. 20 Tests in this example show administration of YelOO 1 and Yel002 reduces cell death and genotoxicity associated with exposure to Ultraviolet (UV) radiation in vitro (Figure 28). DEL tester strain was irradiated with 4000J/m 2 in the ultraviolet range and treated with Ye001 or Yel002 at 60 minutes at the concentration of 15uM. Treatment with the 25 Yel compounds reduces the extent of genotoxicity by a factor of 1.8 and increases survival from .64% to 2.91% and 1.84 with YelOO1 and Yel002 respectively. Figure 28 shows addition of Yel002 and YelOOl (1 SuM) to UV-irradiated yeast DEL tester strain RS 112 significantly reduces genotoxicity and cytotoxicity; P<.05. Example 15. Mitigation of DNA damages by smoking 30 Tests in this example show YEL 002 significantly reduces cigarette smoke induced double strand breaks at 6 and 24hrs in Ogg-/- Myh-/- double knockout mice (Figures 29a and 29b). Whole peripheral blood lymphocytes were taken from WT, and OMM double knockout mice (mice deficient in DNA repair pathways observed in smoking-induced lung 46 cancer) and were administered 3 puff/mL of Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) alone or co incubation of 3puff/mL Cigarette smoke extract and I OuM Yel 002 for 3, 6, and 24 hrs and the amount of double stranded breaks were assessed via yH2AX assay. Addition of YelO02 at I5uM reduces the number of DNA double strand breaks (DSB). 5 Figure 29a (left) shows a significant decrease in the amount of average yH2AX per cell in OMM lymphocytes at p<0.05. Statistical significance was assessed via a 1 way ANOVA test with Tukey's post-hoc analysis. Figure 29b (right) shows that YEL 002 incubation significantly decreases the amount of average yH2AX per cell in OMM lymphocytes p< 0

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0 1. Statistical significance was assessed via a 1 way ANOVA test with 10 Tukey's post-hoc analysis. N=3 in each group. Example 16. Mitigation of Radiation induced Lethality with CJO1O in vivo Tests in this example show that structural analog of YeOO 1, CJO 10, on the same subcutaneous administration (75mg/kg) at 5x24 administration schedule confers 75% survival (Figure 30). Figure 30 shows the results of tests where C3H (n=8 in each group) 15 were irradiated and treated at the 5x24 treatment protocol with YelOO and CJ-10 s.c. Controls received IN saline carrier injections. At 30days post IR, CJ-10 has significantly mitigated IR-induced damages and death. (p<.05). Example 17. Mitigation of damage induced by chemical carcinogens A DEL assay, described above, is used for assessing mitigation of damage induced 20 by chemical carcinogens by compounds of invention. The classical DEL assay and a DEL assay adapted for high throughput screening have been used to identify YelOOl and Yel002 from a pool of small biologically active molecules for their ability to mitigate radiation-induced genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. Due to the DEL assay's ability to detect a variety of carcinogenic mechanisms and the 25 Yel001's and YeO02's ability to ameliorate carcinogenic activity, YelOO and YeO02 also protect against chemically-induced carcinogenesis. In the past the carcinogenicity of the agent was assessed by looking at the DEL frequency increase following the exposure to the compound of interest. Thus, reduction of chemically-induced DEL frequency increase in the presence of YelOO or Ye1002 compounds would indicate mitigation. 30 Tests in this example show administration of YelOO and Yel002 confers reduction against chemical carcinogen Methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) in vitro. Addition of YelOO 1 and Yel002 (15uM) to RS 112, DEL tester strain shows reduction in genotoxicity and cytotoxicity associated with treatment with chemical mutagen EMS and carcinogen MMS. 47 Figure 31 shows addition of MMS to DEL RS 112 tester strain induces cell death and genotoxicity that can be mitigated with Yel0O and Yel002 administration I hrs after exposure to MMS. Reduction of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity with Ye1002 is p<.007 and p<.04 restively; p-values for YelOO are .0007 (genotoxicity) and .1 for cytotoxicity. 5 Example 18. Treatment with YeO02 reduces senescence associated with aging in vitro. Skin aging has been linked to senescence on the level of primary skin cells (Campisi, J., J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc, 1998. 3(1): p. 1-5) (Figures 32-33). Addition of Ye1002 to a culture of primary keratinocytes harvested from a patient 10 extended the doubling time of the cells and decreased progression of cells into senescence. Figure 32 shows co-culturing with Yel002 decreases the progression into senescence of primary human keratinocytes at SuM concentration of the drug. Additionally, co-culture of primary keratinocytes exposed to 5Gy of radiation, an event that induces senescence, with Yel002 at the concentration of 5uM increased 15 proliferation as compared to controls. Figure 33 shows primary keratinocytes harvested from a patient were isolated and propagated in culture until 5Gy irradiation. After the IR the cells were treated with YelO02 and cultured for 11 days. While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and 20 described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications can be made without departing from this invention in its broader aspects. Therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of this invention. 48

Claims (32)

1. A compound, which is effective for mitigating tissue damage and lethality induced by an agent, wherein the compound is a synthetic compound or a natural product in a substantially purified form, and wherein the agent causes DNA or cell damages to a mammal.

2. The compound according to claim 1, comprising a structure of Formula II: H0 S N 0 Formula II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, polymorphic crystal or prodrug thereof, wherein: R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently hydrogen, straight chain or branched C1-C20 alkyl, alkenyl, or alkenyl, which is substituted or unsubstituted, cyclo alkyl, cyclo alkenyl. heterocyclic alkyl, or heterocyclic alkenyl, which is substituted or unsubstituted, phenyl, substituted phenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, amino, amido, F, CI, Br, I, nitro, hydroxyl, thiol, alkylthio, selenol, alkylselenyl, silyl, siloxy, boryl, carboxylic acid, sulfonyl, -SO4H, alkoxy, or acyl groups.

3. The compound according to claim 2, wherein: R 1 and R 4 are: N NH2 49 s NN OcOr wherein Y is CH 3 or OH; and R 2 and R 3 are each independently, CH 3 , OH, 0, SH, H, NH 2 or R 4 S NH N NH 2

4. The compound according to claim 2, having a structure of a Tanimoto coefficient at least 0.7 or higher based on a compound of Formula HA or Formula IIB: H NH N o or O0 50 NH 2 0 05

5. The compound to any one of claims I to 4, wherein the agent is radiation selected form radiation by a radioactive element, alpha radiation, beta radiation, gamma radiation, neutron radiation, x radiation, or ultraviolet radiation.

6. The compound to any one of claims I to 4, wherein the tissue damage or lethality is induced by radiation therapy.

7. The compound to any one of claims I to 4, wherein the tissue damage or lethality is of a condition selected from conditions related to radiation-induced lethality, conditions related to radiation-induced genotoxic and cytotoxicity, conditions related to radiation-induced damage to healthy Lisues during radiation therapy, conditions related to radiation-induced persistent genetic instability, conditions related to ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced damage, conditions related to damage induced by chemical carcinogens, radiation-induced cancer, spontaneous cancer, or aging.

8. The compound according to claim I, wherein the compound is Na H 0 N N o Formula JJB , or a combination of Formula IIA or IIB

9. A composition, which is effective for mitigating tissue damage and lethality induced by an agent, comprising a compound according to any of claims I to 8, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a prodrug thereof, wherein the agent causes DNA or cell damages to a nmarmmal. 51

10. The composition according to claim 9, further comprises an excipient and an optional second agent.

11. The composition according to claim 9, further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an optional second agent.

12. The composition according to claim 11, which is formulated into a formulation for local delivery or systemic delivery.

13. The composition according to claim 11, which is in a formulation for oral administration, injection, topical administration, implant, or pulmonary administration.

14. The composition according to claim 9, further comprising at least one other therapeutic agent.

15. The composition according to claim 9, wherein the tissue damage or lethality is induced by radiation selected from radiation by a radioactive element, alpha radiation, beta radiation, gamma radiation, neutron radiation, x radiation, or ultraviolet radiation.

16. The composition according to claim 9, wherein the tissue damage or lethality is induced by radiation therapy.

17. The composition according to claim 9, wherein the compound is in an effective amount for a condition selected from conditions related to radiation-induced lethality, conditions related to radiation-induced genotoxic and cytotoxicity, conditions related to radiation-induced damage to healthy tissues during radiation therapy, conditions related to radiation-induced persistent genetic instability, conditions related to ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced damage, conditions related to damage induced by chemical carcinogens, radiation-induced cancer, spontaneous cancer, or aging.

18. The composition according to claim 9, which is a therapeutic composition, a cosmetic composition, or a dietary supplement.

19. A method of screening for a compound effective as a radiation protective agent, comprising: generating a screening system capable of screening a compound against radiation-induced cell killing, genetic instability, or both; and subject a compound to the screening, and identifying a compound as radiation protective if the compound significantly reduces radiation induced cell killing or genetic instability as compared to a control. 52

20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the compound has a sicture of Formula II: H s N No N Formula I or a phannaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, polymorphic crystal or prodong thereof, wherein: Ri. R,, Rn, and R 4 are independently hydrogen, straight chain or branched CI-C20 alkyl, alkenyl, or alkenyl. which is substituted or tnsubstituted, cyclo alkyl, cyclo alkenyl. hetercyclic alkyl, or heterocyclic alkenyl. which is substituted or unsubstituted, phenyl, substituted phenyl, aryl. substituted mryl. amino, amido. F. CL Br. I, nitro, hydroxyl, thiol. alkylihio. selenol, alkylselenyl, silyl, siloxy, boryl, carboxylic acid, sulfonyl, -SO4H, alkoxy, or icy] groups.

21. The method according to claim 19 or 20, wherein the radiation is selected fom radiation selected from radiation by a radioactive element, alpha radiation, beta radiation. gamma radiation. neutron radiation, x radiation, or ultraviolet radiation.

22. A method, comprising prepaing a compound according to any of claims I to 8.

23. A method of preparing a composition, comprising providing a compound which is effective for mitigating radiation-induced issue damage and lethality, and morning the composition.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein the compound is according to any of claims I to .

25. The method of claim 23. wherein the composition is according to any of claims 9 to 18.

26. A method of treating, preventing, or ameliorating a condition, comprising administering to a subject a compound according to any of claims I to 8 or a composition according to any of claims 9 to 1. 53

27. The method according to claim 26, wherein the condition is selected from conditions related to radiation-induced lethality, conditions related to radiation-induced genotoxic and cytotoxicity, conditions related to radiation-induced damage to healthy tissues during radiation therapy, conditions related to radiation-induced persistent genetic instability, conditions related to ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced damage, conditions related to damage induced by chemical carcinogens, radiation-induced cancer, spontaneous cancer, or aging.

28. A method of radiation therapy, comprising: administering to a subject a compound according to any of claims 1 to 8, and administering to the subject a radiation; wherein the subject has a medical condition capable of being treated or ameliorated by radiation.

29. The method according to claim 28, wherein the compound is included in a composition.

30. The method according to claim 29, wherein the composition further includes an optional second agent.

31. The method according to claim 28, wherein the medical condition is cancer.

32. The method according to claim 28, wherein the medical condition is skin cancer or leukemia. 54