AU2008207583A1 - Thermal weed, fungal, insecticidal and sterilisation method - Google Patents

Description

6444965949 EVT LAW PAGE 05/27 00 CKI Regulation 3.2

AUSTRALIA

00 Patents Act 1990 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION 00 STANDARD

PTN

00 Application No.: NApplication Date: 28 August 2008 Priority Dates: 24 December 2003 AU200327 1334 Applicants: Richard John Newson A New Zealand citizen 24 Fulford Road Havelock North Hastings NEW ZEALAND Address for Service: DON HOPKINS ASSOCIATES Spruson Ferguson GPO Box 3898 Sydney, NSW 2001

AUSTRALIA

Complete Specification for the invention entitled; 'THERMAL WEED, FUNGAL, INSECTICIDAL AND STERILISATION METHOD" The followving statement is a ful description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to me: COMS ID No: ARCS-203893 Received by IP Australia: Time 13:54 Date 2008-08-28 28/08/2008 15:30 6444965949 EVT LAW PAGE 06/27 00

I

0 O THERMAL WEED, FUNGAL, INSECTICIDAL AND STERILISATION 3METHOD FIELD OF INVENTION 00 (N The invention comprises a method for killing or controlling weeds, fungi, the release of 0 spores, bacteria, or sterilizing a substrate, particularly in agricultural including V horticultural and viticultural applications, but also other industrial, commercial, and o domestic applications.

00 o 0BACKGROUND Weeds may be controlled by pulling out the weeds or by use of chemical sprays. There is a growing awareness however of side effects which may arise from chemical sprays.

Jnternational patent application publication WO 96/03036 discloses a weed killing method which comprises blowing hot air containing a small amount of water onto the weeds.

Chemical sprays or treatments are also used against fungi and bacteria for example, in agricultural, horticultural, viticultural, commercial, industrial, domestic and similar applications. For example, in horticulture lime sulphur sprays are used to combat the fungal disease Venturia inaequalis also known as blackspot or apple scab which infects the foliage and fruit of apple trees. Leaves infected with this organism falling to the ground in autumn release ascospores in spring after raining, which can reinfect the new spring foliage and fruit on the trees.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION The invention provides an improved or at least alternative method for killing or controlling weeds and/or fungi and/or the release of spores, which is effective to control Venturia inaequalis in orchard apple trees in particular, and may also be useful for 122373-1 COMS ID No: ARCS-203893 Received by IP Australia: Time 13:54 Date 2008-08-28 283/21108 15: 30 6444965949 EVT LAW PAGE 07/27 00 2 0 0 killing insect pests and for sterilizing substrates generally, which is likely to find Sapplication in agriculture including horticulture and viticulture at least.

OO In broad terms in one aspect the invention comprises a method for killing or controlling C'I 5 weeds, insects, fungi, the release of spores, bacteria or sterilising a substrate, including exposing the weeds, fungi, insects or eggs thereof, spores or substrate to heat and (O immediately thereafter or before or simultaneously applying a liquid substance Qincluding a herbicide and/or pesticide and/or fungicide, and/or bacteriacide, and/or fish 0 or animal-derived substance to the weeds, fungi, insects, spores or substrate.

00 0 0 In broad terms in another aspect the invention comprises a method for killing or controlling weeds including heating the weeds and immediately thereafter or before on simultaneously applying a liquid herbicide and/or an animal or fish-derived substance onto the weeds.

In broad terms in another aspect the invention comprises a method for killing or controlling weeds including heating the weeds and immediately thereafter or before or simultaneously applying an oil onto the weeds.

In broad terms in a further aspect the invention comprises a method for killing or controlling fungi or the release of spores, including blowing onto a substrate on which the fungi or spores exist hot air, hot air containing water, water vapour or steam, and immediately thereafter or before or simultaneously applying a liquid substance including a fungicide and/or an animal or fish-derived substance onto the substrate.

In broad terms in a further aspect the invention comprises a method for killing or controlling fungi or the release of spores including heating a substrate on which the fungi or spores exist and immediately thereafter or before or simultaneously applying an oil onto the substrate.

Preferably the method includes exposing the weeds, fungi, insects or eggs, spores or substrate to heat by blowing hot air or hot air containing water, water vapour, or steam 122373-1 COMS ID No: ARCS-203893 Received by IP Australia: Time 13:54 Date 2008-08-28 29/00*/2008 15:30 29/9/0081530 6444965949 EVT LAW PG 9~ PAGE 06/27 003 0 o onto dhe weeds, furngi, insects or eggs, spores, or substrate. Alternatively oxposing the on weeds, fungi, insects or eggs, spores or substrate to heat may include exposing the ;Z weeds, fungi, insects or eggs, spores, or substrate to steam or to a radiant heat source.

00 Preferably the method includes exposing the weedts, fungi, insects or eggs, spores or substrate to heat above 1 QOEC and most preferably above 450'C.

00 Preferably the liquijd substance includes one or more of a herbicide, a fungicide, a tn bactericide, and an oil such as a fish oil.

00 10 The method may include applying the liquid substance to ground in which weeds are growing or to a substrate on which fungi or spores, or inse-cts or eggs exist, at a rate of' between 5 and 50 litres per hectare of surface area, or at a rate of between 10 and Rt-es per hectare of surface area, Preferably the liquid substance wets weeds, fungal material, or a substrate sufficiently to prevent ignition thereof.

Preferably the method includes heating the weeds, fungi, spores or substrate and immediately thereafter applying the liquid substance.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THlE FIGURES The invention is further described with reference to the accompanying drawings by way of example and without intending to be limiting wherein: Figure 1 illustrates carrying out the method of the invention against weeds, Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view tbrough one form of apparatus for use in the method of the invention, Figure 3 is a close up cross-sectional viow of another form of apparatus for use in the method of the invention, Figure 4 illustrates carrying out the method of the invention in a vineyard to prevent release of spores of Botrytis from leaf litter on the ground between rows of vines, using a tractor mounted apparatus, and 122373-1 COMS ID No: ARC5-203893 Received by IP Australia: Time (H in) 13:54 Date 2008-08-28 23/08/2008 15:30 6444965949 EVT LAW PAGE 09/27 00 4 0 o Figure 5 shows one form of tractor mounted apparatus from one side.

;Z DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED FORMS 00 Figures 1-3 illustrate one form of apparatus suitable for carrying out the method of the invention particularly against weeds. Referring to the drawings, the apparatus Ce 00 comprises a metal cylinder 1, the interior of which forms a hollow chamber in which the air is heated by a gas burner. At one end the apparatus also comprises a handle 2 and Soptionally at the other end ground wheels 3. The outlet 4 may optionally be surrounded 00 10 by a shroud which extends rearwardly as shown.

0 Gas burner outlets 5 are provided at the end of the chamber 1 opposite the open end 4.

In use of the apparatus the gas burner outlets 5 create a flame at the upper end of the chamber as shown in Figure 2. The gas burner outlets 5 are supplied with gas such as LPG or propane or similar over a gas supply line 6 from for example a truck mounted gas tank 7 as shown in Figure 1. From the apparatus shown the gas supply line 6 connects to the handle 2 and the gas passes through the interior of the handle and through conduit 7 to the gas burners The handlc 2 also incorporates a trigger switch 8 which controls the gas, air and flow of the liquid substance, and optionally a gas adjustor 9 and/or an adjustor (not shown) for the flow rate of the liquid substance. An operator can turn the gas, air, and liquid substance flow on or off using the trigger switch 8 as the operator rolls the apparatus over weeds, or matter infected with fungi or carrying spores such as leaf litter on the ground in an orchard or vineyard or a surface otherwise to be sterilised to kill bacteria or insects vermin for example. When the trigger 8 is released so that the gas and air flow is "off', either a small amount of gas is still allowed to flow to the gas burners 5 to maintain effectively a pilot flame, so that when the trigger is again pulled the gas will immediately ignite or alternatively the trigger may also activate a piezo electric spark starter to relight the gas flow. The primary air source for combustion at the gas burners is ambient air which can pass through a heat shield 10 around the top end of the cylinder 1, and into the chamber through holes formed in the top part of the cylinder. A 122373-1 COMS ID No: ARCS-203893 Received by IP Australia: Time 13:54 Date 2008-08-28 28/08/2008 15:30 G4449S5949 fr SI L-w, PAGE 10/27 00 0 O compressed air line 11 supplies a flow of compressed air to a compressed air inlet 12 at (1 the top of the chamber 1 as shown. The compressed air flow is also controlled by the ;Z trigger 8 but with a slight delay, of for example five seconds or so, so that when the o0 trigger 8 is pulled to "light" the burners 5 to a maximum, after a short delay to allow the C' 5 burners to light, compressed air will also flow from the inlet 12. The air will flow through the flames from the burners 5 so that the high pressure air entering the top end 00 of the chamber from the compressed air inlet 12 and flowing through the chamber 1 is heated, to for example of the order of 450 to 750 0

C.

00 10 A supply line 20 supplies a flow of the liquid substance to an outlet nozzle or nozzles 21 O at the bottom of the chamber as shown behind the hot air outlet. Compressed air is supplied from a compressor 13 mounted on the back of the truck as shown. The liquid substance is supplied from a tank 14. instead of air being supplied from a compressor over an air hose to the compressed air outlet to cause the air flow through the chamber, in an alternative form a large fan could be mounted on the truck or a four wheel ATV which supplies air over a large diameter pipe to the apparatus such as a pipe of approximately 100 ram diameter for example. In another form a high temperature electric heating element instead of a gas burner maybe provided in the top end of the interior of the cylinder 1 or equivalent.

As the apparatus passes over the weeds or infected leaf litter example, the weeds or leaf litter are exposed to a blast of hot air. Immediately thereafter as the apparatus passes over the weeds or leaf litter the liquid substance is sprayed onto the weeds or leaf litter from the nozzle or nozzles 21 or equivalent. Where it is intended to kill or control weeds, the liquid substance will be a herbicide and/or an animal or fish-derived substance such as an animal or fish-derived oil, or might alternatively be a mineral oil.

A herbicide including a terpene component including in particular a monoterpene may be employed, and/or a fatty acid-based component and in particular a fatty acid soap.

Optionally the herbicide may include a foaming agent. A particularly preferred liquid substance for use in the method of the invention against weeds is a herbicide based on a terpene component, a fatty acid soap, and optionally a foaming agent as particularly disclosed in international patent application publication WO 99/53764, the entire 122373-1 COMS ID No: ARCS-203893 Received by IP Australia: Time 13:54 Date 2008-08-28 _I z/e9/zuu ib:Ju b444ybb9Y4 EVT LAW PAGE 11/27 00 6 content of which is incorporated herein by reference, and sold as ORGANIC O)3 INTERCEPTOR T M by Certified Organics Ltd, New Zealand. Other organic or nonr organic herbicides may be used however, as well as other substances with herbicidal 00 activity which may occur naturally as liquids or may be dissolved in water or another solvent or mixed as a suspension to enable them to be sprayed onto the weeds or substrate as described.

00 An advantage of using a fish or animal oil is that in a horticultural or viticultural Cl application for example the decaying plant matter coated with the oil will add nutrients 00 0 10 to the soil which is enhanced by the use of an animal or fish oil.

-l Figure 3 shows apparatus similar to that of Figure 2 but where in Figure 3 the outlet nozzle 21 is positioned within the hot air outlet of the chamber, to inject the liquid substance into the hot air flow, so that the liquid substance is mixed as a spray or hot mist or vapour with the hot air flow.

Without intending to be limiting, it is believed that exposure to heat such as the blast of hot air breaks down the outer membrane or cellular structure of weeds so that the liquid substance which is sprayed onto the weeds immediately thereafter can more effectively penetrate into or coat the weeds. A more effective kill is achieved and/or where the liquid substance is a herbicide, fungicide, pesticide, bactericide or similar a substantially lower volume of the herbicide, fungicide, pesticide, or bactericide can be used, giving important economic benefits and in some cases environmental benefits through lower chemical use.

Figure 1 shows carrying out of the method of the invention against weeds, using apparatus as described. In alternative forms the wheels 3 may be eliminated and the apparatus maybe carried by the operator and directed over the weeds or ground or substrate to be sterilized. The apparatus shown in Figures 1 to 3 by way of example is towards the larger end of the scale for handheld apparatus and alternatively the method of the invention maybe carried out particularly against the weeds using smaller gun-size apparatus intended to be hand-held, or alternatively again by way of a larger vehicle 122373-1 COMS ID No: ARCS-203893 Received by IP Australia: Time 13:54 Date 2008-08-28 29/08/2008 15:30 6444965949 EVT LAW PAGE 12/27 00 7 0 0 mounted or towed apparatus. For example a series of hot air outlets or a laterally 01) extending hot air outlet and one or more spray nozzles to cover the same area may be mounted, typically beneath a shroud or shrouds, across the front or rear of a tractor or 00 four wheel all terrain vehicle (ATV) for use in larger scale applications. For example a tractor or ATV mounted apparatus may be used for sterilizing leaf litter between rows of trees in an orchard or vines in a vineyard. Larger tractor mounted apparatus maybe 00 used for killing weeds over larger areas of ground prior to cultivation. Truck mounted apparatus maybe used for killing weeds along a pavement edge or verge of a road. The 0 N method of the invention maybe used in various such applications.

0 10 SWhile in the embodiment described above the trigger 8 controls both the flow of hot air of the liquid substance, in an alternative form a trigger or other manual control may enable the operator to selectively apply the liquid substance, so that the liquid substance is sprayed intermittently while the hot air flow is operating. This may enable an operator killing weeds growing through a pavement or pathway or other paved area to leave the hot air flow running but selectively apply the liquid substance as the apparatus passes over individual weeds growing through the paved area.

Figure 2 shows the nozzle 21 for spraying the liquid substance positioned a few centimetres behind the hot air outlet 4, but to increase the time delay between exposure of the weeds, fungi, spores or substrate to the heat and then to the spray of the liquid substance the nozzle or nozzles 21 or equivalent may be spaced further behind the hot air outlet via a larger or longer rearwardly extending mounting bracket (so that the time delay is greatcr). It is believed to be preferable for the weeds or substrate to be hot or warm from the hot air at the time that the liquid substance is applied. Another advantage of applying the liquid substance immediately after exposure of the weeds or substrate to the hot air is that liquid substance can wet the weeds, fungi, or substrate sufficiently to prevent ignition (flaming) of the weeds, leaf litter, or similar. In a yet alternative embodiment in some applications it maybe desirable to apply the liquid substance to the weeds, fungi, spores or substrate immediately before exposure to the hot air. The liquid substance will usually be applied as a light spray or mist or a heavier 122373-1 COMS ID No: ARCS-203893 Received by IP Australia: Time 13:54 Date 2008-08-28 23308/208~ 15 ?0 F~rldi 1PCFr~,lO VI LAW PAGE 13/27 00 8 0 Sshower where the substance is more heavily diluted with water for example, and may be tb) preheated so that it is applied as a hot mist or vapour.

00 Figures 4 and 5 show another form of apparatus suitable for carrying out the method of the invention, which is vehicle mounted, Figure 4 illustrating carrying out the method of the invention in a vineyard to prevent weed growth beneath vines and release of spores en3 00 of Botrytis from leaf litter on the ground between the rows of vines. Mounted on either side of the vehicle which in this case is a tractor are large stainless steel chambers 0 having a diesel burner and a blower mounted at the upper end thereof beneath cover 41.

00 10 The diesel burner bums diesel fuel supplied from a tank 43 creating a flame in the top of 0 the interior of the chamber 40 which heats air from the blower, which is blown from the outlet 44 of the apparatus onto the ground along rows of vines on either side of the vehicle as the vehicle moves between the rows. Water is also injected into the top of the chambers 40 so that the air exiting the lower ends of the chambers contains more moisture, water, water vapour, or steam. The water may be injected as a spray or mist into the tops of the chambers 40 or lower down within the chambers as described in international patent application publication WO 96/03036 the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference or alternatively the water may pass through a metal coil positioned within the top of each chamber 40 and which is heated by the diesel flame so that the water is heated to boiling and above within the metal coil and exits the metal coil into the airflow at the top of the chamber as superheated steam. The tank 43 has two chambers, one for fuel to feed the burner and the other to provide a water supply. Preferably apertures or air gaps 45 through the top of the chambers 40 enable the air in the top of the chambers which is heated and expanding passing down the chambers as an air blast to draw in more air via a venturi effect. Nozzles 46 (see Figure for spraying the liquid substance is positioned behind each chamber 40, which spray the liquid substance as described previously onto the weeds or leaf litter immediately after exposure to the hot air containing water vapour.

Instead of exposing the weeds or leaf litter or other substrate to a hot air blast or a hot air blast containing water or water vapour or steam as described, alternatively the weeds or leaf litter or substrate may be heated by being exposed to steam including 122373-1 COMS ID No: ARCS-203893 Received by IP Australia: Time 13:54 Date 2008-08-28 28/08/2008 15:30 6444965949 EVT LAW 00 9 o superheated steam, or to radiant heating from a hot plate which is passed over the weeds 3 or leaf litter or substrate. A hot plate may be heated by electric elements incorporated within the hot plate, or by gas or diesel burners which project a flame or flames towards 00 the hot plate from above, preferably within a shroud around the hot plate. In another variant to create steam or hot air containing water vapour, water may be sprayed onto the hot plate so that the water will evaporate within such a shroud, so that as the Ce 00 apparatus passes over for example weeds, the weeds are exposed to hot moist air or steam.

0 0 0 10 The method of the invention has been found to be effective to control Venturia Sinaequalis also known as black spot, in apple orchards. Leaf litter on the ground in an orchard, or remaining leaf litter after the bulk of fallen leaves have been removed, is exposed to heat and a fungicide or an animal or fish-derived substance and preferably an oil such as a fish oil, which has been found effective to prevent the release of ascospores from the leaf litter during the subsequent spring. One fish-derived substance which has been found to be particularly effective to suppress black spot ascospore discharge from apple leaf litter in orchards is BIO-SEAT m sold by Sealord Group Limited, New Zealand, which is a liquid substance including fish oil.

Indications are that the same treatment is effective to combat by Botlrytis cinerea in vineyards, by again treating the ground and any leaf litter thereon immediately below vines in the same way.

Also indications are that the method of the invention is effective to combat grape mealybug or Pseudococcus maritimus which affects grape vines and also orchard fruit and trees. The bugs and/or eggs in New Zealand commonly reside in clover which grows along the grape vines or beneath orchard trees, and can be reduced or eradicated by heat treatment followed by spraying with a liquid substance such an oil or alternatively a pesticide or substance having some degree of pesticide or properties.

The following description of trials work further illustrates the the invention: 122373-1 PAGE 14/27 COMS ID No: ARCS-203893 Received by IP Australia: Time 13:54 Date 2008-08-28 2B/0/208 15:30 6444965949 EVT LAW PAGE 15/27 00 0 SUse Against Fungal Disease and Spore Release Leaf litter was collected into wire mesh sandwiches and monitored for ascospore 00 discharge. The leaf litter was collected from beneath Royal Gala trees at Te Moe C-l Orchard, Hawkes Bay, New Zealand and sandwiched between twelve, wire-mesh squares, each approximately 240 by 160 mm. The trial orchard had been severely 00 affected by black spot the previous season. The litter squares were laid on the ground U and treated by method of the invention using the apparatus previously described. A C, control group of litter squares received no treatment. A second group of litter squares 00 o 10 was treated according to the method of the invention using apparatus as previously 0^ described, by application of air heated by a diesel burner, generally as described with reference to Figures 4 and 5, immediately followed by spraying with BIO-SEATM fish oil product available from Sealord Group Limited, New Zealand, at the rate of litres/hectare. A third group of litter squares was treated with air heated by a gas burner only, without application of oil, and a fourth group of litter squares was treated by spraying BIO-SEA T fish oil onto the litter squares only, without hot air application.

After treatment the litter squares were laid out on a mown lawn with three numbered microscope slides randomly placed over each. After each of a number of subsequent daytime rainfall events, the slides were removed, replaced by fresh slides, and scanned microscopically for ascospores of Venturia inaequalis. These are readily differentiated from impacted spores of other species by their characteristic shape. Each treatment was thus assessed from nine slides (replicates), counted and replaced five times from over approximately a three week period- The mean number of ascospores impacted per square cm per slide were analysed by ANOVA, and LSD values probability), calculated for each.

The results are shown in Table 1 below. Mean discharge of untreated litter squares over the five rainfalls was 174 per cm 2 Hot air treatment reduced this to 32 per cm 2 and fish oil alone also, to 92 per cm 2 The combination treatment completely suppressed discharge.

122373-1 COMS ID No: ARCS-203893 Received by IP Australia: Time 13:54 Date 2008-08-28 29/0/2008 15:30 6444965949 EVT LAW PAGE 16/27 00 O 0 00

(N

00 0n tO oo cxl TABLE 1 Ascospores per square cm Treatment Mean 13-Oct 17-Oct 25-Oct 30-Oct 2-Nov Untreated 174.0 162.2 315.0 29.1 119,7 244.0 Hot Air 31.9 60.9 69.4 2.6 0.3 26.0

BIO-SEA

T M 20ha 92.0 54.8 150.9 68.6 58.2 128.0 Hot Air and

SEA

T

M 0.0 0,2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LSD 51.7 100.6 167.2 52.1 54.9 91.8 For the combination treatment, apart from the first rainfall when three ascospores (one on each of three slides) were counted, the results for successive rainfalls were consistent, with no ascospores being detected.

Use Against Weeds Common pasture weeds in Hawkes Bay, New Zealand were treated as follows. A first strip of weeds was treated with hot air only, heated by a diesel burner. A second adjacent strip of weeds was sprayed with ORGANIC INTERCEPTORTM herbicide product available from Certified Organics Limited, New Zealand, diluted in water to about 20% strength, and using a conventional hand held weed sprayer. A third adjacent strip of weeds was treated with hot air heated by a diesel burner and was immediately thereafter sprayed with ORGANIC INTERCEPTOR T diluted in water to about strength.

Weather conditions at the time of treatment were dry and fine and remained so for four days after treatment. The effect of the treatments on the weed strips was monitored for ninety days after treatment.

The results are shown in Table 2 below, in which the figures given indicate the approximate height of the weeds before and at each assessment time after treatment.

That is, before treatment most weeds in the weed strips which were treated had heights in the range 80-100mm. Hot air treatment alone killed the weeds/reduced the weed height to under lOnun after 7-14 days, following which regrowth began to occur.

Spraying with ORGANIC INTERCEPTOR diluted in water to 20% strength killed 122373-1 COMS ID No: ARCS-203893 Received by IP Australia: Time 13:54 Date 2008-08-28 28/08/2008 15:30 6444965949 EVT LAW PAGE 17/27 00 0 0 00 cN 00 00 12 the weeds/reduced weed height to under 15mm in 14-30 days after which regrowth began to occur. Hot air treatment combined with spraying of ORGANIC INTERCEPTORTM diluted in water to 5% strength killed all weeds completely with minimal regrowth up to 60-90 days. As well as killing the weeds it also substantially rapidly reduced the height and bulk of the dead weeds (within hours as opposed to weeks).

TABLE 2 Before After 24 hours 7 days 14 days 30 days 44 days 60 days 90 days Treatment Treatment after after after afer after after after treatment treatment treatment treatmet treatment treatment treatment Hot Air 80-100 20-40 10-30 0-10 0-10 5-10 10-20 20-40 50-00 ORGANIC 80-100 80-100 10-30 80 0-15 0.15 5-20 10-30 30-50

ENTERCEPTORTM

diluted in water to strength Hot Air and 80-100 20-30 10-30 0-15 00 0-0 0-0 0-5

ORGANIC

INTERCEPTORT

diluted in water to strength The foregoing describes the invention including a preferred form thereof Alterations and modifications as will be obvious to those skilled in the art are intended to be incorporated within the scope hereof.

122373-1 COMS ID No: ARCS-203893 Received by IP Australia: Time 13:54 Date 2008-08-28

Claims (14)

1. A method for killing or controlling weeds, insects, fungi, the release of spores, bacteria or sterilising a substrate, includes exposing the weeds, fungi, insects or insect eggs, spores or substrate to heat and immediately thereafter or before or simultaneously applying a liquid substance including a herbicide and/or pesticide and/or fungicide, and/or bacteriacide, and/or fish or animal-derived substance to the weeds, fangi, insects, spores or substrate.

2. A method according to claim 1 including exposing the weeds, fungi, insects or eggs, spores or substrate to heat by blowing hot air onto the weeds, fungi, insects, spores, or substrate.

3. A method according to claim 1 including exposing the weeds, fungi, insects or eggs, spores or substrate to heat by blowing hot air containing water, water vapour, or steam onto the weeds, fuingi, insects, spores, or substratc-

4. A method according to claim 1 including exposing the weeds, fungi, insects or eggs, spores or substrate to heat by exposing the weeds, fungi, insects, spores, or substrate to steamn.

A method according to claim 1 including exposing the weeds, fungi, insects or eggs, spores or substrate to a radiant heat source,

6. A, method according to any one of claims I to 5 including fungi, insects or eggs, spores or substrate to heat above IlOQEC.

7. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 5 inc:ludinig fungi, insects or eggs, spores or substrate to heat above 45Q1C.

8. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 7 wherein includes a herbicide. exposing the weeds, exposing the weeds, the liquid substance

122373-1 ARCS-203893 Received by IP Australia: Time 13:54 Date 2008-08-28 23/08/2002 15:30 6444965949 rV I LW PAGE 19/27 00 14 0

9. A method according to claim 8 wherein the herbicide includes a terpene-based ¢ompon ent. 00

10. A method according to claim 8 or claim 9 wherein the liquid substance includes a fatty acid-based component. 00

11. A method according to claim 10 wherein the fatty acid-based component is a fatty acid soap. O0 0 10

12. A method according to any one of claims 8 to 11 wherein the liquid substance also includes a foaming agent.

13. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 7 wherein the liquid substance includes a fungicide.

14. A method according to any one of claims I to 7 wherein the liquid substance includes an oil. A method according to claim 14 wherein the liquid substance includes a fish oil. 16. A method according any one of claims 1 to 5 including applying the liquid substance to ground in which weeds are growing or to a substrate on which fungi or spores or insects or insect eggs exist at a rate of between 5 and 50 litres per hectare of surface area. 17. A method according any one of claims I to 15 including applying the liquid substance to ground in which weeds are growing or to a substrate on which fungi or spores or insects or insect eggs exist at a rate of between 10 and 30 litres per hectare of surface area. 18. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 17 wherein the liquid substance wets weeds, fungal material, or a substrate sufficiently to prevent ignition thereof. 122373-1 COMS ID No: ARCS-203893 Received by IP Australia: Time 13:54 Date 2008-08-28 2.."R/29R 15.:3 c AA Ac an.-, u, LtVI LAW PAGE 20/27 00 0 19. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 18 including heating the weeds, Sfungi, spores or substrate and immediately thereafter applying the liquid substance. 00 20. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 18 including heating the weeds, fungi, spores or substrate while simultaneously exposing same to a spray, mist, or vapour of the liquid substance. 00 21. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 20 including controlling the C application of the liquid substance separately from control of application of the heat, via O 10 a manual user-operable control. 22. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 21 including applying the heat and liquid substance from a hand held appliance carried by a user. 23. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 21 including applying the heat and liquid substance from an applicator carried or towed by a motorised vehicle. 24- A method for killing or controlling weeds including heating the weeds and immediately thereafter or before on simultaneously applying a liquid herbicide and/or an animal or fish-derived substance onto the weeds. A method according to claim 24 including exposing the weeds to heat by blowing hot air onto the weeds. 26. A method according to claim 24 including exposing the weeds to heat by blowing hot air containing water, water vapour or steam onto the weeds. 27. A method according to claim 24 including exposing the weeds to heat by exposing the weeds to steam. 28. A method according to claim 24 including exposing the weeds to a radiant heat source. 122373-1 COMS ID No: ARCS-203893 Received by IP Australia: Time 13:54 Date 2008-08-28 23/09/2008 15:30 6444965949 EVT LAW PAGE 21/27 00 16 0 o 29. A method according to any one of claims 24 to 28 including exposing the weeds, oi) fungi, insects, spores or substrate to heat above 100EC. 00 30. A method according to any one of claims 24 to 28 including exposing the weeds, fungi, insects, spores or substrate to heat above 450°C, en3 00 31. A method according to any one of claims 24 to 30 wherein the herbicide includes n r a terpene-based component. 0 o 10 32. A method according to any one of claims 24 to 31 wherein the herbicide includes 0 a fatty acid-based component. 33. A method according to claim 32 wherein the fatty acid-based component is a fatty acid soap. 34. A method according to any one of claims 31 to 33 wherein the liquid substance also includes a foaming agent. A method for killing or controlling weeds including beating the weeds and immediately thereafter or before or simultaneously applying an oil onto the weeds. 36. A method according to claim 35 wherein the oil is a fish oil. 37. A method according to any one of claims 24 to 36 wherein the liquid herbicide or oil wets the weeds sufficiently to prevent ignition of the weeds. 38. A method according to anyone of claims 24 to 37 including heating the weeds and immediately thereafter applying the liquid herbicide or oil to the weeds. 39. A method for killing or controlling fungi or the release of spores, including blowing onto a substrate on which the fungi or spores exist hot air, hot air containing water, water vapour or steam, and immediately thereafter or before or simultaneously 122373-1 COMS ID No: ARCS-203893 Received by IP Australia: Time 13:54 Date 2008-08-28 29 Q 1 C 3. r4qqo~ttt1 LT AL b EVT LAW PAGE 22/27 00 17 O 0 applying a liquid substance including a fungicide and/or an animal or fish-derived Ssubstance onto the substrate. 00 40. A method for killing or controlling fungi or the release of spores including heating a substrate on which the fungi or spores exist and immediately thereafter or before or c simultaneously applying an oil onto the substrate. 00 41. A method according to claim 39 or claim 40 wherein the animal or fish-derived Cl substance or oil includes a fish oil. 0 00 C 42. A method according any one of claims 39 to 41 including applying the fungicide and/or oil to the substrate at a rate of between 5 and 50 litres per hectare of area. 43. A method according any one of claims 39 to 41 including applying the fungicide and/or oil to the substrate at a rate of between 10 to 30 litres per hectare of area. 44. A method according to any one of claims 39 to 43 wherein the substrate is leaf litter on the ground. 45. A method according to claim 44 wherein the substrate is leaf litter on the ground in an orchard on which exists spores of Ventura inaequalis. 46. A method according to claim 44 wherein the substrate is leaf litter on the ground in an vineyard on which exists spores of Botrytis cinerea. 47. A method for killing or controlling insect pests or the eggs thereof including heating a substrate on which the insects or eggs thereof exist and immediately thereafter or before or simultaneously applying a herbicide, pesticide, or an oil to the substrate. 48. A method according to claim 47 wherein the substrate comprises weeds growing in a horticultural or viticultural site. 122373-1 COMS ID No: ARCS-203893 Received by IP Australia: Time 13:54 Date 2008-08-28 -,19/06/2008 15:30 2313/2031533 6444965949 EVT LW PAGE 23/27 00 ;Z 0 Ni is 49, A method according to claim 47 or 48 wherein the insect pest is girape mealybug (Pseudococcus maritimus). 122373-1 COMS IDNo: ARCS-203893 Received by IP Australia: Time 13:54 Date 2008-08-28