AU2008202736B2 - Incremental material urging system - Google Patents

Abstract

PCT/AU03100349 23 April 2004 - 98 An incremental material urging system comprising: (a) a container structure having a rear end and a forward end, 5 (b) a material urging structure (c) material urging structure activating means wherein said material urging structure is incrementally advanced from a retracted position at said rear end of said container 10 structure, to a fully advanced position at said forward end of said container structure, where said forward end is a discharge end. AMENDED SHEET

Description

P/00/009 Regulation 3.10 5 AUSTRALIA Patents Act 1990 10 DIVISIONAL COMPLETE SPECIFICATION 15 Invention Title: 20 INCREMENTAL MATERIAL URGING SYSTEM 25 The invention is described in the following statement, including the best method of performing it known to us: 30 35 Parent Details: AU2003212099 filed 21 March 2003 40 45 Our Ref. 032142 50 PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 -1A INCREEMNTAI MATERIAL URGING SYSTEM The present invention relates to systems for the incremental conveying of solid material for transfer 5 between adjacent locations and for the incremental compaction of loose polymorphous material for the purposes of minimizing costs of storage, transportation or disposal. BACKGROUND 10 Compaction of loose material is desirable in many industries and for many different reasons. Generally the process includes some form of a confining volume into which the material is deposited with a subsequent mechanical means of decreasing that volume. 15 In .a particular application, that of waste management, the confining volume may take the form of an elongate generally rectangular section container having a moveable urging structure at one end. Waste matter is introduced into the- container following which hydraulic rams cause the 20 urging structure to be moved along a part of the length of the container, driving the material into a compacted mass against a discharge gate. Once compacted, the mass may be ejected from the forward end of the container structure by a further movement of the rams, for example into a 25 transport vehicle. AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 -2 A feature of such compaction systems is the need for very long hydraulic rams. These then have to be of telescopic multi stage construction and of large diameter to ensure sufficient power towards the end of the 5 compaction stroke, where the load tends to a maximum. These requirements in turn demand very large hydraulic power systems making compactors of this type very expensive and generally beyond the reach of small isolated communities. Generally the discharge of the compacted material is 10 into a transport vehicle for subsequent transfer to a waste disposal or recycling site at which point the material has to be removed from the transport vehicle. One known method is that of hydraulically jacking the container portion of the vehicle to a sufficient angle to 15 allow the material to be ejected under the force of gravity. Particularly at soft surface land-fill sites this entails a danger of the vehicle tipping over side-ways as its center of gravity is raised during the jacking process. Another known method is by means of a so-called 20 walking floor fitted to the vehicle in which a series of hydraulically articulated rails cover the floor of the vehicle. These are bulky, very complex, expensive and heavy devices with high wear rates and maintenance costs, adding significantly to the cost of waste management. AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 -3 In general the conveying of solid material or objects into and out of a transport vehicle is generally a time consuming operation often involving piecemeal retrieval of one object at a time from its pre-loading position to a 5 position in the transport vehicle. Particularly in the case of palletized materials, the usual method is by means of a fork-truck or similar equipment. This imposes limitations on the type of vehicle which can be used, generally requiring a vehicle with side-loading capability. This 10 requires considerable adjacent space, which may be a scarce and expensive commodity at city loading docks for example. It is an object of the present invention to address or ameliorate at least one of the above disadvantages. 15 BRIE' DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION Accordingly there is provided in a first broad form of the invention an incremental material urging system comprising: (a) a container structure having a rear end and a 20 forward end, (b) a material urging structure (c) material urging structure activating means wherein said material urging structure is incrementally advanced from a retracted position AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 -4 at said rear end of said container structure, to a fully advanced position at said forward end of said container structure, where said forward end is a discharge end. 5 Preferably said container structure includes; (a) a floor sub-structure (b) side wall sub-structures (c) a roof (d) a top opening 10 (e) a top opening cover (f) a discharge end closure means Preferably said material urging structure is incrementally retracted by said activating means from said discharge end to said rear end of said container structure, 15 Preferably said activating means are disposed along each side wall of said container structure and wherein said activating means operate substantially in unison. Preferably said material urging structure is a close sliding fit within said container structure, said material 20 urging structure adapted to slide on the surface of said. floor sub-structure. Preferably each of said side wall substructures is provided with a slot extending substantially along the length of said wall substructure, said slot providing a AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 separation between an upper and a lower portion of internal wall sheeting. Preferably said material urging structure is provided on each side of said structure with a projecting lug, each 5 one of said lugs projecting through one of said slots. Preferably each of said slots is co-linear with a rail system said rail system adapted to support and guide a reciprocating beam. Preferably said reciprocating beam is provided with a 10 plurality of thrust assemblies, said thrust assemblies disposed at substantially equal intervals along the length of said beam, between a forward end and a rear end of said beam. Preferably each of said thrust assemblies includes; 15 (a) an assembly support (b) a double ended pawl (c) a pawl pivot shaft (d) a pawl actuator means Preferably said double ended pawl is rotatable about 20 said pawl pivot shaft by said pawl actuator means from a first forward thrusting position to a second rearward thrusting position. Preferably said pawl actuator means is a linear actuator. AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 Preferably each of said double ended pawls is rotated by a linear actuator; said actuator pivotally connected at a first end to one end of said double ended pawls and at a second end to said reciprocating beam. 5 Preferably each of said double ended pawl is provided with a pawl control bracket, said bracket- supporting a control pivot shaft. Preferably each said control pivot shaft is pivotally connected to a common control arm, said control arm being 10 pivotally connected at an outer end to a linear actuator and wherein said actuator is pivotally connected to said reciprocating beam. Preferably each said double ended pawl is adapted to thrust against the rearward facing side of said projecting 15 lug when said double ended pawl is in said forward thrusting position and to thrust against the forward facing side of said projecting lug when said double ended pawl is in a rearward thrusting position. Preferably that portion of a first end of said double 20 ended pawl adapted to thrust against said projecting lug presents a vertical outer surface when set in said forward thrusting position or said rearward thrusting position; a second end of said double ended pawl then rotated to a AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 -7 position precluding potential contact with said projecting lug. Preferably. each opposite face of each of said first end and said second end of said double ended pawl is a 5 sloping face, each said sloping face intersecting on the bisector of said double ended pawl so as to form a shallow "V" shaped space and where said sloping opposite face of that end set to a thrusting position is adapted to impart a turning moment to said pawls when impacting on said 10 projecting lug while said pawl actuator means is deactivated. Preferably each said double ended pawl may be rotated when impacted by a said sloping face to a position about said pivot shaft such that said projecting lug is able to 15 pass said thrust assembly. Preferably said reciprocating beam is urged into reciprocating motion by an hydraulic ram pivotally connected at a first end of said ram to said reciprocating beam and at a second end of said ran to said container 20 structure. Preferably said reciprocating beam is fitted at its forward outer end with an initial retraction thrust block and at its rear outer end with an initial advance thrust block. AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 Preferably, when said material urging structure is in a fully retracted first position at said rear end of said container structure and said hydraulic ram is retracted, said projecting lag is located between said initial advance 5 thrust block and the first thrust assembly located nearest said rear end of said reciprocating beam. Preferably said reciprocating motion for a first forward movement. of said material urging structure comprises the steps of: 10 (a) extending said hydraulic ram to urge said initial advance thrust block into contact with said projecting lug so as to drive said lug and said material urging structure to a first partial forward incremented position, 15 (b) retracting said pawl actuator means to rotate said double ended pawl into a forward thrust position, (c) deactivating said pawl actuator means so as to allow rotation of said double ended pawls when 20 the sloping face of that pawl set to said forward thrust position is contacted by said projecting lug, (d) retracting said hydraulic ram so as to retract said thrust assembly nearest. to rear end of AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 said reciprocating beam past said projecting lug, (e) retracting said pawl actuator means to reset said double ended pawls of said thrust assembly 5 nearest to rear end of said reciprocating beam to said forward thrust position, (f) extending said hydraulic ram to drive said thrust assembly nearest to rear end of said reciprocating beam into contact with said 10 projecting lug thereby driving said material urging structure to a completed first forward increment. Preferably subsequent forward increments of said material urging structure comprise the steps of: 15 (a) deactivating said pawl actuator means so as to allow rotation of said double ended pawl when contacted by said projecting lug, (b) retracting said hydraulic ram so as to retract the next forward thrust assembly past said 20 projecting lug, (c) retracting said pawl actuator means to reset the next forward thrust assembly to said forward thrust position, AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AUO3/00349 23 April 2004 - 10 (d) extending said hydraulic ram to drive forward said next forward thrust assembly thereby driving said material urging structure to a next forward incremented position. 5 Preferably, when said material urging structure is in a fully advanced position at said forward end of said container structure and said hydraulic ram is extended, said projecting lug is located between said initial retract thrust block and the thrust assembly located nearest said 10 forward end of said reciprocating beam. Preferably a sequence for a first rearward movement of said material urging structure comprises the steps of: (a) retracting said hydraulic ram to urge said initial retract thrust block into contact with 15 said projecting lug thereby driving said lug and said material urging structure to a first partial rearward incremented position, (b) extending said pawl actuator means to rotate said double ended pawl into a rearward thrust 20 position, (c) deactivating said pawl actuator means so as to allow rotation of said double ended pawls when the sloping face of that pawl set to said AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 11 rearward thrust position is contacted by said projecting lug, (d) extending said hydraulic ram so as to advance said thrust assembly nearest to forward end of 5 said reciprocating beam past said projecting lug, (e) extending said pawl control actuator to reset said double ended pawls of said thrust assembly nearest to rear end of said reciprocating beam to said rearward thrust position, 10 Preferably subsequent. rearward increments of said material urging structure comprise the steps of: (a) deactivating said pawl actuator means so as to allow rotation of said double ended pawls when contacted by said projecting lug, 15 (b) extending said hydraulic ram so as to advance the next rearward thrust assembly past said projecting lug, (c) extending said pawl actuator means to reset the next rearward thrust assembly to said rearward 20 thrust position, (d) retracting said hydraulic ram to drive rearward said next rearward thrust assembly thereby driving said material urging structure to a next rearward incremented position. AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AUO3/00349 23 April 2004 - 12 Preferably said urging system is adapted to the compaction of refuse. Preferably said roof is provided with an openable aperture for the introduction of refuse into said container 5 structure. Preferably said discharge end closure means is in the form of a discharge gate, said gate adapted to provide a reaction surface for the compaction of said refuse between said discharge gate and said material urging structure. 10 Preferably said container structure is provided with an intermediate openable gate positioned between said discharge gate and said openable aperture in said roof, said intermediate gate adapted to provide a reaction surface for the compaction of refuse between said 15 intermediate gate and said material urging structure. Preferably said container structure is provided with a plurality of articulated compaction devices; said devices supported by hinges along said sides of said container structure; said devices acting through apertures in said 20 sides to intrude into a volume of refuse contained in said container structure. Preferably said articulated compaction devices are hinged from said roof of said container structure; said compaction devices acting through apertures in said roof. AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 .23 April 2004 - 13 Preferably said container structure is provided with at least one articulated section of said floor substructure; said section adapted to rise vertically within said container structure to provide compaction force 5 on a volume of refuse. Preferably said container structure is provided with at least one articulated section of said roof; said section adapted to descend vertically within said container structure to provide compaction force on a volume of 10 refuse. Preferably said material urging system is adapted to the transfer of a compacted volume of refuse from said container structure into a transport vehicle. Preferably said system is adapted to the retrofitting 15 of said system to existing refuse transfer stations. Preferably said system is adapted to the reduction in volume of any compactable material. Preferably said system is adapted to the discharge of material from a transport vehicle, the load container of 20 said vehicle forming a container structure. In a further preferred embodiment of the invention said material urging structure activating means includes a primary mechanical system and a secondary mechanical system. AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 14 Preferably said primary mechanical system includes a pair of hydraulic rams; each hydraulic ram of said pair of hydraulic rams affixed to a rearward end of one of said side wall substructures. 5 Preferably said piston rod of each hydraulic ram of said pair of hydraulic rams is connected to a respective engagement nest beam. Preferably each said respective engagement nest beam extends substantially the length of said container 10 structure. Preferably each said engagement nest beam is adapted to simultaneous guided reciprocal motion by in-stroke and outstroke action of said hydraulic ram. Preferably each nest of said engagement nest beam is 15 provided with an elongate slot. Preferably each said elongate slot lies in a common horizontal plane with said slot extending substantially along the length of said wall substructure. Preferably each successive said elongate slot is 20 spaced along each said respective engagement nest beam according to said in-stroke and out-stroke of said hydraulic ram. AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 15 Preferably said secondary mechanical system is at least partially incorporated within said material urging structure. Preferably said secondary mechanical system comprises 5 a pair of thrust tongue plates adapted to alternate between a first extended state so as to project from respective sides of said material urging structure and a second retracted state. Preferably said pair of thrust tongue plates are urged 10 between said first extended state and said second retracted state by hydraulic means. Preferably each one of said pair of thrust tongue plates projects through respective ones of said slots extending substantially along the length of respective said 15 wall substructures when in said first extended state. Preferably each one of said pair of thrust tongue plates is adapted to engage with one of said elongate slots when said thrust tongue plates are in said first extended state. 20 Preferably each one of said pair of thrust tongue plates is caused to engage with a respective said elongate slot when each said ram of said primary mechanism is in an in-stroked state. AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 16 Preferably each one of said pair of thrust tongue plates is caused to disengage from a respective elongate slot when said thrust tongue plates are retracted into said first state. 5 Preferably said material urging structure is incremented between an initial position and a successive position by stroking of said hydraulic ram while each one of said pair of thrust tongue plates is engaged with said respective elongate slot. 10 Preferably said material urging structure is incremented forwardly when said pair of hydraulic rams out strokes and rearwardly when said pair of hydraulic rams in strokes. Preferably each side wall of said side wall 15 substructures is provided with a plurality of apertures along the length of said container structure; successive ones of said apertures spaced according to said in-strokes and outstrokes of said pair of hydraulic rams. Preferably said secondary mechanical system includes a 20 pair of retainer tongue plates adapted to alternate between a first extended state so as to project from respective sides of said material urging structure and a second retracted state. AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 17 Preferably said retainer tongue plates project through respective ones of said plurality of apertures when in said first extended state. Preferably said retainer tongue plates are urged 5 between said first extended state and said second retracted state by hydraulic means. In a further preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided an incremental material urging system comprising; 10 (a) An elongate floor structure, (b) at least one guide element extending along a portion of said elongate floor structure, (c) a material urging structure adapted to incremental movement along said at least one 15 guide element, said urging structure provided with a load urging surface normal to said floor structure and transverse to said at least one guide element, (d) a material urging structure incrementing means. 20 Preferably said material urging structure includes a substantially vertical surface adapted to act against moveable load objects. Preferably said urging structure incrementing means include: AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 18 (a) at least one linear actuator, (b) a guide element clamping mechanism associated with each said at least one linear actuator. Preferably each said at least one linear actuator is 5 attached at a first end to a rear portion of said urging structure and at a second end to a said guide element clamping mechanism; said at least one linear actuator lying substantially in a vertical plane through a corresponding one of said at least one guide element. 10 Preferably said guide element clamping mechanism comprises a clamping caliper provided with gripping pads adapted to apply frictional force to each side of said at least one guide element. Preferably said at least one linear actuator is an 15 hydraulic ram. Preferably a said guide element clamping mechanism is activated by an hydraulic ram. Preferably an increment of said urging structure for the purpose of advancing said load objects along said floor 20 structure is effected by the steps of: (a) extension of said at least one linear actuator while said guide element clamping mechanism is activated to grip said at least one guide element, AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU0300349 23 April 2004 (b) deactivating said guide element clamping mechanism associated with each said at least one linear actuator, (c) retracting said at least one linear actuator. 5 Preferably an increment of said urging structure for the purpose of retracting said urging structure is effected by the steps of: (a) retraction of said linear actuator while said guide element clamping mechanism associated with 10 each said at least one linear actuator is activated to grip said guide element, (b) deactivating said guide element clamping mechanism, (c) extending said at least one linear actuator. 15 Pr.eferably said at least one guide element is a rail. Preferably said at least one guide element is a channel let into said elongate floor structure. In a further preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided an incremental material urging system 20 comprising; (a) an elongate floor structure, (b) at least one rail element extending along a portion of said elongate floor structure, AMENDED SHEET

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PCTIAU03/00349 23 April 2004 20 (c) a linear actuator linked by linking means to said at least one rail element, the axis of said actuator disposed in parallel alignment to said at least one rail element, said actuator adapted 5 to urge reciprocating movement of said at least one rail element along said elongate floor, (d) a material urging structure adapted to incremental movement along said at least one rail element, said urging structure provided with a 10 vertical load urging surface normal to said floor structure and transverse to said at least one rail element, (e) at least one urging structure clamping element, said element adapted to releasably lock said 15 urging structure to said at least one rail element. Preferably said material urging structure is supported on said at least one rail elements by friction reducing means. 20 Preferably wherein said material urging structure is supported by said floor structure by friction reducing means. Preferably said floor structure is provided with material urging structure arresting means. AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 21 Preferably said arresting means are comprised of a plurality of vertical articulated pins disposed in pairs transverse to said at least one rail element and at intervals along the length of said at least one rail $ element equivalent to the stroke length of said linear actuator, said pins adapted to move between a first retracted position flush with said floor and a second extended position projecting from said floor. Preferably said material urging structure is provided 10 with friction pads, said pads adapted to be driven downwardly relative to said urging structure so as to provide friction sufficient to arrest said structure at an incremented position. In a further preferred embodiment of the invention 15 there is provided an incremental material urging system adapted to the compaction of a volume of compactable material; said system comprising: (a) a container structure including floor, roof, and side wall structures closed at a first 20 rearward end, (b) a loading aperture in said roof for introducing said compactable material into said container structure, AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 22 (c) an incrementing urging structure adapted to traversing substantially the length of said container structure, (d) a discharge gate at a second forward end of 5 said container structure for the ejection of said compactable material. Preferably each of said side wall structures is provided with an elongate slot extending substantially the length of said container structure; said slot communicating 10 with the inside surface of each of said side wall structures. Preferably said urging structure is urged into incremental horizontal motion within said container structure by two cooperating mechanical systems. 15 Preferably a first one of said' two interacting mechanical systems is an incremental urging structure engagement mechanism. Preferably a second one of said two interacting mechanical systems is an urging structure driving 20 mechanism. Preferably said incrementing urging structure is comprised of a box-like structure having at least a material urging front compacting face substantially equal AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 23 in area and dimensions as the internal cross section of said container structure. Preferably said urging structure further includes side elements, top and bottom elements adapted to permit sliding 5 movement of said urging structure within said container structure. Preferably said urging structure engagement mechanism is disposed within said box-like structure. Preferably said engagement mechanism includes a pair 10 of thrust tongue plates each disposed at one of said sides of said urging structure and urged by actuator means so as to alternate between a first inwardly retracted state and a second outwardly projecting state; the arrangement being such as to cause each said engagement plate to project 15 outwardly through said elongate slot. Preferably said engagement mechanism further includes a pair of retainer tongue plates each disposed at one of said sides of said urging structure and urged by actuator means to alternate between a first inwardly retracted state 20 and a second outwardly projecting state; the arrangement being such as to cause each said retainer plate to engage with one of a plurality of retainer slots in said sidewall structures of said container structure. Preferably said actuator means are hydraulic rams. AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 24 Preferably said urging structure driving mechanism is comprised of two concurrently operating mechanisms disposed along the outside of each of said sidewall structures. Preferably each of said two mechanisms is comprised of 5 an incrementing hydraulic ram and an elongate member urged into reciprocal horizontal motion by said ram. Preferably said elongate member is provided with a plurality of equi-spaced engagement nests; each said nest including an elongate slot. 10 Preferably each said elongate slot of each of said engagement nests is coincident with said elongate slot in said side wall structure. Preferably each said elongate slot of said engagement nest is adapted to receive said engagement tongue plate 15 when said tongue plate is in said outwardly projecting state. Preferably spacing between said engagement nests is substantially equal to the stroke of said incrementing hydraulic ram. 20 Preferably spacing between said plurality of retainer slots is equal to said spacing between said engagement nests. AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 25 Preferably a method for forward incremental urging of said urging structure along the length of said container structure includes the steps of: (a) in-stroking said hydraulic rams of said driving 5 mechanism, (b) urging said thrust tongue plates into said second outwardly projecting state so as to engage with one of said plurality of engagement nests, 10 (c) out-stroking said hydraulic rams so as to urge said elongate member, said plurality of engagement nests and said urging structure one increment towards said forward end of said container structure, 15 (d) urging said retainer tongue plates into said second outwardly projecting state so as to engage with one of said plurality of said retainer slots, (e) urging said thrust tongue plates into said 20 first inwardly retracted state, (f) in-stroking said hydraulic rams, (g) iterating steps (a) to (f) until said urging structure reaches a maximum forwardly incremented position. AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 26 Preferably a method for rearward incremental urging of said urging structure along the length of said container structure includes the steps of: (a) out-stroking said hydraulic rams of said 5 driving mechanism, (b) urging said thrust tongue plates into said second outwardly projecting state so as to engage with one of said plurality of engagement nests, 10 (c) in-stroking said hydraulic rams so as to retract said elongate member, said plurality of engagement nests and said urging structure one increment towards said rearward end of said container structure, 15 (d) out-stroking said hydraulic rams, (e) iterating steps (a) to (d) until said urging structure reaches a maximum rearwardly incremented position. In a further preferred embodiment of the invention 20 there is provided a method for the compaction and transfer to a refuse transport means of a volume of refuse, said method including the steps of: (a) loading a quantity of refuse material through an opening in the roof of a container AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 27 structure, said container structure provided with an incrementing material urging structure and an openable discharge gate, (b) closing said opening so as to provide a sealed 5 container envelope for said quantity of refuse, (c) incrementally advancing said urging structure to a desired degree of compaction of said refuse material, (d) aligning the loading aperture of a refuse 10 transport means with said discharge gate of said container structure, (e) opening of said discharge gate and incrementing said material urging structure so as to discharge said refuse material into said refuse 15 transport means. Preferably each increment of said material urging structure from said fully retracted position towards said fully advanced position moves material towards said discharge end. 20 Preferably each increment of said material urging structure from said fully retracted position towards said fully advanced position moves material towards said discharge end. AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 28 In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention there is provided a method for the removal of material from the container structure of a transport vehicle, said method including the steps of: 5 (a) providing said container structure with a material urging structure, said structure provided with a load urging surface having an area equivalent to the internal cross-section of said container structure, 10 (b) activating said material urging structure with reciprocating mechanisms adapted to increment said urging structure between a first retracted end to a second discharge end. In a further broad form of the invention there is 15 provided a method for the movement of material along a supporting surface from a first position to a second position, said method including the steps of: (a) providing said supporting surface with a material urging structure, said structure 20 provided with a load urging surface normal to said supporting surface, (b) activating said material urging structure with reciprocating mechanisms adapted to increment AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 29 said urging structure between said first position and said second position. Preferably each increment of said material urging structure from said fully retracted position towards said 5 fully advanced position moves material towards said discharge end. Preferably each increment of said material urging structure from said fully retracted position towards said fully advanced position moves material towards said 10 discharge end. Preferably each increment of said material urging structure from said fully retracted position towards said fully advanced position moves material towards said discharge end. 15 In a further preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided a material urging structure adapted to the transfer of material from a first loaded position to second unloaded position by incremental movements induced by reciprocating extensible urging means; where said 20 reciprocating extensible urging means have an operating stroke significantly smaller than the separation between said first loaded position and said second unloaded position. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 30 Embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein: Figure 1 is a general perspective view of the first 5 and second preferred embodiments of the invention, Figure 2a and 2b show a first and second embodiment of the invention in use, Figure 3 is a cross-section view of a side wall substructure according to the first preferred embodiment of 10 the invention, Figure 4 is a side view of the side wall substructure of Figure 3, Figures 5a to 5c show a first operating sequence of a component of part of the first preferred embodiment of the 15 invention, Figures 6a to 6c show a second operating sequence of the component of Figures 5a to 5c, Figure 7 is a cross-section view of a side wall substructure according to the second preferred embodiment 20 of the invention, Figures Ga to Bc show a first operating sequence of a component part of the embodiment of Figure 7, Figures 9a to 9c show a second operating sequence of a component part of the embodiment of Figure 7, AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 31 Figures 10a and 10c show a third operating sequence of a component part of the embodiment of Figure 7, Figure 11 is a perspective view of a third embodiment of the invention, 5 Figure 12 is a perspective view of a fifth preferred embodiment of the invention, Figure 13 is a perspective view of a sixth preferred embodiment of the invention, Figure 14 is a perspective view of a seventh preferred 10 embodiment of the invention. Figure 15 is a perspective view of a further preferred embodiment of a material urging structure when viewed from the rear. Figure 16 is a perspective view of one of a pair of 15 primary mechanical systems for the embodiment of figure 15. Figure 17 is an enlarged perspective view of a secondary mechanical system for the embodiment of figure 15. Figure 18 is an elevation view of part of a container 20 structure with side wall sheeting partially removed to show the material urging structure of figure 15. AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 32 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EmODIMENTs First Embodiment A first preferred embodiment of the invention will now 5 be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which a material urging system is adapted to the compaction of loose material. With reference to the perspective view of Figure 1 a material urging system 10 comprises a container structure 10 11 including floor substructure 15, wall substructures 16, a discharge gate 21 and material urging structure 12. Roof 17 includes top opening 18 and top opening cover 19. Preferably top opening cover 19 and discharge gate 21 are operated by hydraulic rams 20 and 23 respectively. 15 Figure 1 shows material urging structure 12 in its fully advanced position projecting through discharge gate opening 22 with discharge gate 21 in its open position. When material urging structure 12 is in a fully retracted position at rear end 13 of container structure 11, 20 compactable material may be inserted into the container through top opening 18. With the top opening cover 19 closed and discharge gate 21 lowered, material urging structure 12 is driven towards the forward end 14, thereby compacting any material in the container against the 25 discharge gate 21. AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 33 Figure 2a shows material urging system 10 in loading mode, with side wall substructure and part of internal wall sheeting removed for clarity, and where material urging structure 12 is fully retracted at rear end 13 of container 5 structure 11 and compactable material 24 is introduced through top opening 18. Figure 2b shows material urging system 10 with side wall substructure 16 removed for clarity, and where compacted material. 25 has been ejected through opened 10 discharge gate 21 into transport vehicle 26. The process of compaction of compactable material according to this first embodiment of the invention will now be described in more detail. Figure 3 is a cross section of a wall substructure 16 15 as viewed from the forward end 14 of container structure 11, It should be noted that the wall substructure 16 and all associated components shown in Figures 3 and 4 are symmetrically duplicated for the opposite side wall of container structure 11 and the mechanism hereinafter 20 described works in unison on both sides of the container structure. Wall substructure 16 includes upper frame structure 34 and lower frame structure 35 made up of a plurality of vertical frame members 27 and horizontal frame members 28 AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 34 (as further illustrated in Figure 4). Affixed internally to upper frame structure 34 and lower frame structure 35 are upper wall sheeting portion 30 and lower wall sheeting portion 31 respectively. 5 The upper and lower portions of wall sheeting 30 and 31 and frame structures 34 and 35, are separated so as to form a horizontal slot 32 extending substantially for the length of the container structure 11. Joining webs 36 are rigidly connected to each corresponding upper and lower 10 vertical frame member 27 to effectively combine upper and lower frame structures 34 and 35 into a unified rigid structure. Still with reference to Figure 3, a pair of longitudinal rail members 37 disposed side by side are 15 provided of which the inner rail member is attached to upper wall section vertical frame members 27 and the outer rail member is attached to the joining webs 36. Rail members 37 are spaced apart so as to leave a vertical slot 40 between their adjoining sides. Rail members 37 extend 20 the length of container structure 11 and are preferably in the form of rectangular section steel tubing. The upper, lower and adjoining surfaces of longitudinal rail members 37 are provided with bearing strip material 38. AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 35 Interposed between adjoining longitudinal rails 37 is an I-beam 39 oriented so that its central web hangs vertically in slot 40 with the underside surfaces of its upper flange supported on the bearing strip material 38 5 covering the upper surfaces of longitudinal rail members 37. The sizes of rail members 37, I-beam 39 and bearing strip material 38 are so chosen as to allow a sliding fit reciprocating movement of I-beam 39 on rails and bearing strips. 10 Attached to the upper flange of I-beam 39 is thrust block 41. A main hydraulic ram 42, attached to wall substructure 16 at the ram's passive end 43, and to thrust block 41 at its rod end 44, is adapted to impart the reciprocating movement to I-beam 39. 15 Attached to the lower flange of I-beam 39 is a plurality of thrust assemblies 46a to 46n. Each thrust assembly 46 includes a double ended pawl 40 of which a first end 51 is visible in Figure 3. Pawl 48 is mounted on pivot shaft 50 supported in thrust assembly support 47 and 20 may be rotated about pivot shaft 50 by pawl actuator means 49 so as to bring one of its ends down to the level of slot 32; its other end then having been rotated into a position above and clear of the level of slot 32. AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 36 Material urging structure 12 is adapted to slide on floor 15 and is a close sliding fit between internal wall sheeting 29 and roof 17. Each side of material urging structure 12 is provided with projecting lug 45, adapted to 5 extend through slot 32 so as to engage with one end of double ended pawl 48. Figure 4 shows a side view of material urging system 10 from which the internal wall sheeting has been omitted for clarity. 10 Material urging structure 12 shown as hatched, has been moved towards the discharge gate 21 of container structure 11 to the position shown, by a first extension stroke of hydraulic ram 42 acting on I-beam 39. First movement of I-beam 39 was transferred to projecting lug 45 15 through pawl first end 51a of thrust assembly 46a. As shown in Figure 4, main ram 42 is in its retracted state ready to move material urging structure 12 a second increment towards the discharge gate by driving pawl end 51b of thrust assembly 46b against projecting lug 45. 20 The interaction of material urging structure 12 projecting lug 45 and a thrust assembly 46 will now be described in detail with reference to Figures 4 and 5a to Sd. Again it should be noted that the actions described are AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 37 symmetrically duplicated for both sides of container structure 11. At the start of a compaction sequence, material urging structure 12 is fully in its retracted position at rear end 5 13 of container structure 11 (Figure 4) . As shown in Figure 5a, projecting lug 45 is then forward, (that is towards the forward end 14), of thrust assembly 46a. At this stage, thrust assembly pawl actuator 49a is in retracted mode which has rotated first end 51a of pawl 48a in forward 10 thrust position. Main ram 42 now extends for a first compaction stroke, sliding I-beam 39 forward together with thrust assembly 46a, to force lug 45 and hence material urging structure forward to a first incremented position. Hydraulic ram 42 now retracts, to pull I-beam 39 back 15 to its initial position. This requires second thrust assembly 46b to pass the projecting lug 45 as shown in Figure 5b and 5c. This is achieved by de-activating pawl actuator 49b, allowing double ended pawl 48b to rotate about pawl pivot shaft 50b as upwardly sloping face 56b is 20 forced against the lug 45. When ram 42 is fully retracted, pawl actuator 49b is returned to its retracted position, thus rotating first end 51b of pawl 48b to its forward thrust position as shown in Figure 5d. AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 38 This sequence is repeated until material urging structure 12 reaches a point of maximum or desired compaction. Discharge gate 21 is then opened and the compacted material incrementally advanced until material 5 urging structure 12 reaches its forward limit at forward end 14 of container structure 11, projecting through opened discharge gate 21. Depending on the material being compacted, the material urging structure 12 may be subject to a degree of 10 "spring-back", especially as maximum compaction is approached towards the end of the compaction process. This can force the urging structure back into a position where the next thrust assembly cannot be retracted back past the projecting lug and hence no further incremental movement of 15 the urging structure is possible. To prevent this situation, material urging structure 12 may be fitted with braking or locking means which are activated during the retraction of I-beam 39 and until the double ended pawls are returned to the forward thrust position. 20 For the incremental movements towards forward end 14, main ram 42 does not out-stroke to its full extent, the stroke being controlled by suitable limit switches. This is to allow the furthest forward thrust assembly 46n to be driven just past lug 45, (when second end 52n has been AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 39 rotated to its reverse thrust position and its actuator is de-activated), by a full extension of the main ram 42. After extending pawl actuator 49n to reset second end 52n to the reverse thrust position, the first return increment 5 of material urging structure 12 towards rear end 13 of container structure 11 may be made. This process is shown in Figures 6a to 6c. Initially I-beam 39 with thrust assembly 46n is partially retracted by main ram 42 to allow pawl actuator 49n to extend, 10 thereby rotating pawl 4n to bring second end 52n of pawl 48n into its reverse thrust position as shown in Figure 6a. With pawl actuator 49n de-activated, thrust assembly 46n is pushed past lug 45 by the full extension of main ram 42 as shown in Figure 6b. Pawl actuator 49n now extends to 15 reset second end 52n to its reverse thrust position as shown in Figure 6c. Retraction of main ram 42 now forces material urging structure 12 into a first retracted position. Extension of main ram 42, (while pawl actuator 49n-1 is de-activated), allows thrust assembly 46n-1 to be 20 pushed past lug 45. After second end 52n-1 of pawl 48n-1 has been set to its reverse thrust position, the next retraction of ram 42 forces the material urging structure 12 into a second retracted position. AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 40 This sequence is repeated until the material urging structure 12 is returned to its fully retracted position at rear end 13 of container housing 11. The retraction strokes of main ram 42 for the incremental retraction of material 5 urging structure 12 are shorter than the full retraction stroke of main ram 42, the stroke being limited by suitable limit switches. This is to allow the first thrust assembly 46a to be retracted past lug 45 by a full retraction of the ram to re-commence the incremental compaction sequence 10 described above. In use, the incremental advance of the material urging structure towards the forward end of container structure 11, occurs once a quantity of compactable material has been introduced into container structure 11 and both the top 15 opening cover 19 and discharge gate 21 are closed. When a desired degree of compaction has been achieved at some point during the advance of material urging structure 12, discharge gate 21 is opened and the compacted material ejected by the completion of the incremental advance of the 20 urging structure. As an aid to the compaction process, an optional intermediate compaction gate may be located at some point between the top opening and the discharge gate. This allows smaller quantities of refuse material to be compacted and, AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 41 once compacted, to be pushed past the intermediate gate. This has the advantage of achieving a higher, compaction density of the final compacted load available for transfer to the refuse transport vehicle. 5 Second Embodiment In a second preferred embodiment of the invention, the construction of the container structure is as that previously described for the First Embodiment above and, as before, both sides of the container structure are 10 symmetrical and carry symmetrical mechanical systems. Like features are numbered as for the first embodiment but with the addition of 100 so that for example feature 39 is number 139 in this embodiment and so forth. With reference to Figure 7 I-beam 139 is supported by 15 twin longitudinal rail members 137 and is connected to main hydraulic ram 142 via thrust block 141. Attached at intervals along the underside of I-bean 139 are thrust assemblies 146, the end view of one of which, as seen from the forward end of the container structure 111, is shown in 20 Figure 7. In this embodiment thrust assembly 146 is comprised of clevis mount 160 carrying pawl pivot shaft 150 about which rotates double ended pawl 148. Rigidly connected to pawl 148 as may best be seen in Figure Ga, is control bracket 161 which in turn carries control pivot AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 42 shaft 162. Again with reference to Figure Ga, control pivot shaft 162 is pivotally connected by means of bearing 163 to control arm 164. Control arm 164 similarly connects to each of the 5 control pivot shafts 162 of each of the thrust assemblies 146 whereby reciprocating movements of control arm 164 have the effect of rotating the attitude of double ended pawls 148 between a forwardly incrementing thrust position as in Figure 8a and a rearwardly incrementing thrust position as 10 in Figure 8c. Control arm 164 is connected to a pawl control actuator 166 (shown in Figure 10a), such as an hydraulic ram, mounted to I-beam 139 at rear end 113 of container structure 111, so that by the operation of this single 15 actuator, the operating positions of all double ended pawls may be changed in unison. Intermediate incrementing of material urging structure With reference to Figure 8a, at the beginning of an 20 intermediate increment of the material urging structure 112 towards the forward end 114 of container structure 111, the pawl control actuator is in its retracted position so that control arm 164 has rotated all double ended pawls 148 into the forwardly incrementing thrust position as shown in AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 43 Figure 8a. I-beam 139 is now urged towards forward end 114 by the extending of main ram 142. This brings first end 151(i) of pawls 148(i) of that thrust assembly 146(i) which is closest to projecting lug 5 145 of the material urging structure 112 (represented in Figures 8a to 8c by a dashed line) into contact with projecting lug 145, thereby driving the material urging structure forward towards forward end 114. Thus in Figure 8a, it is first end 151(i) of double pawl 148(i) of thrust 10 assembly 146(i) which has contacted projecting lug 145 and drives material urging structure 112. When this stroke of I-beam 139 has reached its limit, pressure is released from the pawl control actuator and I beam 139 is retracted by hydraulic ram 142. Towards the end 15 of this retraction stroke, the next forward thrust assembly 146(i+1) to assembly 146i just used to drive the material urging structure forward, has to pass the projecting lug 145. This situation is shown in Figure 8b, (in which the control bracket 161(i+1) and control arm 164 have been 20 partly removed for clarity) where thrust assembly 146(i+1) has reached projecting lug 145. As thrust assembly 1461+1 continues to be retracted, double ended pawl 148(i+l) is forced to rotate about pawl pivot shaft 150(i+1) as the AMENDED SUEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 44 upwardly sloping face 156(i+1) is forced against projecting lug 145. This rotation continues until first end 151(1+1) of double ended pawl 148(i+1)- slides over the top of 5 projecting lug 145 as shown in Figure 8c. At the limit of retraction of I-beam 139, double ended pawl 148(i+l) (together with all double ended pawls of the thrust assemblies) is rotated back into the forward thrust position of Figure 8a by the retraction of the pawl control 10 actuator. This sequence is repeated until material urging structure 112 reaches a point of maximum or desired compaction. Discharge gate 21 is then opened and the compacted material incrementally advanced until the 15 material urging structure reaches its forward limit at forward end 114 of container structure 111, projecting through opened discharge gate 121. To prevent "spring-back" of the material urging structure 112 induced by the compacted material driven 20 before it, urging structure 112 may preferably be fitted with braking or locking means to retain its incremented position while thrust assemblies are being retracted for a next forward increment. AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 -.45 Fist return increment The final forward incremental stroke of the main rams drives the material urging structure through the discharge gate sufficiently far to completely push the compacted 5 material into the adjoining transport vehicle as shown in Figure 2b. At this point the furthest forward thrust assembly 146n which has moved the urging structure to this final discharge position remains behind the projecting lug 145 of the urging structure. To make the initial 10 incremental return of the urging structure, a return thrust block 165 is attached to the end of I-beam 139 just forward of the furthest forward thrust assembly 146n as shown in Figure 9a. When I-beam 139 is retracted, thrust return block 165 15 acts on projecting lug 145 and material urging structure 112 is moved a first partial return increment towards the rear end 113 of container structure 111. The pawl control actuator now extends to rotate double ended pawls 148n into their return thrust position as shown in Figure 9b. With 20 pressure released from the pawl control actuator to allow rotation of double ended pawl 148n through contact with the projecting lug 145, I-beam 139 is now driven forward, pushing thrust assembly 146n past projecting lug 145. The pawl control ram now extends to return double ended pawls AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 46 146n into the return thrust position shown in Figure 9c enabling the retraction stroke of I-beam 139 to complete the first return increment of material urging structure 112 towards rear end 113. 5 The remaining returning increments are a reverse procedure of the intermediate incrementing sequence described above. rirst forward increment 10 The final rearward incremental retraction of the main rams 142 causes projecting lug 145 to reach the position at rear end 113 of container structure 111 as shown in Figure 10a. I-beam 139 is provided at this end with a forward thrust block 167. 15 At the first extension of main ram 142 from this position of the material urging structure 112 at rear end 113, it is the forward thrust block 167 which pushes the projecting lug 145 and hence material urging structure 112 forward to the first partially incremented position shown 20 in Figure 10b. When this position has been reached, pawl control actuator is retracted to rotate double ended pawl 148a into its forward thrust position as shown in Figure 10b. AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 47 Pressure is then released from the pawl control actuator and the I-beam retracted to pull thrust assembly 146a past projecting lug 145. Pawl control actuator 166 then retracts to return double ended pawls 148a into their 5 forward thrust position. The main ram 142 then extends to complete the first incremental advance of the material urging structure, followed by the intermediate increment sequence described above. As with the first embodiment, in this embodiment of 10 the invention also, the container structure may optionally be fitted with an intermediate compaction gate to allow the sequential assembling of a full compacted load from smaller compacted quantities of waste material. Although both the first and the second embodiments 15 described above are directed at compaction and the incremental urging mechanisms act in conjunction with a container structure, the principle of the mechanisms may be applied for example to drive solid materials along .a supporting surface. Thus the system may be adapted to drive 20 an array of palletized materials or containers along the length of a loading dock for transfer into a transport vehicle. In such a system the urging mechanisms may be disposed at floor level or recessed into channels along both sides of the dock with the equivalent of the material AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 -48 urging structure adapted to slide on the surface of the loading dock or on suitable friction reducing means such as rails or wheels or a combination of these. Third Embodiment 5 While uni-directional compaction of a volume of refuse as described in the above embodiments greatly reduces the cost of waste handling and transportation, greater compaction and further economies can be achieved by applying compressive forces in more localized areas and in 10 different directions within the refuse volume. There are therefore provided in this embodiment additional devices which may optionally be fitted to the container structure of the first and second embodiments as previously described. 15 With reference to Figure 11, a refuse compacting container structure 211 is constructed in similar manner to the container structures of the first and second embodiments and incorporates a material urging structure 212 and incremental urging mechanisms, (not shown) as 20 previously described. Likewise it is provided with top opening 218 and top opening cover 219 and a discharge gate 213. As with the first and second embodiments the structure may optionally be provided with an intermediate compaction AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 49 gate to allow for the compaction of smaller quantities of refuse material. In a preferred first form of this embodiment, at least one additional compaction device 220 is provided along each 5 of the two side walls 216 of the container structure 211 in the area between the top opening and the discharge end of the container. Where a container structure is provided with an intermediate compaction gate the additional compaction devices may best be placed in the area between the top 10 opening and the intermediate gate, but could also be located between the intermediate gate and the discharge gate or even in both these areas. Again with reference to Figure 11, each device 220 is in the form of a generally rectangular shaped compactor 15 plate 230 attached to a support structure 224. Support structure 234 is hinged at end 231 to pivot about a shaft 232 located in bearing housings 233 attached to the side wall members 216. The support structure 234 is adapted to pivotally accept the rod end of an hydraulic ram 235, the 20 passive end 236 of which is pivotally attached to the side wall of the container structure. Apertures in the side walls are adapted to accept the shape of the compactor plate 230 and attachment structure 234 so that when the hydraulic ram of a compaction device AMENDED SKEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 50 is activated, the compactor plate is rotationally driven through the aperture to impact on any refuse material in that area of the container structure. Initially, during the loading of refuse into the 5 container structure and subsequently during the passage of the material urging structure towards the forward end, the compactor plates of the compaction devices are maintained flush with the internal walls of the container structure. The devices are best brought into action when a sufficient 10 amount of partly compacted material has been accumulated in the area in which the devices are located. Attachment structures 234 are preferably shaped so as to shut off the aperture through which the compaction device acts so as to prevent refuse material being pulled 15 back through the aperture 237 as the compactor plate 230 is retracted to its position flush with the internal surface the of side wall. In a second preferred form of this embodiment the additional compaction devices are mounted from the roof of 20 the container structure and operate through apertures in the roof. Fourth Embodiment AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 51 In a further preferred embodiment of the invention the container structure of the first and second embodiments as described above is provided with other additional compaction urging sub-systems. In this form at least a 5 portion of the floor of the container structure is articulated so as to be driven vertically upward by actuators so as to intrude into the container volume from below. The floor portion may be so articulated as a single section or in a number of sections so as to apply maximum 10 compaction force to relatively small volumes of compactable material. Similarly, a portion of the roof of the container structure, singly or in sections, may be articulated to provide compaction force from above. These compacting 15 forces acting from below and from above may then be applied together or in an alternating sequence to the compactable material to provide the maximum disturbance so as to minimise voids. A sequence may include periods where both the upper and lower compacting surfaces advance followed by 20 rapid reversals of direction so as to agitate the material. In a further aid to agitation the floor of the container structure may be provided with oscillating or reciprocating plate sections set into shallow scalloped recesses so as not to impede the advance of the AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 52 incrementing material urging structure as described in the previous embodiments. Fifth Embodiment 5 In a fifth preferred embodiment of the invention, the incremental advancing mechanism of the first or second embodiments described above is adapted to the unloading of a transport vehicle. In this instance the object of the mechanism is not to compact but to remove a substantially 10 unobstructed load, such as for example a compacted refuse load from a transport vehicle. With reference to Figure 12, a transport vehicle 300 is shown in which the outer surface of one side and a portion of the internal wall of that side have been 15 removed. Transport vehicle 300 is provided with material urging structure 310 extending between floor 313, ceiling 315 and internal walls 314 and adapted to slide along the floor 313 of the vehicle. Disposed along each side of the transport vehicle are 20 urging mechanisms 319. Urging mechanisms 319 include rail structures extending along the length of the vehicle, which carry reciprocating beams activated by hydraulic rams 316. Each reciprocating beam is provided with thrust assemblies at intervals along its length; these assemblies being in AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 53 the form described in the first or second embodiments above. Since no compaction is required the hydraulic rams driving the material urging structure are of significantly smaller diameter, and the components of the incrementing 5 mechanism proportionately lighter in construction than those of the previously described embodiments. The thrust assemblies are caused to act sequentially on material urging structure 310 which is provided, after the manner of the previously described embodiments, with 10 lugs which project from each of its sides through slots 318 along internal walls 314 of the vehicle. In use, a transport vehicle fitted with this mechanism is loaded while material urging structure 310 is fully retracted to the front end 311 of the vehicle 300. At a 15 discharge site it remains simply to open the doors at rear end 312 and activate the incremental advancing mechanisms to completely empty the transport vehicle. Sixth Embodiment 20 In a sixth embodiment of an incremental material urging system there is provided a rail system, a material urging structure and an incrementing drive mechanism. With reference to Figure 13, floor 410 is provided with at least a pair of parallel spaced apart fixed rails AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 54 411. A material urging structure 412 is adapted to move along rails 411, supported on friction reducing means such as bearing surfaces, internally mounted wheels or linear bearings. Pivotally attached at the rear end 413 of urging 5 structure 412 are extendable linear actuators 414, which may, for example, be pneumatic or hydraulic rams. The active or rod ends 415 of linear actuators 414 are provide with clamping mechanisms 416 adapted to slide along rails 411 when released and, when activated, clamp onto the sides 10 of the rails with suitable calipers. For the material urging structure 412 to incrementally advance along rails 411, linear actuators 414 are initially retracted as shown in Figure 13a. Clamping mechanisms 416 are then activated to clamp onto rails 411 and the linear 15 actuators extended as in Figure 13b to push the urging structure along the rails. The clamping mechanisms are now released and the actuators retracted, upon which the sequence of clamping, extending the actuators, releasing the clamps and retracting the actuators is repeated to 20 incrementally advance the urging structure along the rails. Urging structure 412 may be incrementally reversed along the rails by a reverse sequence of the linear actuator extensions and retractions and the clamping mechanisms. AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 55 In an alternative preferred form of this embodiment, the rails may be substituted by channels let into a floor structure and in which the clamping mechanisms comprise outwardly acting calipers to act on the internal sides of 5 the channels. In this form of the embodiment the urging structure may be adapted to slide on the floor surface or be, provided with friction reducing means such as for example wheels. In use, the mechanism may be used to advance objects 10 along a platform such as for example a loading dock. Thus, again by 'way of example, an array of two rows of pallets making up the entire load intended for a flat bed transport vehicle may be transferred from the loading dock in a series of incremental linear movements. For this 15 application a preferred arrangement of the rails is that of two pairs of rails, each pair suitably spaced to provide support and guidance to the rows of pallets. In further examples of applications of this embodiment, the device may be installed in a transport 20 vehicle for the purpose of ejecting a load from the vehicle, or when fitted to the container structure of a refuse transfer station it may be used to incrementally drive a material urging structure. AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 56 In yet a further example of the use of the device, the rails may include curved sections. The urging structure may be fitted with braking means to maintain it at any incremented position while the linear 5 actuators re-position the clamping mechanisms. When provided with such braking means the urging structure may be adapted to operate along inclined surfaces. Seventh Embodiment 10 In a seventh preferred embodiment of the invention an incremental material urging system comprises a set of reciprocating rail structures, a material urging structure and clamping mechanisms. With reference to Figure 14, floor structure 510 is 15 provided with at least a pair of parallel spaced apart rails 511 adapted to slide on the floor surface or on a series of suitable linear bearings or wear pads (not shown). Rails are interconnected by yoke 513 at one end and yoke 513 is in turn connected to a linear actuator 514 such 20 as, for example, an hydraulic ram. Floor structure 510 is further provided with a plurality of arresting pins 517 retracted flush with the floor when not in use but adapted to project a certain distance above floor level when required. Arresting pins AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 57 517 are arranged, preferably in pairs transverse to the rails, at intervals along floor 510 corresponding to the stroke length of linear actuator 514. A material urging structure 512 is adapted to ride on 5 rails 511 and is provided with clamping mechanisms 516 adapted to grip onto the rails. An incremental movement of material urging structure 512 may then be effected by applying clamps 516 and activating linear actuator 514 to urge an incremental movement of rails 511 thereby forcing a 10 corresponding movement of urging structure 512. Thus for a movement in the direction away from the linear actuator as mounted in Figure 14, the extension of the linear actuator with the clamping mechanisms locking it to the rails, will drive the urging structure in the 15 desired direction. For a subsequent increment the arresting pins immediately behind the current position of the urging structure are raised to project from the floor, the clamps are released and the linear actuator retracted to draw the rails back into their initial position ready for the next 20 increment. Clearly the sequence when reversed allows for the movement of the urging structure in the opposite direction also. In a further form of this embodiment the arresting pins acting through the floor may be replaced by a locking AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 58 system incorporated in the material urging structure itself. One form of such a locking system comprises friction pads driven downwardly from the urging structure against the floor, providing sufficient friction to prevent 5 the urging structure from being moved from its current position through the repositioning of the rails for the next increment. In a further preferred form, the urging structure is lifted clear of contact with the rails while these are retracted for a next increment. 10 In yet a further alternative form of this embodiment the material urging structure is supported on wheels or other friction reducing means on the floor and not on the articulated rails which instead pass through clearance channels in the structure or below the structure so that 15 when the clamps are released the rails may be relocated with no disturbance to the urging structure. The device as described may be used as both a means of transferring a load from a loading dock onto a transport vehicle or, when fitted to the floor of a transport 20 vehicle, for the unloading of that vehicle. Again, when fitted to the container structure of a refuse transfer station the device may be used to drive a material urging structure for the compaction of a refuse load. AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 59 Elghth Embodiment In yet a further embodiment of an incremental material urging system adapted to the compaction of loose material, 5 a container structure similar to that previously described for the first embodiment herein above and shown in figure 1, also comprises a floor substructure, wall substructures, a roof substructure and a discharge gate disposed at a forward end of the container structure. A portion of the 10 rearward end of the present container structure 700 is shown in figure 18. A material urging structure 600 of the present embodiment shown in figure 15 is preferably of substantially box-shaped construction, having sides 610 and 15 611, top 612, bottom 613 and front compacting face 614. Material urging structure 600 is adapted to substantially traverse the length of the container structure and is dimensioned so as to leave minimal clearance between urging structure 600 and the internal surfaces of the floor, walls 20 and roof substructures of container structure 700. Prior to a compaction phase of the material urging system the material urging structure 600 is retracted towards a rearward end 702 (that is the end opposite to the discharge gate) of the container structure 700, at least to an extent AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 60 that loading of material to be compacted may be introduced into the container structure. This may be accomplished for example through a top opening provided with a top opening cover or through side apertures as previously described. 5 ' The material urging structure 600 is urged into incremental movement in both an advancing and compacting forward direction, that is towards the discharge gate, and a retracting direction, through the interaction of two hydraulically driven mechanical systems; a driving system 10 and an engagement system. The first of these, the driving system, includes two identical mechanisms disposed one on each side of the container structure 700. With reference to figure 16 in which one of these mechanisms 650 is illustrated, each 15 includes an hydraulic ram 651 affixed by mounting bracket 652 to the outside of the side wall substructure 704 at the rearward end 702 of the container structure as best seen in figure 18. Both rams and mechanisms 650 on each side of the container structure are arranged to stroke in unison. The 20 piston rod 653 of each ram 651 drives an engagement nest beam 654 extending substantially the length of the container structure 700 and guided, for example by roller elements 655, so as to allow the beam 654 to be driven into horizontal reciprocating motion by its respective ram 651. AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 61 Engagement nest beam 654 is provided with a number of engagement nests 656 rigidly connected to the beam 654 and equi-spaced along the length of the beam; the spacing conforming to the stroke of the ram 651. Each nest 655 may 5 take the form of a plate 657 in which is provided an elongate slot 658. These elongate slots 658 then lie along a common horizontal line at a level coincident with the continuous slot 706 in each side wall substructure 704 which extends substantially along the length the container 10 structure as previously described in the first preferred embodiment above. The second mechanical system, that is the engagement system mechanism 615, is shown in figure 15 and is incorporated within the material urging structure 600. With 15 reference to the enlarged view of the mechanism 615 in figure 17, a first thrust tongue plate 616 and second thrust tongue plate 617 are slidably supported between horizontal guide rails 618 and 619 and between upper and lower guide plates 620 and 621. Each thrust tongue plate 20 616 and 617 is pivotally connected to a linkage arm 622 and 623 respectively which in turn are pivotally connected to a central pivot arm 624. Central pivot arm 624 is arranged to rotate about fixed vertical pivot axis 625 mounted between support plates 626. AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 62 Mounted to and between the inner ends of first thrust tongue plate 616 and second thrust tongue plate 617 is a thrust tongue hydraulic ram 627. It will be clear that by means of the mechanism of linkage arms 622 and 623 and 5 central pivot arm 624, first thrust tongue plate 616 and second thrust tongue plate 617 will retract inwardly when thrust tongue hydraulic ram 627 in-strokes and extend outwardly to the position shown in figure 17 when the thrust tongue hydraulic ram 627 out-strokes. 10 Referring again to figure 15, it can be seen that the mechanism 615 is so located within material urging structure 600 that when the thrust tongue hydraulic ram 627 is in its out-stroked position, first and second thrust tongues 616 and 617 project through slots 628 and 629 in 15 the sides of material urging structure 600. These slots are positioned to coincide with the continuous slot 706 in each side wall substructures 704 of the container structure 700 when urging structure 600 is installed. Second mechanism 615 is further provided with first 20 and second retainer tongue plates 630 and 631, each of which is urged into reciprocal motion by hydraulic rams 632 and 633 respectively. When hydraulic rams 632 and 633 are in out-stroked position (as shown in figure 17) first and second retainer tongue plates 630 and 631 project through AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 63 slots in the sides of material urging structure 600 as can be seen in figure 15 (second retainer tongue 631 is hidden from view). Each side wall substructure 704 of the container 5 structure 700 is provided with a series of retainer slots 708 as shown in figure 19 arranged below the continuous slot 706 in the side walls of the container structure and adapted to coincide with the positions of first and second retainer tongue plates 630 and 631 when material urging 10 structure 600 is at each of incremented positions along the length of the container structure. Thus the interval between successive retainer slots is equal to the spacing of engagement nests 655 and the stroke of the rams 651. In figure 18 urging structure 600 is shown at an intermediate 15 position between two incremented locations. The slots 706 are sized to accept the insertion of retainer tongue plates 630 and 631 as a sliding fit so as to lock material urging structure 600 into a currently incremented position. 20 To effect a forwardly incrementing movement of the material urging structure 600, rams 651 are initially in an in-stroked condition. First and second thrust tongues 616 and 617 are then urged into an outwardly extended position by the out-stroking of thrust tongue hydraulic ram 627 so AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 64 as to project through the continuous slots in the side walls of the container structure and engage with coinciding slots 658 of engagement nests 656 of each of the driving system engagement nest beams 654. 5 As first and second thrust tongues 616 and 617 engage with aligned nest slots 658, first and second retainer tongues 630 and 631 are retracted from engagement with their respective coinciding retainer slots 708. The driving system rams 651 then out-stroke to drive material urging 10 structure 600 into a next advanced position where retainer tongues 630 and 631 are urged outwardly to engage with the corresponding retainer slots 708 in the side walls. This prevents any partial retraction of the material urging structure 600 which may be induced by the reaction force of 15 compressed material between material urging structure and the discharge gate. The first and second thrust tongues 616 and 617 are now retracted from their engaged position with the slots 658 of nests 656 of the engagement nest beams 654 thus 20 allowing the rams 651 of the driving mechanical system 650 to retract. This brings the next forward nests 656 of the engagement nest beams 654 into coincidence with the thrust tongue positions of the material urging structure to allow for a further incrementing cycle. AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 65 The discharge gate may be opened when the material urging structure 600 has reached a position relative to the engagement nests 656 where the compression of the material between the discharge gate and the material urging 5 structure has reached a desired degree. This will generally occur well before the most forwardly incremented position available. Preferably sufficient material is loaded into the container structure, and that point of desired compression achieved, when the volume of the compressed 10 material is approximately equal to that of a transport vehicle brought into alignment with the container structure at the discharge end. Further forward increments of the material urging structure may then be used to drive the compressed volume 15 of material into the transport vehicle through the opened discharge gate. In at least one preferred form of the present embodiment the last forward stroke of the primary system and the configuration of the material urging structure are such that the material urging structure 20 projects sufficiently through the discharge gate to fully drive a load of compacted material into an abutting transport vehicle. At the final forward increment the first and second thrust tongue plates 616 and 617 remain engaged with their AMENDED SHEET

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PCT/AU03/00349 23 April 2004 - 66 respective nests and the subsequent in-strokes of the primary system rams 651 then constitute the first retraction of the material urging structure 600. Further retraction cycles may - be effected by sequences of 5 retraction of first and second thrust tongue plates, out stroking of the primary system rams and re-engagement of the first and second thrust tongue plates with the next coincident nests of the engagement nest beams. Since there is no reaction force of compressed material acting on the 10 material urging structure, the use of the first and second retainer tongues during retraction is not required. The above describes only some embodiments of the present invention and modifications, obvious to those 15 skilled in the art, can be made thereto without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention, AMENDED SHEBT

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Claims (20)

1. A waste compaction system adapted to the compaction of a volume of compactable material; said system comprising: 5 (a) a container structure including floor, roof, and side wall structures; said container structure closed at a rearward end, (b) a loading aperture in said roof for introducing said compactable material into said container 10 structure, (c) an incrementing urging structure adapted to traversing substantially the length of said container structure from a fully retracted position at said rearward end of said container 15 structure, to a fully advanced position at a discharge end of said container structure, (d) a discharge gate at said discharge end of said container structure for the ejection of said compactable material, 20 characterized in that said incrementing urging structure is urged into incremental horizontal motion within said container structure by two cooperating mechanical systems; a first mechanical system of said two cooperating mechanical systems including a pair 25 of horizontal reciprocating beams extending substantially along the outside of each opposite one of said side wall structures; said beams engaging at -o0 each incrementing cycle with engaging elements of said incrementing urging structure; each incrementing cycle of said first mechanical system towards a discharge end of said container structure causing 5 said incrementing urging structure to advance by a predetermined distance towards said fully advanced position at said discharge end.

2. The material urging system of claim 1 wherein said container structure includes; 10 (a) a floor sub-structure, (b) said side wall sub-structures, (c) a roof, (d) a top opening, (e) a top opening cover, 15 (f) a discharge end closure means.

3. The system of claim 1 or 2 wherein a first one of said two interacting mechanical systems is an incremental urging structure engagement mechanism. 20

4. The system of claim 1 or 2 wherein a second one of said two interacting mechanical systems is an incremental urging structure driving mechanism.

5. The system of any one of claims 1 to 4 wherein said incrementing urging structure is comprised of a box-like 25 structure having at least a material urging front compacting face substantially equal in area and dimensions as the internal cross section of said container structure.

6. The system of any one of claims 1 to 5 wherein said urging structure further includes side elements, top and 5 bottom elements adapted to permit sliding movement of said urging structure within said container structure.

7. The system of claim 5 or 6 wherein said urging structure engagement mechanism is disposed within said box-like structure. 10

8. The system of any one of claims 3 to 7 wherein said engagement mechanism includes a pair of thrust tongue plates each disposed at one of said sides of said urging structure and urged by actuator means so as to alternate between a first inwardly retracted state and a second 15 outwardly projecting state; the arrangement being such as to cause each said thrust tongue plate to project outwardly through an elongate slot extending along each side of said container structure.

9. The system of any one of claims 3 to 8 wherein said 20 engagement mechanism further includes a pair of retainer tongue plates each disposed at one of said sides of said urging structure and urged by actuator means to alternate between a first inwardly retracted state and a second outwardly projecting state; the arrangement being 25 such as to cause each said retainer plate to engage with - /u one of a plurality of retainer slots in said sidewall structures of said container structure.

10. The system of claim 8 or 9 wherein said actuator means are hydraulic rams. 5

11, The system of claim 4 wherein said first and second urging structure driving mechanisms comprise two concurrently operating mechanisms disposed along the outside of each of said sidewall structures.

12. The system of claim 11 wherein each of said two 10 mechanisms is comprised of an incrementing hydraulic ram and an elongate member urged into reciprocal horizontal motion by said ram.

13. The system of claim 12 wherein said elongate member is provided with a plurality of equi-spaced engagement 15 nests; each said nest including an elongate slot.

14. The system of claim 13 wherein each said elongate slot of each of said engagement nests is coincident with said elongate slot in said side wall structure.

15. The system of claim 13 or 14 wherein each said 20 elongate slot of said engagement nest is adapted to receive said engagement tongue plate when said tongue plate is in said outwardly projecting state.

16. The system of any one of claims 13 to 15 wherein spacing between said engagement nests is substantially 25 equal to the stroke of said incrementing hydraulic ram. - /1

17, The system of claim 16 wherein spacing between said plurality of retainer slots is equal to said spacing between said engagement nests.

18. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 17 5 wherein a method for forward incremental urging of said urging structure along the length of said container structure includes the steps of: (a) in-stroking said hydraulic rams of said driving mechanism, 10 (b) urging said thrust tongue plates into said second outwardly projecting state so as to engage with one of said plurality of engagement nests, (c) out-stroking said hydraulic rams so as to urge 15 said elongate member, said plurality of engagement nests and said urging structure one increment towards said forward end of said container structure, (d) urging said retainer tongue plates into said 20 second outwardly projecting state so as to engage with one of said plurality of said retainer slots, (e) urging said thrust tongue plates into said first inwardly retracted state, 25 (f) in-stroking said hydraulic rams, - Iz (g) iterating steps (a) to (f) until said urging structure reaches a maximum forwardly incremented position.

19. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 17 5 wherein a method for rearward incremental urging of said urging structure along the length of said container structure includes the steps of: (a) out-stroking said hydraulic rams of said driving mechanism, 10 (b) urging said thrust tongue plates into said second outwardly projecting state so as to engage with one of said plurality of engagement nests, (c) in-stroking said hydraulic rams so as to retract 15 said elongate member, said plurality of engagement nests and said urging structure one increment towards said rearward end of said container structure, (d) out-stroking said hydraulic rams, 20 (e) iterating steps (a) to (d) until said urging structure reaches a maximum rearwardly incremented position.

20. The system of any preceding claim wherein each increment of said material urging structure from said 25 fully retracted position towards said fully advanced position moves material towards said discharge end. EDITORIAL NOTE APPLICATION NUMBER - 2008202736 This specification does not contain pages "73" to "97". Therefore the Abstract will follow on page "98".