AU2005253652B2 - Biodegradable polymeric water retention concentrate - Google Patents

Description

WO 2005/122668 PCT/AU2005/000894 1 Biodegradable Polymeric Water Retention Concentrate FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a water retention composition for treating plant media. In particular the invention relates to a biodegradable water retention 5 polymeric concentrate. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Water absorption and retention in the soil profile is a significant issue for those involved in the agricultural industry. Different soil types have varying water retention and absorption characteristics. In sandy soils water is usually able to easily 10 penetrate the soil profile. However, the water quickly passes through the soil profile and out of the root zone of most agricultural plants. In irrigated areas this means that the frequency of irrigation must be increased. By contrast, clay soils have low water absorption rates but have significantly higher water retention. Low absorption rates in clay soils result in increased run-off which can intensify erosion. Other factors, 15 such as hydrophobic or non-wetting soil properties also influence water behaviour. These soil characteristics can adversely affect the productivity of all types of plants used in agriculture including crops, pasture, trees and vines. Various methods have been used to improve water absorption and water retention in soil profiles. Gypsum (Calcium Sulphate) is used to improve soil 20 structure and increase water absorption. One of the main rationales for using gypsum is to reduce surface sealing and improve infiltration. The use of gypsum, however, leads to an increase in salinity which can threaten plant performance especially in soils with already high concentrations of salt, such as those soils found in Australia. 25 Surfactant or wetting agents are applied to plant growing media, such as soil, to improve water penetration and rewetting properties of the growing media. Hydrophilic surfactants prevent rapid drainage and improve water retention. Surfactants are also able to break down the hydrophobic build up around sand and soil particles, such as those found in non-wetting sands. However, surfactants may WO 2005/122668 PCT/AU2005/000894 2 be affected by salts and other compounds found in the media. Furthermore, they may not be suitable for prolonged use when growing edible crops because of potential negative health effects. Tests have suggested that certain surfactants are acutely toxic to animals. Therefore, because of the potential risks the use of 5 surfactants is cautioned, especially near sensitive environments such as waterways. The application of chemicals to improve soil characteristics is undertaken in various ways. The chemicals, in a granular or powder form, can be simply spread across the soil surface or added during ploughing to minimise the loss due to run-off. In irrigated areas the chemicals are often sprinkled on the ground at an inlet prior to 10 flood or furrow irrigation. Alternatively, a concentrated liquid emulsion can be added to a water body used as a source for irrigation water. However, these methods are quite imprecise which results in more chemicals being added to the agricultural environment than are actually necessary. This excessive use results in run-off and leached water from agricultural land having high concentration of chemicals which 15 can adversely affect surrounding ecosystems. The loss of water through evaporation and water infiltrating the ground prior to, or during, flood and trench irrigation means that these forms of irrigation are inefficient when used on vines and fruit trees. For these reasons various types of irrigations systems, such as drippers and micro-sprays, are used to increase the 20 efficient use of water. However, the problem with these types of systems is that the granular preparations and emulsions cause blockages and therefore are not suitable for transporting the chemicals. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a water additive that can be used in the agriculture, viticulture and horticulture industries that reduces 25 the amount of water required when growing agricultural crops, trees and vines. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a biodegradable water retention polymeric concentrate which is able to be transported through drip and spray irrigation systems including irrigation systems such as overhead centre pivot booms. 30 3 5 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Therefore in one form of the invention there is proposed a water retention composition for treating plant growing media, including a linear acrylamide copolymer of acrylamide and sodium acrylate, wherein the composition is soluble in water, 10 In preference the water retention composition further includes a water softener, a surfactant and nutrients. In preference the acrylamide copolymer is present in a range of 0.01 to 15% w/v in the 15 composition, In preference the acrylamide copolymer is present in a range from 1% to 3% w/v in the composition. 20 In preference the softener is in a range from 0.01 to 8% w/v in the composition. In preference the nutrients are in a range from 0.01 to 2% w/v in the composition. In preference the surfactant is in a range from 0.01 to 25% w/v in the composition. 25 In preference the acrylamide copolymer is anionic. In preference the anoinicity of the acrylamide copolymer is between 13 and 30 mol% 30 In preference the molecular weight of the acrylamide copolymer is between 11 and 16 million Daltons. In preference the water softener is sodium tripoly phosphate. 35 In preference the nutrients are chelated micronutrients, In preference the surfactant is sodium nonlphenol ethoxy sulphate. In preference the water retention composition includes: 40 0.05 to 3% w/v of an acrylamide copolymer; 0.02 to 1% w/v of nutrients 0.03 to 5% w/v of a water softener; and 4 5 0.05 to 15% w/v of a surfactant. In preference the water retention composition has a pH of 8.0, and includes: 0.11% w/v of an onionic acrylamide copolymer; 0.017% w/v of nutrients; 10 0.1% w/v of sodium nonlphenol ethoxy sulphate; and 0.05% w/v of sodium tripoly phosphate. In preference the composition includes a filler. 15 In preference the filler is selected to act as a suspension assister for the composition. In preference the filler is in a range of up to 99% in the composition. In preference the filler is water, 20 In preference the composition is a concentrate which can be diluted in liquid. In preference the concentrate is used in a ration of 1:1000 by volume with water. 25 In a further form of the invention there is proposed a method of preparing a composition adapted to increase water retention in a plant growing media, including the steps of: placing water in a mixing vessel, adding a water softener and mixing for approximately 10 minutes; 30 whilst mixing is still in progress adding nutrients and mixing for approximately a further 10 minutes; whilst mixing is still in progress adding a linear acrylamide copolymer of acrylamide and sodium acrylate very slowly to the mixing vessel and mixing for approximately a further 45 minutes; 35 whilst mixing is still in progress adding a surfactant and mixing for approximately a further 15 minutes; emptying finished product into a holding/filling tank wherein said finished product is allowed to sit for 4-6 hours prior to packaging; and packaging the finished product. 40 In preference the mixing vessel should be a vat type with a low speed propeller type mixing attachment to prevent or minimise shearing of the polyacrylamide.

4a 5 DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The present invention relates to the use of a composition to increase water retention and water absorption in plant media, such as soil. More importantly the invention relates to a 10 biodegradable water retention polymeric concentrate that when dilute and applied to various plant media improve water, fertilizer and nutrient retention in plant media with no root uptake or phyto toxic effects.

WO 2005/122668 PCT/AU2005/000894 5 In a preferred embodiment the composition includes a polyacrylamide (PAM), a water softener, a surfactant and a nutrient. The term polyacrylamide and shorthand acronym PAM are generic chemistry vocabulary referring to a broad class of compounds. The raw material acrylamide copolymer used in the composition of 5 this invention have previously found applications in the clarification of beet, sugar cane juice and liquor, the scale control of sugar juice and liquor, the lye peeling of fruits and vegetables, adhesives, paper and paperboard for food contact, soil stabilization and water treatment industries. Also known as linear anionic copolymer of acrylamide and sodium acrylate they are water soluble, long chain molecules with 10 a high molecular weight (10-20 million), an anionic charge density (10-40%) and very low toxicity (less than 0.05% w/w residual monomer). Polyacrylamides have been used in agriculture for reducing irrigation-induced erosion. The soil stabilizing and flocculating properties of polyacrylamides have substantially improved runoff water quality by reducing sediments which may contain 15 nitrogen, phosphorus, pesticides, weed seeds, and microorganisms. This reduction in sediment in run-off minimises the passage of nutrients and pesticides into the surrounding ecosystems. Furthermore, no adverse effects on soil microbial populations have been seen with the use of PAM. Polyacrylamides act to stabilize soil structure by enhancing particle cohesion, thus increasing resistance to shear 20 induced detachment and preventing transport in runoff. The invention relates to a process of sustaining higher water retention and uniformity levels in plant media than untreated media or media treated with wetting agents alone. The invention utilises polyacrylamide polymers which are tolerant to salinity affected water, non-toxic to plants, have no adverse effect on soil microbial 25 populations and are disperses easily in water. The polymers are effective at low percentages, easily release retained water and other common additives and help reduce leaching that occurs through plant media. The biodegradable polymeric water retention concentrate which is an additive for water, is specifically formulated to use water more effective in the agricultural, 30 viticulture and horticultural industries as well as domestic gardens and lawns, whilst not posing a threat to humans, animals or plants. The composition increases water retention in the root zone of plants thereby effectively reducing the amount of water WO 2005/122668 PCT/AU2005/000894 6 applied to the plant media. Furthermore, polyacrylamides act to further laterally spread the water during infiltration. It is envisaged that the acrylamide copolymer is present in a range from 0.01 to 15% w/v in the concentrate, the water softener is present in a range from 0.01 to 5 8% w/v, nutrients in a range from 0.01 to 2% w/v and the surfactant is present in a range from 0.01 to 25% v/v. The balance can be made up with a filler, such as water, which is typically in a range of up to 99%. The filler may be selected to act as a suspension assister for the polymeric water retention concentrate. It is to be understood that all of the concentrations are by volume (v/v) or weight (w/v). 10 The acrylamide copolymer is preferably anionic with a molecular weight between 11 and 16 million Daltons. Acrylamide copolymers with a lower molecular weight are better for use in clay soils, while acrylamide copolymers with larger molecular weights are better for use in sandy or sandy-loam soils. In this way the composition can be adapted for use in particular soil types. The skilled addressee 15 should however appreciate that the invention is not limited to the use of an acrylamide copolymer with these molecular weights. The water softener is preferably sodium tripoly phosphate. The nutrients are preferably chelated micronutrients and the surfactant is preferably sodium nonylphenol ethoxy sulphate. In an alternate embodiment the polymeric water retention composition is 20 characterised by a acrylamide copolymer in a range of from 0.05 to 3% w/v, a water softener in a range of from 0.03 to 5% w/v, nutrients in a range of from 0.02 to 1% w/v and a surfactant in a range of from 0.05 to 15% v/v. In a yet further alternate embodiment the polymeric water retention composition, with a pH of approximately 8.0, is characterised by an anionic 25 acrylamide copolymer of about 0.11% w/v, sodium nonylphenol ethoxy sulphate of about 0.1% v/v, nutrients of about 0.017% w/v, sodium tripoly phosphate of about 0.05% w/v, a filler and a suspension assister. Although surfactant are included as part of the composition it should be appreciated by the reader that the present invention relates to a water retention 30 agent and not simply a wetting agent.

WO 2005/122668 PCT/AU2005/000894 7 This then generally describes the invention but to assist with further understanding below is a reference to a particular example and a method of mixing the concentrate which has been found to be efficacious. It should be noted that the resultant product is for all intents and purposes the formulation which performs as 5 described above. The following ingredients were prepared: Anionic acrylamide copolymer 135 grams Sodium tripoly phosphate 50 grams Sodium nonylphenol ethoxy sulphate 100 millilitres 10 Chelated micronutrients 20 grams Water 120 litres The ingredients were prepared in the following order. 1. placing water in a mixing vessel, adding sodium tripoly phosphate and mixing 15 for approximately 10 minutes. 2. whilst mixing is still in progress adding nutrients and mixing for approximately 10 minutes. 3. whilst mixer is still in progress adding anionic acrylamide copolymer very slowly or use eductor to wet up granules on entry to mixer and mixing for 20 approximately 45 minutes. 4. whilst mixer is still in progress adding sodium nonylphenol ethoxy sulphate and mixing for approximately 15 minutes. 5. emptying finished product into holding/filling tank and allowing to sit for 4-6 hours prior to packaging. 25 Step 5 is important as it takes this period for the polyacrylamide to totally dissolve and form its structure. The mixing vessel should be a vat type with low speed propeller type mixing attachment to prevent or minimise shearing of the polyacrylamide. It should be appreciated that the mixing times may vary depending WO 2005/122668 PCT/AU2005/000894 8 on quantities, but it is to be understood that all ingredients must be totally dissolved and mixed prior to packing. By this means a polymeric water retention concentrate is formed which can be packed in plastic drums or similar containers. The anionic acrylamide copolymer 5 used in the invention is organic so organic formulations can be formulated by removing the sodium tripoly phosphate, replacing the surfactant mentioned with an organic surfactant and replacing the chelated micronutrients with organic fertilizers and nutrients by which means an organic polymeric water retention concentrate is formed. 10 The concentrate of the present invention can be used in a ratio of 1:1000 litres of water, alternatively the concentrate may be used in concentrations of 1:1 to 1:2000. The above ingredients can also be blended in a dry formulation by replacing the water content with bentonite, anionic acrylamide copolymer, nutrients and powdered surfactant (optional) for utilisation in mulches, potting mixes and similar or 15 by broadcast onto the growing media. It is also possible to custom formulate the invention to site specific needs of nutrients depending on soil type and deficiencies or crop type needs. For instance, where a soil is deficit in a trace element or a particular nutrient, these can be added to the composition whilst it is being prepared. 20 As an alternative to the liquid formulation it is also possible to formulate the composition of the invention as a powder to be added directly to soils. The efficiency of the composition of the present invention to retain water within soil profiles has been demonstrated by various trials. One of the trials undertaken in conjunction with the Urrbrae TAFE Horticultural College in Adelaide, 25 South Australia, tested the water retention performance characteristics of various growing media. The trials were conducted over 5 day periods with ten growing media being tested under normal growing conditions in a greenhouse environment. A treatment and a control of each of the growing media were placed into 125mm pots. Each of the treatment pots had the composition of the present invention added, 30 as a powder and all pots then had 500mls of water applied to the media. At the end WO 2005/122668 PCT/AU2005/000894 9 of the trial the water content of each of the treatments and controls were measured. Four trials were undertaken with the average water retention illustrated in Table 1. Table 1: Average water retained over the trial periods. Water Retained (ml) Medium Treatments (contain Control composition) Perlite 325 85 Granulated Growool 400 100 Gravel 105 1 Pumice 200 25 Growool 250 20 Coconut coir 325 185 Vermiculite 400 100 Expanded clay 105 10 Absorba stone 250 25 60/40 Expanded clay & coconut 260 100 The trial provided strong evidence of increased water retention for all 5 treatment media containing the composition of the present invention. The average retention rate for the treatments was 50.40% compared with 13.02% for the controls. Over all the media used in the trials the use of the composition of the present invention increased water retention by an average of 287%. It has been estimated that if water retention in the root zones of agricultural plants was increased as little as 10 10% in a 1 m profile, the available water saved would be equivalent to nearly a full day's evapo-transpiration. The method of introduction of the composition of the present invention to plant media is through commonly used irrigation systems and nutrient / fertilizer delivery systems, such as venturi, fertigator, separate mixing tank or induction 15 systems. The present invention overcomes the blockage problems previously encountered when using powder or emulsion of polyacrylamides. The composition in WO 2005/122668 PCT/AU2005/000894 10 accordance with the invention is able to disperse and mix immediately in water flow, whether low or high. Because induction or delivery systems commonly used by sprinkler and drip irrigators can be used as a vehicle for delivering the composition the user does not need to purchased new equipment or modified existing equipment. 5 It has also been observed that by using the composition of the present invention irrigation drip lines run cleaner and without the need for periodic acid-treatment to flush out scale. A further trial was conducted using both a liquid formulation, manufactured as previously described and also a powder formulation to determine moisture retention 10 on premium potting mix. The trial was conducted in a controlled greenhouse environment coupled with temperature and humidity controllers. TDS (total dissolved solids) and pH results were gathered using Pro-check digital meters as well as hand-held Eutech cybernetic digital meters to cross reference readings. Moisture readings were conducted utilising Rapitest analogue 15 Mini Moisture meter. The cultivar used for this trial was Marigolds. The trial was conducted for 5 weeks from planting. In all 10 pots were used in the trial with 10 variation of growing media, added nutrients and inclusion of the composition of the invention, either as a powder or as a liquid. In each case the water added was pH 7 with a TDS of 400-500ppm. Mixed nutrients were added at 20 pH 6.5 with a TDS of 1350-1450ppm. The identity of the pots used were as shown in Table 2, below Table 2: Test Pot identities Pot No. I Peats Potting Mix (only) 2 Peats Potting Mix /Aquaboost Powder 3 Peats Potting Mix/Aquaboost Powder + Nutrients 4 Peats Potting Mix + Nutrients 5 Peats Potting Mix I Aquaboost Liquid 6 Peats Potting Mix / Aquaboost Liquid+ Nutrients 7 Sand 8 Sand/Loam 50/50 9 Sand + Aquaboost Powder 10 Sand/Loam + Aquaboost Powder WO 2005/122668 PCT/AU2005/000894 11 The results of the tests, starting with a first test date of 23/02/04 is shown in tables Table 3 TEST DATE: 23/02/04 Initial 2nd Reclaimed Moisture Moisture Water ppM Water Pot No. Reading Reading PH TDS mIs 1 0 2 6.8 1350 690 2 0 3 6.6 1570 600 3 0 4 6.4 1890 530 4 0 3 6.4 1860 660 5 0 3 6.8 1150 760 6 0 4 6.3 >1999 610 7 0 4 6.7 1580 370 8 0 4 6.6 >1999 280 9 0 - 4 6.7 >1999 190 10 0 4 6.4 >1999 160 Table 4 TEST DATE: 26/02/04 Initial 2nd Reclaimed Moisture Moisture Water pPM Water Pot No. Reading Reading PH TDS mis 1 0 3 6.1 900 630 2 1 4 6.6 810 710 3 1 4 6.7 1650 600 4 1 3 6.6 1700 660 5 1 3 6.6 1040 670 6 2 4 6.5 >1999 630 7 2 4 6.4 840 600 8 3 4 6.4 700 690 9 4 4 7 700 800 10 4 4 7.4 640 700 Table 5 TEST DATE: 01/03/04 Initial 2nd Reclaimed Moisture Moisture Water ppm Water Pot No. Reading Reading PH TDS mIs 1 2 7.4 750 780 2 2 4 7.4 790 645 3 2 4 6.6 1680 675 4 1 3 6.5 1650 800 5 1 4 7.4 720 660 6 1 4 6.5 >1999 790 WO 2005/122668 PCT/AU2005/000894 12 7 1 3 7.6 650 700 8 2 4 7.6 530 620 9 3 4 7.6 610 750 10 3 4 7.1 650 710 Table 6 TEST DATE: 04/03/04 Initial 2nd Reclaimed Moisture Moisture Water ppm Water Pot No. Reading Reading PH TDS mIs I n/r 2 7.1 670 760 2 n/r 3 7.2 720 660 3 n/r 3 6.5 1690 585 4 n/r 3 6.4 1710 700 5 1 3 7.1 690 640 6 n/r 4 6.4 1900 600 7 1 4 6.9 770 545 8 2 4 6.9 850 500 9 1 4 7.4 710 515 10 2 4 7.4 630 580 Table 7 TEST DATE: 08/03/04 Initial 2nd Reclaimed Moisture Moisture Water ppm Water Pot No. Reading Reading PH TDS mIs I n/r 2 7.1 530 640 2 n/r 3 7.4 560 580 3 n/r 4 6.7 1660 580 4 n/r 3 6.7 1630 680 5 n/r 3 7.4 530 630 6 1 4 6.8 1750 650 7 1 4 7.2 560 495 8 1 4 7.4 490 500 9 1 4 7.4 510 500 10 2 4 7.6 510 520 Table 8 TEST DATE: 11/03/04 Initial 2nd Reclaimed Moisture Moisture Water ppm Water Pot No. Reading Reading PH TDS mis 1 n/r 2 7.5 530 740 2 1 3 7.5 580 640 3 1 4 6.6 1640 600 4 n/r 3 6.6 1620 720 5 n/r 3 7.6 540 660 6 1 4 6.5 1720 690 7 2 4 7.7 460 760 WO 2005/122668 PCT/AU2005/000894 13 8 3 4 7.7 470 840 9 3 4 7.6 430 700 10 3 4 7.7 460 700 Table 9 TEST DATE: 15/03/04 Initial 2nd Reclaimed Moisture Moisture Water ppm Water Pot No. Reading Reading PH TDS mIs 1 n/r 2 7.3 550 700 2 1 4 7.4 590 640 3 1 3 6.5 1770 600 4 n/r 4 6.5 1760 650 5 n/r 3 7.4 550 640 6 1 4 6.5 1800 680 7 2 4 7.6 430 740 8 1 4 7.6 440 780 9 2 4+ 7.6 430 600 10 2 4+ 7.5 450 600 Tablel0 TEST DATE: 18/03/04 Initial 2nd Reclaimed Moisture Moisture Water ppm Water Pot No. Reading Reading PH TDS mIs 1 n/r 1 7.1 510 740 2 1 2 7.1 550 660 3 1 1 6.5 1440 670 4 n/r 3 6.5 1400 700 5 n/r 4 7.2 520 680 6 n/r 4 6.4 1470 700 7 1 4 7.3 440 800 8 n/r 3 7.3 440 820 9 2 4 7.3 430 720 10 1 4 7.3 440 720 WO 2005/122668 PCT/AU2005/000894 14 Table 11 TEST DATE: 22/03/04 Initial 2nd Reclaimed Moisture Moisture Water PPM Water Pot No. Reading Reading PH TDS mis 1 n/r 2 7 500 740 2 1 4 7.1 570 660 3 1n/r 4 6.4 1490 680 4 n/r 3 6.3 1450 720 5 1 4 6.9 550 660 6 1 4+ 6.2 1530 700 7 n/r 4 6.9 480 780 8 n/r 2 7.1 450 820 9 1 4+ 7.1 450 640 10 1 4+ 7.2 450 700 Table 12 TEST DATE:26/03/04 Initial 2nd Reclaimed Moisture Moisture Water pPM Water Pot No. Reading Reading PH TDS mIs I n/r 2 6.9 500 760 2 1 4 7.1 540 640 3 nr 4 6.5 1190 650 4 n/r 3 6.4 1180 730 5 1 4 6.9 530 620 6 n/r 4 6.4 1230 700 7 n/r 2 7 460 780 8 n/r 4 7.2 440 800 9 1 4+ 7.2 450 660 10 1 4+ 7.3 450 700 Table 13 TEST DATE: 30/03/04 Initial 2nd Reclaimed Moisture Moisture Water ppM Water Pot No. Reading Reading PH TDS mis 1 1 2 6.9 510 740 2 2 4 7.1 550 660 3 1 4+ 6.5 1080 660 4 n/r 3 6.5 1040 720 5 1 4 7.1 540 660 6 1 4 6.5 1110 700 7 1 3 7 460 780 8 1 3 6.9 460 800 9 2 4+ 7.1 460 620 10 n/r 4 7.1 470 700 WO 2005/122668 PCT/AU2005/000894 15 Table 14 TEST DATE: 1/04/04 Initial 2nd Reclaimed Moisture Moisture Water ppm Water Pot No. Reading Reading PH TDS mis 1 2 3 7 600 820 2 4 4+ 7.1 640 760 3 3 4+ 6.6 1250 680 4 1 3 6.5 1170 720 5 2 4 7 640 760 6 2 4 6.5 1450 740 7 3 4 7 460 840 8 1 3 7.2 430 860 9 4 4+ 7.4 440 780 10 3 4+ 7.4 440 800 A visual comparison was also used to determine plant growth and from the trials it was apparent that plant growth was significantly greater and healthier in those pots to which the composition of the invention has been added. This was evidenced by more flower numbers, greater branching and greater height. 5 Taking into account that moisture readings were at medium levels when re watered, the tests indicate that it is reasonable to assume that to achieve medium moisture levels, when using the composition of the invention, in excess of 30% less water would be required. With the introduction of stricter controls on water usage the composition of 10 the present invention has significant advantages. The ability to crop using less water and less nutrients whilst increase or maintaining yields and quality, has distinct advantages over currently available chemicals. In the growing season of a crop this invention will greatly reduce the amount of water normally required, thereby reducing pumping costs, energy and leaching losses of nutrients and chemicals to 15 groundwater. The skilled addressee will now appreciate the advantages of the present invention. The composition reduces water and nutrient stress, because water remains in the root zone for a longer period of time. This slower water and nutrient "pass-through" time results in better water and nutrient absorption by the plants. The 20 increased fertilizer and nutrient efficiency and reduced drought stress results in WO 2005/122668 PCT/AU2005/000894 16 healthier crops and assists in seed germination. The composition has the unique characteristics of being able to increase the wetting pattern (area) whilst retaining water in the growing media for longer than water alone thus reducing irrigation durations and water application amounts. The composition improves the lateral 5 movement of water and helps preserve the micro structure of soil, thus assisting infiltration. Furthermore, because less leaching occurs less water and nutrients will be required. Further advantages and improvements may very well be made to the present invention without deviating from its scope. Although the invention has been shown 10 and described in what is conceived to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is recognized that departures may be made therefrom within the scope and spirit of the invention, which is not to be limited to the details disclosed herein but is to be accorded the full scope of the claims so as to embrace any and all equivalent devices and apparatus. 15 In any claims that follow and in the summary of the invention, except where the context requires otherwise due to express language or necessary implication, the word "comprising" is used in the sense of "including", i.e. the features specified may be associated with further features in various embodiments of the invention.

Claims (22)

1. A water retention composition for treating plant media characterised by a linear acrylamide copolymer of acrylamide, sodium acrylate, a water softener, a surfactant and nutrients, 5

2. A water retention composition as in claim 1, wherein the acrylamide copolymer is present in a range from 0.01 to 15% w/v in the composition.

3. A water retention composition as in claim 1, wherein the water softener is in a range from 0.01 to 8% w/v in the composition.

4. A water retention composition as in claim 1, wherein the nutrients are in a 10 range from 0.01 to 2% w/v in the composition.

5. A water retention composition as in claim 1, wherein the surfactant is in a range from 0.01 to 25% v/v in the composition.

6. A water retention composition as in claim 1, wherein the acrylamide copolymer is anionic. 15

7. A water retention composition as in claim 1, wherein the anionicity of the acrylamide copolymer is between 13 and 30 mol%.

8. A water retention composition as in claim 1, wherein the molecular weight of the acrylamide copolymer is between 11 and 16 million Daltons.

9. A water retention composition as in claim 1, wherein the water softener is 20 sodium tripoly phosphate.

10. A water retention composition as in claim 1, wherein the nutrients are chelated micronutrients.

11. A water retention composition as in claim 1, wherein the surfactant is sodium nonylphenol ethoxy sulphate. 18

12. A water retention composition for treating plant media including: 0.05 to 3% w/v of an acrylamide copolymer; 0.02 to 1% w/v of nutrients; 0.03 to 5% w/v of a water softener; and 5 0.05 to 15% v/v of a surfactant.

13. A water retention composition for treating plant media, having a pH of 8.0, including: 0.11% w/v of an anionic acrylamide copolymer; 0.017% w/v of nutrients; 10 0.1% v/v of sodium nonyiphenol ethoxy sulphate; and 0.05% w/v of sodium tripoly phosphate.

14. A water retention composition as in any one of the above claims, wherein the composition includes a filler.

15. A water retention composition as in claim 15, wherein the filler is selected to 15 act as a suspension assister for the composition.

16. A water retention composition as in claim 15, wherein the filler is in a range of up to 99% in the composition.

17. A water retention composition as in claim 15, wherein the filler is water.

18. A water retention composition as in claim 1, wherein said water retention 20 composition is a concentrate which can be diluted in a liquid.

19. A water retention composition as in claim 19, wherein the concentrate is used in a ratio of 1:1000 by volume with water.

20. A method of preparing a water retention composition for treating plant media, including the steps of: 25 placing water in a mixing vessel, adding a water softener and mixing for approximately 10 minutes; whilst mixing is still in progress adding nutrients and mixing for approximately a further 10 minutes; 19 whilst mixing is still in progress adding an acrylamide copolymer very slowly or using an eductor to wet up granules on entry to mixing vessel and mixing for approximately a further 45 minutes; whilst mixing is still in progress adding a surfactant and mixing for 5 approximately a further 15 minutes; and emptying finished product into a holding/filling tank and owing to sit for 4-6 hours prior to packaging.

21. A method of preparing a water retention composition as in claim 20, wherein the mixing vessel should be a vat type with a low speed propeller type mixing 10 attachment to prevent or minimise shearing of the polyacrylamide.

22. The method of preparing a water retention composition as in claim 20, wherein the linear acrylamide copolymer of nacrylamide and sodium acrylate is added to the mixing vessel with an eductor to wet up granules on entry. 15