AU2003233267B2 - Method and apparatus for extracting toner from toner cartridges - Google Patents

Description

WO 03/106938 PCT/AU03/00745 Title: Method and apparatus for extracting toner from toner cartridges Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to recycling of toner cartridges, and more particularly to the separation of materials during the recycling of toner cartridges. 5 Background of the Invention The invention has been developed primarily for use in extracting toner powder from toner cartridges, and will be described predominantly with reference to this application. It will be appreciated, however, that the invention is not limited to this 10 particular field of use, being also applicable to other applications where separating a powder material from larger pieces is required. Toner printing technology has been almost universally adopted in photocopiers and computer printers. These devices commonly have an internal reservoir for storing toner powder which is used in the printing process. Initially, these reservoirs were fixed 15 to the machine and required manual refilling by pouring toner from a refill packet. Nowadays, in an attempt to limit direct contact with the messy toner powder, replaceable toner cartridges have largely superseded refillable reservoirs. Cartridges are filled in a factory where the distribution of toner powder can be strictly controlled to minimise and isolate spillage. 20 The popularity of disposable cartridges has meant the number of cartridges discarded has increased exponentially in recent years. Used cartridges may, in some cases, be recycled and recharged a number of times by a specialist reconditioner. Eventually however, all cartridges are either stripped down for their materials or more often, thrown out altogether. Either of these alternatives presents their own particular 25 problems.

2 The cartridges are generally a combination of thermo-plastic resins and ferrous and non-ferrous metals. These materials are slow to break down naturally and thus present a significant environmental pollutant. In addition, it is rare that toner cartridges are entirely empty when they are replaced. Often 5% to 10% of the toner capacity of the cartridge remains 5 when discarded. This figure can be as high as 100% if the cartridge is faulty, has been superseded or past its use by date. The residual toner also presents a significant environmental hazard when the cartridges are thrown out. However, whilst toner along with the materials which make up the cartridges are recyclable, the nature of toner powder makes stripping the cartridges difficult. 10 Toner is a very fine powder and will readily become airborne and circulate with airflow. As such it can be easily inhaled and may be a significant health issue with workers. Moreover, as with many fine powders, when airborne, in the right concentration and conditions it can ignite and explode. Currently the stripping and materials separation of cartridges is carried out manually. 15 This not only places those doing the stripping in a high risk environment, it is also labour intensive and expensive. In modernised countries, which are the greatest users of these printer cartridges, labour cost are high meaning the manual dismantling of cartridges is not cost effective. It is an object of the present invention to overcome or ameliorate one or more of these 20 disadvantages of prior art, or at least to provide a useful alternative. Disclosure of the Invention In a first aspect, the invention provides a method of extracting toner from toner cartridges, said method including the steps of: 25 breaking up toner cartridges into pieces by a shredder including a shredder hopper to release toner from within the cartridges; passing the cartridge pieces over a sifting barrier so that only particles under a predetermined size pass through the barrier; agitating the pieces to mobilise the toner; 30 extracting air from the shredder hopper to collect toner released from the broken up cartridges; and removing toner from the extracted air. W:\DaviSPEC857157\amended pages doc 3 According to another aspect, the invention includes an apparatus for extracting toner from toner cartridges including: a shredder for breaking up toner cartridges into pieces and to thereby release toner from within the cartridges, the shredder including a shredder hopper; 5 a sifting barrier for sifting the cartridge pieces so that only particles under a predetermined size pass through the barrier; agitation means to agitate the pieces and mobilise the toner; an air duct extending from the shredder hopper and an extractor for extracting air to remove airborne toner particles released from the broken up cartridges from 10 within the shredder hopper; and a toner collector for removing toner from the air extracted by the extractor. Preferably, the invention includes an ioniser for introducing ionised air into the apparatus. Preferably, the agitating means is a trommel which repeatedly lifts and drops the 15 pieces. Preferably, the trommel includes an inner drum adapted to rotate about its longitudinal axis and an outer cover, the inner drum having a plurality of apertures and functioning as a separation screen so that only particles under a predetermined size pass through the screen and into the outer cover. W:\DavSPEC\857157\arnended pages doc WO 03/106938 PCT/AU03/00745 -4 Preferably, the sifting barrier is a vibrating screen, substantially enclosed by a casing and more preferably, the extractor extracts air from the casing through the vibrating screen to encourage particles under a predetermined size to pass therethrough. Preferably, a classification column separates toner powder from impurities. 5 Brief Description of the Drawings A preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: Fig. 1 is a front view of an apparatus for extracting toner from toner cartridges in 10 accordance with the invention; Fig. 2 is side view of the apparatus shown in Fig. 1; Fig. 3 is a top view of the apparatus shown in Fig. 1; Fig. 4 is an partial, enlarged front view of the apparatus shown in Fig. 1; and Fig. 5 is a side view of a filtering system in accordance with the invention. 15 Preferred Embodiments of the Invention Referring to the drawings, in general terms the invention provides a method and apparatus for the extracting toner from toner cartridges. While the forgoing description refers to toner cartridges, it will be appreciated that this term is intended to also include 20 refill bottles and vessels. The apparatus includes a shredder 1 for breaking the toner cartridges into pieces, thereby releasing any toner from within the otherwise substantially sealed cartridges. The toner pieces along with any free toner powder are then fed through a separation stage generally shown as 2 in the figures. The separation stage includes a mechanical 25 separator 3 and a trommel separator 4. Each separator employs a sifting screen, WO 03/106938 PCT/AU03/00745 -5 numbered 5 and 6 respectively, which allow smaller particles to fall though the screen while holding back the larger pieces. Both separators agitate the pieces to mobilise the smaller particles. The mechanical separator provides a high frequency vibration to mobilise the toner, whereas the trommel provides a lower frequency tumbling and 5 rubbing action to liberate the toner from the cartridge pieces. A vacuum extraction system 7 is used to withdraw air from around the cartridge pieces. This not only has the effect of encouraging the small particles through the screen, but also extracts airborne toner dust and limits the amount of dust that exits the system to the surrounding air. The apparatus further includes an air ioniser (not shown) 10 for feeding ionised air into the apparatus to reduce any static electronic charge build up. The ionised air has the combined effect of reducing the likelihood of sparking and possible subsequent ignition of any airborne toner powder during the shredding stage and moreover, reducing any electric charge attraction between the toner and cartridge pieces further aiding in toner liberation. 15 To describe the process in greater detail, toner cartridges are collected and transported to the plant for recycling. Before the cartridges are processed, they may be examined to determine statistical information on the origin, number and types of cartridges as well as a checking to ensure that each cartridge is suitable for processing. The examination maybe conducted by a manual check of each cartridge or by automatic 20 means. Automatic examination means may include a bar code and bar-code reader system, electronic data chip and reader or knowledge/image database recognition. Referring to Figure 1, the cartridges are then placed in a hopper 8 which feeds a conveyor belt 9. The conveyor may be substantially enclosed to prevent toner escaping to the air outside the apparatus. The conveyor 9 transports the whole cartridges to the WO 03/106938 PCT/AU03/00745 -6 shredder 1 which includes a shredder hopper 10 situated above the shredder 1. The shredder hopper and shredder, like the conveyor 9 may also be enclosed. Referring now to Figure 4, the shredder employs twin parallel rollers 11 with intermeshing projections to grind the cartridges into pieces ranging in size from very 5 small chips to pieces not exceeding 25 millimetres in width. The rollers operate at a relatively low speed of around 26 rpm in order to minimise the risk of sparking. The shredding process releases much of the toner from the cartridges however, some toner will adhere to the larger pieces of cartridge due to static charge or mechanical binding. The toner and pieces of cartridge then drop through the shredder chute 12 and 10 into the mechanical separator 3. The mechanical separator includes a vibrating screen 5 surrounded by a caseing 13 at the top that wraps around the lateral sides of the screen to the bottom. A tray 14 is disposed within the casing, underneath the screen. The screen is powered by an electric motor 15, which cycles the screen at around 50Hz. The entire separator 3 is not in direct contact with the rest of the apparatus and is located on springs 15 16 to isolate its movement. Rubber flanges provide a seal between the shredder and the separator without passing on vibration. The screen 5 is sloped downwardly at an angle between 5" and 200, but preferably 10*. This slope combined with the vibration, encourages the cartridge pieces to move gradually over the screen 5 and through the separator 3 toward the separator 20 exit 17. If the angle too small, the pieces will remain in the separator too long and slow the process unnecessarily, if the angle is too steep they will pass through too quickly and are not subjected to sufficient vibration. The high frequency vibration has the effect of mobilising the toner powder, detaching it from the larger plastic pieces. This allows the small particles including toner powder and other small impurities such as chips of plastic 25 produced during shredding to drop through the screen 5 and into the tray 14 at the WO 03/106938 PCT/AU03/00745 -7 bottom of the separator 3. The tray is sloped at an angle similar to the screen such that the particles are channelled down the tray and into the duct 18. As shown in Figure 3, the duct 18 is in turn, connected by ducting 19 to the vacuum extraction system 7, which withdraws air from the tray 14 of the separator 3. 5 lonised air is also introduced into the casing to pass over the pieces and through the screen. The passage of air transports the small particles through the ducting 19 and into the toner collector 20. In addition, a low static pressure is formed within the casing 3 by the vacating air. This low pressure creates a continuous airflow into the separator from outside which reduces the amount of powder and dust escaping from the separator and 10 into the surrounding air. The small particles are carried by the airflow through the screen 5, into the tray 14 and duct 18. Before reaching the toner collector 20 the withdrawn air, toner and small impurities are passed into a classification column 21 shown in Figure 5. The classification column 21 separates the very small and light powder particles from the 15 relatively larger, small toner chips and impurities. The ducting 19 from the separator 3 is connected to the bottom of a vertical column or chimney 22. The chimney has a bin 23 at the bottom, below the ducting join 24. As shown by arrow a, the small particles are drawn into the chimney along with the airflow. The airflow being regulated to have sufficient velocity to draw the small light toner dust up the chimney 22, and into the 20 toner collector 20, whilst not being strong enough to lift the comparatively heavier chips. The required airflow rate is dependent on a range of factors including toner mass and size, chip mass and size, and air humidity, density and temperature. The chips fall down the chimney 22 and are collected in the bin 23 at the bottom of the chimney. In this way most of the impurities can be effectively filtered from the toner before it enters the toner 25 collector 20.

WO 03/106938 PCT/AU03/00745 -8 The toner collector 20 may be a standard or modified dust extraction/collector unit where the small toner particles are removed from the air and collected in storage bin 25. Further processing of these particles to purify the toner dust may be necessary at a later stage. 5 Any pieces, which do not fall through the screen, are passed from the mechanical separator exit 17 into the trommel 4. The floor of the trommel is set below the level of the floor of the vibrating screen so that the pieces of cartridge along with any powder must drop down into the trommel. As is known in the art, the trommel includes an axially rotating, perforated inner drum 26 and a surrounding outer cover 27. The inner 10 drum is orientated so that its bottom side is sloped slightly downwardly, approximately 10 degrees off horizontal. This slope and the rotation advance the cartridges pieces through the drum 26 toward the trommel exit 28. The drum rotates so that the pieces are raised up the side of the drum 26 before falling back to the bottom. This tumbling action may be enhanced by small protrusions and longitudinal ribs on the inside surface of the 15 drum which catch and raise the pieces. The agitation motion of the trommel, along with the initial drop into the trommel, acts to mobilise any small particles. The inner drum 26 also acts as a separation screen; the perforations allow smaller particles to pass through drum 26 wall and into the space between it and the outer cover 27. At the bottom of the cover, an air duct 29 is connected to the extraction system 7 by 20 ducting 30 to withdraw the particles along with air from within the cover. As before, the airflow has the effect of encouraging small particles to pass from the inner drum 26 into the cover as well as reducing the likelihood that airborne particles will escape from the trommel.

9 It will be appreciated that the trommel may be replaced by an alternative means for agitating the cartridge pieces. However, alternative device should provide a similar tumbling and rubbing action. In addition ionised air may also be injected into the trommel. 5 The small particles collected from the trommel 4 are passed into the classification column and filtered in the toner collector 20 and stored. The remaining larger cartridge pieces, now substantially excluding toner dust and small particles exit the trommel 4 onto a second conveyor 31. At the end of the conveyor 31 a magnetic head pulley 32 and twin chute assembly 33 substantially separates the ferrous metal 10 components from the other components into bins, 34 and 35 respectively. The conveyor 9, shredder 1, casing of the mechanical separator and cover of the trommel may all be individually and together, substantially sealed, such that the process from start to exit of the trommel is isolated from the surrounding air. In this way, airflow into and out of the system can be regulated. 15 Air is drawn from the shredder hopper 10 through ducting 37. Additional air ducts can be added to extract air from the system or its surroundings at any point where particle concentration may be high. For instance, air may be drawn from the conveyor 9 through ducting 36. In this way, the air surrounding the invention remains substantially free of particles, or at least in concentrations which are not hazardous to workers and do not present a 20 risk of explosion. In alternative embodiments, or compressed air is injected into the separators or shredder chute. The compressed air is directed to blow the powder from the larger pieces. W:\DavSPEC\857157\amended pages doc WO 03/106938 PCT/AU03/00745 - 10 It will be appreciated that the invention provides a largely automated method and apparatus for extracting toner powder from toner cartridges. The invention enables the materials of cartridges to be recycled quickly, in a cost effective manner. Moreover, particulate concentration in the surrounding air is significantly reduced, eliminating the 5 potential hazards of dust inhalation by workers and the risk of explosion. In all these respects, the invention represents practical and commercially significant improvement over the prior art. Although the invention has been described with reference to specific examples it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the invention may be embodied in 10 many other forms.

Claims (20)

1. A method of extracting toner from toner cartridges, said method including the steps of: breaking up toner cartridges into pieces by a shredder including a shredder 5 hopper to release toner from within the cartridges; passing the cartridge pieces over a sifting barrier so that only particles under a predetermined size pass through the barrier; agitating the pieces to mobilise the toner; extracting air from the shredder hopper to collect toner released from the 10 broken up cartridges; and removing toner from the extracted air.

2. A method according to claim I including the further step of introducing ionised air adjacent the pieces. 15

3. A method according to any one of the proceeding claims wherein agitating the pieces involves repeatedly lifting and dropping the pieces.

4. A method according to any one of the proceeding claims wherein a trommel is used to 20 agitate the pieces, the trommel including an inner drum adapted to rotate about its longitudinal axis and an outer cover, the inner drum having a plurality of apertures and functioning as a separation screen so that only particles under a predetermined size pass through the screen and into the outer cover. 25

5. A method according to claim 4 wherein air is extracted from within the outer cover to encourage particles under a predetermined size to pass through the apertures in the inner drum.

6. A method according to any one of the proceeding claims wherein the sifting barrier is a vibrating screen substantially enclosed by a casing and air is extracted from the casing through 30 the vibrating screen to encourage particles under a predetermined size to pass therethrough.

7. A method according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the shredder includes twin rollers to break up the cartridges. W:\DavidSPEC\857157\amended pages.doc 12

8. A method according to any one of the proceeding claims including the further step of filtering air extracted from the shredder hopper to remove particles under a predetermined size. 5

9. A method according to claim 8 wherein the extracted air is passed though a classification column to separate toner powder from impurities.

10. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the agitating step comprises vibrating the pieces at a first frequency and subsequently agitating the pieces at a 10 second, lower frequency.

11. An apparatus for extracting toner from toner cartridges including: a shredder for breaking up toner cartridges into pieces and to thereby release toner from within the cartridges, the shredder including a shredder hopper; 15 a sifting barrier for sifting the cartridge pieces so that only particles under a predetermined size pass through the barrier; agitation means to agitate the pieces and mobilise the toner; an air duct extending from the shredder hopper and an extractor for extracting air to remove airborne toner particles released from the broken up cartridges from 20 within the shredder hopper; and a toner collector for removing toner from the air extracted by the extractor.

12. An apparatus according to claim 11 including an ioniser for introducing ionised air into the apparatus. 25

13. An apparatus according to claim 11 or claim 12 wherein the agitation means is arranged repeatedly to lift and drop the pieces.

14. An apparatus according to any one of claims 11 to 13 wherein the agitating means is a 30 trommel including an inner drum adapted to rotate about its longitudinal axis and an outer cover, the inner drum having a plurality of apertures and functioning as a separation screen so that only particles under a predetermined size pass through the screen and into the outer cover. W:adSPEC\857157\amended pages.doc 13

15. An apparatus according to claim 14 wherein the extractor is arranged to extract air from within the outer cover to encourage particles under a predetermined size to pass through the apertures in the inner drum. 5

16. An apparatus according to any one claims 11 to 15 wherein the sifting barrier is a vibrating screen substantially enclosed by a casing and wherein the extractor is arranged to extract air from the casing through the vibrating screen to encourage particles under a predetermined size to pass therethrough. 10

17. An apparatus according to any one of claims 11 to 16 wherein the shredder employs twin rollers to break up the cartridges.

18. An apparatus according to any one of claims 11 to 17 including a classification column to separate toner powder from impurities. 15

19. An apparatus according to any one of claims 11 to 18, wherein the agitation means comprises a drum having protrusions positioned on an inside surface of the drum.

20. A method of extracting toner from toner cartridges, or an apparatus for extracting toner ?0 from toner cartridges, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings. 25 30 35 W:\DavidiSPEC\857157\amended pages doc