AU2003294489A1

AU2003294489A1 - Combination of monounsaturated fatty acids and estrogen, and their use

Info

Publication number: AU2003294489A1
Application number: AU2003294489A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Michael P. Girouard
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2002-11-20
Filing date: 2003-11-20
Publication date: 2004-06-15
Also published as: WO2004045560A3; WO2004045560A2; EP1594481A2; EP1594481A4; CA2543393A1

Description

WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 TITLE OF THE INVENTION 5 "Monounsaturated fatty acids and perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus combination molecules, and their precursors, and the use of all of these as weight-loss agents" INVENTOR: GIROUARD, Michael, P., a US citizen, of 18019 Whispering Oaks Dr., Cornelius, NC 28031, US 10 CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS Incorporated herein by reference are: my US Provisional Patent Application, Serial No. 60/490,709, filed 29 July 2003; my US Provisional Patent Application, Serial No. 60/448,422, filed 18 February 2003; my US Provisional Patent Application, Serial No. 60/427,714, filed 20 November 2002; my US Provisional Patent Application, 15 Serial No. 60/314,995, filed 24 August 2001; my US Patent Application, Serial No. 10/227,983, filed 26 August 2002, and published 19 June 2003 as Publication No. US 2003/0114431 Al; and my International Patent Application No. PCT/USO2/27141, filed 26 August 2002, and published 6 March 2003 as International PublicationNo. WO 03/018529 Al. 20 In the US, priority of each of these applications is hereby claimed. In the PCT application, priority of each of these applications filed on or after 20 November 2002 is hereby claimed In the US, this is a continuation-in-part of my US Patent Application, Serial No. 10/227,983, filed 26 August 2002. 25 STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT Not applicable REFERENCE TO A "MICROFICHE APPENDIX" Not applicable 30 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to weight loss. More particularly, the present invention relates to medication-aided weight loss treatments.

WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 2. General Background of the Invention Since treating patients for weight loss since 1981, the present inventor has observed that roughly seventy-five percent of his patients have little or absolutely no history of overweight or obesity prior to a major event associated with estrogen hormonal 5 changes. The most common estrogen hormonal events,are pregnancy (especially second and late pregnancies), hysterectomy, tubal ligation, or peri-menopause/menopause. Usually, the change is dramatic. Interestingly, these patients do not report a change in eating or exercise habits. Furthermore, exercise and strict weight loss produce only modest weight loss in many if not most of these patients, indicating that some aspect of 10 fat metabolism has been altered as a result of the hormonal situations noted above. Because the genetic makeup of these patients has not changed, the present inventor has recognized the role of hormones in producing changes in body fat metabolism in humans. These observations agree well with what is observed in the literature and current body of knowledge regarding hormones' ability to elicit changes in body fat. Excess 15 production of the hormone cortisol as seen in Cushing's syndrome/disease produces significant truncal obesity which responds poorly if at all to weight loss. A similar situation results from prednisone and other steroid therapy in the human body. Adrenalectomy results in the absence of cortisol and an extreme loss of body fat. Even more significant to the present invention, patients who experience Polycystic Ovary 20 Syndrome (PCOS) secrete huge amounts of the estrogen ESTRONE. Interestingly, these patients do not experience an increase in estrogenic side effects, but do exhibit extreme obesity, poorly responsive to diet and exercise. The role of hormones in eliciting obesity, at least in some, is not questioned. The special role of estrogens is strongly suggested by the inventor's observations. 25 In U.S. Patent No. 5,798,348, incorporated herein by reference, Dr. Maria Alemany has demonstrated that certain fatty acid monoesters of estrone are effective in eliciting weight loss and/or treating obesity. The use of fatty-acid monoesters of estrogens (FAME's) for the treatment of obesity and/or overweight has been described wherein the fatty acid components are natural fatty acids designated specifically as the 30 following fatty acids: oleic, linoleic, linolenic, stearic, palmitic palmitoleic, and arachidonic acids. Oleoyl-estrone (OE) is a naturally occurring fatty acid monoester of estrogen (FAME-ES) that has been shown in numerous published articles to produce rapid and 2 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 sustained weight loss in a variety of rats. Oleoyl-estrone is just one of a group ofnaturally occurring fatty acid monoesters of estrogen (FAME-ES). OE produces weight loss whether given via intravenous injection (i.v.), or orally, independent of leptin functionality. Rats given OE reduce their food intake in a dose related manner, while 5 sustaining their energy output, thus resulting in significant and rapid weight loss. In one study, Zucker lean rats lost virtually all their lipid reserves, something that would not be achieved through starvation. It has been demonstrated that by changing the fatty acid moiety or the estrogen molecule on the FAME-ES , the weight loss and appetite suppression effect of the 10 molecule is greatly altered (Life Sciences, Vol. 62, No. 15, pp 1349-1359). To date, the most effective FAME-ES tested has been oleoyl-estrone. However, there are other FAME-ES compounds that have not been tested. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention proposes a new solution to the above-mentioned problem 15 by providing substantially pure new fatty-acid monoesters of estrogens and fatty acids, wherein: a) the estrogen is selected from the group consisting of estrone, i.e.3 hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien- 17-one; diethylstilbestrol, i.e.4,4'-(1,2-dietheyl-1l,2 ethenediyl)-bisphenol; estriol, i.e. estra-1,3,5(10)riene-3,16,17-triol, and ethinylestradiol, 20 i.el 9-nor-1 7a-pregna-1,3,5(10 O)trine-20-yne-3,17-diol; b) the fatty acid is a mono unsaturated fatty acid containing 20 carbons atoms or more, selected from the group consisting ofeicosenoic, docosenoic acid and tetracosenoic acid, and c) in a preferred embodiment, with the proviso that, when the estrogen is 25 steroidal, the acyl group is attached to the hydroxyl group a the c-3 position of the steroid ring system. In a preferred embodiment, the fatty-acid is eicosenoic acid. In a more preferred embodiment the estrogen is selected from the group consisting of estrone and diethylstilbestrol. 30 The present invention also provides a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen and a fatty acid, where the estrogen is either estrone, diethylstilbestrol, estriol or ethinyl estradiol; and the fatty acid is either eicosenoic acid, C-22 fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, or the C-24 fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic. 3 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 In addition, the present invention also provides a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen combined with one fatty acid. This fatty acid can either be eicosenoic, docosenoic acid or tetracosenoic acid. Furthermore, the invention provides a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester consisting of estrone monoeicosenoate as well as 5 a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester consisting of diethylstilbestrol monoeicosenoate. The invention also provides a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester where the estrogen is estrone and the fatty acid is cis 11 eicosenoic acid. In addition, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition comprising a therapeutically and/or cosmetically effective amount of a 10 substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen and a fatty acid, in combination with at least one excipient acceptable for a predetermined administration. The estrogen can be estrone, diethylstilbestrol, estriol, estradiol and ethinyl estradiol and the fatty acid can be eicosenoic acid, the C-22 fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and/or the C-24 fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid. This pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition can be 15 administered via intravenous injection, and the fatty-acid monoester can be integrated in a lipidic suspension. The lipidic suspension can be a lipoprotein suspension. This lipoprotein suspension can be a liposome suspension. Such liposome suspension can be obtained by addition of soy oil and egg phospholipids. Furthermore, this invention provides a method of lowering body weight in a 20 mammal by administering to the mammal an effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen and a fatty acid. The estrogen can be estrone, diethylstilbestrol, estriol, estradiol and ethinyl estradiol, and the fatty acid can be eicosenoic acid, C-22 fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, or the C-24 fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid, in combination with amounts of at least one member selected from the 25 group consisting of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and cosmetically acceptable excipients in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof. In addition, the present invention provides a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen and a fatty acid, wherein the estrogen is selected from the group consisting of estrone, diethylstilbestrol, estriol and ethinyl estradiol; the fatty acid is 30 selected from the group consisting of eicosenoic acid, C-22 fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the C-24 fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid, with the proviso that, when the estrogen is steroidal and has a steroid ring system with a C-3 position and a hydroxyl 4 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 group at the C-3 position, the acyl group of the fatty acid is attached to the hydroxyl group at the C-3 position of the steroid ring system in the fatty acid monoester. In another embodiment of the invention, molecules are synthesized by combining two different molecules. These molecules are referred to as synthesized combination 5 molecules (SCM). The resulting synthesized combination molecule (SCM), when taken orally, elicits a decrease in appetite and food intake in mammals, while also producing a loss of body weight and/or body fat. These synthesized combination molecules are substantially pure combinations of: a) a monounsaturated fatty acid molecule of 20 carbon atoms or more, and 10 b) a steroid. The steroid and fatty acid are joined by an ester, ether, or amide linkage. Preferred fatty acids used in the SCM include the cis isomers of eicosenoic acid (20 carbon, monounsaturated), docosenoic acid (22 carbon, monounsaturated), and tetracosenoic acid (24 carbon, monounsaturated). Other monounsaturated fatty acids of greater than 20 15 carbons would also be effective. Preferred synthesized combination molecules (SCM's) include the fatty acid monoesters in which the fatty acid is made up of eicosenoic acid, docosenoic acid, or tetracosenoic acid and joined via an ester bond to the steroid estrone. A particularly preferred SCM is the monoester of tetracosenoic acid and the steroid DHEA (dehydroepiandosterone). 20 In yet another embodiment, the invention provides synthesized combination molecules that are substantially pure combinations of: 1) a monounsaturated fatty acid molecule of 20 carbon atoms or more; and 2) a molecule containing a perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus or a modification or derivative of a perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene 25 nucleus. An example of a perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus is a steroid. In one embodiment, the perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene exists in the estrogen molecule. The fatty acid and perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene are joined by an ester, ether, or amide linkage. Such combination molecules are effective in eliciting appetite suppression and a 30 decrease in food intake in mammals, while also producing a loss of body weight and/or body fat. Perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene is a saturated tetracyclic hydrocarbon, which is the precursor molecule of cholesterol and steroids. Perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene is also the precursor of Vitamin D. 5 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 need of treatment, that patient's body will convert the 2-bromoestrone ester of cis- 11 eicosenoic acid to 2-hydroxyestrone eicosenoate, and the 2-hydroxyestrone eicosenoate will then produce the beneficial effects mentioned elsewhere in this patent application (a similar compound was made starting with chlorine salt, but was toxic) 5 As used herein, halide salts as precursors of each of the pharmaceutical compositions mentioned herein are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astanine salts as precursors to each of the pharmaceutical compositions mentioned herein. However, testing may indicate that some pharmaceutical compositions will work better than others, and some may be toxic. 10 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The use of the specific fatty acid monoester of estrogen composed of eicosenoic acid and estrogens has not been described, nor would it be expected due to the fact that eicosenoie acid is not generally found in any appreciable amount in mammalian fat tissue. Furthermore, unlike the other fatty-acid monoesters, eicosenoic fatty-acid monoesters of 15 estrogen have been shown by the present inventor to be effective in large mammals and not just rat studies. Thus, the provision of satisfactory new products of the treatment of obesity and/or overweight is still an unresolved problem. While fatty acid monoesters of etrogen have been shown to be effective in causing weight loss in mammals, subsequent tests have shown that they react in the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell test to cause 20 growth of human breast cancer cells at such low concentrations as to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, thereby all but negating their use as an obesity agent in humans. This is most certainly due to the estrogen moiety in these molecules, since the concentration of reactivity in the MCF-7 test is virtually identical to the reactivity in the same test for the specific estrogen alone. On the other hand, numerous studies have 25 shown the 2 hydroxy derivatives of estrogens, in particular 2 hydroxyestrone and 2 hydryoxyestradiol, are 1,000 to 10,000 times less reactive in human breast cancer cell tests than the corresponding estrogen. Furthermore, high concentrations of 2 hydroxyestrone or 2 hydroxyestradiol in humans appear to be associated with a significantly lower incidence of breast cancer, and have been proposed as having a 30 protective role in preventing breast cancer in humans. Of particular interest to this invention, low levels of 2 hydroxy estrogens may explain both obesity and the increased incidence of breast cancer in obese women. Thus, the provision of satisfactory new 6 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 products of the treatment of obesity and/or overweight acceptable for human intervention is still an unresolved problem. In this specification the term "estrogens" refers to the substances tending to promote estrus and stimulate the development of female secondary sex characteristics. 5 This term comprises natural, semisynthetic and synthetic estrogens, both steroidal and nonsteroidal, such as estrone, diethylstilbestrol, estriol, estradiol, and ethinyl estradiol. In this specification the term "fatty acids" refers to the preferred carboxylic acids for this invention, which eicosenoic, docosenoic acid and tetracosenoic acid. Dr. Alemany's research published in Life Sci, 1998: 62 (15): 1349-59 10 demonstrates that the fatty acid moiety hooked to the estrone molecule significantly affects the efficacy. This study shoes that the C-18 saturated fatty acid acyl estrone (stearoyl estrone) is less effective than the C-18 unsaturated fatty acid acyl estrone (oleoyl estrone). Thus, it follows that the C-20 unsaturated fatty acid acyl estrone would be even more effective. Furthermore, in: Horm. Metab. Res. 1975 Nov; 7(6): 467-71, Alemany 15 showed that the composition of the free fatty acid fraction differed between men and women, the female subjects having a lower proportion of saturated fatty acids and higher proportions of oleic and eicosenoic acids. Hence, the article concluded, "The results indicate that the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids in man is influenced by gonadal steroid hormones." This strongly implies 1) the association of eicosenoic acid 20 and oleic acid in the all important area of free fatty acid composition and 2) that this is apparently a function of gonadal steroid hormones, such as estrone. Considering the lower concentration ofeicosenoic acid, it is reasonable to assume that on a molar basis, it is significantly more effective than oleoyl estrone. The present inventor has discovered that the fatty acid monoester of cis 11 25 eicosenoic acid and an estrogen is also effective in producing weight loss and appears to be significantly more effective than any other fatty acid monoester of estrogen. One study with rabbits showed that when given at a mole/kg dose equivalent to that used for oleoyl estrone in rats, eicosenoyl estrone (a preferred product) produced 50% greater reduction in appetite and 60% greater weight loss in rabbits than oleoyl-estrone did in rats. 30 In the present invention, the preferred fatty acid used in the fatty acid monoester of estrogen is eicosenoic acid, especially cis 11 eicosenoic, although cis 5, cis 8, and cis 13 eicosenoic acid may also prove effective. It is also believed that the C-22 fatty acid monoester of estrogen, cis 13 docosenoic acid (Erucic acid), and the C-24 fatty acid 7 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 monoester of estrogen, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid (Nervonic acid) may also prove effective and are included in this disclosure. Eicosenoic acid is not a derivative of other fatty acids, but exists uniquely as a separate and significantly different fatty acid, with different chemical properties as 5 identified by standard techniques that show it to be a unique and different molecule. Fatty acid monoesters of estrogens utilizing eicosenoic acid as the fatty acid are also unique and different from other fatty acid monoesters of estrogen (FAME's), exhibiting different efficacy. In fact, research from Dr. Alemany (Life Sci, 1998: 62 (15): 1349-59) shows that simply changing the fatty acid moiety in these FAME's significantly changes the 10 effect of the fatty acid-estrogen monoester. Even fatty acids with equal number of carbon atoms but different degrees of saturation (such as eicosenoic acid and arachadonic acid) yield significantly different effects on appetite and/or weight loss when combined in the fatty acid-estrogen monoester. Therefore, each fatty acid monoester of estrogen is unique, with unique effects, and not derived from another. Monoesters of estrogens and 15 eicosenoic acid are not derived from other fatty acid monoesters, but are synthesized utilizing eicosenoyl chloride and estrogens. In the present invention, estrone is the preferred estrogen. The preferred pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic compositions of the present invention for treatment of obesity and/or overweight contain an effective amount of the 20 fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen and the fatty acid eicosenoic acid, wherein the estrogen is preferably estrone, diethylstilbestrol, estriol, estradiol, or ethinyl estradiol. A particularly preferred product of this invention is estrone monoeicosenoate. Another particularly preferred product of this invention is diethylstilbestrol monoeicosenoate. The eicosenoic acid-estrogen monoesters mimic the function of the naturally 25 occurring fatty acid monoester, estrone monooleate, as a signal that informs the brain of the size of fat tissue mass. When administered to rabbits, they produce weight reduction of about 20%, by a) decreasing food intake and b) by a new and unexpected mechanism. Eicosenoic acid-estrogen monoesters are useful for the treatment of obesity and/or overweight in mammals, with the advantages of high efficacy and low toxicity. 30 As illustrated in the accompanying examples, the new products of this invention can be prepared by reaction between the corresponding estrogen and some activated forms of the corresponding fatty acid (e.g. the acid chloride), in an appropriate solvent (e.g. pyridine), followed by appropriate separation and purification (e.g. by column or 8 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 HPLC chromatography). Fatty acid monoesters of estrogen behave as a distinct hormone, different from estrone. Apparently, the fatty-acid monoesters of estrogens which are the subject matter of this invention, are products that mimic the hormone activity of estrone monooleate, as a signal that informs the brain of the size of fat tissue mass. 5 Another aspect of this invention relates to the provision ofpharmaceutical and/or cosmetically effective amount of the above-mentioned fatty-acid monoesters of estrogens, and appropriate amounts of excipients suitable for the desired administration of the FAME. In principle, the compositions of this invention can be administered by standard 10 delivery systems: oral, anal, vaginal, topical, transdermal or parenteral (intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous). However, not all the administration routes are equally effective. Another aspect of this invention relates to the use of a fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen for the preparation of a medicament or formulation for the treatment of obesity 15 and/or overweight in mammals. This use is related to a method of treatment of animal suffering from obesity, and/or cosmetically effective amount of a fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen, together with appropriate amounts of excipients suitable for the desired administration route. In a preferred preparation of this invention, a) the estrogen is selected from the group consisting of estrone, diethyl-stilbestrol, estriol, estradiol, and 20 ethinyl estradiol; b) the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of eicosenoic, docosenoic acid and tetracosenoic acid and c) with the proviso that the acyl group is attached to the hydroxyl group at the C-3 position of the steroid ring system when the estrogen is steroidal. It is noteworthy that the use (or method of treatment) of the C-3 fatty-acid monoesters of estradiol in the field of obesity/weight reduction is part of this 25 invention. Eicosenoyl estrone can be characterized as a synthesis oftwo different molecules: 1) a monounsaturated fatty acid molecule of 20 carbon atoms or more, and 2) a steroid. Thus, other molecules synthesized by combining a monounsaturated fatty acid molecule of 20 carbon atoms or more, and a steroid are also effective and are included in the 30 present invention. Furthermore, molecules synthesized by combining a monounsaturated fatty acid molecule and perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene or a derivative or modified perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus are also effective and included in the present 9 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 invention. Perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene is a saturated tetracyclic hydrocarbon precursor molecule of cholesterol and steroids. Perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene is also the precursor of Vitamin D. Perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene also exists in the estrogen molecule. While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, research 5 suggests that the active part of the steroid molecule in the SCM is actually the perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus. Perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene containing molecules (such as steroids and particularly estrogen steroids) can produce weight loss when combined with other molecules, such as unsaturated fatty acids, whether this nucleus is saturated or unsaturated, and despite various substitutions on the 10 perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus. The practical use of any compound given to humans for the treatment of obesity require, of course, that the compound not only be effective, but able to pass the FDA requirements and be approved as a drug suitable for humans. Both oleoyl estrone and estrone eicosenoate contain the estrogen, ESTRONE, a hormone which has been shown 15 to promote the growth ofhuman breast cancer cells. One test used to determine reactivity with human breast cancer cells is the "MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line test". The lower the concentration of drug required to produce agonist activity, the more potential there is for problems with cancer causing &/or promotion in humans. A comfortable level in the pharmaceutical industry would be a reactivity in the micromolar range. In the case 20 of oleyl estrone, agonist activity begins at 0.9 nanomolar; with estrone eicosenoate, agonist activity begins at a ten times greater concentration of 1.0 nanomolar. This low concentration of agonist activity mitigates the possibility that these compounds would gain FDA approval for either drug. Certain derivatives of estrone, however, show little if any breast cancer cell activity, and, 25 according to the medical literature, may even provide an inhibitory effect on breast cancer cell growth. As reported by: Hooijerink, D., Hoogenboom, L. A. P., Bor, G., Murk, A. J., De Haan, L., Brouwer, A. inAPMIS. ACTA PATHOLOGICA, MICROBIOLOGICA ETIMMUNOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SUPPLEMENTUM, 109(103):S480-S486 2001, 2 hydroxy estrone was 10,000 times less active than estrone as determined in the 30 ER-CALUX assay with human T47D breast cells. However, fatty acid monoesters of derivatives of estrone also show weight loss activity comparable to fatty acid monoesters of estrone (i.e., oleoyl estrone and estrone eicosenoate) but without the carcinogenic and/or cancer cell agonist activity. 10 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 EXAMPLE 1: ESTRONE EICONSENOATE GIVEN AT 1 /2 DOSE PRODUCES THREE TIMES GREATER WEIGHT LOSS THAN OLEOYL-ESTRONE IN NEW ZEALAND WHITE RABBITS The present invention demonstrates that the fatty acid monoester of cis 11 eicosenoic acid and estrogen is effective in producing weight loss and appears to be 5 significantly more effective than any other fatty acid monoester of estrogen. One study with rabbits shows that when given at a mole/kg dose equivalent to that used for oleoyl estrone in rats, eicosenoyl estrone (a preferred product) produced 50% greater reduction in appetite and 60% greater weight loss in rabbits than oleoyl-estrone did in rats. OBJECTIVE: To test whether the fatty acid monoester of estrogen (FAME-ES) 10 composed ofeicosenoic acid and estrone is more effective than the FAME-ES composed of estrone and oleic acid. DESIGN: Rabbits were given an ad libitum diet of rabbit chow (Purina) with daily determination of rabbit weight and food consumed. During the first 3 weeks, rabbits were only weighed and allowed to eat. On the fourth week, all rabbits were given 0.05 cc dose 15 of peanut oil. For the next ten days, rabbits received either peanut oil (control), OE at a dose of 2 mg/day (3.000 pmol/day), EE at a dose of 1 mg/day (1.421 pumol/day), EE at a dose of 0.33 mg/day (0.474 jtmol/day), EE at a dose of 0.2 mg/day (0.284 gmol/day), or EE at a dose of 0.033 mg/day (0.047 pmol/day). SUBJECTS: 5 month old New Zealand white rabbits, initially weighing 3.62-3.3333 kg 20 MEASUREMENTS: Daily determinations of food consumed and body weight. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five New Zealand white rabbits were obtained and caged in their natural environment (outside) and fed a cafeteria, ad libitum diet of rabbit chow. Oleoyl-estrone was obtained from Steraloids, of Rhode Island, at a purity of 81% (HPLC per Dr. Branko 25 Jursic). Estrone-eicosenoate was obtained from Dr. Leroy Morgan at LSU Medical Center, New Orleans, 80% purity (HPLC). Preparations of OE and EE at the proper doses were performed and obtained from Dr. Brian T. Cooper at the Univ. of North Carolina at Charlotte. The appropriate weights of OE or EE were diluted in peanut oil to provide concentrations as follows: 1) OE, 2 mg/0.05 cc; 2) EE, 1 mg/0.05 cc; 3) 0.33 mg/0.05 cc; 30 4) EE, 0.1mg/0.05 cc, 5) EE, 0.03 mg/0.05 cc For the initial three weeks, the rabbits were given no medicine or oil. Body weight and food consumed were measured daily; establishing a daily average for food consumed and weight change. All rabbits gained weight during this period. The fourth week, rabbits 11 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 were given 0.05 cc per day of peanut oil by syringe orally, which they readily accepted without any hesitation or aversion. Beginning the fifth week, rabbits received an oral dose ofOE, EE, or peanut oil as listed in Table 1 below: 5 Table 1 RABBIT MEDICINE DOSE #1 OE 2 mg/day #2 EE 1 mg/day #3 EE 0.33 mg/day #4 EE 0.2 mg/day #5 EE 0.03 mg/day Control Peanut Oil 0.05 cc/day Rabbits received the assigned dose for 10 consecutive days. Rabbit weight (kg) and food eaten (grams) were determined daily. 10 Results Table 2 below shows the initial and final weights for the rabbits, listed according to dose of medicine, along with change in food consumption. 12 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 Table 2 INITIAL FINAL WT.A WT. A FOOD/DAY FOOD/DAY RABBIT WT. WT. w/ Rx Pre-Rx AVG. AVG. (kg) (kg) 10 days 10 day PRE-Rx w/ Rx avg. OE, 2mg/d 3.70 3.60 -0.10 +0.121 160.55 93.8 EE, 1 mg/d 3.73 3.37 -0.36 + 0.129 138.3 31.9 EE, 0.33 4.09 4.01 -0.08 + 0.139 151.6 150.4 mg/d EE, 0.2 3.50 3.56 +0.06 +0.148 151.1 131.0 mg/d EE, 0.03 4.00 4.17* +0.17 +0.125 163.6 158.5 mg/d CONTROL 3.96 4.10 +0.14 +0.139 189.5 189.5 *This rabbit lost consistently for five consecutive days, to a wt. of 3.94 kg. As can be seen from Table 2, both OE and EE elicits weight loss and decreased food 5 consumption in rabbits. However, EE at one half the dose (mg/d) produced more than a three-fold greater weight loss than OE. It is interesting to note that this rabbit also ate approximately 1/3 the amount of food as did the OE rabbit, consistent quantitatively with the degree of weight loss observed. The rabbit receiving EE at 1/6 the dose of OE also experienced significant weight 10 loss that was only 20% less than that resulting from a much higher dose of OE. The rabbit receiving EE at 1/10 the dose of OE gained 0.06 kg, however this was less than half the weight gained by the Control rabbit. Obviously, EE exerted an effect even at this low a dose. The rabbit receiving the dose of EE equal to 1/33 the dose of OE gained more 15 weight than even the control. Interestingly, however, this rabbit lost for the first five days, down to a weight of 3.94 kg. There may have been some brief effect, which was not sustained for some reason. Thus, oral administration of oleoyl-estrone (OE) and estrone eicosenoate (EE) in all but the lowest dose resulted in weight loss. Interestingly, even though EE was given in 13 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 less than half the dose of the OE (1 mg/d of EE vs. 2 mg/d of OE), this dose of EE rabbit resulted in 3.6 times more weight loss over a 10-day period. CONCLUSION: At /2 the dose, estrone eicosenoate produces more than three times the weight loss in rabbits than does OE. EE is more effective on a mol/kg basis than OE in 5 producing weight loss in rabbits DISCUSSION Oleoyl-estrone, a fatty acid monoester of estrogen (FAME-ES), has been shown to cause dose related weight loss in rats when given orally or via i.v. The most likely mechanism of action in causing weight loss is greatly decreased energy intake in the face 10 of sustained energy output. There are many factors which suggest that OE could be a major chemical signal molecule responsible for weight adjustment in the human body: OE is a natural acyl ester found in humans; estrone levels are significantly elevated in obese humans; OE levels in obese humans are significantly lower; OE levels fall in starvation; OE causes lipolysis in human adipocytes. 15 Published research demonstrates that varying the fatty acid or the estrogen moiety in FAME-ES compounds changes the effectiveness of the molecule in producing weight loss, suppression of food ingestion, or both. This example compares the difference in weight loss and food ingestion suppression effect between orally administered OE and another FAME-ES compound, estrone-eicosenoate (EE). To accentuate the possible 20 greater efficacy of EE, it was given at half the daily dose as OE (g/day). The results were significant, showing that EE at half dose produced weight loss that was 3.6 times greater than that achieved with OE. At other lower doses, EE was also effective in producing either weight loss or reduced weight gain as compared to controls. Only at the lowest dose did EE fail to stop weight gain. 25 Only one side effect was noted, which may have significance in OE's potential as a weight loss drug for humans. OE was given to the most docile and friendly rabbit. After one week of therapy, this rabbit became very agitated, mean and aggressive, trying on two occasions to bite the handler. Contrary to the aggressive changes seen in the OE rabbit, the EE treated rabbits became very docile and easy to handle. In fact, the most aggressive 30 rabbit pre-treatment, became exceedingly calm, easy to handle and cooperative when given EE in a dose of 0.33 mg/d, 14 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 In conclusion, FAME-ES compounds produce appetite suppression and weight loss in rabbits in a dose related manner. OE, while effective in promoting weight loss, does appear to produce the unpleasant side effect of irritability and aggressive behavior. By comparison, EE is more effective than OE, producing greater weight loss at a lower 5 dose, with no untoward side effects observed. EE appears to have much greater potential as a weight loss product in humans. Example 2: GREATER EFFECTIVENESS OF ESTRONE EICOSENOATE OVER OLEOYL-ESTRONE IN PRODUCING WEIGHT LOSS IN DOGS 10 Subject and Methods: Dogs are selected and initial measurements taken. The initial measurements include weight and electrical impedance for each dog as measured by a standard impedance measuring device with electrodes placed between the front and rear paws. The dogs are placed individually in appropriate cages and allowed an ad libitum diet of 15 standard dog chow and water for a 10-day period. Daily measurements include the following: 1. Weight 2. Weight of food consumed 3. Water consumed, both volume and weight 20 Every other day, the dogs' electrical impedance is measured as an indicator of fat tissue content and loss. The dogs remain confined with out of cage activity or exercise for the duration of the experiment. This initial 10-day period establishes a pattern and average of weight gain, impedance change, and food and water consumption for each dog. The following four days involve giving each dog, orally in the morning, a small bread ball 25 coated with either sugar or syrup and containing 0.6cc of sunflower oil. This assures the dogs will readily accept the bread ball as a drug delivery device. Should this not occur, the medicines are administered orally in capsule form via gavage tube. For the next 21 days, dogs receive one of the following: 1. Placebo (3 dogs) 30 2. Oleoly-estone at a dose of 10 micromoles/kg (4 dogs) 3. Estrone eicosenoate at a dose of 5 micromoles/kg (4 dogs), representing 2 dose of OE dogs 15 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 4. Estrone eicosenoate at a dose of 3.33 micromoles/kg (4 dogs), representing 1/3 dose of OE dogs 5. Estrone eicosenoate at a dose of 2.5 micromoles/kg (4 dogs), representing dose of OE dogs 5 Both Oleoyl-Estrone and Estrone Eicosenoate are prepared by diluting the appropriate weight of each compound in sunflower oil to a standard volume so as to produce various concentrations. An appropriate volume of either OE or EE is placed into the center of a thick piece of dense sweet bread.(non-porous), carefully rolled into a small ball so none of the 10 compound leaks out, and sprinkled on the outer surface with sugar or syrup as determined above. Each dog receives the ball of bread (or capsule gavage) containing the appropriate dose of the appropriate medicine each morning for 21 days. During this 21-day test period, daily measurements are made to determine weight offood consumed, volume and weight of water consumed, and weight change of the dog. Electrical impedance of each 15 dog is measured every other day. Dogs receiving estrone eicosenoate will experience greater weight loss than dogs receiving oleoyl-estrone. These results of these experiments illustrate the greater efficacy of estrone eicosenoate over oleoyl-estrone in producing weight loss in this large mammal species. 20 EXAMPLE 3: HUMAN STUDY UTILIZING ESTRONE EICONSENOATE As AN ANTI OBESITY DRUG SUBJECT AND METHODS 1) The required number of subjects are properly screened to fulfill the necessary qualifications, 25 2) appropriate laboratory evaluation are performed, 3) various aspects of positive drug response in a manner acceptable for drug approval are recorded, 4) adverse drug effects are documented, and 5) patients are adequately followed-up. 30 OVERVIEW This study demonstrates that subjects on an ad libitum diet who take estrone eicosenoate: 16 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 1. experience a decrease in body fat as measured by weight, waist circumference measurements, and/or body fat or body fat %, and 2. eat less food, and/or 3. experience decreased appetite 5 GENERAL: In this random, double-blind, placebo controlled study, subjects are selected to one of three groups and take a capsule orally every morning containing one of the following: a) sunflower oil (placebo), b) estrone eicosenoate dissolved in sunflower oil at a dose of 0.75 micromoles/kg, or c) estrone eicosenoate dissolved in sunflower oil at a dose of 10 0.375 micromoles/kg. Subjects report weekly for measurements and assessment of any side effects. They are asked to keep a daily record of all food intake, food type, and fluid intake. They are also asked to record any side effects and their frequency (checklist assessment). They are provided with the proper paper work to record these. 15 SUBJECT SCREENING AND SELECTION: A total of 30 subjects are selected, randomized and placed in one of the three groups: ten subjects receive orally a capsule of sunflower oil for the duration of the study, ten subjects receive orally a capsule of estrone eicosenoate dissolved in sunflower oil every morning at a dose of 0.75 micromoles/kg, and another 10 subjects receive orally a capsule 20 every morning of estrone eicosenoate dissolved in sunflower oil at a concentration of 0.375 micromoles/kg. QUALIFICATIONS OF SUBJECTS 1) Men between the ages of 18 and 55 with a BMI 28 are eligible. 2) Women between the ages of 18 and 55, whether menopausal, perimenopausal, or 25 post-menopausal, with a BMI > 28. SUBJECTS EXCLUDED FROM THE STUDY People who: 1) are hypothyroid, 2) have a known history of possible estrogen receptive positive cancer (breast, 30 ovarian, uterine, testicular), 3) subjects with a history of anorexia or bulimia, 4) subjects with any history of cancer 17 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 5) pregnant females 6) nursing females 7) subjects with EKG's indicating tachycardia, old myocardial infarct, angina, or evidence of coronary artery disease. 5 8) Subjects with a BMI < 28. APPROPRIATE LABORATORY EVALUATION Different tests are performed at least five different times during each study, namely at the screening of potential participants, at the beginning of the study, weekly during the trials, at the end ofthe first 4 week period and at the end ofthe second 4 week treatment period. 10 1) SCREENING: Subjects are screened to exclude hypothyroidism, pregnancy, and heart disease. The following tests can suffice for this: T4, T3, TSH, urine pregnancy test, blood pressure & EKG. 2) BEGINNING OF STUDY: Subject passing the initial screen are evaluated at the beginning of WEEK # 1 as follows: 15 1) Estrone, estradiol, and estriol levels, done on the appropriate day ofthe menstrual cycle in premenopausal females, and without consideration of the time in the menstrual cycle in all other subjects including men. 2) SMA 20, including glucose, uric acid, and liver function tests 3) Triglycerides 20 4) Cholesterol, including fractions 5) Glycosalated hemoglobin Al (HgbA1) 6) Weight, taken on the same scale each time 7) Body fat % and total body fat, determined by bioelectrical impedance device. The same instrument must be used on the same patient throughout the study! 25 8) Height 9) Waist and hip measurements 3) WEEKLY ASSESSMENT: body weight, body fat & body fat %, waist & hip measure 4) END OF WEEK #5 ASSESSMENT: all labs done in step 2 at beginning of study, along with blood pressure, TSH and T4, T3 and rT3. 30 5) END OF WEEK #11: same as in #4, but also include EKG. 6) END OF WEEK #13: same as listed in step 4 above. 7) END OF WEEK #18: same as step 5. 18 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 8) END OF WEEK #20: (optional; include if deemed important) same as step 4. Subjects selected to participate in the studies have the following initial measurements: WEIGHT, WAIST to HIP RATIO, HEIGHT, BMI (calculated), BODY FAT % & TOTAL BODY FAT (via bioelectrical impedance method). Criteria for participation in 5 the studies are listed below. STUDY DESIGN: Subjects selected for participation are allowed an ad libitum diet and are given an evaluation sheet to assess their appetite and food intake. Foods excluded include alcohol. Low calorie liquids are stressed in place of high calorie liquids such as fruit juices, milk, 10 sweet tea (tea with sugar), regular soft drinks, coffee with sugar, etc. The importance of drinking 8 glasses of low calorie liquids per day is stressed. DURATION: The study can be divided into the following periods: 1) WEEK #1 - A DAILY assessment of appetite and food intake is made for one week 15 prior to any medication being issued. This is done by having the patient fill out a hunger questionnaire and by keeping a record of food intake. Food intake record should include amount, type, frequency and time ingested. 2) WEEKS #2, 3, 4, & 5 - A four week period where subjects are given a weeks supply of medication at the once weekly weigh-ins. Subjects are split into three groups: 20 1 One group receives placebo. 2 One group receives an appropriate dose of EE equal to 0.75 [tmol/kg q AM with food. 3 The third group receives an appropriate dose of EE equal to 0.75 pmol/kg q AM with food. 25 Ad libitum diets are followed, and food intake and appetite are assessed daily by the patient with an appropriate questionnaire and booklet. Weekly check-ins for weight and other measurements are done. 3) WEEKS 6 & 7 - all subjects are given a drug holiday; weekly revisits for measurements continue. 30 4) WEEKS 8, 9, 10 & 11 - Medication resumes, each group receiving the same medication they received during weeks 2-5. 5) WEEKS 12 & 13 - No medication. Just weekly reassessment. 19 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 6) WEEKS 14-18 -Placebo group only, given 4 weeks of medication in a dose yet to be determined. Weekly assessments to occur as usual. 7) WEEK 18 & 22 - Original medication groups are evaluated for weight, body fat and %, and waist measurements. 5 Subjects should be blind to all measurements. OUTCOME This study demonstrates that EE 1) reduces appetite, and does so in a dose dependent manner, and/or 2) produces weight loss, loss of body fat, and/or decrease of body fat% as determined by the various measurements in the study. 10 Example 4: THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SYNTHESIZED COMBINATION MOLECULES (SCM) IN PRODUCING DECREASED FOOD CONSUMPTION, WEIGHT LOSS, AND/OR BODY FAT LOSS IN RATS WHEN THE SYNTHESIZED COMBINATION MOLECULE CONSISTS OF A MONOUNSATURATED FATTY ACID MOLECULE OF 20 CARBONS OR MORE 15 JOINED BY AN AMIDE, ESTER, OR ETHER LINKAGE TO A STEROID MOLECULE. Introduction Certain molecules are synthesized by combining two different molecules: 1) a monounsaturated fatty acid molecule of 20 carbon atoms or more, and 2) a steroid. These new molecules vary as to the connecting bond, which can be an ester, ether, or amide 20 linkage. The resulting synthesized combination molecule (SCM), when taken orally, elicits a decrease in appetite and food intake in mammals, while also producing a loss of body weight and/or body fat. Subject and Methods Osborne Mendle rats are selected as the study subjects due to their propensity to 25 gain fat when fed a high fat diet. An initial measurement of body weight is performed on each rat. The rats are placed individually in appropriate cages and allowed an ad libitum diet of standard rat chow and water for a 10-day period. During this 10-day period the rats are gavaged daily with 0.1cc volume of sunflower oil to allow them to become comfortable with being handled and receiving the gavage tube (it takes about 10 days for 30 this acclimation to occur, and is important so that the animals are not stressed by the gavage). 20 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 Daily measurements include the following: 1. Weight 2. Weight of food consumed 3. Spillage 5 4. Water consumed, both volume and weight The rats remain confined and are denied out-of-cage activity or exercise for the duration ofthe experiment other than normal daily activity confined to the cage. This initial 10 Oday period establishes a pattern and average of weight gain, to acclimate the animals to the gavage procedure, and determine the average food and water consumption for each rat. 10 For the next 28 days, rats receive 0.1 cc volume of either placebo (sunflower oil) or one of several synthesized combination molecules (SCM's) consisting of 1) a monounsaturated fatty acid containing 20 carbon atoms or more joined to 2) a steroid molecule, in which the linkage between the fatty acid molecule and the steroid molecule is an amide, ester, or ether bond. Specific SCM's tested include the monoester of 15 tetracosenoic acid and the steroid DHEA (dehydroepiandosterone). Preferred fatty acids used in the SCM include the cis isomers of eicosenoic acid (20 carbon, monounsaturated), docosenoic acid (22 carbon, monounsaturated), and tetracosenoic acid (24 carbon, monounsaturated). Preferred synthesized combination molecules (SCM's) include the fatty acid monoesters in which the fatty acid is made up of eicosenoic acid, 20 docosenoic acid, or tetracosenoic acid and joined via an ester bond to the steroid estrone. In this study, three SCM's will be tested simultaneously: FIRST SCM: the monoester oftetracosenoic acid and the steroid dehydroepiandosterone (DHEA). SECOND SCM: the monoether of tetracosenoic acid and the steroid DHEA. 25 THIRD SCM: the monoester of eicosenoic acid and the steroid DHEA. Rats are assigned to each study group and receive the prescribed SCM as follows: 1. Placebo as sunflower oil, 0.1 cc volume (10 rats/SCM). 2. One of the three SCM's described above, at a dose of 10 micromoles/kg (10 rats/synthesized combination molecule [SCM]). 30 3. One of the three SCM's described above as described above at a dose of 5 micromoles/kg (10 rats/synthesized combination molecule [SCM]). 4. One of the three SCM's described above as described above at a dose of 3.33 micromoles/kg (10 rats/synthesized combination molecule [SCM]). 21 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 5. One of the three SCM's described above as described above at a dose of 2.5 micromoles/kg (10 rats/synthesized combination molecule [SCM]). The synthesized combination molecule (SCM) preparations to be administered to the rats are prepared by diluting the appropriate weight of each synthesized combination 5 molecule (SCM) in sunflower oil to a standard volume so as to produce the appropriate concentration as noted above for each study group, and so as to allow the prescribed daily dose to equal 0.1 cc. An appropriate volume of the synthesized combination molecule (SCM) is administered via oral gavage of the appropriate dose each morning for 28 consecutive 10 days. During this 28day test period, daily measurements continue to be made to determine weight of food consumed, volume and weight of water consumed, and weight change of the rat. The end of the study, rats are anesthetized then sacrificed via guillotine. Blood is collected by direct cardiac puncture, and determinations made ofthe following blood and 15 plasma parameters including a chemistry panel with lipids which includes glucose, triacylglycerols, urea, and insulin. A CBC is also performed. Measurements to determine loss of fat tissue in the rat's fat pad are also performed. Weight of the uterus is determined. The rats' intestines are then cleaned, the rats are re-weighed, and the whole rat is placed in a blender and made a smooth paste. The paste is used to determine lipid, 20 energy, and water content. The results of this study show the efficacy of these SCM in producing 1) a reduction in food consumption, and/or, 2) a reduction of body weight &/or body fat, in a statistically significant manner. Example 5: HUMAN STUDY DEMONSTRATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF 25 SYNTHESIZED COMBINATION MOLECULES (SCM) IN PRODUCING DECREASED FOOD CONSUMPTION, WEIGHT LOSS, AND/OR BODY FAT LOSS IN HUMANS WHEN THE SYNTHESIZED COMBINATION MOLECULE CONSISTS OF A MONOUNSATURATED FATTY ACID MOLECULE OF 20 CARBONS OR MORE JOINED BY AN AMIDE, ESTER, OR ETHER LINKAGE 30 TO A STEROID MOLECULE INTRODUCTION Certain molecules are synthesized by combining two different molecules: 1) a monounsaturated fatty acid molecule of 20 carbon atoms or more and 2) a steroid 22 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 molecule. These new molecules vary as to the connecting bond, which can be an ester, ether, or amide linkage. The resulting synthesized combination molecule (SCM), when taken orally, elicits a decrease in appetite and food intake in humans, while also producing a loss of body weight and/or body fat. 5 SUBJECT AND METHODS 1) The required number of subjects are properly screened to fulfill the necessary qualifications, 2) appropriate laboratory evaluation are performed, 3) various aspects of positive drug response in a manner acceptable for drug 10 approval are recorded, 4) adverse drug effects are documented, and 5) patients are adequately followed-up. OVERVIEW The study demonstrates that subjects on an ad libetum diet who take an SCM: 15 1. Experience a decrease in body fat as measured by weight, waist circumference measurements, and/or body fat or body fat % determinations, and 2. Eat less food, and/or 3. Experience decreased appetite. GENERAL: 20 In this random, double-blind, placebo controlled study, subjects are selected to one of three groups and take a capsule orally every morning containing one of the following: a) sunflower oil (placebo), b) a specific SCM as described above, dissolved in sunflower oil at a dose of 0.75 micromoles/kg, or c) a SCM dissolved in sunflower oil at a dose of 0.375 micromoles/kg. 25 One of several synthesized combination molecules (SCM's) consisting of 1) a monounsaturated fatty acid containing 20 carbon atoms or more joined to 2) a steroid molecule, in which the linkage between the fatty acid molecule and the steroid molecule is an amide, ester, or ether bond. Specific SCM's tested include the monoester of tetracosenoic acid and the steroid DHEA (dehydroepiandosterone). Preferred fatty acids 30 used in the SCM include the cis isomers of eicosenoic acid (20 carbon, monounsaturated), docosenoic acid (22 carbon, monounsaturated), and tetracosenoic acid (24 carbon, monounsaturated). Preferred synthesized combination molecules (SCM's) 23 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 include the fatty acid monoesters in which the fatty acid is made up of eicosenoic acid, docosenoic acid, or tetracosenoic acid and joined via an ester bond to the steroid estrone. In this study, three SCM's will be tested simultaneously: FIRST SCM: the monoester oftetracosenoic acid and the steroid DHEA 5 SECOND SCM: the monoether oftetracosenoic acid and the steroid DHEA. THIRD SCM: the monoester of eicosenoic acid and the steroid DHEA. Subjects report weekly for measurements and assessment of any side effects. They are asked to keep a daily record of all food intake, food type, and fluid intake. They are also asked to record any side effects and their frequency (checklist assessment). They are 10 provided with the proper paper work to record these. SUBJECT SCREENING AND SELECTION: A total of 90 subjects are selected, randomized and placed in one of three SCM study groups based on the three SCM's above. For each of the three SCM groups, subjects are assigned as follows: ten subjects receive orally a capsule of sunflower oil for the duration 15 of the study, ten subjects receive orally a capsule of one of the three SCM's dissolved in sunflower oil every morning at a dose of 0.75 micromoles/kg, and another 10 subjects receive orally a capsule every morning of one of the three SCM's dissolved in sunflower oil at a concentration of 0.375 micromoles/kg. QUALIFICATIONS OF SUBJECTS: 20 1) Men between the ages of 18 and 55 with a BMI > 28 are eligible. 2) Women between the ages of 18 and 55, whether menopausal, perimenopausal, or post-menopausal, with a BMI 28. SUBJECTS EXCLUDED FROM THE STUDY People who: 25 a) are hypothyroid, b) have a known history of possible estrogen receptive positive cancer (breast, ovarian, uterine, testicular), c) subjects with a history of anorexia or bulimia, d) subjects with any history of cancer 30 e) pregnant females f) nursing females g) subjects with EKG's indicating tachycardia, old myocardial infarct, angina, or evidence of coronary artery disease. 24 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 h) Subjects with a BMI <28. APPROPRIATE LABORATORY EVALUATION Different tests are performed at five different times during each study, namely at the screening of potential participants, at the beginning of the study, weekly during the 5 trials, at the end of the first 4 week period and at the end of the second 4 week treatment period. 1) SCREENING: Subjects are screened to exclude hypothyroidism, pregnancy, and heart disease. The following tests suffice for this: T4, T3, TSH, urine pregnancy test, blood pressure & EKG. 10 2) BEGINNING OF STUDY: Subjects passing the initial screen are evaluated at the beginning of WEEK # 1 as follows: a) Estrone, estradiol, and estriol levels, done on the appropriate day of the menstrual cycle in premenopausal females, and without consideration of the time in the menstrual cycle in all other subjects including men. DHEA and testosterone levels are 15 also done. b) SMA 20, including glucose, uric acid, and liver function tests c) Triglycerides d) Cholesterol, including fractions e) Glycosolated hemoglobin Al (HgbA1) 20 f) Weight, taken on the same scale each time g) Body fat % and total body fat, determined by bioelectrical impedance device. The same instrument must be used on the same patient throughout the study! h) Height i) Waist and hip measurements 25 3) WEEKLY ASSESSMENT: body weight, body fat & body fat % by electrical impedance measurement, waist & hip measurements 4) END OF WEEK #5 ASSESSMENT: all labs done at beginning of study, along with blood pressure, TSH and T4, T3 and rT3. 5) END OF WEEK #11: all labs done at beginning of study, but also include EKG. 30 6) END OF WEEK #13: all labs done at beginning of study. 7) END OF WEEK #18: all labs done at beginning of study 8) END OF WEEK #20: all labs done at beginning of study 25 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 Subjects selected to participate in the studies have the following initial measurements: WEIGHT, WAIST to HIP RATIO, HEIGHT, BMI (calculated), BODY FAT % & TOTAL BODY FAT (via bioelectrical impedance method). Criteria for participation in the studies are listed below. 5 STUDY DESIGN: Subjects selected for participation are allowed an ad libetum diet and are given an evaluation sheet to assess their appetite and food intake. Foods excluded include alcohol. Low calorie liquids are stressed in place of high calorie liquids such as fruit juices, milk, sweet tea (tea with sugar), regular soft drinks, coffee with sugar, etc. The importance of 10 drinking 8 glasses of low calorie liquids per day is stressed. DURATION: The study is divided into the following periods: 1. WEEK #1 - A DAILY assessment of appetite and food intake is made for one week prior to any medication being issued. This'is done by having the patient fill out a hunger 15 questionnaire and by keeping a record of food intake. Food intake record should include amount, type, frequency and time ingested. 2. WEEKS #2, 3, 4, & 5 - A four week period where subjects are given a weeks supply of medication at the once weekly weigh-ins. Subjects are split into three groups: 1. One group receives placebo. 20 2. One group receives an appropriate dose of SCM equal to 0.75 pmol/kg q AM with food. 3. The third group receives an appropriate dose of SCM equal to 0.375 pmol/kg q AM with food. Ad libetum diets are allowed, and food intake and appetite are assessed daily by 25 the patient with an appropriate questionnaire and booklet. Weekly check-ins for weight and other measurements are done. 3. WEEKS 6 & 7 - all subjects are given a drug holiday; weekly revisits for measurements continue. 4. WEEKS 8, 9, 10 & 11 - Medication resumes, each group receiving the same 30 medication they received during weeks 2-5. 5. WEEKS 12 & 13 - No medication. Just weekly reassessment. 26 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 6. WEEKS 14-18 - Placebo group only, given 4 weeks of medication in a dose yet to be determined. Weekly assessments to occur as usual. 7. WEEK 18 & 22 - Original medication groups are evaluated for weight, body fat and %, and waist measurements. 5 Subjects are blind to all measurements. OUTCOME This study demonstrates that SCM's 1) reduce appetite, and does so in a dose-dependent manner, and/or 2) produce weight loss, loss ofbody fat, and/or decrease ofbody fat % as determined by the various measurements in the study. 10 Example 6: THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SYNTHESIZED COMBINATION MOLECULES (SCM) IN PRODUCING DECREASED FOOD CONSUMPTION, WEIGHT LOSS, AND/OR BODY FAT LOSS IN RATS WHEN THE SCM CONSISTS OF A MONOUNSATURATED FATTY ACID MOLECULE OF 20 15 CARBONS OR MORE JOINED BY AN AMIDE, ESTER, OR ETHER LINKAGE TO A MOLECULE CONTAINING AS PART OF ITS STRUCTURE THE PERHYDROCYCLOPENTANOPHENANTHRENE NUCLEUS INTRODUCTION Certain molecules are synthesized by combining two different molecules: 1) a 20 monounsaturated fatty acid molecule of 20 carbon atoms or more, and 2) a molecule whose structure contains a perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus or some modification or derivative of a perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus, such as a steroid. These new molecules vary as to the connecting bond, which can be an ester, ether, or amide linkage. The resulting synthesized combination molecule (SCM), when 25 taken orally, elicits a decrease in appetite and food intake in mammals, while also producing a loss of body weight and/or body fat. SUBJECT AND METHODS Osborne Mendle rats are selected as the study subjects due to their propensity to gain fat when fed a high fat diet. An initial measurement of body weight is performed on each rat. 30 The rats are placed individually in appropriate cages and allowed an ad libitum diet of standard rat chow and water for a 10-day period. During this 10-day period the rats are gavaged daily with 0.1cc volume of sunflower oil to allow them to become comfortable 27 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 with being handled and receiving the gavage tube (it takes about 10 days for this acclimation to occur, and is important so that the animals are not stressed by the gavage). Daily measurements include the following: 5 1. Weight 2. Weight of food consumed 3. Spillage 4. Water consumed, both volume and weight The rats remain confined and are denied out-of-cage activity or exercise for the duration 10 of the experiment other than normal daily activity confined to the cage. This initial 10 day period establishes a pattern and average of weight gain, to acclimate the animals to the gavage procedure, and determine the average food and water consumption for each rat. For the next 28 days, rats receive 0.1 cc volume of either placebo (sunflower oil) 15 or one of several synthesized combination molecules (SCM's) consisting of 1) a monounsaturated fatty acid containing 20 carbon atoms or more, joined to 2) a molecule containing the perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus as part of its structure or some modification or derivative of a perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus, such as a steroid (such as steroids), in which the linkage between the fatty acid molecule and the 20 molecule containing the perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus or some modification or derivative ofa perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus, is an amide, ester, or ether bond. Specific SCM's tested include synthesized combination molecules (SCM's) consisting of 1) a monounsaturated fatty acid containing 20 carbon atoms or more, joined to one of the following molecules containing the 25 perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus or a derivative thereof- either Vitamin D or DHEA (dehydroepiandosterone) - via an amide, ester, or ether bond. Preferred fatty acids used in the SCM include the cis isomers of eicosenoic acid (20 carbon, monounsaturated), docosenoic acid (22 carbon, monounsaturated), and tetracosenoic acid (24 carbon, monounsaturated). Preferred synthesized combination molecules (SCM's) 30 include the fatty acid monoesters in which the fatty acid is made up of either eicosenoic acid, docosenoic acid, or tetracosenoic acid and joined via an ester bond to the steroid estrone (a molecule containing and derived from a perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene 28 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 nucleus). Ten rats are assigned to each study group and receive the prescribed SCM simultaneously as follows: FIRST SCM: the monoesier oftetracosenoic acid and cholesterol, a molecule containing the perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus 5 SECOND SCM: the monoether of eicosenoic acid and cholesterol, a molecule containing the perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus THIRD SCM: the monoester of eicosenoic acid and Vitamin D, a molecule containing the perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus. Rats are assigned to each study group and receive the prescribed SCM as follows: 10 1. Placebo as sunflower oil, 0.1 cc volume (10 rats/SCM). 2. One of the three SCM's described above, at a dose of 10 micromoles/kg (10 rats/synthesized combination molecule [SCM]). 3. One of the three SCM's described above as described above at a dose of 5 micromoles/kg (10 rats/synthesized combination molecule [SCM]). 15 4. One of the three SCM's described above as described above at a dose of 3.33 micromoles/kg (10 rats/synthesized combination molecule [SCM]). 5. One of the three SCM's described above as described above at a dose of 2.5 micromoles/kg (10 rats/synthesized combination molecule [SCM]). The synthesized combination molecule (SCM) preparations to be administered to 20 the rats are prepared by diluting the appropriate weight of each synthesized combination molecule (SCM) in sunflower oil to a standard volume so as to produce the appropriate concentration as noted above for each study group, and so as to allow the prescribed daily dose to equal 0.1 cc. An appropriate volume of the synthesized combination molecule (SCM) is 25 administered via oral gavage of the appropriate dose each morning for 28 consecutive days. During this 28-day test period, daily measurements continue to be made to determine weight of food consumed, volume and weight of water consumed, and weight change of the rat. At the end of the study, rats are anesthetized then sacrificed via guillotine. Blood 30 is collected by direct cardiac puncture, and determinations made of the following blood and plasma parameters including a chemistry panel with lipids which includes glucose, triacylglycerols, urea, and insulin. A CBC is also performed. Measurements to determine loss of fat tissue in the rat's fat pad are also performed. Weight of the uterus is 29 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 determined. The rats' intestines are then cleaned, the rats are re-weighed, and the whole rat is placed in a blender and made a smooth paste. The paste is used to determine lipid, energy, and water content. This study shows the efficacy of these SCM in producing 1) a reduction in food 5 consumption, and/or, 2) a reduction of body weight &/or body fat, in a statistically significant manner. Example 7: THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SYNTHESIZED COMBINATION MOLECULES (SCM) IN PRODUCING DECREASED FOOD CONSUMPTION, WEIGHT LOSS, AND/OR BODY FAT LOSS IN HUMANS WHEN THE SCM 10 CONSISTS OF A MONOUNSATURATED FATTY ACID MOLECULE OF 20 CARBONS OR MORE JOINED BY AN AMIDE, ESTER, OR ETHER LINKAGE TO A MOLECULE CONTAINING AS PART OF ITS STRUCTURE THE PERHYDROCYCLOPENTANOPHENANTHRENE NUCLEUS INTRODUCTION 15 Certain molecules are synthesized by combining two different molecules: 1) a monounsaturated fatty acid molecule of 20 carbon atoms or more and 2) a steroid molecule. These new molecules vary as to the connecting bond, which can be an ester, ether, or amide linkage. The resulting synthesized combination molecule (SCM), when taken orally, elicits a decrease in appetite and food intake in humans, while also 20 producing a loss of body weight and/or body fat. SUBJECT AND METHODS 1. Enlist the required number of subjects who are properly screened to fulfill the necessary qualifications, 2. Perform appropriate laboratory evaluation, 25 3. Record the various aspects of positive drug response in a manner acceptable for drug approval, 4. Document adverse drug effects, and 5. Perform adequate patient follow-up. OVERVIEW 30 The study demonstrates that subjects on an ad libetum diet who take a SCM: 30 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 1. Experience a decrease in body fat as measured by weight, waist circumference measurements, and/or body fat or body fat % determinations, and 2. Eat less food, and/or 5 3. Experience decreased appetite. GENERAL: In this random, double-blind, placebo controlled study, subjects are selected to one of three groups and take a capsule orally every morning containing one of the following: a) sunflower oil (placebo), b) a specific SCM as described above, dissolved in sunflower oil 10 at a dose of 0.75 micromoles/kg, or c) a SCM dissolved in sunflower oil at a dose of 0.375 micromoles/kg. One of several synthesized combination molecules (SCM's) consisting of 1) a monounsaturated fatty acid containing 20 carbon atoms or more joined to 2) a molecule containing the perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus as part of its structure or some 15 modification or derivative of a perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus, such as a steroid (such as steroids), in which the linkage between the fatty acid molecule and the molecule containing the perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus or some modification or derivative ofa perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus, is an amide, ester, or ether bond. In this study, three SCM's will be tested simultaneously: 20 FIRST SCM: the monoester of tetracosenoic acid and cholesterol, a molecule containing the perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus as part of its structure SECOND SCM: the monoester of eicosenoic acid and cholesterol, a molecule 25 containing the perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus as part of its structure THIRD SCM: the monoester of eicosenoic acid and Vitamin D, a molecule containing the perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus as part 30 of its structure Subjects report weekly for measurements and assessment of any side effects. They are asked to keep a daily record of all food intake, food type, and fluid intake. They are also 31 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 asked to record any side effects and their frequency (checklist assessment). They are provided with the proper paper work to record these. SUBJECT SCREENING AND SELECTION: A total of 90 subjects are selected, randomized and placed in one of three SCM study 5 groups based on the three SCM's above. For each of the three SCM groups, subjects are assigned as follows: ten subjects receive orally a capsule of sunflower oil for the duration of the study, ten subjects receive orally a capsule of one of the three SCM's dissolved in sunflower oil every morning at a dose of 0.75 micromoles/kg, and another 10 subjects receive orally a capsule every morning of one of the three SCM's dissolved in sunflower 10 oil at a concentration of 0.375 micromoles/kg. QUALIFICATIONS OF SUBJECTS 1) Men between the ages of 18 and 55 with a BMI _ 28 are eligible. 2) Women between the ages of 18 and 55, whether menopausal, perimenopausal, or post menopausal, with a BMI 28. 15 SUBJECTS EXCLUDED FROM THE STUDY People who: 1) are hypothyroid, 2) have a known history of possible estrogen receptive positive cancer (breast, ovarian, uterine, testicular), 20 3) subjects with a history of anorexia or bulimia, 4) subjects with any history of cancer 5) pregnant females 6) nursing females 7) subjects with EKG's indicating tachycardia, old myocardial infarct, angina, or 25 evidence of coronary artery disease. 8) Subjects with a BMI < 28. APPROPRIATE LABORATORY EVALUATION Different tests are performed at five different times during each study, namely at the 30 screening of potential participants, at the beginning of the study, weekly during the trials, at the end of the first 4 week period and at the end of the second 4 week treatment period. 32 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 1) SCREENING: Subjects are screened to exclude hypothyroidism, pregnancy, and heart disease. The following tests suffice for this: T4, T3, TSH, urine pregnancy test, blood pressure & EKG. 2) BEGINNING OF STUDY: Subjects passing the initial screen are evaluated at the 5 beginning of WEEK # 1 as follows: Estrone, estradiol, and estriol levels, done on the appropriate day ofthe menstrual cycle in premenopausal females, and without consideration of the time in the menstrual cycle in all other subjects including men. DHEA and testosterone levels are also done. 3) SMA 20, including glucose, uric acid, and liver function tests 10 3) Triglycerides 5) Cholesterol, including fractions 6) Glycosolated hemoglobin Al (HgbA1) 7) Weight, taken on the same scale each time 8) Body fat % and total body fat, determined by bioelectrical impedance device. The 15 same instrument must be used on the same patient throughout the stud 9) Height 10) Waist and hip measurements 9) WEEKLY ASSESSMENT: body weight, body fat & body fat % by electrical impedance measurement, waist & hip measurements 20 10) END OF WEEK #5 ASSESSMENT: all labs done in step 2 at beginning of study, along with blood pressure, TSH and T4, T3 and rT3. 11) END OF WEEK #11: same as in #4, but also include EKG. 12) END OF WEEK #13: same as listed in step 4 above. 13) END OF WEEK #18: same as step 5. 25 14) END OF WEEK #20:same as step 4. Subjects selected to participate in the studies have the following initial measurements: WEIGHT, WAIST to HIP RATIO, HEIGHT, BMI (calculated), BODY FAT % & TOTAL BODY FAT (via bioelectrical impedance method). Criteria for participation in the studies are listed below. 30 STUDY DESIGN: Subjects selected for participation are allowed an ad libetum diet and are given an evaluation sheet to assess their appetite and food intake. Foods excluded include alcohol. Low calorie liquids are stressed in place of high calorie liquids such as fruit juices, milk, 33 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 sweet tea (tea with sugar), regular soft drinks, coffee with sugar, etc. The importance of drinking 8 glasses of low calorie liquids per day is stressed. DURATION: The study is divided into the following periods: 5 1) WEEK #1 - A DAILY assessment of appetite and food intake is made for one week prior to any medication being issued. This is done by having the patient fill out a hunger questionnaire and by keeping a record of food intake. Food intake record should include amount, type, frequency and time ingested. 2) WEEKS #2, 3, 4, & 5 - A four week period where subjects are given a weeks 10 supply of medication at the once weekly weigh-ins. Subjects are split into three groups: 1. One group receives placebo. 2. One group receives an appropriate dose of SCM equal to 0.75 Imol/kg q AM with food. 3. The third group receives an appropriate dose of SCM equal to 0.375 jimol/kg 15 q AM with food. Ad libetum diets are allowed, and food intake and appetite are assessed daily by the patient with an appropriate questionnaire and booklet. Weekly check-ins for weight and other measurements are done. 3) WEEKS 6 & 7 - all subjects are given a drug holiday; weekly revisits for 20 measurements continue. 4) WEEKS 8, 9, 10 & 11 - Medication resumes, each group receiving the same medication they received during weeks 2-5. 5) WEEKS 12 & 13 - No medication. Just weekly reassessment. 6) WEEKS 14-18 - Placebo group only, given 4 weeks of medication in a dose yet 25 to be determined. Weekly assessments to occur as usual. 7) WEEK 18 & 22 - Original medication groups are evaluated for weight, body fat and %, and waist measurements. Subjects are blind to all measurements. 30 OUTCOME This study demonstrates that SCM's 1) reduce appetite in a dose-dependent manner, and/or 2) produce weight loss, loss of body fat, and/or decrease of body fat% as determined by the various measurements in the study. 34 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 EXAMPLE 8: HUMAN STUDY UTILIZING 2 HYDROXY ESTRONE EICONSENOATE As AN ANTI-OBESITY DRUG SUBJECT AND METHODS 1) The required number of subjects are properly screened to fulfill the necessary 5 qualifications, 2) appropriate laboratory evaluation are performed, 3) various aspects of positive drug response in a manner acceptable for drug approval are recorded, 4) adverse drug effects are documented, and 10 5) patients are adequately followed-up. OVERVIEW This study demonstrates that subjects on an ad libitum diet who take 2 hydroxy estrone eicosenoate: 1. experience a decrease in body fat as measured by weight, waist circumference 15 measurements, and/or body fat or body fat %, and 2. eat less food, and/or 3. experience decreased appetite GENERAL: In this random, double-blind, placebo controlled study, subjects are selected to one of 20 threen groups and take a capsule orally every morning containing one of the following: a) sunflower oil (placebo), b) 2 hydroxy estrone eicosenoate dissolved in sunflower oil at a dose of 0.75 micromoles/kg, or c) 2 hydroxy estrone eicosenoate dissolved in sunflower oil at a dose of 0 375 micromoles/kg. 25 Subjects report weekly for measurements and assessment of any side effects. They are asked to keep a daily record of all food intake, food type, and fluid intake. They are also asked to record any side effects and their frequency (checklist assessment). They are provided with the proper paper work to record these. SUBJECT SCEENING AND SELECTION: 30 A total of 30 subjects are selected, randomized and placed in one of the three groups: ten subjects receive orally a capsule of sunflower oil for the duration of the study, ten subjects receive orally a capsule of 2 hydroxy estrone eicosenoate dissolved in sunflower 35 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 oil every morning at a dose of 0.75 micromoles/kg, and another 10 subjects receive orally a capsule every morning of estrone eicosenoate dissolved in sunflower oil at a concentration of 0.375 micromoles/kg. QUALIFICATIONS OF SUBJECTS 5 1) Men between the ages of 18 and 55 with a BMI > 28 are eligible. 2) Women between the ages of 18 and 55, whether menopausal, perimenopausal, or post-menopausal, with a BMI 28. SUBJECTS EXCLUDED FROM THE STUDY People who: 10 1) are hypothyroid, 2) have a known history of possible estrogen receptive positive cancer (breast, ovarian, uterine, testicular), 3) subjects with a history of anorexia or bulimia, 4) subjects with any history of cancer 15 5) pregnant females 6) nursing females 7) subjects with EKG's indicating tachycardia, old myocardial infarct, angina, or evidence of coronary artery disease. 8) Subjects with a BMI <28. 20 APPROPRIATE LABORATORY EVALUATION Different tests are performed at least five different times during each study, namely at the screening of potential participants, at the beginning of the study, weekly during the trials, at the end ofthe first 4 week period and at the end of the second 4 week treatment period. 25 1) SCREENING: Subjects are screened to exclude hypothyroidism, pregnancy, and heart disease. The following tests can suffice for this: T4, T3, TSH, urine pregnancy test, blood pressure & EKG. 2) BEGINNING OF STUDY: Subject passing the initial screened are evaluated at the beginning of WEEK # 1 as follows: 30 1) Estrone, 2 hydroxyestrone, estradiol, 2 B-hydroxyestradiol and estriol levels, done on the appropriate day of the menstrual cycle in premenopausal females, and 36 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 without consideration of the time in the menstrual cycle in all other subjects including men. 2) SMA 20, including glucose, uric acid, and liver function tests 3) Triglycerides 5 4) Cholesterol, including fractions 5) Glycosalated hemoglobin Al (HgbA1) 6) Weight, taken on the same scale each time 7) Body fat % and total body fat, determined by bioelectrical impedance device. The same instrument must be used on the same patient throughout the study! 10 8) Height 9) Waist and hip measurements 3) WEEKLY ASSESSMENT: body weight, body fat & body fat %, waist & hip measure 4) END OF WEEK #5 ASSESSMENT: all labs done in step 2 at beginning of study, along with blood pressure, TSH and T4, T3 and rT3. 15 5) END OF WEEK #11: same as in #4, but also include EKG. 6) END OF WEEK #13: same as listed in step 4 above. 7) END OF WEEK #18: same as step 5. 8) END OF WEEK #20: (optional; include if deemed important) same as step 4. Subjects selected to participate in the studies have the following initial measurements: 20 WEIGHT, WAIST to HIP RATIO, HEIGHT, BMI (calculated), BODY FAT % & TOTAL BODY FAT (via bioelectrical impedance method). Criteria for participation in the studies are listed below. STUDY DESIGN: Subjects selected for participation are allowed an ad libitum diet and are given an 25 evaluation sheet to assess their appetite and food intake. Foods excluded include alcohol. Low calorie liquids are stressed in place of high calorie liquids such as fruit juices, milk, sweet tea (tea with sugar), regular soft drinks, coffee with sugar, etc. The importance of drinking 8 glasses of low calorie liquids per day is stressed. DURATION: 30 The study can be divided into the following periods: 1) WEEK #1 - A DAILY assessment of appetite and food intake is made for one week prior to any medication being issued. This is done by having the patient fill out a hunger 37 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 questionnaire and by keeping a record of food intake. Food intake record should include amount, type, frequency and time ingested. 2) WEEKS #2, 3, 4, & 5 - A four week period where subjects are given a week's supply of medication at the once weekly weigh-ins. Subjects are split into three groups: 5 1 One group receives placebo. 2 One group receives an appropriate dose of 2 hydroxyestrone eicosenoate equal to 0.75 gmol/kg q AM with food. 3 The third group receives an appropriate dose of 2 hydroxyestrone eicosenoate equal to 0.75 tmol/kg q AM with food. 10 Ad libitum diets are followed, and food intake and appetite are assessed daily by the patient with an appropriate questionnaire and booklet. Weekly check-ins for weight and other measurements are done. 3) WEEK 6 & 7 - all subjects are given a drug holiday; weekly revisits for measurements continue. 15 4) WEEKS 8, 9, 10 & 11 - Medication resumes, each group receiving the same medication they received during weeks 2-5. 5) WEEKS 12 & 13 - No medication. Just weekly reassessment. 6) WEEKS 14-18 - Placebo group only, given 4 weeks 2 of medication in a dose yet to be determined. Weekly assessments to occur as usual. 20 7) WEEKS 18 & 22 - Original medication groups are evaluated for weight, body fat and %, and waist measurements. Subjects should be blind to all measurements. OUTCOME This study demonstrates that 2 HYDROXY ESTRONE EICOSENOATE 1) 25 reduces appetite, and does so in a dose-dependent manner, and/or 2) produces weight loss, loss of body fat, and/or decrease of body fat% as determined by the various measurements in the study. Example 9: THE EFFECTIVENESS OF 2 HYDROXYESTRONE EICOSENOATE IN PRODUCING DECREASED FOOD CONSUMPTION, 30 WEIGHT LOSS, AND/OR BODY FAT LOSS IN RATS 38 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 Introduction Certain molecules are synthesized by combining two different molecules: 1) a fatty acid molecule, and 2) an estrone or estradiol derivative. These new molecules vary as to the connecting bond, which can be an ester, ether, or amide linkage. The resulting 5 synthesized combination molecule (SCM), when taken orally, elicits a decrease in appetite and food intake in mammals, while also producing a loss of body weight and/or body fat. Subject and Methods Osborne Mendle rats are selected as the study subjects due to their propensity to gain fat 10 when fed a high fat diet. An initial measurement of body weight is performed on each rat. The rats are placed individually in appropriate cages and allowed an ad libitum diet of standard rat chow and water for a 10-day period. During this 10-day period the rats are gavaged daily with 0.1cc volume of sunflower oil to allow them to become comfortable with being handled and receiving the gavage tube (it takes about 10 days for this 15 acclimation to occur, and is important so that the animals are not stressed by the gavage). Daily measurements include the following: 1. Weight 2. Weight of food consumed 3. Spillage 20 4. Water consumed, both volume and weight The rats remain confined and are denied out-of-cage activity or exercise for the duration ofthe experiment other than normal daily activity confined to the cage. This initial 10 Oday period establishes a pattern and average of weight gain, to acclimate the animals to the gavage procedure, and determine the average food and water consumption for each rat. 25 For the next 28 days, rats receive 0.1 cc volume of either placebo (sunflower oil) or one of several synthesized combination molecules (SCM's) consisting of 1) a monounsaturated fatty acid joined to 2) an estrone or estradiol derivative. Specific SCM's tested include the monoester of eicosenoic acid and the estrone derivative, 2 hydroxyestrone. Preferred fatty acids used in the SCM include the cis isomers of oleic 30 acid (18 carbon, monounsaturated), eicosenoic acid (20 carbon, monounsaturated), docosenoic acid (22 carbon, monounsaturated), and tetracosenoic acid (24 carbon, monounsaturated). Preferred synthesized combination molecules (SCM's) include the fatty acid monoesters in which the fatty acid is made up of oleic acid, eicosenoic acid, 39 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 docosenoic acid, or tetracosenoic acid and joined via an ester bond to the estrone derivative 2 hydroxyestrone or to the estradiol derivative, 2 hydroxy B-estradiol. In this study, the SCM tested will be 2 hydroxy estrone eicosenoate. Rats are assigned to one of 4 study groups and receive 2 hydroxyestrone eicosenoate 5 or placebo as follows: 1. Placebo as sunflower oil, 0.1 cc volume (10 rats/SCM). 2. 2 hydroxyestrone eicosenoate at a dose of 10 micromoles/kg (10 rats/2 hydroxyestrone eicosenoate). 3. 2 hydroxyestrone eicosenoate at a dose of 5 micromoles/kg (10 rats/2 10 hydroxyestrone eicosenoate). 4. 2 hydroxyestrone eicosenoate at a dose of 3.33 micromoles/kg (10 rats/2 hydroxyestrone eicosenoate) 5. 2 hydroxyestrone eicosenoate at a dose of 2.5 micromoles/kg (10 rats/2 hydroxyestrone eicosenoate) 15 The 2 hydroxyestrone eicosenoate is prepared by diluting the appropriate weight 2 hydroxyestrone eicosenoate in sunflower oil to a standard volume so as to produce the appropriate concentration as noted above for each study group, and so as to allow the prescribed daily dose to equal 0.1 cc. An appropriate volume of the 2 hydroxyestrone eicosenoate is administered via 20 oral gavage of the appropriate dose each morning for 21 consecutive days. During this 21 day test period, daily measurements continue to be made to determine weight of food consumed, volume and weight of water consumed, and weight change of the rat. At the end ofthe study, rats are anesthetized then sacrificed via guillotine. Blood is collected by direct cardiac puncture, and determinations made of the following blood 25 and plasma parameters including a chemistry panel with lipids which includes glucose, triacylglycerols, urea, and insulin. A CBC is also performed. Measurements to determine loss of fat tissue in the rat's fat pad are also performed. Weight of the uterus is determined. The rats' intestines are then cleaned, the rats are re-weighed, and the whole rat is placed in a blender and made a smooth paste. The paste is used to determine lipid, 30 energy, and water content. This results of this study show the efficacy of 2 hydroxyestrone eicosenoate in producing 1) a reduction in food consumption, and/or, 2) a reduction of body weight &/or body fat, in a statistically significant manner. 40 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 Example 10: GREATER EFFECTIVENESS OF 2 HYDROXYESTRONE OLEATE OVER OLEOYL-ESTRONE IN PRODUCING WEIGHT LOSS IN DOGS Subject and Methods: Dogs are selected and initial measurements taken. The initial measurements include 5 weight and electrical impedance for each dog as measured by a standard impedance measuring device with electrodes placed between the front and rear paws. The dogs are placed individually in appropriate cages and allowed an ad libitum diet of standard dog chow and water for a 10-day period. Daily measurements include the following: 1. Weight 10 2. Weight of food consumed 3. Water consumed, both volume and weight Every other day, the dogs' electrical impedance is measured as an indicator of fat tissue content and loss. The dogs remain confined with out of cage activity or exercise for the duration of the experiment. This initial 10-day period establishes a pattern and average of 15 weight gain, impedance change, and food and water consumption for each dog. The following four days involve giving each dog, orally in the morning, a small bread ball coated with either sugar or syrup and containing 0.6cc of sunflower oil. This assures the dogs will readily accept the bread ball as a drug delivery device. Should this not occur, the medicines are administered orally in capsule form via gavage tube. 20 For the next 21 days, dogs receive one of the following: 1. Placebo (3 dogs) 2. Oleoly-estone at a dose of 10 micromoles/kg (4 dogs) 3. 2 hydroxyestrone oleate at a dose of 5 micromoles/kg (4 dogs), representing % dose of OE dogs 25 4. 2 hydroxyestrone oleate at a dose of 3.33 micromoles/kg (4 dogs), representing 1/3 dose of OE dogs 5. 2 hydroxyestrone oleate at a dose of 2.5 micromoles/kg (4 dogs), representing dosee of OE dogs Both Oleoyl-Estrone (OE) and 2 hydroxyestrone oleate (2HOE) are prepared by diluting 30 the appropriate weight of each compound in sunflower oil to a standard volume so as to produce various concentrations. An appropriate volume of either OE or 2HOE is placed into the center of a thick piece of dense sweet bread (non-porous), carefully rolled into a small ball so none of the 41 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 compound leaks out, and sprinkled on the outer surface with sugar or syrup as determined above. Each dog receives the ball of bread (or capsule gavage) containing the appropriate dose of the appropriate medicine each morning for 21 days. During this 21-day test period, daily measurements are made to determine weight of food consumed, volume and 5 weight of water consumed, and weight change of the dog. Electrical impedance of each dog is measured every other day. Dogs receiving 2 hydroxyestrone oleate will experience greater weight loss than dogs receiving oleoyl-estrone. These results of these experiments illustrate the greater efficacy of 2 hydroxyestrone oleate over oleoyl-estrone in producing weight loss in this 10 large mammal species. EXAMPLE 11: HUMAN STUDY UTILIZING 2 HYDROXYESTRONE OLEATE As AN ANTI-OBESITY DRUG SUBJECT AND METHODS 1) The required number of subjects are properly screened to fulfill the necessary 15 qualifications, 2) appropriate laboratory evaluation are performed, 3) various aspects of positive drug response in a manner acceptable for drug approval are recorded, 4) adverse drug effects are documented, and 20 5) patients are adequately followed-up. OVERVIEW This study demonstrates that subjects on an ad libitum diet who take 2 hydroxyestrone oleate: 1. experience a decrease in body fat as measured by weight, waist circumference 25 measurements, and/or body fat or body fat %, and 2. eat less food, and/or 3. experience decreased appetite GENERAL: In this random, double-blind, placebo controlled study, subjects are selected to one of 30 three groups and take a capsule orally every morning containing one of the following: a) sunflower oil (placebo), b) 2 hydroxyestrone oleate dissolved in sunflower oil at a dose of 42 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 0.75 micromoles/kg, or c) 2 hydroxyestrone oleate dissolved in sunflower oil at a dose of 0.375 micromoles/kg. Subjects report weekly for measurements and assessment of any side effects. They are asked to keep a daily record of all food intake, food type, and fluid intake. They are also 5 asked to record any side effects and their frequency (checklist assessment). They are provided with the proper paper work to record these. SUBJECT SCREENING AND SELECTION: A total of 30 subjects are selected, randomized and placed in one of the three groups: ten subjects receive orally a capsule of sunflower oil for the duration of the study, ten 10 subjects receive orally a capsule of 2 hydroxyestrone oleate (2HOE) dissolved in sunflower oil every morning at a dose of 0.75 micromoles/kg, and another 10 subjects receive orally a capsule every morning of 2 hydroxyestrone oleate dissolved in sunflower oil at a concentration of 0.375 micromoles/kg. QUALIFICATIONS OF SUBJECTS 15 1) Men between the ages of 18 and 55 with a BMI > 28 are eligible. 2) Women between the ages of 18 and 55, whether menopausal, perimenopausal, or post-menopausal, with a BMI _ 28. SUBJECTS EXCLUDED FROM THE STUDY People who: 20 1) are hypothyroid, 2) have a known history of possible estrogen receptive positive cancer (breast, ovarian, uterine, testicular), 3) subjects with a history of anorexia or bulimia, 4) subjects with any history of cancer 25 5) pregnant females 6) nursing females 7) subjects with EKG's indicating tachycardia, old myocardial infarct, angina, or evidence of coronary artery disease. 8) Subjects with a BMI < 28. 30 APPROPRIATE LABORATORY EVALUATION 43 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 Different tests are performed at least five different times during each study, namely at the screening of potential participants, at the beginning of the study, weekly during the trials, at the end of the first 4 week period and at the end of the second 4 week treatment period. 1) SCREENING: Subjects are screened to exclude hypothyroidism, pregnancy, and 5 heart disease. The following tests can suffice for this: T4, T3, TSH, urine pregnancy test, blood pressure & EKG. 2) BEGINNING OF STUDY: Subject passing the initial screen are evaluated at the beginning of WEEK # 1 as follows: 1 Estrone, estradiol, and estriol levels, done on the appropriate day ofthe menstrual 10 cycle in premenopausal females, and without consideration of the time in the menstrual cycle in all other subjects including men. 2 SMA 20, including glucose, uric acid, and liver function tests 3 Triglycerides 4 Cholesterol, including fractions 15 5 Glycosalated hemoglobin Al (HgbA1) 6 Weight, taken on the same scale each time 7 Body fat % and total body fat, determined by bioelectrical impedance device. The same instrument must be used on the same patient throughout the study! 8 Height 20 9 Waist and hip measurements 3) WEEKLY ASSESSMENT: body weight, body fat & body fat %, waist & hip measure 4) END OF WEEK #5 ASSESSMENT: all labs done in step 2 at beginning of study, along with blood pressure, TSH and T4, T3 and rT3 (reverse T3). 5) END OF WEEK #11: same as in #4, but also include EKG. 25 6) END OF WEEK #13: same as listed in step 4 above. 7) END OF WEEK #18: same as step 5. 8) END OF WEEK #20: (optional; include if deemed important) same as step 4. Subjects selected to participate in the studies have the following initial measurements: WEIGHT, WAIST to HIP RATIO, HEIGHT, BMI (calculated), BODY FAT % & 30 TOTAL BODY FAT (via bioelectrical impedance method). Criteria for participation in the studies are listed below. STUDY DESIGN: 44 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 Subjects selected for participation are allowed an ad libitum diet and are given an evaluation sheet to assess their appetite and food intake. Foods excluded include alcohol. Low calorie liquids are stressed in place of high calorie liquids such as fruit juices, milk, sweet tea (tea with sugar), regular soft drinks, coffee with sugar, etc. The importance of 5 drinking 8 glasses of low calorie liquids per day is stressed. DURATION: The study can be divided into the following periods: 1) WEEK #1 -A DAILY assessment of appetite and food intake is made for one week prior to any medication being issued. This is done by having the patient fill out a hunger 10 questionnaire and by keeping a record of food intake. Food intake record should include amount, type, frequency and time ingested. 2) WEEKS #2, 3, 4, & 5 - A four week period where subjects are given a weeks supply of medication at the once weekly weigh-ins. Subjects are split into three groups: 1. One group receives placebo. 15 2. One group receives an appropriate dose of 2HOE equal to 0.75 Itmol/kg q AM with food. 3. The third group receives an appropriate dose of 2HOE equal to 0.75 pmol/kg q AM with food. Ad libitum diets are followed, and food intake and appetite are assessed daily by the 20 patient with an appropriate questionnaire and booklet. Weekly check-ins for weight and other measurements are done. 3) WEEKS 6 & 7 - all subjects are given a drug holiday; weekly revisits for measurements continue. 4) WEEKS 8, 9, 10 & 11 - Medication resumes, each group receiving the same 25 medication they received during weeks 2-5. 5) WEEKS 12 & 13 - No medication. Just weekly reassessment. 6) WEEKS 14-18 -Placebo group only, given 4 weeks of medication in a dose yet to be determined. Weekly assessments to occur as usual. 7) WEEK 18 & 22 - Original medication groups are evaluated for weight, body fat 30 and %, and waist measurements. Subjects should be blind to all measurements. 45 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 OUTCOME This study demonstrates that 2HOE 1) reduces appetite, and does so in a dose-dependent manner, and/or 2) produces weight loss, loss of body fat, and/or decrease of body fat% as determined by the various measurements in the study. 5 Example 12: THE EFFECTIVENESS OF 2 HYDROXYESTRONE OLEATE IN PRODUCING DECREASED FOOD CONSUMPTION, WEIGHT LOSS, AND/OR BODY FAT LOSS IN RATS Introduction 10 Certain molecules are synthesized by combining two different molecules: 1) a fatty acid molecule, and 2) a 2 hydroxy derivative of an estrone or estradiol derivative. These new molecules vary as to the connecting bond, which can be an ester, ether, or amide linkage. The resulting synthesized combination molecule (SCM), when taken orally, elicits a decrease in appetite and food intake in mammals, while also producing a loss of body 15 weight and/or body fat. Subject and Methods Osborne Mendle rats are selected as the study subjects due to their propensity to gain fat when fed a high fat diet. An initial measurement ofbody weight is performed on each rat. The rats are placed individually in appropriate cages and allowed an ad libitum diet of 20 standard rat chow and water for a 10-day period. During this 10-day period the rats are gavaged daily with 0.1cc volume of sunflower oil to allow them to become comfortable with being handled and receiving the gavage tube (it takes about 10 days for this acclimation to occur, and is important so that the animals are not stressed by the gavage). Daily measurements include the following: 25 1. Weight 2. Weight of food consumed 3. Spillage 4. Water consumed, both volume and weight The rats remain confined and are denied out-of-cage activity or exercise for the duration 30 of the experiment other than normal daily activity confined to the cage. This initial 10 day period establishes a pattern and average of weight gain, to acclimate the animals to 46 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 the gavage procedure, and determine the average food and water consumption for each rat. For the next 28 days, rats receive 0.1 cc volume of either placebo (sunflower oil) or one of several synthesized combination molecules (SCM's) consisting of 1) a fatty acid 5 molecule joined to 2) a 2 hydroxy derivative of an estrone or estradiol derivative. Specific SCM's tested include the monoester of oleic acid and the estrone derivative, 2 hydroxyestrone. Preferred fatty acids used in the SCM include the cis isomers of oleic acid (18 carbon, monounsaturated), arachadonic, palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, or linolenic, eicosenoic acid (20 carbon, monounsaturated), docosenoic acid (22 carbon, 10 monounsaturated), and tetracosenoic acid (24 carbon, monounsaturated). Preferred synthesized combination molecules (SCM's) include the fatty acid monoesters in which the fatty acid is made up of oleic acid, arachadonic, palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, or linolenic, eicosenoic acid, docosenoic acid, or tetracosenoic acid and joined via an ester bond to the estrone derivative 2 hydroxyestrone or to the estradiol derivative, 2 hydroxy 15 B-estradiol. In this study, the SCM tested will be 2 hydroxy estrone eicosenoate. Rats are assigned to one of 4 study groups and receive 2 hydroxyestrone oleate or placebo as follows: 1. Placebo as sunflower oil, 0.1 cc volume (10 rats/SCM). 2. 2 hydroxyestrone oleate at a dose of 10 micromoles/kg (10 rats/2 hydroxyestrone 20 oleate). 3. 2 hydroxyestrone oleate at a dose of 5 micromoles/kg (10 rats/2 hydroxyestrone oleate). 4. 2 hydroxyestrone oleate at a dose of 3.33 micromoles/kg (10 rats/2 hydroxyestrone oleate) 25 5. 2 hydroxyestrone oleate at a dose of 2.5 micromoles/kg (10 rats/2 hydroxyestrone oleate) The 2 hydroxyestrone oleate is prepared by diluting the appropriate weight 2 hydroxyestrone oleate in sunflower oil to a standard volume so as to produce the appropriate concentration as noted above for each study group, and so as to allow the 30 prescribed daily dose to equal 0.1 cc. An appropriate volume of the 2 hydroxyestrone oleate is administered via oral gavage of the appropriate dose each morning for 21 consecutive days. During this 21day test 47 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 period, daily measurements continue to be made to determine weight of food consumed, volume and weight of water consumed, and weight change of the rat. At the end of the study, rats are anesthetized then sacrificed via guillotine. Blood is collected by direct cardiac puncture, and determinations made of the following blood 5 and plasma parameters including a chemistry panel with lipids which includes glucose, triacylglycerols, urea, and insulin. A CBC is also performed. Measurements to determine loss of fat tissue in the rat's fat pad are also performed. Weight of the uterus is determined. The rats' intestines are then cleaned, the rats are re-weighed, and the whole rat is placed in a blender and made a smooth paste. The paste is used to determine lipid, 10 energy, and water content. This results of this study show the efficacy of 2 hydroxyestrone oleate in producing 1) a reduction in food consumption, and/or, 2) a reduction of body weight &/or body fat, in a statistically significant manner. Since the information set out above was written and included in my US 15 Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/448,422, filed 18 February 2003 and incorporated herein by reference, the inventor has conducted additional testing. The 2 hydroxy estrone eicosenoate tested was not stable, so the inventor tried a chloro and bromo compound. These were tested using a MCF-7 human breast cancer cell test which showed that the bromo compound was only as reactive as oleoyl estrone (one ofthe drugs 20 disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,798,348) and the chloro compound was toxic. The instability of the 2-hydroxy estrone eicosenoate was due to an impurity, and starting with pure materials, it is possible to produce a stable 2-hydroxy estrone eicosenoate. The inventor also believes that a cis 9 or cis 5 eicosenoic acid will be stable. A compound which should be effective, and possibly more stable than the 25 compounds disclosed in my prior patent applications is 2 hydroxy estrone oleate (remember that oleic acid is a monounsaturated 18 carbon fatty acid). The compound 2 hydroxy estrone oleate includes the non-carcinogenic metabolite, 2 hydroxy estrone. The present inventor believes that in addition to 2 hydroxy estrone oleate, other compounds including the non-carcinogenic metabolite, 2 hydroxy estrone, could be used 30 in weight loss programs. The preferred compounds include 2 hydroxy estrone with oleic fatty acids, 2 hydroxy estrone with fatty acids of 18 carbon atoms or less, and 2 hydroxy estrone with naturally occurring fatty acids of 18 carbon atoms or less. 48 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 The effectiveness of 2 hydroxy estrone oleate (or other potentially effective compounds mentioned herein) can be tested by following Examples 8 and 9 above, but using 2 hydroxy estrone oleate (or other potentially effective compounds mentioned herein) in place of 2-hydroxy estrone eicosenoate. 5 All measurements disclosed herein are at standard temperature and pressure, at sea level on Earth, unless indicated otherwise. All materials used or intended to be used in a human being are biocompatible, unless indicated otherwise. The foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only; the scope of the present invention is to be limited only by the following claims. 10 49

Claims

1. A substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen and a fatty acid, wherein the estrogen is selected from the group consisting of estrone, diethylstilbestrol, estriol and 5 ethinyl estradiol; and the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of eicosenoic acid, C-22 fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the C-24 fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic.

2. The fatty-acid monoester according to claim 1, wherein the fatty acid is cis 11 eicosenoic acid.

3. A substantially pure fatty-acid monoester selected from the group consisting of an o10 estrogen combined with one fatty acid from the group consisting of eicosenoic, docosenoic acid and tetracosenoic acid.

4. A substantially pure fatty-acid monoester consisting of estrone monoeicosenoate.

5. A substantially pure fatty-acid monoester consisting of diethylstilbestrol monoeicosenoate. 15

6. The substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of claim 1, wherein the estrogen is estrone and the fatty acid is cis 11 eicosenoic acid.

7. A pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition comprising a therapeutically and/or cosmetically effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen and a fatty acid, in combination with at least one excipient acceptable for a 20 predetermined administration via and in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof; wherein the estrogen is selected from the group consisting of estrone, diethylstilbestrol, estriol, estradiol and ethinyl estradiol; and the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of eicosenoic acid, the C-22 fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and/or the C-24 fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid. 25

8. The pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition according to claim 7, wherein said administration via is intravenous injection, and the fatty-acid monoester is integrated in a lipidic suspension.

9. The pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition according to claim 7, wherein said lipidic suspension is a lipoprotein suspension. 30

10. The pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition according to claim 7, wherein said lipidic suspension is a liposome suspension.

11. The pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition according to claim 10, wherein said liposome suspension is obtainable by addition of soy oil and egg phospholipids. 50 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508

12. A pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition comprising a therapeutically and/or cosmetically effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester in combination with at least one excipient acceptable for a predetermined administration via and in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof, wherein: 5 the estrogen is selected from the group consisting of estrone, diethylstilbestrol, estriol and ethinyl estradiol; and the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of eicosenoic acid, C-22 fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the C-24 fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid.

13. A pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition comprising a therapeutically 10 and/or cosmetically effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of estrone and eicosenoic acid, in combination with at least one excipient acceptable for a predetermined administration via and in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof.

14. A pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition comprising a therapeutically and/or cosmetically effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an 15 estrogen and a fatty acid, in combination with at least one excipient acceptable for a predetennined administration via and in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof; wherein the estrogen is selected from the group consisting of estrone, diethylstilbestrol, estriol and ethinyl estradiol; and the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of the fatty acid eicosenoic acid, the fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the fatty acid, cis 15 20 tetracosenoic acid.

15. A method of lowering body weight in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen and a fatty acid, wherein the estrogen is selected from the group consisting of estrone, diethylstilbestrol, estriol, estradiol and ethinyl estradiol, the fatty acid is selected from the 25 group consisting of eicosenoic acid, C-22 fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the C-24 fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid, in combination with amounts of at least one member selected from the group consisting of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and cosmetically acceptable excipients in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof

16. A method of lowering body weight in a mammal comprising administering to said 30 mammal an effective amount of a monoester of estrone and eicosenoic acid in combination with amounts of at least one member selected from the group consisting of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and cosmetically acceptable excipients in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof 51 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508

17. A method of lowering body weight in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of the fatty acid monoester of cis 11 eicosenoic acid and estrogen in combination with amounts of at least one member selected from the group consisting of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and cosmetically acceptable 5 excipients in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof.

18. A method of lowering body weight in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen and a fatty acid, wherein the estrogen is selected from the group consisting of estrone, diethylstilbestrol, estriol and ethinyl estradiol; and the fatty acid is selected from the 10 group consisting of eicosenoic acid, C-22 fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the C-24 fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid, in combination with amounts of at least one member selected from the group consisting of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and cosmetically acceptable excipients in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof.

19. A substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen and a fatty acid, 15 wherein the estrogen is selected from the group consisting of estrone, diethylstilbestrol, estriol and ethinyl estradiol; the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of eicosenoic acid, C-22 fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the C-24 fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid and with the proviso that, when the estrogen is steroidal and has a steroid ring system with a C-3 position and a hydroxyl group at the 20 C-3 position, the acyl group of the fatty acid is attached to the hydroxyl group at the C-3 position of the steroid ring system in the fatty acid monoester.

20. A pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition comprising a therapeutically and/or cosmetically effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen and a fatty acid, in combination with at least one excipient acceptable for a 25 predetermined administration via and in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof; wherein the estrogen is selected from the group consisting of estrone, diethylstilbestrol, estriol, estradiol and ethinyl estradiol; the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of eicosenoic acid, the C-22 fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and/or the C-24 fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid, and with the proviso that, when the estrogen is steroidal and has 30 a steroid ring system with a C-3 position and a hydroxyl group at the C-3 position, the acyl group of the fatty acid is attached to the hydroxyl group at the C-3 position of the steroid ring system in the fatty acid monoester. 52 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508

21. A pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition comprising a therapeutically and/or cosmetically effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen and a fatty acid, in combination with at least one excipient acceptable for a predetermined administration via and in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof; 5 wherein the estrogen is selected from the group consisting of estrone, diethylstilbestrol, estriol and ethinyl estradiol; the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of the fatty acid eicosenoic acid, the fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid, and with the proviso that, when the estrogen is steroidal and has a steroid ring system with a C-3 position and a hydroxyl group at the C-3 position, the acyl 10 group of the fatty acid is attached to the hydroxyl group at the C-3 position of the steroid ring system in the fatty acid monoester.

22. A method of lowering body weight in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen and a fatty acid, wherein the estrogen is selected from the group consisting of estrone, 15 diethylstilbestrol, estriol, estradiol and ethinyl estradiol, the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of eicosenoic acid, C-22 fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the C-24 fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid, and with the proviso that, when the estrogen is steroidal and has a steroid ring system with a C-3 position and a hydroxyl group at the C 3 position, the acyl group of the fatty acid is attached to the hydroxyl group at the C-3 20 position of the steroid ring system in the fatty acid monoester, in combination with amounts of at least one member selected from the group consisting of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and cosmetically acceptable excipients in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof.

23. A method of lowering body weight in a mammal comprising administering to said 25 mammal an effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen and a fatty acid, wherein the estrogen is selected from the group consisting of estrone, diethylstilbestrol, estriol and ethinyl estradiol; the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting ofeicosenoic acid, C-22 fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the C-24 fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid, and with the proviso that, when the estrogen is steroidal 30 and has a steroid ring system with a C-3 position and a hydroxyl group at the C-3 position, the acyl group of the fatty acid is attached to the hydroxyl group at the C-3 position of the steroid ring system in the fatty acid monoester, in combination with amounts of at least one member selected from the group consisting of pharmaceutically 53 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 acceptable excipients and cosmetically acceptable excipients in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof.

24. A molecule consisting of a substantially pure combination of: a) a monounsaturated fatty acid molecule of 20 carbon atoms or more, and 5 b) a steroid; wherein the steroid and fatty acid are linked together.

25. The monounsaturated fatty acid and steroid combination molecule of claim 25, wherein the monounsaturated fatty acid molecule of 20 carbons or more is selected from the group consisting of cis isomers of eicosenoic acid, docosenoic acid, and tetracosenoic 10o acid.

26. The monounsaturated fatty acid and steroid combination molecule of Claim 25, where the steroid and fatty acid are linked together by a bond selected from the group consisting of ester bond, ether bond, and amide bond.

27. The monounsaturated fatty acid and steroid combination molecule of Claim 27, 15 wherein the linkage is via an ester bond.

28. The monounsaturated fatty acid and steroid combination molecule of Claim 25, wherein the monoester fatty acid is tetracosenoic acid and the steroid is dehydroepiandosterone (DHEA).

29. A substantially pure combination of 20 a) a monounsaturated fatty acid molecule of 20 carbon atoms or more; and b) a molecule containing a perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus wherein the fatty acid and the perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene are linked together.

30. The monounsaturated fatty acid and perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus combination molecule of Claim 30, where the perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene and 25 fatty acid are linked together by a bond selected from the group consisting of ester bond, ether bond, and amide bond.

31. The monounsaturated fatty acid and perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus combination molecule of Claim 31, wherein the perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus is a derivative of perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus. 30

32. The monounsaturated fatty acid and perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus combination molecule of Claim 31, wherein the perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene is an estrogen molecule. 54 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508

33. A method of lowering body weight in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of the combination molecule of any one of claims 25 33 in combination with amounts of at least one member selected from the group consisting of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and cosmetically acceptable 5 excipients in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof.

34. A substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrone derivative or an estrogen derivative and a fatty acid, wherein the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of oleic acid, a C-18 fatty acid, eicosenoic acid, the C-22 fatty'acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the C-24 fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic. 10

35. The fatty-acid monoester according to claim 34, wherein the fatty acid is cis 11 eicosenoic acid.

36. A substantially pure fatty-acid monoester selected from the group consisting of an estrone derivative or an estrogen derivative combined with one fatty acid from the group consisting of oleic, eicosenoic, docosenoic acid and tetracosenoic acid. 15

37. A substantially pure fatty-acid monoester consisting of 2 hydroxy estrone monoeicosenoate.

38. A substantially pure fatty-acid monoester consisting of 2 hydroxyestradiol monoeicosenoate.

39. The substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of claim 34, wherein the estrone 20 derivative or an estrogen derivative is 2 hydroxyestrone and the fatty acid is cis 11 eicosenoic acid.

40. A pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition comprising a therapeutically and/or cosmetically effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrone derivative or an estrogen derivative and a fatty acid, in combination with at least 25 one excipient acceptable for a predetermined administration via and in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof; wherein the estrone derivative or an estrogen derivative is selected from the group consisting of estrone, diethylstilbestrol, estriol, estradiol, ethinyl estradiol, 2 hydroxy estrone, and 2 hydroxy B3-estradiol and the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of oleic acid, eicosenoic acid, the C-22 fatty acid, 30 cis 13 docosenoic acid, and/or the C-24 fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid.

41. The pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition according to claim 40, wherein said administration via is intravenous injection, and the fatty-acid monoester is integrated in a lipidic suspension. 55 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508

42. The pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition according to claim 40, wherein said lipidic suspension is a lipoprotein suspension.

43. The pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition according to claim 40, wherein said lipidic suspension is a liposome suspension. 5

44. The pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition according to claim 43, wherein said liposome suspension is obtainable by addition of soy oil and egg phospholipids.

45. A pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition comprising a therapeutically and/or cosmetically effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester in combination with at least one excipient acceptable for a predetermined administration via 10 and in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof, wherein: part of the molecule is an estrone derivative or estrogen derivative; and the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of oleic acid, eicosenoic acid, C-22 fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the C-24 fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid.

46. A pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition comprising a therapeutically 15 and/or cosmetically effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of estrone and eicosenoic acid, in combination with at least one excipient acceptable for a predetermined administration via and in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof.

47. A pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition comprising a therapeutically and/or cosmetically effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an 20 estrogen and a fatty acid, in combination with at least one excipient acceptable for a predetermined administration via and in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof; wherein part of the molecule is estrone derivative or an estrogen derivative; and the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of the fatty acid oleic acid, eicosenoic acid, the fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid. 25

48. A method of lowering body weight in amammal comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen and a fatty acid, wherein part of the molecule is estrone derivative or an estrogen derivative; and the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of the fatty acid oleic acid, eicosenoic acid, the fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the fatty acid, cis 15 30 tetracosenoic acid, in combination with amounts of at least one member selected from the group consisting of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and cosmetically acceptable excipients in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof. 56 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508

49. A method of lowering body weight in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of a monoester of either an estrone derivative or an estradiol derivative and eicosenoic acid in combination with amounts of at least one member selected from the group consisting of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and 5 cosmetically acceptable excipients in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof.

50. A method of lowering body weight in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of the fatty acid monoester of cis 11 eicosenoic acid and estrogen in combination with amounts of at least one member selected from the group consisting of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and cosmetically acceptable 10 excipients in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof.

51. A method of lowering body weight in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of either an estrone derivative or an estradiol derivative, wherein part of the molecule is estrone derivative or an estrogen derivative; and the fatty acid is selected from the group 15 consisting of the fatty acid oleic acid, eicosenoic acid, the fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid, in combination with amounts of at least one member selected from the group consisting ofpharmaceutically acceptable excipients and cosmetically acceptable excipients in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof.

52. A substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of part of the molecule is estrone 20 derivative or an estrogen derivative; and the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of the fatty acid oleic acid, eicosenoic acid, the fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid and with the proviso that, when the estrogen is steroidal and has a steroid ring system with a C-3 position and a hydroxyl group at the C-3 position, the acyl group of the fatty acid is attached to the hydroxyl 25 group at the C-3 position of the steroid ring system in the fatty acid monoester.

53. A pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition comprising a therapeutically and/or cosmetically effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen and a fatty acid, in combination with at least one excipient acceptable for a predetermined administration via and in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof; 30 wherein part of the molecule is estrone derivative or an estrogen derivative; and the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of the fatty acid oleic acid, eicosenoic acid, the fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid, and with the proviso that, when the estrogen is steroidal and has a steroid ring system with a C-3 57 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 position and a hydroxyl group at the C-3 position, the acyl group of the fatty acid is attached to the hydroxyl group at the C-3 position of the steroid ring system in the fatty acid monoester.

54. A pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition comprising a therapeutically 5 and/or cosmetically effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen and a fatty acid, in combination with at least one excipient acceptable for a predetermined administration via and in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof; part of the molecule is estrone derivative or an estrogen derivative; and the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of the fatty acid oleic acid, eicosenoic acid, the fatty 10 acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid, and with the proviso that, when the estrogen is steroidal and has a steroid ring system with a C-3 position and a hydroxyl group at the C-3 position, the acyl group of the fatty acid is attached to the hydroxyl group at the C-3 position of the steroid ring system in the fatty acid monoester. 15

55. A method of lowering body weight in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen and a fatty acid, wherein the estrogen is selected from part of the molecule is estrone derivative or an estrogen derivative; and the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of the fatty acid oleic acid, eicosenoic acid, the fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic 20 acid, and the fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid, and with the proviso that, when the estrone derivative or estradiol derivative is steroidal and has a steroid ring system with a C-3 position and a hydroxyl group at the C-3 position, the acyl group of the fatty acid is attached to the hydroxyl group at the C-3 position of the steroid ring system in the fatty acid monoester, in combination with amounts of at least one member selected from the 25 group consisting of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and cosmetically acceptable excipients in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof.

56. A method of lowering body weight in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrone derivative or an estrogen derivative; and the fatty acid is selected from the group 30 consisting of the fatty acid oleic acid, eicosenoic acid, the fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid, and with the proviso that, when the estrone derivative or estradiol derivative, and with the proviso that, when the estrone derivative or estradiol derivative is steroidal and has a steroid ring system with a C-3 58 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 position and a hydroxyl group at the C-3 position, the acyl group of the fatty acid is attached to the hydroxyl group at the C-3 position of the steroid ring system in the fatty acid monoester, in combination with amounts of at least one member selected from the group consisting of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and cosmetically acceptable 5 excipients in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof.

57. The invention(s) substantially as shown and/or described herein.

58. A molecule consisting of a substantially pure combination of a monounsaturated fatty acid molecule, and an estrone derivative or estradiol derivative wherein the estrone derivative or estradiol derivative and fatty acid are linked together. o10

59. The monounsaturated fatty acid and estrone derivative or estradiol derivative combination molecule of claim 58, wherein the monounsaturated fatty acid molecule of 20 carbons or more is selected from the group consisting of cis isomers of oleic acid, eicosenoic acid, docosenoic acid, and tetracosenoic acid.

60. The monounsaturated fatty acid and steroid combination molecule of Claim 58, 15 where the steroid and fatty acid are linked together by a bond selected from the group consisting of ester bond, ether bond, and amide bond.

61. The monounsaturated fatty acid and steroid combination molecule of Claim 60, wherein the linkage is via an ester bond.

62. A method of lowering body weight in a mammal comprising administering to said 20 mammal an effective amount of the combination molecule of any one of claims 34-61 in combination with amounts of at least one member selected from the group consisting of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and cosmetically acceptable excipients in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof.

63. A precursor of the pharmaceutical composition, cosmetic composition, molecule, 25 or substance of any prior claim.

64. The invention of claim 63, wherein the precursor is a salt.

65. The invention of claim 64, wherein the precursor is a halide salt.

66. The invention of claim 65, wherein the precursor is a bromide salt.

67. The invention of claim 66, wherein the precursor is a precursor of 2 30 hydroxyestrone eicosenoate.

68. The invention of claim 67, wherein the precursor is 2-bromoestrone ester of cis 11-eicosenoic acid. 59 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508

69. The invention of claim 66, wherein the precursor is a precursor of 2-hydroxy estrone oleate.

70. A method of using the precursor of any one of claims 63-69 to control weight in humans. 5

71. A substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen and a fatty acid, wherein the estrogen is selected from the group consisting of a 2 hydroxy derivative estrone, diethylstilbestrol, estriol and ethinyl estradiol; and the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of oleic, arachadonic, palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, or linolenic, eicosenoic acid, C-22 fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the C-24 fatty acid, cis 15 10 tetracosenoic acid.

72. The fatty-acid monoester according to claim 1, wherein the fatty acid is oleic or cis 11 eicosenoic acid.

73. A substantially pure fatty-acid monoester selected from the group consisting of an estrogen combined with one fatty acid from the group consisting of oleic, arachadonic, 15 palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic, docosenoic acid and tetracosenoic acid.

74. A substantially pure fatty-acid monoester consisting of 2 hydroxy estrone monoeicosenoate or 2 hydroxy oleate.

75. A substantially pure fatty-acid monoester consisting of 2 hydroxy 20 diethylstilbestrol oleate or 2 hydroxy monoeicosenoate.

76. The substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of claim 1, wherein the estrogen is 2 hydroxy estrone and the fatty acid is cis 11 eicosenoic or oleic acid.

77. A pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition comprising a therapeutically and/or cosmetically effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an 25 estrogen and a fatty acid, in combination with at least one excipient acceptable for a predetermined administration via and in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof; wherein the estrogen is selected from the group consisting of a 2 hydroxy derivative of estrone, diethylstilbestrol, estriol, estradiol and ethinyl estradiol; and the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of oleic, arachadonic, palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, 30 linolenic, eicosenoic acid, the C-22 fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and/or the C-24 fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid. 60 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508

78. The pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition according to claim 7, wherein said administration via is intravenous injection, and the fatty-acidmonoester is integrated in a lipidic suspension.

79. The pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition according to claim 7, wherein 5 said lipidic suspension is a lipoprotein suspension.

80. The pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition according to claim 7, wherein said lipidic suspension is a liposome suspension.

81. The pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition according to claim 10, wherein said liposome suspension is obtainable by addition of soy oil and egg phospholipids. 10

82. A pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition comprising a therapeutically and/or cosmetically effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester in combination with at least one excipient acceptable for a predetermined administration via and in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof, wherein: a) the estrogen is selected from the group consisting of a 2 hydroxy 15 derivative of estrone, diethylstilbestrol, estriol and ethinyl estradiol; and b) the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of oleic, arachadonic, palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic acid, C-22 fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the C-24 fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid. 20

83. A pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition comprising a therapeutically and/or cosmetically effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of 2 hydroxy estrone and eicosenoic or oleic acid, in combination with at least one excipient acceptable for a predetermined administration via and in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof. 25

84. A pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition comprising a therapeutically and/or cosmetically effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen and a fatty acid, in combination with at least one excipient acceptable for a predetermined administration via and in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof; wherein the estrogen is selected from the group consisting of a 2 hydroxy derivative of 30 estrone, diethylstilbestrol, estriol and ethinyl estradiol; and the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of the fatty acid oleic, arachadonic, palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic acid, the fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid. 61 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508

85. A method of lowering body weight in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen and a fatty acid, wherein the estrogen is selected from the group consisting of a 2 hydroxy derivative of estrone, diethylstilbestrol, estriol, estradiol and ethinyl estradiol, the fatty 5 acid is selected from the group consisting of oleic, arachadonic, palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic acid, C-22 fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the C-24 fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid, in combination with amounts of at least one member selected from the group consisting of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and cosmetically acceptable excipients in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof. 10

86. A method of lowering body weight in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of amonoester of 2 hydroxy estrone and eicosenoic or oleic acid in combination with amounts of at least one member selected from the group consisting of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and cosmetically acceptable excipients in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof. 15

87. A method of lowering body weight in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of the fatty acid monoester of cis 11 eicosenoic or oleic acid and a 2 hydroxy derivative of an estrogen in combination with amounts of at least one member selected from the group consisting of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and cosmetically acceptable excipients in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof. 20

88. A method of lowering body weight in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen and a fatty acid, wherein the estrogen is selected from the group consisting of a 2 hydroxy derivative of estrone, diethylstilbestrol, estriol and ethinyl estradiol; and the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of oleic, arachadonic, palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, 25 linolenic, eicosenoic acid, C-22 fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the C-24 fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid, in combination with amounts of at least one member selected from the group consisting of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and cosmetically acceptable excipients in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof.

89. A substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen and a fatty acid, wherein 30 the estrogen is selected from the group consisting of a 2 hydroxy derivative of estrone, diethylstilbestrol, estriol and ethinyl estradiol; the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of oleic, arachadonic, palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic acid, C-22 fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the C-24 fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid 62 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 and with the proviso that, when the estrogen is steroidal and has a steroid ring system with a C-3 position and a hydroxyl group at the C-3 position, the acyl group of the fatty acid is attached to the hydroxyl group at the C-3 position of the steroid ring system in the fatty acid monoester. A pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition comprising a 5 therapeutically and/or cosmetically effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen and a fatty acid, in combination with at least one excipient acceptable for a predetermined administration via and in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof; wherein the estrogen is selected from the group consisting of a 2 hydroxy derivative of estrone, diethylstilbestrol, estriol, estradiol and ethinyl estradiol; o10 the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of oleic, arachadonic, palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic acid, the C-22 fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and/or the C-24 fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid, and with the proviso that, when the estrogen is steroidal and has a steroid ring system with a C-3 position and a hydroxyl group at the C-3 position, the acyl group of the fatty acid is attached to the hydroxyl 15 group at the C-3 position of the steroid ring system in the fatty acid monoester.

90. A pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition comprising a therapeutically and/or cosmetically effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen and a fatty acid, in combination with at least one excipient acceptable for a predetermined administration via and in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof; 20 wherein the estrogen is selected from the group consisting of a 2 hydroxy derivative of estrone, diethylstilbestrol, estriol and ethinyl estradiol; the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of the fatty acid oleic, arachadonic, palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic acid, the fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid, and with the proviso that, when the estrogen is steroidal and has a 25 steroid ring system with a C-3 position and a hydroxyl group at the C-3 position, the acyl group of the fatty acid is attached to the hydroxyl group at the C-3 position of the steroid ring system in the fatty acid monoester.

91. A method of lowering body weight in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an a 2 30 hydroxy derivative of estrogen and a fatty acid, wherein the estrogen is selected from the group consisting of a 2 hydroxy derivative of estrone, diethylstilbestrol, estriol, estradiol and ethinyl estradiol, the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of oleic, arachadonic, palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic acid, C-22 fatty acid, cis 63 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 13 docosenoic acid, and the C-24 fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid, and with the proviso that, when the estrogen is steroidal and has a steroid ring system with a C-3 position and a hydroxyl group at the C-3 position, the acyl group of the fatty acid is attached to the hydroxyl group at the C-3 position of the steroid ring system in the fatty 5 acid monoester, in combination with amounts of at least one member selected from the group consisting of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and cosmetically acceptable excipients in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof.

92. A method of lowering body weight in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen 10 and a fatty acid, wherein the estrogen is selected from the group consisting of a 2 hydroxy derivative of estrone, diethylstilbestrol, estriol and ethinyl estradiol; the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of oleic, arachadonic, palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic acid, C-22 fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the C-24 fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid, and with the proviso that, when the estrogen is 15 steroidal and has a steroid ring system with a C-3 position and a hydroxyl group at the C 3 position, the acyl group of the fatty acid is attached to the hydroxyl group at the C-3 position of the steroid ring system in the fatty acid monoester, in combination with amounts of at least one member selected from the group consisting of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and cosmetically acceptable excipients in an amount sufficient for 20 the purposes thereof.

93. A molecule consisting of a substantially pure combination of: a) a fatty acid molecule, and b) a steroid; wherein the steroid and fatty acid are linked together. 25

94. The monounsaturated fatty acid and steroid combination molecule of claim 25, wherein the fatty acid molecule is selected from the group consisting of cis isomers of oleic, arachadonic, palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic acid, docosenoic acid, and tetracosenoic acid.

95. The fatty acid and steroid combination molecule of Claim 25, where the steroid 30 and fatty acid are linked together by a bond selected from the group consisting of ester bond, ether bond, and amide bond.

96. The fatty acid and steroid combination molecule of Claim 27, wherein the linkage is via an ester bond. 64 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508

97. The fatty acid and steroid combination molecule of Claim 25, wherein the monoester fatty acid is tetracosenoic acid and the steroid is dehydroepiandosterone (DHEA).

98. A substantially pure combination of 5 a) a fatty acid molecule; and b) a molecule containing a perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus wherein the fatty acid and the perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene are linked together.

99. The fatty acid and perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus combination 10 molecule of Claim 30, where the perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene and fatty acid are linked together by a bond selected from the group consisting of ester bond, ether bond, and amide bond.

100. The fatty acid and perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus combination molecule of Claim 31, wherein the perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus is a 15 derivative of perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus.

101. The fatty acid and perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus combination molecule of Claim 31, wherein the perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene is an estrogen molecule.

102. A method of lowering body weight in a mammal comprising administering to said 20 mammal an effective amount of the combination molecule of any one of claims 25-33 in combination with amounts of at least one member selected from the group consisting of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and cosmetically acceptable excipients in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof.

103. A substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of a 2 hydroxy estrone derivative or a 2 25 hydroxy estrogen derivative and a fatty acid, wherein the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of oleic acid, a C-18 fatty acid, arachadonic, palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, or linolenic acid.

104. The fatty-acid monoester according to claim 103, wherein the fatty acid is oleic or cis 11 eicosenoic acid. 30

105. A substantially pure fatty-acid monoester selected from the group consisting of a 2 hydroxy estrone derivative or a 2 hydroxy estrogen derivative combined with one fatty acid from the group consisting of oleic, arachadonic, palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, linolenic, oleic, eicosenoic, docosenoic acid and tetracosenoic acid. 65 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508

106. A substantially pure fatty-acid monoester consisting of 2 hydroxy estrone monoeicosenoate or oleate.

107. A substantially pure fatty-acid monoester consisting of 2 hydroxyestradiol monoeicosenoate or oleate. 5

108. The substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of claim 103, wherein the estrone derivative or an estrogen derivative is 2 hydroxyestrone and the fatty acid is oleate or cis 11 eicosenoic acid.

109. A pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition comprising a therapeutically and/or cosmetically effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of a 2 10 hydroxy estrone derivative or a 2 hydroxy estrogen derivative and a fatty acid, in combination with at least one excipient acceptable for a predetermined administration via and in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof; wherein a 2 hydroxy estrone derivative or a 2 hydroxy estrogen derivative is selected from the group consisting of a 2 hydroxy derivative of estrone, diethylstilbestrol, estriol, estradiol, ethinyl estradiol, 2 15 hydroxy estrone, and 2 hydroxy B-estradiol and the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of oleic acid, arachadonic, palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic acid, the C-22 fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and/or the C-24 fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid.

110. The pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition according to claim 109, wherein 20 said administration via is intravenous injection, and the fatty-acid monoester is integrated in a lipidic suspension.

111. The pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition according to claim 109, wherein said lipidic suspension is a lipoprotein suspension.

112. The pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition according to claim 109, wherein 25 said lipidic suspension is a liposome suspension.

113. The pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition according to claim 112, wherein said liposome suspension is obtainable by addition of soy oil and egg phospholipids. A pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition comprising a therapeutically and/or cosmetically effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid 30 monoester in combination with at least one excipient acceptable for a predetermined administration via and in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof, wherein: part of the molecule is an estrone derivative or estrogen derivative; and the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of oleic acid, arachadonic, palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, 66 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 linolenic, eicosenoic acid, C-22 fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the C-24 fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid.

114. A pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition comprising a therapeutically and/or cosmetically effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of a 2 5 hydroxy derivative of estrone and eicosenoic acid, in combination with at least one excipient acceptable for a predetermined administration via and in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof.

115. A pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition comprising a therapeutically and/or cosmetically effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an o10 estrogen and a fatty acid, in combination with at least one excipient acceptable for a predetermined administration via and in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof; wherein part of the molecule is estrone derivative or an estrogen derivative; and the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of the fatty acid oleic acid, oleic, arachadonic, palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic acid, the fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic 15 acid, and the fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid.

116. A method of lowering body weight in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrogen and a fatty acid, wherein part of the molecule is estrone derivative or an estrogen derivative; and the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of the fatty acid oleic 20 acid, arachadonic, palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic acid, the fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid, in combination with amounts of at least one member selected from the group consisting of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and cosmetically acceptable excipients in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof. 25

117. A method of lowering body weight in amammal comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of a monoester of either an a 2 hydroxy estrone derivative or an a 2 hydroxy estradiol derivative and oleic or eicosenoic acid in combination with amounts of at least one member selected from the group consisting of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and cosmetically acceptable excipients in an amount sufficient for 30 the purposes thereof.

118. A method of lowering body weight in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of the fatty acid monoester of oleic or cis 11 eicosenoic acid and estrogen in combination with amounts of at least one member selected from the 67 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 group consisting ofpharmaceutically acceptable excipients and cosmetically acceptable excipients in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof.

119. A method of lowering body weight in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of either an a 2 5 hydroxy estrone derivative or an a 2 hydroxy estradiol derivative, wherein part of the molecule is a 2 hydroxy estrone derivative or an estrogen derivative; and the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of the fatty acid oleic acid, arachadonic, palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic acid, the fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid, in combination with amounts of at least one 10 member selected from the group consisting of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and cosmetically acceptable excipients in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof.

120. A substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of part of the molecule is a 2 hydroxy estrone derivative or an a 2 hydroxy estrogen derivative; and the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of the fatty acid oleic acid, oleic, arachadonic, palmitic, 15 palmitoleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic acid, the fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid and with the proviso that, when the 2 hydroxy estrogen is steroidal and has a steroid ring system with a C-3 position and a hydroxyl group at the C-3 position, the acyl group of the fatty acid is attached to the hydroxyl group at the C-3 position of the steroid ring system in the fatty acid monoester. 20

121. A pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition comprising a therapeutically and/or cosmetically effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an a 2 hydroxy estrogen and a fatty acid, in combination with at least one excipient acceptable for a predetermined administration via and in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof; wherein part of the molecule is estrone derivative or an estrogen derivative; and 25 the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of the fatty acid oleic acid, arachadonic, palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic acid, the fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid, and with the proviso that, when the estrogen is steroidal and has a steroid ring system with a C-3 position and a hydroxyl group at the C-3 position, the acyl group of the fatty acid is attached to the 30 hydroxyl group at the C-3 position of the steroid ring system in the fatty acid monoester.

122. A pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic composition comprising a therapeutically and/or cosmetically effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an a 2 hydroxy estrogen and a fatty acid, in combination with at least one excipient acceptable 68 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 for a predetermined administration via and in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof; part of the molecule is a 2 hydroxy estrone derivative or an a 2 hydroxy estrogen derivative; and the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of the fatty acid oleic acid, arachadonic, palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic acid, the fatty 5 acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid, and with the proviso that, when the estrogen is steroidal and has a steroid ring system with a C-3 position and a hydroxyl group at the C-3 position, the acyl group of the fatty acid is attached to the hydroxyl group at the C-3 position of the steroid ring system in the fatty acid monoester. 10

123. A method of lowering body weight in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an a 2 hydroxy estrogen and a fatty acid, wherein the estrogen is selected from part of the molecule is a 2 hydroxy estrone derivative or an a 2 hydroxy estrogen derivative; and the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of the fatty acid oleic acid, arachadonic, 15 palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic acid, the fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid, and with the proviso that, when the estrone derivative or estradiol derivative is steroidal and has a steroid ring system with a C-3 position and a hydroxyl group at the C-3 position, the acyl group of the fatty acid is attached to the hydroxyl group at the C-3 position of the steroid ring system in the fatty 20 acid monoester, in combination with amounts of at least one member selected from the group consisting of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and cosmetically acceptable excipients in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof.

124. A method of lowering body weight in amammal comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of a substantially pure fatty-acid monoester of an estrone 25 derivative or an estrogen derivative; and the fatty acid is selected from the group consisting of the fatty acid oleic acid, arachadonic, palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic acid, the fatty acid, cis 13 docosenoic acid, and the fatty acid, cis 15 tetracosenoic acid, and with the proviso that, when the estrone derivative or estradiol derivative, and with the proviso that, when the a 2 hydroxy estrone derivative or a 2 30 hydroxy estradiol derivative is steroidal and has a steroid ring system with a C-3 position and a hydroxyl group at the C-3 position, the acyl group ofthe fatty acid is attached to the hydroxyl group at the C-3 position of the steroid ring system in the fatty acid monoester, in combination with amounts of at least one member selected from the group consisting 69 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508 of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and cosmetically acceptable excipients in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof.

125. A molecule consisting of a substantially pure combination of a) a monounsaturated fatty acid molecule, and an a 2 hydroxy estrone derivative or a 2 5 hydroxy estradiol derivative wherein the 2 hydroxy estrone derivative or 2 hydroxy estradiol derivative and fatty acid are linked together.

126. The monounsaturated fatty acid and the 2 hydroxy estrone derivative or the 2 hydroxy estradiol derivative combination molecule of claim 125, wherein the fatty acid molecule is selected from the group consisting of cis isomers of oleic acid, arachadonic, 10 palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosenoic acid, docosenoic acid, and tetracosenoic acid.

127. The monounsaturated fatty acid and steroid combination molecule of Claim 125, where the steroid and fatty acid are linked together by a bond selected from the group consisting of ester bond, ether bond, and amide bond. 15

128. The monounsaturated fatty acid and steroid combination molecule of Claim 127, wherein the linkage is via an ester bond.

129. A method of lowering body weight in amammal comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of the combination molecule of any one of claims 103-127 in combination with amounts of at least one member selected from the group consisting 20 of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and cosmetically acceptable excipients in an amount sufficient for the purposes thereof.

130. A precursor of the pharmaceutical composition, cosmetic composition, molecule, or substance of any prior claim.

131. The invention of claim 130, wherein the precursor is a salt. 25

132. The invention of claim 131, wherein the precursor is a halide salt.

133. The invention of claim 132, wherein the precursor is a bromide salt.

134. The invention of claim 133, wherein the precursor is a precursor of 2 hydroxyestrone eicosenoate or oleate.

135. The invention of claim 134, wherein the precursor is 2-bromoestrone ester of cis 30 11-eicosenoic acid.

136. The invention of claim 133, wherein the precursor is a precursor of 2-hydroxy estrone oleate. 70 WO 2004/045560 PCT/US2003/037508

137. A method of using the precursor of any one of claims 130-136 to control weight in humans. 71