AU2002226965A1 - Estrogen receptor modulators - Google Patents

Description

TITLE OF THE INVENTION ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Naturally occurring and synthetic estrogens have broad therapeutic utility, including: relief of menopausal symptoms, treatment of acne, treatment of dysmenorrhea and dysfunctional uterine bleeding, treatment of osteoporosis, treatment of hirsutism, treatment of prostatic cancer, treatment of hot flashes and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Because estrogen is very therapeutically valuable, there has been great interest in discovering compounds that mimic estrogen-like behavior in estrogen responsive tissues.

For example, estrogen-like compounds would be beneficial in the treatment and prevention of bone loss. Bone loss occurs in a wide range of subjects, including women that are post-menopausal or have had a hysterectomy, patients who were or are currently being treated with corticosteroids, and patient's having gonadal dysgenesis. The current major bone diseases of public concern are osteoporosis, hypercalcemia of malignancy, osteopenia due to bone metastases, periodontal disease, hyperparathyroidism, periarticular erosions in rheumatoid arthritis, Paget's disease, immobilization-induced osteopenia, and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. All of these conditions are characterized by bone loss, resulting from an imbalance between bone resorption, i.e. breakdown, and bone formation, which continues throughout life at the rate of about 14% per year on the average. However, the rate of bone turnover differs from site to site, for example, it is higher in the trabecular bone of the vertebrae and the alveolar bone in the jaws than in the cortices of the long bones. The potential for bone loss is directly related to turnover and can amount to over 5% per year in vertebrae immediately following menopause, a condition which leads to increased fracture risk.

In the U.S., there are currently about 20 million people with detectable fractures of the vertebrae due to osteoporosis. In addition, there are about 250,000 hip fractures per year attributed to osteoporosis. This clinical situation is associated with a 12% mortality rate within the first two years, while 30% of the patients require nursing home care after the fracture.

Osteoporosis affects approximately 20 to 25 million post-menopausal women in the U.S. alone. It has been theorized that the rapid loss of bone mass in these women is due to the cessation of estrogen production of the ovaries. Since studies have shown that estrogen slows the reduction of bone mass due to osteoporosis, estrogen replacement therapy is a recognized treatment for post- menopausal osteoporosis.

In addition to bone mass, estrogen appears to have an effect on the biosynthesis of cholesterol and cardiovascular health. Statistically, the rate of occurrence of cardiovascular disease is roughly equal in po-Stmenopausal women and men; however, remenopausal women have a much lower incidence of cardiovascular disease than men. Because postmenopausal women are estrogen deficient, it is believed that estrogen plays a beneficial role in preventing cardiovascular disease. The mechanism is not well understood, but evidence indicates that estrogen can upregulate the low density lipid (LDL) cholesterol receptors in the liver to remove excess cholesterol.

Postmenopausal women given estrogen replacement therapy experience a return of lipid levels to concentrations comparable to levels associated with the premenopausal state. Thus, estrogen replacement therapy could be an effective treatment for such disease. However, the side effects associated with long term estrogen use limit the use of this alternative.

Also, the estrogen receptor ligands of the present invention can have utility as an anti-depressant, especially when the depression results from an estrogen deficiency.

In models, estrogen has been shown to have beneficial effects on cognitive functioning, such as relieveing anxiety and depression and treating and/or preventing Alzheimer's disease. Estrogen affects the central nervous system by increasing cholinergic functioning, neurotrophin and neurotrophin receptor expression. Estrogen also increases glutamergic synaptic transmission, alters amyloid precursor protein processing and provides neuroprotection. Thus, the estrogen receptor modulators of the present invention could be beneficial for improving cognitive functioning.

Specifically, estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) selective agonists would be useful in the treatment of anxiety and/or depressive illness, as either a single agent or in combination with other agents. Clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of the natural estrogen, 17β-estradiol for the treatment of various forms of depressive illness, See Schmidt PJ, Nieman L, Danaceau MA, Tobin MB, Roca CA, Murphy JH, Rubinow DR. Estrogen replacement in perimenopause-related depression: a preliminary report. Am J Obstet Gynecol 183:414-20, 2000; and Soares CN, Almeida OP, Joffe H, Cohen LS .Efficacy of estradiol for the treatment of depressive disorders in perimenopausal women: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 58:537-8, 2001; which are hereby incorporated by reference. Bethea et al (Lu NZ, Shlaes TA, Gundlah C, Dziennis SE, Lyle RE, Bethea CL. Ovarian steroid action on tryptophan hydroxylase protein and serotonin compared to localization of ovarian steroid receptors in midbrain of guinea pigs. Endocrine 11 :257-67, 1999, which is hereby incorporated by reference) have suggested that the anti-depressant activity of estrogen may be mediated via regulation of serotonin synthesis in the serotonin containing cells concentrated in the dorsal raphe nucleus. It is believed by some in the field that the physiological responses to estrogen are generally mediated via a series of biochemical events initiated by a selective, high affinity interaction between estrogen and an estrogen receptor. There are two estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ, and there is co-localization of ERβ (and not ERα) in the serotonin containing cells of the rodent raphe nucleus. Using ERβ selective compounds, estrogen increases transcription of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene (TPH, the key enzyme in serotonin synthesis) via an ERβ mediated event. Potential ERβ selective agonists can be tested in a rodent model of depression by methods familiar to those skilled in the art, for example in a forced swim assay. Likewise, potential ERβ selective agonists can be tested in a rodent model of anxiety by methods familiar to those skilled in the art, for example a guinea pig pup vocalization assay and the resident intruder assay.

Other disease states that affect postmenopausal women include estrogen-dependent breast cancer and uterine cancer. Anti-estrogen compounds, such as tamoxifen, have commonly been used as chemotherapy to treat breast cancer patients. Tamoxifen, a dual antagonist and agonist of estrogen receptors, is beneficial in treating estrogen-dependent breast cancer. However, treatment with tamoxifen is less than ideal because tamoxifen' s agonist behavior enhances its unwanted estrogenic side effects. For example, tamoxifen and other compounds that agonize estrogen receptors tend to increase cancer cell production in the uterus. A better therapy for such cancers would be an anti-estrogen compound that has negligible or nonexistent agonist properties.

Although estrogen can be beneficial for treating pathologies such as bone loss, increased lipid levels, and cancer, long-term estrogen therapy has been implicated in a variety of disorders, including an increase in the risk of uterine and endometrial cancers. These and other side effects of estrogen replacement therapy are not acceptable to many women, thus limiting its use.

Alternative regimens, such as a combined progestogen and estrogen dose, have been suggested in an attempt to lessen the risk of cancer. However, such regimens cause the patient to experience withdrawal bleeding, which is unacceptable to many older women. Furthermore, combining estrogen with progestogen reduces the beneficial cholesterol-lowering effect of estrogen therapy. In addition, the long term effects of progestogen treatment are unknown.

In addition to post-menopausal women, men suffering from prostatic cancer can also benefit from anti-estrogen compounds. Prostatic cancer is often endocrine-sensitive; androgen stimulation fosters tumor growth, while androgen suppression retards tumor growth. The administration of estrogen is helpful in the treatment and control of prostatic cancer because estrogen administration lowers the level of gonadotropin and, consequently, androgen levels. The estrogen receptor has been found to have two forms: ERα and

ERβ. Ligands bind differently to these two forms, and each form has a different tissue specificity to binding ligands. Thus, it is possible to have compounds that are selective for ERα or ERβ, and therefore confer a degree of tissue specificity to a particular ligand. What is needed in the art are compounds that can produce the same positive responses as estrogen replacement therapy without the negative side effects. Also need are estrogen-like compounds that exert selective effects on different tissues of the body.

The compounds of the instant invention are ligands for estrogen receptors and as such may be useful for treatment or prevention of a variety of conditions related to estrogen functioning including: bone loss, bone fractures, osteoporosis, cartilage degeneration, endometriosis, uterine fibroid disease, hot flashes, increased levels of LDL cholesterol, cardiovascular disease, impairment of cognitive functioning, cerebral degenerative disorders, restinosis, gynacomastia, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, obesity, incontinence, depression resulting from an estrogen deficiency, and cancer, in particular of the breast, uterus and prostate. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to compounds of the following chemical formula:

wherein X is selected from the group consisting of: O, N-OR^a, N-NR^aRb and C\_ alkylidene, wherein said alkylidene group is unsubstituted or substituted with a group selected from hydroxy, amino, O(C^*[-4alkyl), NH(Cι _₄alkyl), or N(Ci_₄alkyl)₂; Y is selected from the group consisting of N and CR^e; Z is selected from the group consisting of N and CRf ;

R! is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Cj.galkyl, C2_6alkenyl, and

C2_6alkynyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups are either unsubstituted or substituted with a group selected from OR^c, SR^C, NR^bR^c, C(=O)R^c, C(=O)CH₂OH, bromo, 1-3 chloro, 1-5 fluoro or phenyl, wherein said phenyl group can either be unsubstituted or substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of C _ 4alkyl, OH and O(Cι _4alkyl); R2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, iodo, O(C=O)R^c,

C(=O)R^c, CO2R^c, C- galkyl, C2_6^alkenyl, and C2_6alkynyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups are either unsubstituted or substituted with a group selected from OR^c, SR^C, NR^bR^c ,C(=O)R^c, C(=O)CH2OH, or phenyl, wherein said phenyl group can either be unsubstituted or substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of C^alkyl, OH and O(C^* _4alkyl); or R! and R^, when taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a carbonyl group; or R! and R^, when taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a C3-7 cycloalkyl or 3-7 heterocycloalkyl ring, wherein said ring is either unsubstituted or substituted with a group selected from C1-.4 alkyl, OH, O(Cι_4 alkyl) and oxo; or R! and R^, when taken together, form a Cχ_6 alkylidene group, wherein said alkylidene group is either unsubstituted or substituted with a group selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, O(Cι_

4alkyl), N(Cι_4alkyl)2, and phenyl, wherein said phenyl group can either be unsubstituted or substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C-^alkyl, OH, O(Cι_₄alkyl), NH2, NH(Cι_₄alkyl), NH(Cι_4alkyl)2, halo, CN, NO2, CO2H, CO2(Ci _ alkyl), C(O)H, and C(O)(Cι_₄alkyl);

R3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, cyano, nitro, NR^aR^c, OR^a, S(O)R^a, SO2R^a, SR^a, C(=O)R^a, CO₂R^c, CONR^aR^c, C^* .^* o^alkyl, C2_ιo lkenyl, C2-io^alkynyl, C3_7cycloalkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, and heteroarylalkyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl groups are either unsubstituted or independently substituted with 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, cyano, OR^a, NR^aR , O(C=O)R^a, O(C=O)NR^aR^c, NR^a(C=O)R^c, NR^a(C=O)OR^c, C(=O)R^a, CO2R^a, CONR^aR^c, CSNR^aR^c, SR^a, S(O)R^a SO2 ^a, SO₂NR^aR^c, LR^d, and MLR^d ;

R4 and R^ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, amino, methyl, CF3, fluoro, chloro, and bromo; R6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C=O)R^a, (C=O)OR^a, and SO₂R^a; R and R^ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C^.galkyl, C2_6alkenyl, C2_6alky yl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, cyano, hydroxy, O(Cj_ alkyl), azido, amino, NH(Cι _4alkyl), and N(Cι _ 4alkyl)2; or R^ and R , when taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3-5 membered cycloalkyl ring; or R and R^, when taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a carbonyl group; or R7 and R , when taken together, form a Cι_6alkylidene group, wherein said alkylidene group is either unsubstituted or substituted with a group selected from cyano, C(=O)H, C(=O)(C^* _4alkyl), or C(=O)OCi-4alkyl; R9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Cι _^*ιoalkyl, C2_iθ^alkenyl, C2- IQalkynyl, C3_6cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl and heteroarylalkyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl and heteroarylalkyl groups can be optionally substituted with a group selected from bromo, iodo, OR^b, SR^b, C(=O)R^b 1-3 chloro, or 1-5 fluoro; or R9 and R¹, when taken together with the three intervening carbon atoms to which they are attached, form a 5-6 membered cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl ring which can be optionally substituted with 1-3 groups independently selected from oxo, hydroxy, fluoro, Cj.galkyl, C2_ galkenyl, C2_6^alkynyl, C3_6cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, phenyl, or phenylalkyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkylidenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, phenyl, and phenylalkyl groups can be optionally substituted with a group selected from chloro, bromo, iodo, OR^b, SR^b, Ci -ealkyl, C(=O)R^b, or 1-5 fluoro; or R9 and R^, when taken together with the two intervening carbon atoms to which they are attached, form a cyclopropyl ring which can be optionally substituted with 1-2 groups independently selected from Ci _ galkyl, C2_6^aιkenyl, C2-6^alkynyl, C3_6cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, phenyl, or phenylalkyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, phenyl, and phenylalkyl groups can be optionally substituted with a group selected from chloro, bromo, iodo, OR^b, SR^b,

Ci _ alkyl, C(=O)R^b, or 1-5 fluoro; RIO is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Cι_;Loalkyl, and C2_ιoalkenyl; R^a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Cι_ιoalkyl, and phenyl, wherein said alkyl group can be optionally substituted with a group selected from hydroxy, amino, O(Cι_4--lkyl), NH(Cι_4alkyl), N(Cι_

4alkyl)2, phenyl, or 1-5 fluoro, and wherein said phenyl groups can either be unsubstituted or substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of Ci _₄alkyl, OH, O(Cι _ alkyl), NH2, NH(Cι _₄alkyl), NH(Cι _ ₄alkyl)2, halo, CN, NO2 CO2H, CO2(C₁_₄alkyl), C(O)H, and

C(O)(Cι_4alkyl); R^b is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Cι_^*[oalkyl, benzyl and phenyl, wherein said phenyl group can either be unsubstituted or substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of Cι_4alkyl, OH, O(Cι _₄alkyl), NH2, NH(Cι _ alkyl), NH(Cι_

₄alkyl)2, halo, CN, NO2, CO2H, CO2(C₁_₄alkyl), C(O)H, and

C(O)(C₁.₄alkyl); R^c is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C^*[. o lkyl and phenyl, wherein said phenyl group can either be unsubstituted or substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of _

₄alkyl, OH, O(Cι _₄alkyl), NH2, NH(Cι _₄alkyl)2, halo, CN, NO2, CO2H, CO2(Ci„₄alkyl), C(O)H, and C(O)(Cι _

4alkyl); or R^a and R^c, whether or not on the same atom, can be taken together with any attached and intervening atoms to form a 4-7 membered ring; R^d is selected from the group consisting of NR^bR^c, OR^a CO2R^a O(C=0)R^a, CN,

NR^c(C=O)R^b, CONR^aR^c, SO₂NR^aR^c, and a 4-7 membered N- heterocycloalkyl ring that can be optionally interrupted by O, S, NR^C, or C=O;

R^e is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Cj.galkyl, C2_6alkenyl, CF3, halo, O(Cι_₄alkyl), NH₂, NH(Cι_4alkyl), and N(C₁_₄alkyl)₂; Rf is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C^alkyl, C2_6^alkenyl, CF3, halo, O(Cι _ alkyl), NO₂, NH₂, NH(Cι_₄alkyl), and N(Cι_4alkyl)₂; L is selected from the group consisting of CR^bR^c, C2-6 alkylene and C2-6 alkenylene, wherein said alkylene and alkenylene groups can be optionally interrupted by O, S, or NR^C; M is selected from the group consisting of O, S, NR^C, C=O, O(C=O), (C=O)O,

NR^c(C=O) or (C=O)NRC; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The present invention also relates to methods for making the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.

The present invention also relates to methods for eliciting an estrogen receptor modulating effect in a mammal in need thereof by administering the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.

The present invention also relates to methods for eliciting an estrogen receptor antagonizing effect in a mammal in need thereof by administering the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.

The present invention also relates to methods for eliciting an estrogen receptor agonizing effect in a mammal in need thereof by administering the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.

The present invention also relates to methods for treating or preventing disorders related to estrogen functioning, bone loss, bone fractures, osteoporosis, cartilage degeneration, endometriosis, uterine fibroid disease, cancer of the breast, uterus or prostate, hot flashes, cardiovascular disease, impairment of cognitive function, cerebral degenerative disorders, restenosis, gynacomastia, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, obesity and incontinence in a mammal in need thereof by administering the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. The present invention also relates to methods for reducing bone loss, lowering LDL cholesterol levels and eliciting a vasodilatory effect, in a mammal in need thereof by administering the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to compounds useful as estrogen receptor modulators. Compounds of the present invention are described by the following chemical formula:

wherein X is selected from the group consisting of: O, N-OR^a, N-NR^aR^b and Cj_ alkylidene, wherein said alkylidene group is unsubstituted or substituted with a group selected from hydroxy, amino, 0(C _4alkyl), NH(Cι_₄alkyl), or N(Cι_₄alkyl)2;

Y is selected from the group consisting of N and CR^e;

Z is selected from the group consisting of N and CR* ;

R! is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C- galkyl, C2_6al enyl, and

C2_6^alkynyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups are either unsubstituted or substituted with a group selected from OR^c, SR^C,

NR^bR , C(=O)R^c, C(=O)CH₂OH, bromo, 1-3 chloro, 1-5 fluoro or phenyl, wherein said phenyl group can either be unsubstituted or substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of C^* _ ₄alkyl, OH and R-2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, iodo, O(C=O)R^c,

C(=O)R^c, CO₂R^c, Ci .galkyl, C2-6 lkenyl, and C₂-6alkynyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups are either unsubstituted or substituted with a group selected from OR^c, SR^C, NR^bR^c ,C(=O)R^c, C(=O)CH2OH, or phenyl, wherein said phenyl group can either be unsubstituted or substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of OH and O(Cι _4alkyl); or R1 and R-^, when taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a carbonyl group; or R! and R-2, when taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a C3.-7 cycloalkyl or 3.7 heterocycloalkyl ring, wherein said ring is either unsubstituted or substituted with a group selected from Cι_4 alkyl, OH, O(Cι_4 alkyl) and oxo; or Rl and R^, when taken together, form a Cι_6 alkylidene group, wherein said alkylidene group is either unsubstituted or substituted with a group selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, O(Cι_ 4alkyl), N(Cl-4alkyl)2, and phenyl, wherein said phenyl group can either be unsubstituted or substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of Chalky], OH, O(Cι _₄alkyl), NH2, NH(Cι _₄alkyl), NH(C₁_ alkyl)2, halo, CN, NO2,

CO2H, CO2(Ci_₄alkyl), C(O)H, and C(O)(Cι_₄alkyl); Ex is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, cyano, nitro, NR^aR , OR^a, (O)Ra, SO₂R^a SR^a, C(=O)R^a, CO₂R^c, CONR^aR^c, C2-ioalkenyl, C2_ιo^alkynyl, C3_7cycloalkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, and heteroarylalkyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl groups are either unsubstituted or independently substituted with 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, cyano, OR NR^aR^c, O(C=O)R^a, O(C=O)NR^aR^c, NR (C=O)R^c, NR^a(C=O)OR^c, C(=O)R CO2R^a, CONR^aR ,

CSNR R^c, SR^a, S(O)R^a, SO2R^a SO₂NR^aR^c, LR^d, and MLR^d ; R4 and R^ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, amino, methyl, CF3, fluoro, chloro, and bromo; R" is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C=O)R^a, (C=O)OR^a, and SO₂R^a;

R ' and R^ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Cj^alkyl, C2_6^al enyl, C2_6alkynyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, cyano, hydroxy, O(C^* _6 alkyl), azido, amino, NH(C^*ι_4alkyl), and N(Cι_ 4alkyl)2; or R⁷ and R^*^, when taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3-5 membered cycloalkyl ring; or R and R-*-\ when taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a carbonyl group; or R and R^, when taken together, form a Ct_6alkylidene group, wherein said alkylidene group is either unsubstituted or substituted with a group selected from cyano, C(=O)H, or C(=O)OCi_4alkyl; R9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C^* _ιo^alkyl, C2_ιoalkenyl, C _ løalkynyl, C3_6cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl and heteroarylalkyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl and heteroarylalkyl groups can be optionally substituted with a group selected from bromo, iodo, OR^b, SR^b, C(=O)R^b, 1-3 chloro, or 1-5 fluoro; or R9 and R¹, when taken together with the three intervening carbon atoms to which they are attached, form a 5-6 membered cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl ring which can be optionally substituted with 1-3 groups independently selected from oxo, hydroxy, fluoro, Ci.galkyl, C2-. galkenyl, C2_6alkynyl, Ci.galkylidenyl, C3_5cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, phenyl, or phenylalkyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkylidenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, phenyl, and phenylalkyl groups can be optionally substituted with a group selected from chloro, bromo, iodo, OR^b, SR^b, Ci -ealkyl, C(=O)R^b, or 1-5 fluoro; or R9 and R^, when taken together with the two intervening carbon atoms to which they are attached, form a cyclopropyl ring which can be optionally substituted with 1-2 groups independently selected from C^* _ 6alkyl, C2_6 lke yl, C2-6^alkynyl, C3_6cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, phenyl, or phenylalkyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, phenyl, and phenylalkyl groups can be optionally substituted with a group selected from chloro, bromo, iodo, OR^b, SR^b, Cι_₃alkyl, C(=O)R^b, or 1-5 fluoro; RlO is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C-μioalkyl, and C2_ιoalkenyl; R^a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Cι_ιoalkyl, and phenyl, wherein said alkyl group can be optionally substituted with a group selected from hydroxy, amino, O(C^* _4alkyl), NH(C^* _4alkyl), N(C^* _ 4alkyl)2, phenyl, or 1-5 fluoro, and wherein said phenyl groups can either be unsubstituted or substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of Cι _4alkyl, OH, O(Cι_₄alkyl), NH2, NH(C₁_₄alkyl), NH(Cx_

₄alkyl)2, halo, CN, NO2, CO2H, CO2(C₁.₄alkyl), C(O)H, and C(OXCi _₄alkyl); R^b is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C^* _ιo^alkyl, benzyl and phenyl, wherein said phenyl group can either be unsubstituted or substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of Ci _₄alkyl, OH, O(Cι _₄alkyl), NH2, NH C^alkyl), NH(Cι _ ₄alkyl)2, halo, CN, NO2, CO2H, CO2(C₁.₄alkyl), C(O)H, and C(O)(Cι.₄alkyl); R^c is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C _\ galkyl and phenyl, wherein said phenyl group can either be unsubstituted or substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C\_ ₄alkyl, OH, O(Cι _₄alkyl), NH2, NH(C₁.₄alkyl)2, halo, CN, NO2, CO2H, CO2(C₁.₄alkyl), C(O)H, and C(O)(Cι _ ₄alkyl); or R^a and R^c, whether or not on the same atom, can be taken together with any attached and intervening atoms to form a 4-7 membered ring;

R^d is selected from the group consisting of NR^bR^c, OR^a, CO2R^a O(C=O)R^a, CN, NR^c(C=O)R^b, CONR^aR^c, SO NR R^c, and a 4-7 membered N- heterocycloalkyl ring that can be optionally interrupted by O, S, NR^C, or C=O;

R^e is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C2-6alkenyl, CF3, halo, O(C₁_₄alkyl), NH₂, NH(C₁_₄alkyl), and N(C₁.₄alkyl)₂;

Rf is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C- _6alkyl, C2_6alkenyl, CF3, halo, O(Cι _₄alkyl), NO₂, NH₂, -NH(Ci _4alkyl), and N(Cι_₄alkyl)₂;

L is selected from the group consisting of CR^bR^c, C2-6 alkylene and C2-6 alkenylene, wherein said alkylene and alkenylene groups can be optionally interrupted by O, S, or NR^C;

M is selected from the group consisting of O, S, NR^C, C=O, O(C=O), (C=O)O, NR^c(C=O) or (C=O)NR^c; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In a class of the invention, X is selected from O and N-OR^a. In a subclass of the invention, X is selected from O, N-OH and N-OCH3. In a further subclass of the invention, X is O. In a class of the invention, Y is selected from N and CH.

In a class of the invention, Z is selected from N and CRf . In a subclass of the invention, Z is selected from N, CH, CF and CCL In a further subclass of the invention, Z is selected from N and CH. In a class of the invention, R--^* is selected from hydrogen, C galkyl, C2_6alkenyl, and C2_6alkynyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups are either unsubstituted or substituted with a group selected from OR^c or C(=O)R^c. In a subclass of the invention, R! is selected from hydrogen and In a class of the invention, R^ is selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, iodo, Cι_galkyl, C2_6alkenyl, and C2- lkynyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups are either unsubstituted or substituted with a group selected from OR^c or C(=O)R^c. In a subclass of the invention, R2 is selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, In a class of the invention, R^ is selected from hydrogen, chloro, bromo, iodo, C^*[_-[oalkyl, C2_ιoalkenyl, C3_7cycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl groups are either unsubstituted or independently substituted with 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from fluoro, chloro, bromo, cyano, OR^a, NR^aR^c, C(=O)R^a CO2R^a CONR^aR^c, SR^a NR^a(C=O)R^c, LR^d, and MLR . In a subclass of the invention, R- is selected from hydrogen, chloro, bromo, iodo, C2_ιoal enyl, C3_7cycloalkyl, and aryl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, and aryl groups are either unsubstituted or independently substituted with 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from fluoro, chloro, bromo, cyano, OR^a, NR^aR^c, LR^d, and MLR^d . In a class of the invention, R^ is selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, methyl, fluoro, and chloro. In a subclass of the invention, R4 is selected from hydrogen, methyl and fluoro.

In a class of the invention, R^ is selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, fluoro and chloro. In a subclass of the invention, R^ is selected from hydrogen and fluoro.

In a class of the invention, R" is selected from hydrogen, (C=O)R^a and C(=O)OR^a. In a subclass of the invention, R^ is selected from hydrogen and C(=O)OR^a.

In a class of the invention, R^ and R^ are each independently selected from hydrogen and Cj.galkyl, or R7 and R^, when taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a carbonyl group. In a subclass of the invention, R^ and R^ are each independently selected from hydrogen and C- galkyl. In a class of the invention, R? is selected from hydrogen, Ci.ioalkyl, C2_ιo^aϊkenyl, C3_6cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl groups can be optionally substituted with a group selected from chloro, OR^b, SR^b or 1-5 fluoro. In a subclass of the invention, R^ is selected from Ci -.løalkyl, C2-io lkenyl, C3_6cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl.

In a class of the invention, R^ and R¹, when taken together with the three intervening carbon atoms to which they are attached, form a 5-6 membered cycloalkyl ring which can be optionally substituted with a group selected from Cj_ galkyl, C2_6 lkenyl, and C3_gcycloalkylalkyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, and cycloalkylalkyl groups can be optionally substituted with a group selected from chloro, OR^b, SR^b or 1-5 fluoro. In a class of the invention, RlO is selected from hydrogen and C _

1 øalkyl. In a subclass of the invention, RlO is hydrogen.

An embodiment of the invention is a method of eliciting an estrogen receptor modulating effect in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or any of the above pharmaceutical compositions described above.

A class of the embodiment is the method wherein the estrogen receptor modulating effect is an antagonizing effect.

A subclass of the embodiment is the method wherein the estrogen receptor is an ERα receptor. A second subclass of the embodiment is the method wherein the estrogen receptor is an ERβ receptor.

A third subclass of the embodiment is the method wherein the estrogen receptor modulating effect is a mixed ERα and ERβ receptor antagonizing effect.

A second class of the embodiment is the method wherein the estrogen receptor modulating effect is an agonizing effect.

A subclass of the embodiment is the method wherein the estrogen receptor is an ERα receptor.

A second subclass of the embodiment is the method wherein the estrogen receptor is an ERβ receptor. A third subclass of the embodiment is the method wherein the estrogen receptor modulating effect is a mixed ERα and ERβ receptor agonizing effect.

A third class of the embodiment is the method wherein the ERα receptor modulating effect is an agonizing and antagonizing effect. A fourth class of the embodiment is the method wherein the ERβ receptor modulating effect is an agonizing and antagonizing effect.

A fifth class of the embodiment is the method wherein the estrogen receptor modulating effect is a mixed ERα and ERβ receptor agonizing and antagonizing effect.

Another embodiment of the invention is a method of treating or preventing hot flashes in a mammal in need thereof by administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions described above. Another embodiment of the invention is a method of treating or preventing anxiety in a mammal in need thereof by administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions described above.

Another embodiment of the invention is a method of treating or preventing depression in a mammal in need thereof by administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions described above.

Another embodiment of the invention is a method of treating or preventing anxiety in a mammal in need thereof by administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of an estrogen receptor beta selective agonist.

Another embodiment of the invention is a method of treating or preventing depression in a mammal in need thereof by administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of an estrogen receptor beta selective agonist.

Exemplifying the invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the compounds described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Also exemplifying the invention is a pharmaceutical composition made by combining any of the compounds described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. An illustration of the invention is a process for making a pharmaceutical composition comprising combining any of the compounds described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Also exemplifying the invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising an estrogen receptor beta selective agonist and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Also exemplifying the invention is a pharmaceutical composition made by combining an estrogen receptor beta selective agonist and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. An illustration of the invention is a process for making a pharmaceutical composition comprising combining an estrogen receptor beta selective agonist and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Further exemplifying the invention is the use of any of the compounds described above in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment and/or prevention of osteoporosis in a mammal in need thereof. Still further exemplifying the invention is the use of any of the compounds described above in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment and/or prevention of: bone loss, bone resorption, bone fractures, cartilage degeneration, endometriosis, uterine fibroid disease, breast cancer, uterine cancer, prostate cancer, hot flashes, cardiovascular disease, impairment of congnitive functioning, cerebral degenerative disorder, postmenopausal depression, postpartum depression, verbal memory loss in ovarectomized women, Alzheimer disease, anxiety, restenosis, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, incontinence, and/or disorders related to estrogen functioning.

The present invention is also directed to combinations of any of the compounds or any of the pharmaceutical compositions described above with one or more agents useful in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis. For example, the compounds of the instant invention may be effectively administered in combination with effective amounts of other agents such as an organic bisphosphonate or a cathepsin K inhibitor. Nonlimiting examples of said organic bisphosphonates include alendronate, clodronate, etidronate, ibandronate, incadronate, minodronate, neridronate, risedronate, piridronate, pamidronate, tiludronate, zoledronate, pharmaceutically acceptable salts or esters thereof, and mixtures thereof. Preferred organic bisphosphonates include alendronate and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and mixtures thereof. Most preferred is alendronate monosodium trihydrate. The precise dosage of the bisphosphonate will vary with the dosing schedule, the oral potency of the particular bisphosphonate chosen, the age, size, sex and condition of the mammal or human, the nature and severity of the disorder to be treated, and other relevant medical and physical factors. Thus, a precise pharmaceutically effective amount cannot be specified in advance and can be readily determined by the caregiver or clinician. Appropriate amounts can be determined by routine experimentation from animal models and human clinical studies. Generally, an appropriate amount of bisphosphonate is chosen to obtain a bone resorption inhibiting effect, i.e. a bone resorption inhibiting amount of the bisphosphonate is administered. For humans, an effective oral dose of bisphosphonate is typically from about 1.5 to about 6000 μg/kg body weight and preferably about 10 to about 2000 μg/kg of body weight.

For human oral compositions comprising alendronate, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, a unit dosage typically comprises from about 8.75 mg to about 140 mg of the alendronate compound, on an alendronic acid active weight basis, i.e. on the basis of the corresponding acid.

For use in medicine, the salts of the compounds of this invention refer to non-toxic "pharmaceutically acceptable salts." Other salts may, however, be useful in the preparation of the compounds according to the invention or of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. When the compounds of the present invention contain a basic group, salts encompassed within the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" refer to non-toxic salts which are generally prepared by reacting the free base with a suitable organic or inorganic acid. Representative salts include the following: acetate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bicarbonate, bisulfate, bitartrate, borate, bromide, calcium, camsylate, carbonate, chloride, clavulanate, citrate, dihydrochloride, edetate, edisylate, estolate, esylate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glutamate, glycollylarsanilate, hexylresorcinate, hydrabamine, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, hydroxynaphthoate, iodide, isothionate, lactate, lactobionate, laurate, malate, maleate, mandelate, mesylate, methylbromide, methylnitrate, methylsulfate, mucate, napsylate, nitrate, N-methylglucamine ammonium salt, oleate, oxalate, pamoate (embonate), palmitate, pantothenate, phosphate/diphosphate, polygalacturonate, salicylate, stearate, sulfate, subacetate, succinate, tannate, tartrate, teoclate, tosylate, triethiodide and valerate. Furthermore, where the compounds of the invention carry an acidic moiety, suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may include alkali metal salts, e.g., sodium or potassium salts; alkaline earth metal salts, e.g., calcium or magnesium salts; and salts formed with suitable organic ligands, e.g., quaternary ammonium salts.

The compounds of the present invention can have chiral centers and occur as racemates, racemic mixtures, diastereomeric mixtures, and as individual diastereomers, or enantiomers with all isomeric forms being included in the present invention. Therefore, where a compound is chiral, the separate enantiomers, substantially free of the other; are included within the scope of the invention; further included are all mixtures of the two enantiomers. Also included within the scope of the invention are polymorphs, hydrates and solvates of the compounds of the instant invention.

The present invention includes within its scope prodrugs of the compounds of this invention. In general, such prodrugs will be functional derivatives of the compounds of this invention which are readily convertible in vivo into the required compound. Thus, in the methods of treatment of the present invention, the term "administering" shall encompass the treatment of the various conditions described with the compound specifically disclosed or with a compound which may not be specifically disclosed, but which converts to the specified compound in vivo after administration to the patient. Conventional procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrug derivatives are described, for example, in "Design of Prodrugs," ed. H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Metabolites of these compounds include active species produced upon introduction of compounds of this invention into the biological milieu. The term "therapeutically effective amount" shall mean that amount of a drug or pharmaceutical agent that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher or clinician.

The term "bone resorption," as used herein, refers to the process by which osteoclasts degrade bone. The term "alkyl" shall mean a substituting univalent group derived by conceptual removal of one hydrogen atom from a straight or branched-chain acyclic saturated hydrocarbon (i.e., -CH₃, -CH₂CH₃, -CH₂CH₂CH₃, -CH(CH₃)₂,

-CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, -CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, -C(CH₃)_3ι etc.).

The term "alkenyl" shall mean a substituting univalent group derived by conceptual removal of one hydrogen atom from a straight or branched-chain acyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one double bond (i.e., -CH=CH ,

-CH₂CH=CH₂, -CH=CHCH₃, -CH₂CH=C(CH₃)₂, etc.).

The term "alkynyl" shall mean a substituting univalent group derived by conceptual removal of one hydrogen atom from a straight or branched-chain acyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one triple bond (i.e., -C≡CH, -CH₂C≡CH, -C≡CCH₃, -CH₂C≡CCH₂(CH₃)₂, etc.).

The term "alkylene" shall mean a substituting bivalent group derived from a straight or branched-chain acyclic saturated hydrocarbon by conceptual removal of two hydrogen atoms from different carbon atoms (i.e., -CH₂CH .-,

-CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂-, -CH₂C(CH₃)₂CH₂-, etc.).

The term "alkylidene" shall mean a substituting bivalent group derived from a straight or branched-chain acyclic saturated hydrocarbon by conceptual removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same carbon atom (i.e., =CH₂, =CHCH₃,

=C(CH₃)₂, etc.).

The term "alkenylene" shall mean a substituting bivalent group derived from a straight or branched-chain acyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon by conceptual removal of two hydrogen atoms from different carbon atoms (i.e., -CH=CH-, -CH₂CH=CH-, CH₂CH=CHCH₂-, -C(CH₃)=C(CH₃)-, etc.).

The term "cycloalkyl" shall mean a substituting univalent group derived by conceptual removal of one hydrogen atom from a saturated monocyclic hydrocarbon (i.e., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl).

The term "cycloalkenyl" shall mean a substituting univalent group derived by conceptual removal of one hydrogen atom from an unsaturated monocyclic hydrocarbon containing a double bond (i.e., cyclopentenyl or cyclohexenyl).

The term "heterocycloalkyl" shall mean a substituting univalent group derived by conceptual removal of one hydrogen atom from a heterocycloalkane wherein said heterocycloalkane is derived from the corresponding saturated monocyclic hydrocarbon by replacing one or two carbon atoms with atoms selected from N, O or S. Examples of heterocycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, oxiranyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl. Heterocycloalkyl substituents can be attached at a carbon atom. If the substituent is a nitrogen containing heterocycloalkyl substituent, it can be attached at the nitrogen atom.

The term "aryl" as used herein refers to a substituting univalent group derived by conceptual removal of one hydrogen atom from a monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Examples of aryl groups are phenyl, indenyl, and naphthyl.

The term "heteroaryl" as used herein refers to a substituting univalent group derived by the conceptual removal of one hydrogen atom from a monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic ring system containing 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolyl, furyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, benzimidazolyl, indolyl, and purinyl. Heteraryl substituents can be attached at a carbon atom or through the heteroatom.

In the compounds of the present invention, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkylidene, alkenylene, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl groups can be further substituted by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms be alternative non-hydrogen groups. These include, but are not limited to, halo, hydroxy, mercapto, amino, carboxy, cyano and carbamoyl.

Whenever the term "alkyl" or "aryl" or either of their prefix roots appear in a name of a substituent (e.g., aryl Cι_8 alkyl) it shall be interpreted as including those limitations given above for "alkyl" and "aryl." Designated numbers of carbon atoms (e.g., Cι_ιo) shall refer independently to the number of carbon atoms in an alkyl or cyclic alkyl moiety or to the alkyl portion of a larger substituent in which alkyl appears as its prefix root.

The terms "arylalkyl" and "alkylaryl" include an alkyl portion where alkyl is as defined above and to include an aryl portion where aryl is as defined above.

Examples of arylalkyl include, but are not limited to, benzyl, fluorobenzyl, chlorobenzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, fluorophenylethyl, and chlorophenylethyl.

Examples of alkylaryl include, but are not limited to, toluyl, ethylphenyl, and propylphenyl. The term "heteroarylalkyl," as used herein, shall refer to a system that includes a heteroaryl portion, where heteroaryl is as defined above, and contains an alkyl portion. Examples of heteroarylalkyl include, but are not limited to, thienylmethyl, thienylethyl, thienylpropyl, pyridylmethyl, pyridylethyl and imidazoylmethyl. The term "cycloalkylalkyl," as used herein, shall refer to a system that includes a 3- to 8-membered fully saturated cyclic ring portion and also includes an alkyl portion, wherein cycloalkyl and alkyl are as defined above.

In the compounds of the present invention, Rl and R2 can be taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a 3-6 membered ring.

In the compounds of the present invention, R^a and R can be taken together with any of the atoms to which they may be attached or are between them to form a 4-6 membered ring system.

The term "halo" shall include iodo, bromo, chloro and fluoro. The term "oxy" means an oxygen (O) atom. The term "thio" means a sulfur (S) atom. The term "oxo" means =O. The term "oximino" means the =N-O group.

The term "substituted" shall be deemed to include multiple degrees of substitution by a named substitutent. Where multiple substituent moieties are disclosed or claimed, the substituted compound can be independently substituted by one or more of the disclosed or claimed substituent moieties, singly or plurally. By independently substituted, it is meant that the (two or more) substituents can be the same or different. Under standard nonmenclature used throughout this disclosure, the terminal portion of the designated side chain is described first, followed by the adjacent functionality toward the point of attachment. For example, a Ci-5 alkylcarbonylamino Cι_6 alkyl substituent is equivalent to

O

- -galkyl-NH-C-Cj-salkyl

In choosing compounds of the present invention, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the various substituents, i.e. Rl, R^, R3, R4, R _; R6 R7_; R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R^a, R^b R^c,R^d R^e, R^f> LR^d and MLYR^d are to be chosen in conformity with well-known principles of chemical structure connectivity.

Representative compounds of the present invention typically display submicromolar affinity for alpha and/or beta estrogen receptors. Compounds of this invention are therefore useful in treating mammals suffering from disorders related to estrogen functioning. Pharmacologically effective amounts of the compound, including the pharmaceutically effective salts thereof, are administered to the mammal, to treat disorders related to estrogen functioning, such as bone loss, hot flashes and cardiovascular disease.

The compounds of the present invention are available in racemic form or as individual enantiomers. For convenience, some structures are graphically represented as a single enantiomer but, unless otherwise indicated, are meant to include both racemic and enantiomeric forms. It is generally preferable to administer compounds of the present invention as enantiomerically pure formulations since most or all of the desired bioactivity resides with a single enantiomer. Racemic mixtures can be separated into their individual enantiomers by any of a number of conventional methods. These include chiral chromatography, derivatization with a chiral auxiliary followed by separation by chromatography or crystallization, and fractional crystallization of diastereomeric salts.

When the fused five-membered ring contains two or three nitrogen atoms, tautomeric (R^ is hydrogen) and positional (R^ is a non-hydrogen group) isomers are possible. These isomeric forms, as shown below, are contemplated to fall within the scope of the present invention:

The compounds of the present invention can be used in combination with other agents useful for treating estrogen-mediated conditions. The individual components of such combinations can be administered separately at different times during the course of therapy or concurrently in divided or single combination forms. The instant invention is therefore to be understood as embracing all such regimes of simultaneous or alternating treatment and the term "administering" is to be interpreted accordingly. It will be understood that the scope of combinations of the compounds of this invention with other agents useful for treating estrogen-mediated conditions includes in principle any combination with any pharmaceutical composition useful for treating disorders related to estrogen functioning.

As used herein, the term "composition" is intended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts.

The compounds of the present invention can be administered in such oral dosage forms as tablets, capsules (each of which includes sustained release or timed release formulations), pills, powders, granules, elixers, tinctures, suspensions, syrups and emulsions. Likewise, they may also be administered in intravenous (bolus or infusion), intraperitoneal, topical (e.g., ocular eyedrop), subcutaneous, intramuscular or transdermal (e.g., patch) form, all using forms well known to those of ordinary skill in the pharmaceutical arts.

The dosage regimen utilizing the compounds of the present invention is selected in accordance with a variety of factors including type, species, age, weight, sex and medical condition of the patient; the severity of the condition to be treated; the route of administration; the renal and hepatic function of the patient; and the particular compound or salt thereof employed. An ordinarily skilled physician, veterinarian or clinician can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the drug required to prevent, counter or arrest the progress of the condition.

Oral dosages of the present invention, when used for the indicated effects, will range between about 0.01 mg per kg of body weight per day (mg kg day) to about 100 mg/kg/day, preferably 0.01 to 10 mg/kg/day, and most preferably 0.1 to 5.0 mg/kg/day. For oral administration, the compositions are preferably provided in the form of tablets containing 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 25.0, 50.0, 100 and 500 milligrams of the active ingredient for the symptomatic adjustment of the dosage to the patient to be treated. A medicament typically contains from about 0.01 mg to about 500 mg of the active ingredient, preferably, from about 1 mg to about 100 mg of active ingredient. Intravenously, the most preferred doses will range from about 0.1 to about 10 mg kg/minute during a constant rate infusion. Advantageously, compounds of the present invention may be administered in a single daily dose, or the total daily dosage may be administered in divided doses of two, three or four times daily. Furthermore, preferred compounds for the present invention can be administered in intranasal form via topical use of suitable intranasal vehicles, or via transdermal routes, using those forms of transdermal skin patches well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. To be administered in the form of a transdermal delivery system, the dosage administration will, of course, be continuous rather than intermittant throughout the dosage regimen.

In the methods of the present invention, the compounds herein described in detail can form the active ingredient, and are typically administered in admixture with suitable pharmaceutical diluents, excipients or carriers (collectively referred to herein as 'carrier' materials) suitably selected with respect to the intended form of administration, that is, oral tablets, capsules, elixirs, syrups and the like, and consistent with conventional pharmaceutical practices.

For instance, for oral administration in the form of a tablet or capsule, the active drug component can be combined with an oral, non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable, inert carrier such as lactose, starch, sucrose, glucose, methyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, mannitol, sorbitol and the like; for oral administration in liquid form, the oral drug components can be combined with any oral, non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier such as ethanol, glycerol, water and the like. Moreover, when desired or necessary, suitable binders, lubricants, disintegrating agents and coloring agents can also be incorporated into the mixture. Suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucose or beta-lactose, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth or sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, waxes and the like. Lubricants used in these dosage forms include sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride and the like. Disintegrators include, without limitation, starch, methyl cellulose, agar, bentonite, xanthan gum and the like.

The compounds of the present invention can also be administered in the form of liposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles and multilamellar vesicles. Liposomes can be formed from a variety of phospholipids, such as cholesterol, stearylamine or phosphatidylcholines. Compounds of the present invention may also be delivered by the use of monoclonal antibodies as individual carriers to which the compound molecules are coupled. The compounds of the present invention may also be coupled with soluble polymers as targetable drug carriers. Such polymers can include polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyran copolymer, polyhydroxypropylmethacrylamide-phenol, polyhydroxy-ethylaspartamide-phenol, or polyethyleneoxide-polylysine substituted with palmitoyl residues. Furthermore, the compounds of the present invention may be coupled to a class of biodegradable polymers useful in achieving controlled release of a drug, for example, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, copolymers of polyactic and polyglycolic acid, polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacrylates and crosslinked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels. The novel compounds of the present invention can be prepared according to the procedures of the following schemes and examples, using appropriate materials, and are further exemplified by the following specific examples. The compounds illustrated in the examples are not, however, to be construed as forming the only genus that is considered as the invention. The following examples further illustrate details for the preparation of the compounds of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will readily understand that known variations of the conditions and processes of the following preparative procedures can be used to prepare these compounds. All temperatures are degrees Celsius unless otherwise noted. The compounds of the present invention are prepared according to the general methods outlined in Schemes I-X-m. In these schemes, R¹ represents one or two of R⁴ and R⁵, or precursors thereof; CHR⁷ R^//7 and CR^aι=CR.^IIaR^nb represent non-hydrogen values of R⁹, or precursors thereof; R^IV represents R-3 or a precursor thereof; R^IVa and R^IVb represent non -hydrogen values of R3, or precursors thereof; R^Va, RVb and CH(OH)R^^c represent non-hydrogen values of R* and R2, or precursors thereof; R^VIa, R^VIb and R^VIc represents non-hydrogen values of R^ and R&, or precursors thereof; R^vπ represents OR^a and NR^aR^b; R^vιπ represents hydrogen or a C1-.5 alkyl group; R° represents an acyl group such as acetyl or the like; and R^ represents a N-protecting group for an indole, indazole, benzimidazole, or benzotriazole group. Other R groups are defined in the schemes in which they appear. The four classes of tetracyclic compounds described herein are prepared from 5-(acyIamino)-l-indanone intermediates, which are either known compounds or are prepared by the methods outlined in Schemes I and II. An example of a particularly useful and known indanone of this type is 5-(acetylamino)-l- indanone.

In step 1 of Scheme I, an (acylamino)benzene (1) reacts with an acid halide-Lewis acid combination to afford the ketone (2). Condensation of (2) with an aldehyde or aldehyde surrogate (step 2) provides the enone (3) which is cyclized in the presence of acid (step 3) to provide the indanone (4). Alternatively, a 3-nitrobenzoic acid of type (5a) is converted in several steps to a 3-[3-(acylamino)phenyl]-propionic acid (6) which undergoes Lewis acid mediated cyclization (step 4) to the indanone (7). In yet another approach, a 4-(acylamino)benzoic acid (5b) or its corresponding methyl ketone is converted to the indanone (7) in a sequence of steps analogous to the preparation of (4) from (2). Indanones (7) react with aldehydes or ketones under basic conditions (step 5) to afford the 2-alkylidene-l -indanones (8). Reduction of the double bond (step 6) affords the indanones (4). Steps 5 and 6 of Scheme I are conveniently combined to provide (4) directly from (7). Alternatively, 2-substituted indanones (4) are obtained by reacting (7) with a suitable alkylating agent in the presence of a base (step 7).

SCHEME I

(6) (7) (8)

where R^M is H, CI, Br, or CH₃ R^ is H or C!-₆alkyl Representative reagents and reaction conditions indicated in Scheme I as steps 1-7 are as follows:

Step 1 RtfR^/7/CHCH₂COCl, A1C1₃, CH₂C1₂, 0°C to rt

Step 2 R-^CHO, K₂CO₃, MeOH, rt or R^CH(NMe₂)₂, Ac₂O, 95°C

Step 3 H₂SO₄, 0°C to 50°C

Step 4 PPA, 80°C

Step 5 R⁷⁷C(O)R^{/ 7}, KOH or NaOMe, EtOH, 0°C to rt or

LiN(iPr)₂, THF, -78°C then R^/7C(O)R^{7 /}, -78°C to rt when R^7/C(O)R^/7/ is an aldehyde

R^/7C(O)R⁷⁷⁷, LiN(iPr)₂, HMPA, -78°C to rt when R^7/C(O)R^7/ is a ketone

Step 6 H₂, 10% Pd/C or 20% Pd(OH)₂/C, EtOH or EtOAc, rt

Steps 5 and 6 can be combined

R"C(O)R^ω, KOH, H₂, 10% Pd C, EtOH, rt or R#C(O)R^w, NaOMe, H₂, 20% Pd(OH)₂/C, MeOH or EtOH, 0 to70°C

Step 7 R^llR^mCHX, NaH, DMF, 0°C to rt or

RtfR∞CHX, LiN(iPr)₂, THF, -78°C to rt where X is Br, I, or OSO₂CF₃

Scheme II illustrates several methods for converting 4-unsubstituted-5- (acylamino)-l -indanones (4a) and (7a) into 4-substituted derivatives suitable for subsequent construction of the fused heteroaromatic ring. Bromination (step 1) of (4a) and (7a) provides the 4-bromo compounds (4b) and (7b) which can be converted (step 2) into the 4-methyl derivatives (4c) and (7c) using Stille methodology. Indanone (4a) also undergoes nitration (step 4) to produce (4d). Hydrolysis of the acyl group (step 5) followed by nitro reduction (step 6) affords the 4,5-diamino-l-indanone (4f). The 2-unsubstituted intermediates (7b) and (7c) are converted (step 3) to the corresponding 2-substituted compounds (4b) and (4c) using the combined aldol- reduction sequence described in Scheme I. When compounds (4a) or (7a) possess an open 6-position, bromination and nitration can also occur at that site. These byproducts are conveniently separated from the desired products by chromatography or crystallization.

SCHEME H

Representative reagents and reaction conditions indicated in Scheme II as steps 1-6 are as follows:

Step 1 NBS, MeCN or DMF, 60°C

Step 2 Me₄Sn, PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂, PPh₃, LiCl, DMF, 100°C

Step 3 R«C(O)R^w, KOH, H₂, 10% Pd/C, EtOH, rt or

R C(O)R ^//, NaOMe, H₂, 20% Pd(OH)₂/C, MeOH or EtOH, 0 to 70°C Step 4 90% HNO₃, -78°C to 0°C

Step 5 HC1, H₂O-MeOH, 80°C

Step 6 H₂, 10% Pd/C, EtOH and/or EtOAc, rt

Scheme Dl illustrates methods for constructing the tetracyclic 8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indol-7(3H)-one compounds of the present invention. In step 1, the 4-bromo indanone (4b) reacts with a vinyl ketone in the presence of base to provide the diketone (9). Cyclization of the diketone under acidic conditions (step 2 i) followed by re-acylation of the amino group (step 2 ii) yields a l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one intermediate (10) suitable for annulation of the pyrrole ring. This is accomplished in either of two ways. Intermediate (10) reacts with an allylating agent (step 3) and the N-allyl product (11) undergoes palladium catalyzed cyclization (step 4) to produce the tetracyclic product (12). Deacylation (step 5) of (12) affords a l-substituted-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indol-7(3H)- one product (13). In the second approach, intermediate (10) undergoes Stille coupling (step 6) with a vinyl stannane or vinyl borinate to produce (14) which is deacylated (step 7) to (15). Intermediate (15) undergoes palladium catalyzed cyclization (step 8) to provide a 2-unsubstituted or 2-substituted-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indol- 7(3H)-one product (16). Product (16) can be subjected to selective electrophilic aromatic substitution (step 9) at the 1-postion to provide products of type (17). SCHEME m

where R^E is H, C^alkyl, C₂.₆alkenyl, CF₃, O(C₁„₄alkyl), or N(C₁.₄alkyl)₂ R^f is F, Cl, Br, I,or NO₂ RG is H or C^alkyl

Representative reagents and reaction conditions indicated in Scheme -m as steps 1-9 are as follows:

Step 1 CH₂=CHC(O)CH₂R^/1/, NaOMe, MeOH or EtOH, 0°C to 60°C

Step 2 i) HC1, H₂O-HOAc, 80°C to 100°C ii) AcCl, pyridine, CH₂C1₂, 0°C

Step 3 R^GCH=CHCH₂Br, NaH, DMF, 0° to rt

Step 4 Pd(PPh₃)₄ or Pd(OAc)₂, PPh₃, Et₃N, DMAC, 90°C

Step 5 NaOMe, MeOH, 60°C

Step 6 R^£CH=CHSnBu₃, PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂, PhMe, 100°C

Step 7 NaOH, H₂O-EtOH, rt to 100°C

Step 8 PdCl₂(MeCN)₂, LiCl, benzoquinone, THF, 70°C to 80°C

Step 9 NCS, CH₂C1₂, rt R^F = C1 HNO₃, CH₂C1₂, rt R^ = NO₂

The principal method for constructing the tetracyclic 8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one compounds of the present invention is summarized in Scheme IV. A 4-methyl- 1 -indanone (4c) reacts with a vinyl ketone under basic conditions (step 1) to provide the diketone (18). The diketone is then cyclized and deacylated under acidic or basic conditions (step 2) to afford the 7- amino-8-methyl-tetrahydrofluorenone intermediate (19). If excess vinyl ketone and DBU are used in step 1, the R⁰NΗ group also reacts to form a R<?NCH₂CH₂C(O)CH₂R^ derivative. Both the N-acyl and N-alkyl groups are removed in step 2 to give the amino product. Formation of the fused pyrazole ring is accomplished by treating (19) with a diazotizing reagent followed by cyclization of the diazo intermediate with KOAc and dibenzo-18-crown-6 (step 3). The tetracyclic product (20) can be further substituted at the 1 -position by exposure to a suitable electrophilic reagent (step 4) in the presence of a base to provide products of type (21).

SCHEME IV

where R^F is F, CI, Br, or I

Representative reagents and reaction conditions indicated in Scheme IV as steps 1-4 are as follows:

Step 1 CH₂=CHC(O)CH₂R^, DBU, THF, rt to 60°C or

CH₂=CHC(O)CH₂R^, NaOMe, MeOH or EtOH, 0°C to 60°C

Step 2 HC1, H₂O-HOAc, 80°C to 100°C or i) pyrrolidine, HO Ac, THF and/or PhMe, 80°C to 100°C ii) NaOMe, MeOH-EtOH, rt or NaOH, H₂O-EtOH, 90-100°C Step 3 i) NOBF₄, CH₂C1₂, -45°C to 10°C ii) KOAc, dibenzo-18-crown-6, CH₂C1₂, -40°C to rt or

i) NaNO₂, HC1, H₂O-HOAc, 0°C ii) KPF₆ iii) KOAc, dibenzo-18-crown-6, CDC1₃, rt

Step 4 NCS, NaOH, EtOH, rt R^F = CI Br₂, NaOH, EtOH, rt R = Br

Scheme V shows a method of synthesis of tetrahydroindeno[2,l- e]indazol-7(3H)-one compounds in which the R⁷^ substituent is introduced onto a preformed tricyclic ring system. The 4-unsubstituted tetrahydrofluorenone intermediate (22), which itself is prepared by cyclization (see Scheme IN, step 2 i) of intermediate (18) wherein R^ is hydrogen, undergoes chlorination, bromination, or iodination (step 1) to afford the 4-halo intermediates (23). Deacylation (step 2) followed by pyrazole ring formation affords the 6-halo-tetrahydroindeno[2,l- e]indazol-7(3H)-one products (20a). The pyrazole group undergoes N-protection (step 3) to give a mixture of 2- and 3-substituted derivatives (24a) and (24b) which can be used as is or which can be separated and used independently. The N-protected intermediates are converted by established methods (step 4) into a variety of new derivatives (25) wherein R^ιvb is, inter alia, an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl or arylalkyl group. Removal of the N-protection (step 5) affords the products (20b). Alternatively, the tetracyclic products (20a) undergo addition-elimination reactions (step 6) at the 6-position to provide products (20b) wherein R^IVb is, inter alia, a CΝ, OR^Ω, ΝR^flR^fe, or SR^α group. If the group R^ιvb is, or contains, a functional group capable of further modification, such modifications can be carried out to produce additional derivatives. For example, if R^ιvb is an alkenyl group, it can be reduced by catalytic hydrogenation to an alkyl group. SCHEME V

(25) (20b)

Representative reagents and reaction conditions indicated in Scheme V s 1-6 are as follows:

Step 1 NCS, CCl rt _RIV ___ Q

Br₂, NaHCO₃, CH₂C1₂ or CC1₄, 0°C to rt R^IV = Br I₂, NaHCO₃, H₂O, CH₂C1₂, rt

Step 2 NaOMe, MeOH and/or EtOH, rt to 80°C or NaOH, H₂O-EtOH, 100°C Step 3 TsCl, DMAP, CH₂C1₂, 0°C to rt R^{p *}= Ts SEM-C1, NaH, DMF, 0°C to rt R^p = SEM

Step 4 R⁷^SnBu₃, PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂, PhMe, 100-110°C or R^ιvb = alkenyl,

R⁷^SnBu₃, Pd(PPh₃)₄, PhMe, 100°C or aryl, or heteroaryl

R^B(OH)₂, P Cl₂(PPh₃)₂, Cs₂CO₃, DMF, 100°C or R ^B(OH)₂, Pd(PPh₃)₄, aq Na₂CO₃, PhMe, 80°C

(R^Ivb)₃ , PdCl₂(dppf)-CH₂Cl₂, R^Ivb = alkyl

Ph₃As, Cs₂CO₃, H₂O, THF, DMF, rt to 60°C

R^Sn(CH₂CH₂CH₂)₃N, Pd(PPh₃)₄, RlVb ₌ alkenyl, PhMe, 100°C alkyl, or arylalkyl

RJV&H, Pd(OAc)₂(PPh₃)₂, Et₃N, dioxane, _RlVb __ alkenyl, 80°C tol00°C

Step 5 NaOH, H₂O-EtOH, rt for R^p = Ts Bu₄NF, THF, rt to 50°C or HC1, H₂O-MeOH, 65°C to 85°C for R^p = SEM

Step 6 CuCN, NMP or DMAC, 160°C RlVb _ _CN

The 8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-<i]imidazol-7(3H)-one compounds of the present invention are prepared as outlined in Scheme VI. The 4,5- diamino-l-indanone (4f) reacts with an orthoacetate or equivalent reagent (step 1) to provide the 7,8-dihydroindeno[4,5-J]imidazol-6(3H)-one intermediate (26). This compound undergoes N-protection (step 2) , Michael reaction with a vinyl ketone (step 3), and cyclization (step 4) to afford the tetracyclic product (29). If the product is unsubstituted at the 6-position (see 29a), it can be brominated (step 5) and the 6- bromo product (29b) converted to a variety of 6-substituted products (29c) by the methods previously described in Scheme N. SCHEME VI

Representative reagents and reaction conditions indicated in Scheme I as steps 1-5 are as follows:

Step 1 (EtO)₃CH, EtOH, 80°C

Step 2 (Boc)₂O, Et₃N, DMAC, THF, rt R^p = Boc

Step 3 CH₂=CHC(O)CH₂R^, DBU, THF, 60°C to 70°C

Step 4 HC1, H₂O-HOAc, 100°C or i) pyrrolidine, HOAc, PhMe, 85°C to 100°C ii) HC1, H₂O-EtOAc, rt Step 5 Br₂, NaHCO₃, CC1₄, 0°C R^^a = Br

Two methods for constructing the tetracyclic 8,9,9a,10- tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-( |[l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one compounds of the present invention are illustrated in Scheme NIL Diazotization (step 1) of the 4,5-diamino-l-indanone (4f) produces a 7,8-dihydroindeno[4,5-<-f|[l,2,3]triazol-6(3H)-one intermediate (30). This material reacts with a vinyl ketone in the presence of base (step 2) to provide the diketone (31) which is cyclized under acidic conditions (step 3) to afford the tetracyclic product (32). Alternatively, the tricyclic triazole (30) is N-protected to give a mixture of products (33). This mixture can be resolved into its individual isomers (33a), (33b) and (33c) and each processed separately, or mixtures of the isomers can be used in the subsequent steps. Structure (33) implies either of these possibilities. Michael reaction of intermediate (33) with a vinyl ketone (step 5) followed by diketone cyclization under mild conditions (step 6) yields the N-protected tetracyclic intermediate (35) which is deblocked (step 7) to afford the product (32).

Representative reagents and reaction conditions indicated in Scheme VII as steps 1-7 are as follows:

Step 1 ΝaΝO₂, ΗC1, Η₂O-EtOΗ, 0°C

Step 2 CH₂=CHC(O)CH₂R^/v, NaOMe, MeOH, 70°C to 75°C

Step 3 HC1, H₂O-HOAc, 100°C

Step 4 SEM-C1, NaH, DMF, 0°C to rt R^p = SEM

PMB-C1, NaH, DMF, 0°C to rt R^p = PMB

Step 5 CH₂=CHC(O)CH₂R^7V > ^DBU- ^THF> ⁵⁰°^{c to 60}°^c

Step 6 pyrrolidine, HOAc, PhMe, 90°C to 100°C

Step 7 Bu₄NF, THF, rt to 50°C or HCl, H₂O-HOAc, 65°C to 85°C for R^p = SEM CF₃CO₂H, 65°C to 75°C for RP = PMB

SCHEME Vπ

(34) (35)

Scheme Vm illustrates alternative methods for preparing 6-substituted tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-d][l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one compounds from N-protected-6- unsubstituted tetracyclic intermediates of type (35) wherein R^IV is hydrogen. Halogenation of (35a) affords the 6-halo intermediates (35b) that are deblocked to products (32a). As previously described in Scheme V, the halo intermediates also serve as precursors to a wide variety of 6-substituted intermediates (35c) and deblocked products thereof (32b) wherein R^ιvb is, inter alia, an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, or cyano group.

Scheme VEI

(35a) (35b) (35c)

Scheme VII Scheme VII (step 7) (step 7)

(32a) (32b)

Methods for introduction of substituents at the 8-position of the four classes of tetracyclic products are illustrated in Schemes C and X. In step 1 of Scheme DC, the fused pyrrole (Y=CR^e, Z=CR ), pyrazole (Y=N, Z=CR ), imidazole (Y=CR^e, Z=N), or triazole (Y=N, Z=N) ring is N-protected using any of a number of well known groups. When the fused heteroaryl ring contains more than one nitrogen atom, positional isomers as indicated by the structures (37a), (37b) and (37c) are possible. These isomers can be used as mixtures or they can be separated and used independently in the following steps. Structure (37) represents these possibilities. In general terms, the N-protected-8-unsubstituted tetracyclic intermediate (37) is treated with a strong base and the resulting ketone enolate is trapped with an appropriate electrophilic reagent (step 2). If the electrophile is an alkylating agent of the type R^^ΩX, then both monoalkylated (38) and dialkylated (39) products are obtained, depending on the specifics of the reaction conditions. The monoalkylated derivatives can be converted to disubstituted products (40) using the same or a different electrophilic reagent (step 3). Subsequent removal of the N-protecting group leads to a variety of products (41)-(43) wherein R^^α and R^Vb are, inter alia, alkyl, alkenyl, hydroxy, bromo, and iodo groups. Where appropriate, the newly introduced 8- substituent can be further manipulated to produce additional derivatives. For example, an allyl group can be oxidized to CH₂CHO group which can be reduced to a CH CH₂OH group in a second step.

Scheme DC

Representative reagents and reaction conditions indicated in Scheme IX as steps 1-4 are as follows:

Step 1 TsCl, DMAP, CH₂C1₂, 0°C to rt R^p = Ts

SEM-C1, NaH, DMF, 0°C to rt R^p = SEM

PMB-C1, NaH, DMF, 0°C to rt R^ = PMB

Step 2 R^VaX, NaH, DMF, 0°C to rt (X ^*= Br, I) or R^Va = alkyl, alkenyl LDA, THF, 0°C then R^VaX, -78°C to rt

i) LDA, THF, 0°C then TMSC1, -78°C to rt R^Va = OH ii) MCPBA, NaHCO₃, CH₂C1₂, rt

I₂, pyridine, CH₂Cl₂, rt to 60°C or R^Va = l LDA, THF, 0°C then I₂, -78°C to rt

Step 3 same as step 2 except use R^X to introduce a different alkyl or alkenyl group

Step 4 NaOH, H₂O-EtOH, rt for R^p = Ts

Bu₄NF, THF, rt to 50°C or aq HCl, MeOH or HOAc, 65°C to 85°C for R^ = SEM CF₃CO₂H, 65°C to 75°C or aq HCl, HOAc, 100°C for R^ = PMB

As shown in Scheme X, the ketone enolate of (37) can also be trapped with aldehydes (step 1) to afford, after deblocking, 8-alkylidene (46) and 8-hydroxyalkyl (47) products. Scheme X also illustrates a special case of C-8 functionalization that provides for 8,9a-bridged products of type (50). In this case, R¹¹ of (48) is an unsubstituted or substituted alkyl group containing an electrophilic moiety such as an iodo, bromo, methylsulfonyloxy, aldehyde or keto group. Enol generation at C-8 (step 2) is followed by intramolecular reaction at the R^π electrophilic center to afford a bridged product of type (49). This compound can be deblocked or modified and then deblocked to provide the product (50). For example, if R^πd is a hydroxy group, modifications include acylation, oxidation, dehydration, or dehydration followed by reduction.

Scheme X

Scheme IX Scheme IX (step 4) (step 4)

Scheme IX

where R^vd is H, C^alkyl, or C₂.₆alkenyl R^7/c is H or C₁_₆alkyl R^IId is H or OH

Representative reagents and reaction conditions indicated in Scheme X as steps 1 and 2 are as follows: Step 1 R^VcCHO, KOH, MeOH or EtOH, rt or

LDA, THF, 0°C then R^-CHO, -78°C to rt or EtOCHO, NaH, PhH, rt (gives 14, R^^c = OH)

Step 2 LDA, THF, -78°C to rt or NaH, DMF, 0°C to rt or DBU, PhMe, 80°C to 100°C

Tetracyclic products bearing substituents at the 10-position are prepared by the methods summarized in Scheme XI. Fused pyrazole compounds (39, Y=N, Z=CRf) are oxidized (step 1) by N-halosuccinimide reagents and the like to afford 10-halo (51) and 10-oxo (52 ) products. Alternatively, the 10-oxo product (52) is available by potassium persulfate oxididation of (39). The 10-halo products undergo displacement reactions with suitable nucleophilic reagents (step 2) to afford additional products of type (53). 10- Alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl products of structure (55) are best prepared starting from the appropriate 3-substituted indanone (54) and using the procedures described in Schemes m-NH If desired, this methodology can be extended to the preparation of 10,10-disubstituted products.

Representative reagents and reaction conditions indicated in Scheme steps 1 and 2 are as follows:

Step 1 i) NCS or NBS, CH₂C1₂, rt RWtf *= Cl or Br ii) aqueous workup or K₂S₂O₈, H₂O, MeCN, rt R^w" = OH + (52)

Step 2 i) NaN₃, DMF, rt to 80°C RW* = N₃ ii) H₂S, piperidine, EtOH, rt R^vft = NH₂ NaOMe, MeOH, rt to 70°C RVlb _ QMe Modifications to the C-7 ketone are outlined in Scheme XH for the generic tetracyclic compound (56) in which Rδ is hydrogen or an N-protecting group. In step 1, the ketone is reacted with a hydroxylamine, alkoxyamine, or hydrazine reagent to yield the 8-imino products (57). These compounds are typically obtained as separable mixture of E- and Z-isomers about the imino double bond. Ketone (56) also reacts with ylide reagents (step 2) to afford 3-alkylidene derivatives (59). If necessary, deblocking of the N-protecting group affords the products (58) and (60).

Scheme XH

Representative reagents and reaction conditions indicated in Scheme XII as steps 1 and 2 are as follows:

Step 1 NH₂OR^a-HCl, pyridine, rt to 60°C R^vπ = OR^a

NH₂NR^aR^b ΕtOH, rt R^vπ - NR^aR^b

Step 2 Ph₃P+CH₂R^w// Br^" BuLi, THF, 0 to 50°C Methods for the preparation of tetracyclic products bearing an alkenyl substituent at the 9a-position are outlined in Scheme Xm. A 2-alkylidene-l -indanone intermediate of type (8), wherein R^π is a carbon atom substituted with at least one hydrogen atom, reacts with a vinyl ketone in the presence of base to afford the diketone (61). Alternatively, indanone (8) is converted to the tricyclic dione (64) via intermediate (63). Diones (61) and (64) can be processed according to the methods outlined in Schemes in, IV, VI, and VII into tetracyclic products of type (62).

Scheme XIH

Also implied, but not discussed, in the foregoing schemes is an option for the preparation of 9-substituted tetracyclic products. These are obtained by substituting R^ffCH=CHC(O)CH₂R⁷^, where R^IX is a Cμ^alkyl or C_2.10alkenyl group, for the CH₂=CHC(O)CH₂R⁷^ reagent in Schemes m, IV, VI, and VH. In general, use of the R^IX substituted vinyl ketone requires more vigorous reaction conditions, that islonger reaction times and/or higher temperatures, when compared to reactions using the unsubstituted vinyl ketone.

In Schemes I-XHI, the various R groups often contain protected functional groups which are deblocked by conventional methods. The deblocking procedure can occur at the last step or at an intermediate stage in the synthetic sequence. For example, if one of R-^ is a methoxyl group, it can be converted to a hydroxyl group by any of a number of methods. These include exposure to BBr₃ in CH₂C1₂ at -78°C to room temperature, heating with pyridine hydrochloride at 190- 200°C, or treatment with EtSH and A1C1₃ in CH₂C1₂ at 0°C to room temperature.

Another example involves the use of methoxymethyl (MOM) protection of alcohols and phenols. The MOM group is conveniently removed by exposure to hydrochloric acid in aqueous methanol. Other well known protection-deprotection schemes can be used to prevent unwanted reactions of functional groups contained in the various R substituents.

The following specific examples, while not limiting, serve to illustrate the methods of preparation of the tetracyclic compounds of the present invention. All compounds prepared are racemic, but can be resolved if desired using known methodologies.

EXAMPLE 1

SYNTHESIS OF 9a-ETHYL-1.6-DIMETHYL-8,9.9a.lO-

TETRAHYDROINDENOr2J-elINDOL-7(3-H)-ONE

Step 1: 5-(acetylamino)-2-ethyl-l-indanone

A suspension of 5-(acetylamino)-l-indanone (2.00 g, 10.46 mmol) in ethanol (42 mL) was treated with a 0.5M solution of sodium methoxide in methanol (4.20 mL, 2.1 mmol). The mixture was warmed to give a solution which was treated with 20% palladium hydroxide on carbon (200 mg). The mixture was sonicated for 10 seconds, then cooled in an ice bath, placed under a hydrogen atmosphere, and treated with acetaldehyde (1.17 mL, 20.9 mmol). The cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere at room temperature for 5.5 hours. The catalyst was removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to a gum. This material was taken up in EtOΗ (50 mL) and the mixture evaporated under vacuum. The residue was partitioned between EtOAc (50 mL) and brine (50 mL) containing aqueous 2N ΗC1 (5 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to afford crude 5-(acetylamino)-2- ethyl-1 -indanone (2.17 g) as a foam. The ^XΗ NMR spectrum revealed the presence of minor amounts of 5-acetamido-2-ethyl-2-(l-hydroxyethyl)-l -indanone diastereomers in the crude product.

Step 2: 5-(acetylamino)-4-bromo-2-ethyl-l -indanone

A solution of crude 5-(acetylamino)-2-ethyl-l-indanone (2.17 g) in anhydrous dimethylformamide (10.5 mL) was treated with N-bromosuccinimide (1.86 g, 10.46 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 60°C for 5 hours, then allowed to cool and stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum. The residue in EtOAc (100 mL) was washed with water (4 x 100 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to afford crude 5-(acetylamino)-4-bromo-2-ethyl-l- indanone (2.40 g) as a foam. The H NMR spectrum revealed the presence of minor amounts of the 6-bromo and 2,4-dibromo byproducts in the crude product.

Step 3: 5-amino-4-bromo-2-ethyl-2-(3-oxopentyl)-l-indanone

A solution of crude 5-(acetylamino)-4-bromo-2-ethyl-l-indanone (1.20 g) in anhydrous methanol (13 mL) was treated with ethyl vinyl ketone (0.65 mL, 6.54 mmol) and 0.5M sodium methoxide in methanol (2.6 mL, 1.3 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere and heated in an oil bath at 60°C for 4 hours and then stirred at room temperature for 2.5 days. The mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (50 mL) and water (50 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine (25 mL), dried over MgSO , filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to an oil (1.6 g). The crude product was purified by column chromatography on EM silica gel 60 (230-400 mesh, 2.75 x 26 cm) using 5% EtOAc in CH₂C1₂ as the eluting solvent. The product containing fractions were combined and evaporated under vacuum to provide 5-amino-4-bromo-2-ethyl-2-(3-oxopentyl)-l-indanone (0.65 g) as an oil.

Step 4: 7-amino-8-bromo-9a-ethyl-4-methyl-l ,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one

A solution of 5-amino-4-bromo-2-ethyl-2-(3-oxopentyl)-l-indanone (650 mg) in acetic acid (10 mL) was diluted with aqueous 6N ΗC1 (10 mL). The mixture was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 80°C for 8 hours and then stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (100 mL) and aqueous K₂CO₃ (200 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgS0₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to provide 7-amino-8-bromo-9a-ethyl-4-methyl- l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (568 mg) as an oil.

Step 5: 7-(acetylamino)-8-bromo-9a-ethyl-4-methyl- 2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren- 3 -one An ice-cold solution of 7-amino-8-bromo-9a-ethyl-4-methyl- 1,2,9,9a- tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (548 mg, 1.71 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (6.8 mL) was treated successively with pyridine (0.208 mL, 2.57 mmol) and acetyl chloride (0.146 mL, 2.05 mmol). After stirring at 0°C for 30 minutes, the mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (50 mL) and water (50 mL) containing aqueous 2N ΗC1 (5 mL), The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to afford 7-(acetylamino)-8-bromo-9a-ethyl-4-methyl- l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (600 mg) as a solid.

Step 6: 7-rN-allyl(acetylamino)1-8-bromo-9a-ethyl-4-methyl- 2,9,9a-tetrahvdro-3H- fluoren-3-one

Sodium hydride (6.5 mg of a 61.1% dispersion in mineral oil, 0.165 mmol) and allyl bromide (0.013 mL, 0.152 mmol) were added to an ice-cold solution of 7-(acetylamino)-8-bromo-9a-ethyl-4-methyl-l ,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (50 mg, 0.138 mmol) in anhydrous dimethylformamide (0.55 mL). The mixture was stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere with ice bath cooling for one hour. The mixture was partitioned between EtOAc ( 30 mL) and water (30 mL). The organic phase was washed with water (3 x 30 mL) and brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to afford 7-[N-allyl(acetylamino)]-8-bromo-9a-ethyl-4- methyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (50 mg) as an oil.

Step 7: 3-(acetylamino)-9a-ethyl-l,6-dimethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindenor2.1- e1indol-7(3H)-one

A solution of 7-[N-allyl(acetylamino)]-8-bromo-9a-ethyl-4-methyl- l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (50 mg, 0.124 mmol) in anhydrous N,N- dimethylacetamide (0.5 mL) was treated with triethylamine (0.035 mL, 0.249 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (7 mg, 0.0062 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (6.5 mg, 0.025 mmol). The mixture was stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere and heated in an oil bath at 90°C for 20 hours. TLC showed mainly starting material. The mixture was treated with ρalladium(II) acetate (5 mg, 0.022 mmol) and triethylamine (0.100 mL, 0.72 mmol) and stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere and heated at 90°C for 3.25 hours. TLC showed partial conversion to products. Additional palladium(II) acetate (50 mg, 0.22 mmol), triphenylphosphine (25 mg, 0.095 mmol) and triethylamine (0.100 mL, 0.72 mmol) were added and the mixture was then stirred and heated at 90°C for an additional 1.75 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was evaporated under vacuum and the residue was partitioned between EtOAc ( 30 mL) and water (30 mL). The organic phase was washed with water (4 x 30 mL) and brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to an oil (100 mg). The crude product was purified by preparative layer chromatography on two 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plates, developing with 5% MeOH in CH₂C1₂. Two major UN visible bands were removed, eluted with 10% MeOH in CH₂C1₂, and the eluants evaporated under vacuum. The slower moving band afforded an oil (20.2 mg) that was tentatively identified as 3-acetamido-9a-ethyl-6-methyl-l-methylene-2,3,8,9,9a,10- hexahydroindeno[2,l-e]indol-7(lH)-one by ΝMR. The faster moving band provided 3-(acetylamino)-9a-ethyl-l,6-dimethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indol-7(3H)- one (19.3 mg) as an oil.

Step 8: 9a-ethyl- 6-dimethyl-8.9,9aJ0-tetrahvdroindenor2,l-e1indol-7(3H)-one

A solution of 3-(acetylamino)-9a-ethyl-l,6-dimethyl-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indol-7(3H)-one (19 mg, 0.059 mmol) in 0.5M sodium methoxide in methanol (0.25 mL, 0.125 mmol) was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 60°C for 50 minutes. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate, developing with 5% MeOΗ in CΗ₂C1₂. The major UN visible band was extracted with 10% MeOH in CH₂C1₂ and the extracts were evaporated under vacuum to an oil. The oil was lyophilized from benzene to afford 9a-ethyl-l,6-dimethyl- 8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indol-7(3H)-one (8.2 mg) as an amorphous solid.

*Η ΝMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) 6 0.88 (t, CH₂CH₃), 1.55 and 1.69 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.06 and 2.31 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.16 (s, 6-CH₃), 2.48 (s, 1-CH₅), 2.50 and 2.61(two ddd, 8-CH₂), 3.03 and 3.46 (two d, 10-CH₂), 6.99 (s, H-2), 7.28 (d, H-4), 7.59 (d, H- 5) and 8.05 (br s, ΝH). EXAMPLE 2 SYNTHESIS OF 9a-ETHYL-6-METHYL-8.9,9aJ0-TETRAHYDROINDENOr2J- eHNDOL-7(3H)-ONE

Step 1 : 7-(acetylamino)-9a-ethyl-4-methyl-8-vinyl-l ,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3- one

A mixture of 7-(acetylamino)-8-bromo-9a-ethyl-4-methyl-l, 2,9,9a- tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one. (200 mg, 0.55 mmol), tributyl(vinyl)tin (0.192 mL, 0.66 mmol), and dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) (19 mg, 0.0275 mmol) in anhydrous toluene (1.1 mL) was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere and stirred with heating in a 100°C oil bath for 14.5 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with CΗ₂C1₂ (1 mL) and the solution was streaked onto three 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plates which were developed with 5% MeOH in CH₂C1₂. The UV visible product band was extracted with 10% MeOH in CH₂C1₂ and the extracts were evaporated under vacuum to provide 7-(acetylamino)-9a-ethyl-4- methyl-8-vinyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (143 mg, 84% yield) as an oil.

Step 2: 7-amino-9a-ethyl-4-methyl-8-vinyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahvdro-3H-fluoren-3-one

Aqueous 5N sodium hydroxide (0.231 mL, 1.16 mmol) was added to a suspension of 7-(acetylamino)-9a-ethyl-4-methyl-8-vinyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H- fluoren-3-one (143 mg, 0.46 mmol) in ethanol (3 mL). The mixture was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 80°C for 17.3 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (20 mL) and brine (30 mL) containing aqueous 2N ΗC1 (2 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO , filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to an oil (150 mg). The crude product was purified by preparative layer chromatography on two 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plates that were developed with 5% MeOΗ in CΗ₂C1₂. The UN visible product band was extracted with 10% MeOH in CH₂C1 and the extracts were evaporated under vacuum. The residue was lyophilized from benzene to afford 7-amino-9a-ethyl-4- methyl-8-vinyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (92 mg, 75 % yield) as an amorphous solid.

Step 3: 9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8.9,9a,10-tetrahydroindenor2,l-elindol-7(3H)-one

A mixture of 7-amino-9a-ethyl-4-methyl-8-vinyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro- 3H-fluoren-3-one (70 mg, 0.26 mmol), bis(acetomtrile)dichloropalladium(II) (13.6 mg, 0.052 mmol), lithium chloride (42 mg, 0.99 mmol), benzoquinone (33.7 mg, 0.312 mmol), and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (2.6 mL) was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 70°C for 30 hours, then allowed to cool to room temperature. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum and the residue was purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate that was developed with 5% MeOΗ in CΗ₂C1₂. The UN visible product band was eluted with 5% MeOH in CH₂C1₂, the eluant evaporated under vacuum, and the residue lyophilized from benzene to afford 9a-ethyl-6-methyl- 8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indol-7(3H)-one (27.9 mg, 40% yield) as an amorphous solid.

^lU ΝMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.88 (t, CH₂CH₅), 1.53 and 1.69 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.06 and 2.32 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.16 (s, 6-CH₅), 2.50 and 2.61(two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.88 and 3.24 (two d, 10-CH_?), 6.59 (m, H-l), 7.28 (m, H-2), 7.37 (d, H-4), 7.64 (d,

H-5) and 8.37 (br s, ΝH).

EXAMPLE 3

SYNTHESIS OF l-CHLORO-9a-ETHYL-6-METHYL-8,9,9aJ0-

TETRAHYDROINDENOr2J-elINDOL-7(3H)-ONE

A solution of 9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l- e]indol-7(3H)-one (15 mg, 0.057 mmol) and N-chlorosuccinimide (ΝCS, 8.4 mg, 0.063 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (0.5 mL) was stirred at room temperature. After 145 minutes, additional ΝCS (1 mg , 0.0075 mmol) was added and stirring at room temperature was continued for 40 minutes. The reaction mixture was combined with a similar reaction using 5.2 mg (0.019 mmol) of starting material and the total crude was purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate. The plate was developed with 20% EtOAc in hexanes. The product containing band was eluted with EtOAc, the eluant evaporated under vacuum, and the residue lyophilized from benzene to afford l-chloro-9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indol-7(3H)-one (15 mg, 66% yield) as an amorphous solid.

!Η ΝMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.89 (t, CH₂CH₅), 1.53 and 1.68 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.05 and 2.32 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.15 (s, 6-CH₅), 2.50 and 2.61(two ddd, 8-CH₂), 3.04 and 3.63 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.20 (d, H-2), 7.31 (d, H-4), 7.64 (d, H-5) and 8.36 (br s, ΝH).

EXAMPLE 4

SYNTHESIS OF 9a-ETHYL-6-METHYL-l-NlTRO-8,9.9aJ0-

TETRAHYDROINDENOr2. l-elINDOL-7(3H)-ONE

A solution of 9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l- e]indol-7(3H)-one (11.8 mg, 0.044 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (0.5 mL) was treated with 90% nitric acid (0.004 mL). The resulting dark solution was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes and then partitioned between EtOAc (6 mL) and water (4 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine (5 mL), dried over MgSO , filtered, and evaporated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by preparative layer chromatography on two 0.025 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plates which were developed with 5% MeOΗ in CΗ₂C1₂. The product band was extracted with 10% MeOH in CH C1 , the extracts were evaporated under vacuum, and the residue was lyophilized from benzene to provide 9a-ethyl-6-methyl-l-nitro-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indol-7(3H)-one (1.9 mg) as an amorphous, brown solid.

*Η NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.87 (t, CH₂CH₅), 1.50 and 1.66 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.07 and 2.35 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.15 (s, 6-CH3), 2.52 and 2.62(two ddd, 8-CH₂), 3.27 and 3.80 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.40 (d, H-4), 7.77 (d, H-5), 8.27 (d, H-2), and 9.05 (br s, NH).

EXAMPLE 5

SYNTHESIS OF 6-ACETYL-9a-BUTYL-4-FLUORO-8,9.9a.l0-

TETRAHYDROlNDENOr2J-elINDOL-7(3H)-ONE

Step 1 : N-(4-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)-2,2-dimethylpropanamide

Pivaloyl chloride (72 mL, 580 mmol) was added slowly (caution - exothermic reaction) to an ice cold solution of 4-bromo-2-fluoroaniline (100 g, 526 mmol) in pyridine (200 mL). After the addition, the ice bath was removed and the hot reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The mixture was poured into cold water (500 mL) and the precipitated product was collected by filtration and washed with IN ΗC1. The solid was dissolved in EtOAc (1 L), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to provide N-(4-bromo-2- fluorophenyl)-2,2-dimethylpropanamide (125 g).

Step 2: N-F2-fluoro-4-(l-hychoxyhexyl)phenyl1-2,2-dimethylpropanamide

A solution of N-(4-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)-2,2-dimethylpropanamide (22.6 g, 82.5 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (410 mL) was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere, cooled in a dry ice-acetone bath, and stirred while butyllithium (83 mL of a 2.5M solution in hexanes, 207.5 mmol) was added dropwise by syringe pump over 2.5 hours. The resulting mixture was aged at -78°C for 30 minutes and then treated with hexanal (25 mL, 208 mmol) added dropwise by syringe pump over 135 minutes. After stirring at -78°C for an additional 70 minutes, the mixture was removed from the cooling bath, treated with aqueous 50% saturated ΝΗ₄C1, and the layers separated. The aqueous portion was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organics were washed with aqueous NaHCO₃ and brine, dried over MgS0₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to an oil. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography on a Biotage 75L KP-Sil column, eluting with 4: 1 hexanes-EtO Ac (25 x 400 mL fractions). Fractions 9-22 were combined and evaporated under vacuum to afford N-[2-fluoro-4-(l-hydroxyhexyl)phenyl]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide (18.5 g, 76%) as a clear oil.

Step 3: N-(2-fluoro-4-hexanoylphenyl)-2,2-dimethylpropanamide

A solution of N-[2-fluoro-4-(l-hydroxyhexyl)phenyl]-2,2- dimethylpropanamide (18.5 g, 62.6 mmol) in CH₂C1₂ (300 mL) was treated with 4- methylmorpholine N-oxide (7.35 g, 62.6 mmol) followed by tetrapropylammonium perruthenate (TPAP, 0.22 g, 0.63 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes, then treated with additional TPAP (0.88 g, 2.5 mmol) and stirred an additional 30 minutes at room temperature. The mixture was filtered through a pad of MgSO₄ atop a pad of silica gel, washing through with EtOAc (500 mL). The filtrate was evaporated under vacuum to afford N-(2-fluoro-4- hexanoylphenyl)-2,2-dimethylpropanamide (17.8 g, 97%) as a white solid.

Step 4: N-F4-(2-butylacryloyl)-2-fluorophenyll-2,2-dimethylpropanamide, N-{2- fluoro-4-r2-(hydroxymethyl)hexanoynphenyl1-2,2-dimethylpropanamide, and N-{ 2- fluoro-4-F2-(methoxymethyl)hexanoyl1phenyl1-2,2-dimethylpropanamide

A solution of N-(2-fluoro-4-hexanoylphenyl)-2,2- dimethylpropanamide (17.8 g, 60.7 mmol) in methanol (75 mL) was treated successively with K₂CO₃ (8.4 g, 60.7 mmol) and formaldehyde (37 wt. % solution in water, 5.0 mL, 67 mmol). The mixture was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere, stirred, and heated in an oil bath at 55°C for 4 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with CH₂C1₂ (300 mL), dried over MgSO₄, and filtered through a pad of silica gel, using more CH₂C1₂ (200 mL) to wash the pad. The filtrate and washings were concentrated under vacuum to provide a mixture (19.5 g) ofN-[4-(2-butylacryloyl)-2-fluorophenyl]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide, N-{2-fluoro- 4-[2-(hydroxymethyl)hexanoyl]phenyl]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide, and N-{ 2-fluoro-4- [2-(methoxymethyl)hexanoyl]phenyl]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide.

Step 5: 5-amino-2-butyl-6-fluoro-l -indanone A solution of the product mixture from step 4 (19.5 g, approx. 60.7 mmol) in CH₂C1₂ (10 mL) was cooled in an ice bath and treated with ice-cold, cone. H₂SO₄ (300 mL). The resulting mixture was removed from the cooling bath and stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. The mixture was cautiously added to an ice- cold mixture of CH₂C1₂ (300 mL) and chopped ice (1 L). Excess acid was neutralized by portionwise addition of saturated Na₂CO₃ solution (approx. 1 L) followed by solid Na₂CO₃ (approx. 500 g). Additional water and CH₂C1₂ were occasionally added to dissolve the redpurple solids that formed during the neutralization. When the pH was neutral, the organic phase was separated and the aqueous portion was extracted with more CH₂C1₂. The combined organics were washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residual dark red oil was purified by flash chromatography on a Biotage 75L KP-Sil column, eluting with 4:1 hexanes- EtOAc. The product containing fractions were combined and evaporated under vacuum to provide 5-amino-2-butyl-6-fluoro-l -indanone (5.5 g, 37%) as a yellow solid.

Step 6: 5-amino-2-butyl-6-fluoro-2-(3-oxobutyl)-l-indanone

A solution of 5 -amino-2-butyl-6-fluoro-l -indanone (0.98 g, 4.64 mmol) in ethanol (17 mL) was treated with sodium methoxide (0.5M solution in

MeOH, 1.86 mL, 0.928 mmol) and methyl vinyl ketone (0.579 mL, 6.97 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature and under a nitrogen atmosphere for 2 days. The mixture was diluted with CH₂C1₂ and filtered through a pad of silica gel. The product washed off with EtOAc and the filtrate was evaporated under vacuum. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on a Biotage 40M KP-Sil column, eluting with 3:1 to 2.5:1 hexanes-EtOAc. The product containing fractions were evaporated under vacuum to provide to afford 5-amino-2-butyl-6-fluoro-2-(3- oxobutyl)-l -indanone (0.6 g, 46%) as a yellow foam.

Step 7: 7-amino-9a-butyl-6-fluoro-1.2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one

The diketone from step 6 (0.6 g, 2.14 mmol) was dissolved in toluene (15 mL) and treated with acetic acid (0.236 mL, 4.12 mmol) and pyrrolidine (0.344 mL, 4.12 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 100°C for 1.5 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was filtered through a pad of silica gel and the product was washed off with EtOAc. The filtrate and washings were concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on a Biotage 40M KP-Sil column, eluting with 4: 1 to 3:1 hexanes- EtOAc. The product containing fractions were evaporated under vacuum to provide 7-amino-9a-butyl-6-fluoro-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (0.45 g, 80%) as a yellow solid.

Step 8: 7-(acetylamino)-9a-butyl-6-fluoro-l ,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one

A solution of 7-amino-9a-butyl-6-fluoro-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H- fluoren-3-one (1.12 g, 4.1 mmol) in anhydrous CΗ₂C1₂ (13.7 mL) was purged with N₂, cooled in an ice bath, and treated with pyridine (0.33 mL, 4.1 mmol) followed by acetyl chloride (0.65 mL, 9 mmol). After stirring at 0-5°C for 4.5 hours, the reaction mixture was partitioned between water and EtOAc. The organic portion was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to provide 7- (acetylamino)-9a-butyl-6-fluoro-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (1.1 g) as an orange foam. This material was used without further purification.

Step 9: 7-(acetylamino)-4-bromo-9a-butyl-6-fluoro-l ,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3- one

The product from step 8 (1.1 g, approx. 3.5 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous CΗ₂C1₂ (11 mL) and the solution was purged with N₂, cooled in an ice bath, and treated with N-bromosuccinimide (0.498 g, 2.8 mmol). After stirring at 0- 5°C for one hour, the reaction mixture was partitioned between water (150 mL) and EtOAc (150 mL). The organic portion was washed with aqueous 5% ΝaHCO₃ and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to provide crude 7- (acetylamino)-4-bromo-9a-butyl-6-fluoro-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (1.35 g).

Step 10: 7-(acetylamino)-9a-butyl-4-(l-ethoxyvinyl)-6-fluoro-l .2.9.9a-tetrahydro-3H- fluoren-3-one A partial solution of 7-(acetylamino)-4-bromo-9a-butyl-6-fluoro- l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (495 mg, 1.26 mmol) in anhydrous toluene (6.3 mL) was purged with N₂, treated with dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) (177 mg, 0.25 mmol), purged with N₂, and treated with tributyl(l-ethoxyvinyl)tin (0.600 mL, 1.9 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred under a N₂ atmosphere and heated in an oil bath at 100°C for two hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was filtered through a pad of silica gel, washing the product off with EtOAc. The filtrate and washings were evaporated under vacuum to an oil. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography on a Biotage 40S KP-Sil column, eluting with 4:1 hexanes-EtOAc (1 L) followed by 2: 1 hexanes-EtOAc (1 L). The product containing fractions were concentrated under vacuum to afford 7-(acetylamino)-9a- butyl-4-(l-ethoxyvinyl)-6-fluoro-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (238 mg, 49%) as a yellow foam.

Step 11 : 4-acetyl-7-amino-9a-butyl-6-fluoro- 1 ,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one

A solution of 7-(acetylamino)-9a-butyl-4-(l-ethoxyvinyl)-6-fluoro- l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (205 mg, 0.53 mmol) in methanol (7.5 mL) was treated with aqueous 6N ΗC1 (7.5 mL). The resulting mixture was placed under a N₂ atmosphere and stirred with heating in an oil bath at 80°C for 50 minutes. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and aqueous 5% NaΗCO₃. The organic solution was washed with water and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to afford 4-acetyl-7-amino-9a- butyl-6-fluoro-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (157 mg, 93%) as a foam.

Step 12: 4-acetyl-7-amino-8-bromo-9a-butyl-6-fluoro-L2,9,9a-tetrahvdro-3H- fluoren-3-one

A solution of 4-acetyl-7-amino-9a-butyl-6-fluoro-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro- 3H-fluoren-3-one (157 mg, 0.5 mmol) in anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (1.5 mL) was purged with Ν₂, cooled in an ice bath, and treated with N-bromosuccinimide (89 mg, 0.5 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at 0-5°C for one hour, and then partitioned between EtOAc and water. The aqueous portion was extracted with more EtOAc. The combined organics were washed with water and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The oily residue was purified by flash chromatography on a Biotage 12M column, eluting with 4:1 hexanes-EtOAc. The product containing fractions were evaporated under vacuum to afford 4-acetyl-7- amino-8-bromo-9a-butyl-6-fluoro-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (147 mg, 75%) as a yellow oil.

Step 13: 4-acetyl-8-allyl-7-amino-9a-butyl-6-fluoro- 2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren- 3 -one

A sample of 4-acetyl-7-amino-8-bromo-9a-butyl-6-fluoro-l, 2,9,9a- tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (123.5 mg, 0.31 mmol) and bis(tri-t-butylphosphine)- palladium(O) (6.5 mg, 0.013 mmol) were dissolved in anhydrous toluene (1.5 mL). The solution was purged with N₂, treated with allyltributyltin (0.150 mL, 0.48 mmol), and stirred with heating in an oil bath at 100°C for 2.5 hours. After cooling, the mixture was filtered through a plug of silica gel with EtOAc. The filtrate was ■ concentrated under vacuum to a residue that was purified by preparative layer chromatography (0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate developed with 2:1 hexanes- EtOAc). The product band was eluted with EtOAc and the eluant evaporated under vacuum to afford 4-acetyl-8-aIlyl-7-amino-9a-butyl-6-fluoro-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H- fluoren-3-one (31 mg, 28%) as an orange foam.

Step 14: 4-acetyl-7-(acetylamino)-8-allyl-9a-butyl-6-fluoro- 1 ,2,9,9a-tetrahvdro-3H- fluoren-3-one

Pyridine (0.007 mL, 0.087 mmol) and acetyl chloride (0.012 mL, 0.174 mmol) were added to an ice-cold solution of 4-acetγl-8-allyl-7-amino-9a-butyl-6- fluoro-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (30.8 mg, 0.087 mmol) in anhydrous CΗ₂C1₂ (0.3 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature and under a N₂ atmosphere for 19 hours. The mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and IN HCl. The organic phase was washed with 5% NaHCO₃ and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to provide crude 4-acetyl-7-(acetylamino)-8- allyl-9a-butyl-6-fluoro- 1 ,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (31.6 mg).

Step 15: 4-acetyl-7-(acetylamino)-9a-butyl-6-fluoro-8-(2-oxoethyl)- 2.9.9a- tetrahvdro-3H-fluoren-3-one A solution of 4-acetyl-7-(acetylamino)-8-allyl-9a-butyl-6-fluoro- l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (31.6 mg, 0.08 mmol) in TΗF (0.8 mL) was treated sequentially with OsO₄ in TΗF (0.2 mL of a 10 mg/mL solution, 0.008 mmol) and NaIO (51 mg, 0.24 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for one hour, then treated with water and stirred an additional hour at room temperature. The mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and water. The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to provide crude 4-acetyl-7-(acetylamino)-9a-butyl-6-fluoro-8-(2-oxoethyl)-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro- 3H-fluoren-3-one (40 mg).

Step 16: 6-acetyl-9a-butyl-4-fluoro-8,9.9aJ0-tetrahydroindenor2,l-e1indol-7(3H)- one

The crude product from step 15 was dissolved in CΗ₂C1₂ (~1 mL) and treated with a catalytic amount of p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes to affect cyclization to the N- acetylindole intermediate. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOH (2 mL), treated with aqueous 5Ν NaOH (0.150 mL), and stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes to affect deacetylation. The mixture was diluted with CH₂C1₂ and filtered through a plug of silica gel. The filtrate was evaporated under vacuum and the residue purified by preparative layer chromatography (0.1 x 20 x 20 silica GF plate developed with 2:1 hexanes-EtOAc). The product band was eluted with EtOAc, the eluant evaporated under vacuum, and the residue lyophilized from benzene to afford 6- acetyl-9a-butyl-4-fluoro-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indol-7(3H)-one (17 mg) as an amorphous solid.

!Η NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.83 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₅), 1.19-1.32 (m, CΗ₂CH₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.49 and 1.71 (two m, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.10 and 2.34 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.43 (s, COCH₅), 2.52 and 2.61 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.86 and 3.22 (two d, 10-CH₂), 6.61 (dd, H-l), 7.03 (d, H-5), 7.30 (dd, H-2), and 8.70 (br s, NH). EXAMPLE 6 SYNTHESIS OF 9a-ETHYL-6-METHYL-8,9,9a.l0-TETRAHYDROINDENOr2J- elINDAZOL-7(3H)-ONE

Step 1: 5-(acetylamino)-4-bromo-l -indanone

A suspension of 5-(acetylamino)-l -indanone (10.0 g, 52.3 mmol) in anhydrous acetonitrile (52.3 mL) was treated with N-bromosuccinimide (9.8 g, 54.9 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 60°C for 24 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was concentrated under vacuum to approximately half volume and the resulting white suspension was stirred overnight at room temperature. The mixture was filtered and the solid portion was washed with cold MeCΝ (10 mL) and dried under a stream of nitrogen to afford 5- (acetylamino)-4-bromo-l -indanone (10.4 g, 74% yield) as white crystals.

Step 2: 5-(acetylamino)-4-methyl-l -indanone

A mixture of 5-(acetylamino)-4-bromo-l-indanone (65.16 g, 0.243 mol), dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) (8.50 g, 0.012 mol), triphenylphosphine (6.37 g, 0.024 mol), and lithium chloride (20.6 g, 0.486 mol) in anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 486 mL) was purged with nitrogen and treated with tetramethyltin (37.1 mL, 0.267 mol). The mixture was stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere and heated in an oil bath at 100°C for 22.3 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was filtered and the solid portion washed with DMF (20 mL). The filtrate and washings were evaporated under vacuum to a residue that was partitioned between 5% MeOΗ in CΗ₂C1₂ (500 mL) and brine (500 mL). The aqueous phase was back-extracted with more 5% MeOH in CH₂C1₂ (500 mL). The combined organics were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to a semi-solid. This material was suspended in Et₂O (250 mL) and the mixture was filtered. The solid was washed with Et₂O (250 ml) and dried under a stream of nitrogen to afford crude product (46 g). The crude product, plus 3 gm of additional crude from a previous reaction, was purified by recrystallization from hot MeCN (400 mL). After cooling the mixture to room temperature, the solid was collected, washed with MeCN (50 mL) and Et₂O (200 mL), and dried under a stream of nitrogen to afford 5-(acetylamino)-4-methyl-l-indanone (37.9 g) as pale yellow crystals. The mother liquors and washings, after concentration to approximately 100-125 mL, gave additional product (6.0 g) as yellow needles.

Step 3: 5-(acetylamino)-2-ethyl-4-methyl-l-indanone

A suspension of 5-(acetylamino)-4-methyl-l -indanone (0.50 g, 2.46 mmol) and 20% palladium hydroxide on carbon (50 mg) in ethanol (10 mL) was sonicated for 0.5 minute, then cooled in an ice bath and treated with 0.5M sodium methoxide in methanol (0.98 mL, 0.49 mmol). The mixture was placed under a hydrogen atmosphere and treated with acetaldehyde (0.28 mL, 4.92 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere for one hour 0°C and then stirred at room temperature for three hours. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate evaporated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in ethanol (10 mL) and re- evaporated under vacuum. The residue in EtOAc (20 mL) was washed with water (20 mL) containing 2N HCl (1.5 mL), washed with brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to provide crude 5-(acetylamino)-2-ethyl-4- methyl-1 -indanone (512 mg) as a foam.

Step 4: 5-(acetylamino)-2-ethyl-4-methyl-2-(3-oxopentyl)-l-indanone

The crude 5-(acetylamino)-2-ethyl-4-methyl-l -indanone (500 mg, approx. 2.1 mmol) from step 3 was dissolved in methanol (5.4 mL) and the solution was treated with ethyl vinyl ketone (0.27 mL, 2.7 mmol) and 0.5M sodium methoxide in methanol (0.98 mL, 0.49 mmol). The mixture was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 60°C for 6 hours and then stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum and the residue was partitioned between EtOAc (20 mL) and water (20 mL) made basic with K₂CO₃. The EtOAc phase was washed with brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO , filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to afford crude 5-(acetylamino)-2-ethyl-4-methyl-2-(3-oxopentyl)-l-indanone (633 mg) as an oil. The NMR spectrum revealed that the product contained approximately 20-25% of the corresponding deacetylated derivative.

Step 5: 7-amino-9a-ethyl-4,8-dimethyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one

The crude mixture (0.63 g) of 5-(acetylamino)-2-ethyl-4-methyl-2-(3- oxopentyl)-l -indanone and 5-amino-2-ethyl-4-methyl-2-(3-oxopentyl)-l-indanone from step 4 was dissolved in acetic acid (9 mL) and the solution was diluted with aqueous 6N ΗC1 (9 mL). The mixture was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 80°C for 4.5 hours, then allowed to cool to room temperature and evaporated under vacuum to an oily residue. The residue was partitioned between EtOAc (50 mL) and saturated aqueous K₂CO₃. The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to provide 7-amino-9a-ethyl-4,8-dimethyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H- fluoren-3-one (0.50 g) as a yellow-brown foam.

Step 6: 9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a 0-tetrahydroindeno|^"2,l-e1indazol-7(3H)-one

An ice-cold solution of 7-amino-9a-ethyl-4,8-dimethyl-l,2,9,9a- tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (0.50 g, 1.96 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (9.8 mL) was treated with nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate (252 mg, 2.16 mmol). The resulting dark solution was stirred at 0°C for 15 minutes, and then treated with potassium acetate (385 mg, 3.92 mmol) and dibenzo-18-crown-6 (35 mg, 0.098 mmol). After stirring an additional 5 minutes at 0°C, the mixture was briefly sonicated at which time gas evolution was observed. After stirring an additional 10 minutes at 0°C, the mixture was diluted with CΗ₂C1₂ (20 mL), washed with water (20 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to an oil (550 mg). The crude product was purified by column chromatography on EM silica gel 60 (20 g, 230-400 mesh) using 10% EtOAc in CH₂C1₂ as the eluting solvent. The product containing fractions were combined and evaporated under vacuum to a red-brown solid (269 mg). This material was dissolved in hot EtOH (4 mL) and the solution was decolorized with activated carbon (208 mg). Filtration and evaporation of the filtrate under vacuum gave a yellow oil (228 mg) that crystallized from benzene (2 mL) to provide 9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (214 mg) as a pale yellow solid. The proton NMR indicated that the product was a benzene hemi-solvate. The product can be freed of benzene by dissolving in ethanol, evaporating the solvent under vacuum, triturating the residue with water, and drying the resulting solid under high vacuum.

!H NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.87 (t, CH₂CH₃), 1.53 and 1.69 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.08 and 2.34 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.16 (s, 6-CH₅), 2.52 and 2.62 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.94 and 3.29 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.46 (d, H-4), 7.82 (d, H-5), 8.13 (s, H-l), and 10.32 (br s, NH).

EXAMPLE 7 SYNTHESIS OF 6-BROMO-9a-ETHYL-8.9.9aJ0-TETRAHYDROINDENOr2J- elINDAZOL-7(3H)-ONE

Step 1: 5-(acetylamino)-2-ethyl -4-methyl- 1 -indanone

A mixture of 5-(acetylamino)-4-methyl-l-indanone (5.0 g, 24.6 mmol), 20% palladium hydroxide on carbon (0.5 g), ethanol (100 mL), and 0.5M sodium methoxide in methanol (9.84 mL, 4.92 mmol)was cooled in an ice bath, placed under a hydrogen atmosphere, and treated with acetaldehyde (2.8 mL, 49.2 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere at 0°C for 0.5 hours followed by 2.7 hours at room temperature. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate evaporated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in ethanol (100 mL) and re- evaporated under vacuum. The residue of crude 5-(acetylamino)-2-ethyl-4-methyl-l- indanone plus sodium ethoxide was used directly in the next step.

Step 2: 5-(acetylamino)-2-ethyl-4-methyl-2-(3-oxobutyl)-l-indanone The crude mixture of sodium ethoxide and 5-(acetylamino)-2-ethyl-4- methyl-1 -indanone from step 1 was dissolved in ethanol (61.5 mL) and the solution was treated with methyl vinyl ketone (2.56 mL, 30.75 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 39 hours. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum and the residue was partitioned between EtOAc (100 mL) and brine (100 mL). The aqueous phase was back-extracted with EtOAc (50 mL). The combined organics were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to afford crude 5- (acetylamino)-2-ethyl-4-methyl-2-(3-oxobutyl)-l -indanone (8.5 g) as a foam.

Step 3 : 7-(acetylamino)-9a-ethyl-8-methyl- 2,9,9a-tetrahvdro-3H-fluoren-3-one

A mixture of crude 5-(acetylamino)-2-ethyl-4-methyl-2-(3-oxobutyl)- 1-indanone (8.5 g, approx. 24.6 mmol)), toluene (225 mL), and tetrahydrofuran (20 mL) was treated with pyrrolidine (2.06 mL, 24.6 mmol) and acetic acid (1.41 mL, 24.6 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 100°C for 75 minutes, then cooled to room temperature and evaporated under vacuum. The residue was partitioned between EtOAc (200 mL) and water (100 mL) and the aqueous phase was back-extracted with EtOAc(50 mL). The combined organics were washed with brine (100 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to afford crude 7-(acetylamino)-9a-ethyl-8-methyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H- fluoren-3-one as a foam.

Step 4: 7-(acetylamino)-4-bromo-9a-ethyl-8-methyI- 2,9.9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren- 3 -one The crude 7-(acetylamino)-9a-ethyl-8-methyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H- fluoren-3-one (approx. 22-23 mmol) from step 3 was dissolved in anhydrous dichloromethane (220 ml) and the solution was treated with sodium bicarbonate (9.3 g, 110.7 mmol). The mixture was cooled in an ice bath and swirled by hand while bromine (1.14 mL, 22.1 mmol) was added dropwise over 3 minutes. The mixture was stirred at 0°C for 25 minutes, after which time additional bromine (0.05 mL, 1 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred an additional 15 minutes at 0°C, then diluted with water (100 mL) and shaken. The organic phase was dried over MgSO , filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to provide crude 7-(acetylamino)-4-bromo-9a-ethyl-8- methyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (9.0 g) as a dark foam. Step 5: 7-amino-4-bromo-9a-ethyl-8-methyl- 2,9,9a-tetrahvdro-3H-fluoren-3-one

The crude 7-(acetylamino)-4-bromo-9a-ethyl-8-methyl-l, 2,9,9a- tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (9.0 g) from step 4 was dissolved in ethanol (125 mL) and the solution was treated with 0.5M sodium methoxide in methanol (123 mL, 61.5 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere and heated in an oil bath at 80°C for 12 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was evaporated under vacuum and the residue was partitioned between EtOAc (200 mL) and brine (100 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered ,and evaporated under vacuum to afford crude 7-amino-4-bromo-9a-ethyl-8-methyl- l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (7.0 g) as a dark foam.

Step 6: 6-bromo-9a-ethyl-8,9,9a 0-tetrahydroindenor2,l-e1indazol-7(3H)-one

The crude 7-amino-4-bromo-9a-ethyl-8-methyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro- 3H-fluoren-3-one (7.0 g, approx. 22 mmol) from step 5 was dissolved in anhydrous dichloromethane (125 mL) and the solution was cooled in a dry ice-acetonitrile bath at -35°C. The cold solution was treated with nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate (2.59 g, 22.1 mmol) and then stirred with gradual warming to 0°C (bath temperature) over 70 minutes. Additional nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate (0.22 g, 1.9 mmol) was added and stirring was continued for 50 minutes, at which time the bath temperature was 7°C. The cooling bath was brought to -35°C and the reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (125 ml). Potassium acetate (4.35 g, 44.3 mmol) and dibenzo-18- crown-6 (0.40 g, 1.1 mmol) were added and the resulting mixture was removed from the cooling bath and stirred at room temperature over 2 hours. The mixture was shaken with water (100 mL) and filtered through a celite pad. The organic portion of the filtrate was dried over MgSO4, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to an oil (7.6 g). The crude product was purified by column chromatography on EM silica gel 60 (230-400 mesh, 4.5 x 31 cm column) using 20% EtOAc in CΗ₂C1₂ as the eluting solvent. The product containing fractions were combined and evaporated under vacuum to a residue that crystallized on addition of benzene (20 mL). The solid was collected and dried under vacuum to afford 6-bromo-9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (2.7 g) as a tan solid. *H NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 0.90 (t, CH₂CH₅), 1.63 and 1.76 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.17 and 2.36 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.72-2.84 (m, 8-CH₂), 3.02 and 3.34 (two d, 10- CH₂), 7.51 (d, H-4), 8.15 (s, H-l), and 8.66 (d, H-5).

EXAMPLE 8

SYNTHESIS OF 9a-ETITYL-6-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-8,9,9aJ0-

TETRAHYDROINDENOr2J-e1INDAZOL-7(3H)-ONE

Step 1 : 7-(acetylamino)-9a-ethyl-8-methyl-4-trifluoromethyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahvdro-3H- fluoren-3-one

7-(Acetylamino)-4-bromo-9a-ethyl-8-methyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H- fluoren-3-one (1.2 g, 3.32 mmol) and copper(I) iodide (0.76 g, 4.0 mmol) were taken up in anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (66.4 mL). The resulting mixture was placed under a Ν₂ atmosphere, treated with methyl (fluorosulfonyl)difluoroacetate (3.2 mL, 25.2 mmol), and then stirred with heating in an oil bath at 75-80°C for 15.5 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was filtered through a pad of solka floe which was rinsed with EtOAc (50 mL). The combined filtrate and rinsate were diluted with EtOAc (500 mL) and Η₂O (500 mL) and the mixture was filtered through a solka floe pad. The organic phase was washed with water (8 x 500 mL, brine added to separate the layers) and brine (200 mL), dried over MgSO , filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to a yellow oil (1.6 g). The crude product was purified by column chromatography on EM silica gel 60 (230-400 mesh, 2.75 x 20 cm), eluting sequentially with 10% EtOAc in CH₂C1₂ (200 mL), 20% EtOAc in CH₂C1₂ (200 mL), and 50 % EtOAc in CH₂C1₂. The product containing fractions were combined and evaporated under vacuum to afford 7-(acetylamino)-9a-ethyl-8- methyl-4-trifluoromethyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahycko-3H-fluoren-3-one (0.73 g) as an oil. Step 2: 7-amino-9a-ethyl-8-methyl-4-trifluoromethyl- 1 ,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren- 3-one

A solution of 7-(acetylamino)-9a-ethyl-8-methyl-4-trifluoromethyl- l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (730 mg) in EtOΗ (20 mL) was treated with water (5 mL) and cone. ΗC1 (3 mL). The resulting yellow solution was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 80°C for 4.8 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (100 mL) and aq. saturated NaΗCO₃. The organic phase was washed with brine (100 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to provide 7-amdno-9a-ethyl-8-methyl-4-trifluoromethyl- l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (650 mg) as a yellow foam.

Step 3: 9a-ethyl-6-trifluoromethyl-8.9.9aJ0-tetrahvdroindenor2J-e1indazol-7(3H)- one

A portion of the crude 7-amino-9a-ethyl-8-methyl-4-trifluoromethyl- l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (409 mg, 1.32 mmol) from step 2 was dissolved in anhydrous CΗ₂C1₂ (10 mL) and the solution was cooled in a dry ice-acetonitrile bath at -30°C. The cold solution was treated with nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate (155 mg, 1.32 mmol) and then stirred with gradual warming to -5°C (bath temperature) over 100 minutes. The reaction mixture was treated with KOAc (260 mg, 2.64 mmol) and dibenzo-18-crown-6 (24 mg, 0.066 mmol) and stirred at -5°C for 5 minutes. The mixture was removed from the cooling bath and stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. The mixture was partitioned between CH₂C1₂ (50 mL) and water (50 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to a red oil (468 mg). The crude product was purified by column chromatography on EM silica gel 60 (230-400 mesh, 3.5 x 19 cm column) using 5% EtOAc in CH₂C1₂ as the eluting solvent. The product containing fractions were combined and evaporated under vacuum to afford 9a-ethyl-6-trifluoromethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l- e]indazol-7(3H)-one (190 mg) as a red oil.

1Η NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.86 (t, CH₂CH₃), 1.45 and 1.65 (two dq, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.16 and 2.33 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.54-2.67 (m, 8-CH₂), 3.06 and 3.32 (two d, 10- CH₂), 7.45 (d, H-4), 7.84 (qd, H-5), and 8.15 (s, H-l); mass spectrum m/z 321.1 (M+l). EXAMPLE 9

SYNTHESIS OF 9a-ETHYL-6-f 4-r2-(l-PIPERIDINYL)ETHOXYlPHENYLl-

8.9.9a 0-TETRAHYDROl )ENOr2J-elINDAZOL-7(3H)-ONE

HYDROCHLORIDE SALT

Step 1 : 6-bromo-9a-ethyl-3-r(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl1-8.9,9a.10- tetrahydroindeno[2, l-g1indazol-7(3H)-one and 6-bromo-9a-ethyl-2-F(4- methylphenyl)sulfonvn-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindenor2,l-e1indazol-7(2H)-one

A solution of 6-bromo-9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l- e]indazol-7(3H)-one hemi-benzene solvate (250 mg, 0.675 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (3.4 mL) was cooled in an ice bath and treated with 4- (dimethylamino)pyridine (124 mg, 1.015 mmol) and -toluenesulfonyl chloride (155 mg, 0.813 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere for one hour at 0°C followed by two hours at room temperature, then diluted with dichloromethane (30 mL) and washed with water (20 mL), IM pΗ 3 phosphate (20 mL), 5% aq. NaΗCO₃ (20 mL), and brine (20 mL). The dichloromethane solution was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to a foam (320 mg). The crude product was purified by chromatography on a Biotage Flash 40S KP-Sil column, eluting with 7:3 hexanes-ethyl acetate, to afford 6-bromo-9a-ethyl-2-[(4- methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(2H)-one (188 mg, contains 14% of the 3-tosyl isomer) and 6-bromo-9a-ethyl-3-[(4- methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (107 mg, contains trace amounts of the 2-tosyl isomer) as solids.

Step 2: 9a-ethyl-6-r4-(methoxymethoxy)phenvn-3-r(4-methylphenyl sulfonyn- 8,9,9aJ0-tetrahvdroindenor2,l-e1indazol-7(3H)-one_ A mixture of 6-bromo-9a-ethyl-3-[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]- 8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (107 mg, 0.220 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) 12.7 mg, 0.011 mmol) was treated with a solution of tributyl[4-(methoxymethoxy)phenyl]stannane (103 mg, 0.241 mmol) in anhydrous toluene (1.6 mL). The mixture was purged with nitrogen, sonicated to give a suspension, then stirred with heating in an oil bath at 100°C for 15 hours.. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was evaporated under vacuum to a violet oil (236 mg). The crude product was purified by chromatography on a Biotage 12M KP- Sil column, eluting with 7:3 hexanes-EtOAc, to afford 9a-ethyl-6-[4- (methoxymethoxy)phenyl]-3-[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (113 mg, 95% yield) as a pale yellow gum.

Step 3: 9a-ethyl-6-(4-hvdroxyphenyl)-3-r(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl1-8,9,9a,10- tetrahvdroindenoF2,l-e^"|indazol-7(3H)-one

A mixture of 9a-ethyl-6-[4-(methoxymethoxy)phenyl]-3-[(4- methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (113 mg, 0.208 mmol) and methanol (5.2 mL) was sonicated to give a suspension. Aqueous 2N ΗC1 (0.52 mL) was added dropwise and the resulting mixture was stirred in a capped flask and heated in an oil bath at 80°C. After 10 minutes, the suspension gave way to a pale yellow solution. After 45 minutes, the mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and the solvent was evaporated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (10 mL), washed with water (5 mL) and brine (5 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum. The oily residue was lyophilized from benzene to provide 9a-ethyl-6-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]- 8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (95 mg, 92% yield) as an off- white amorphous solid.

Step 4: 9a-ethyl-3-r(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyll-6-(4-r2-(l- piperidinyl)ethoxy1phenyll-8,9,9a,10-tetrahvdroindenoF2,l-elindazol-7(3H)-one

A solution of 9a-ethyl-6-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-[(4- methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (95 mg, 0.19 mmol), triphenylphosphine (150 mg, 0.57 mmol) and piperidineethanol (0.076 mL, 0.57 mmol) in anhydrous THF (1.5 mL) was cooled in an ice bath, placed under a nitrogen atmosphere, and stirred while a solution of diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (95%, 0.118 mL, 0.57 mmol) in THF (0.4 mL) was added dropwise over 4 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for one hour followed by 5 hours at room temperature, then evaporated under vacuum to a yellow gum (450 mg). The residue was purified by chromatography on a Biotage Flash 12M KP-Sil column, eluting with 5% MeOH in CH₂C1₂, to afford enriched product (143 mg) as a pale yellow oil. This material was crystallized from Et₂O to give 9a-ethyl-3-F(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-6- {4-[2-(l-piperidinyl)ethoxy]phenyl}-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)- one (94 mg, 81% yield) as a pale yellow solid.

Step 5: 9a-ethyl-6-(4-r2-(l-piperidinyl)ethoxylphenyl }-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindenoF2,l-elindazol-7(3H)-one hydrochloride salt

A suspension of 9a-ethyl-3-[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-6-{4-[2-(l- piperidinyl)ethoxy]phenyl}-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (82 mg, 0.134 mmol) in EtOΗ (2.0 mL) was treated with aqueous IN sodium hydroxide (0.67 mL, 0.67 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for one hour, then treated with ΗOAc (0.05 mL), and evaporated under vacuum. The residue was partitioned between CΗ₂C1 (30 mL) and brine (20 mL). The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to a clear gum (73 mg). NMR analysis of this material showed EtOTs and a 74:26 mixture of the N-tosyl starting material to destosyl product.

A solution of the above gum (73 mg) in EtOH (2.0 mL) was treated dropwise with aqueous IN ΝaOH (0.67 mL) to give a suspension. This mixture was stirred in a capped flask and heated in an oil bath at 60°C. After 5 minutes, the suspension gave way to a yellow solution. After 20 minutes, the mixture was removed from the heating bath, stirred at room temperature for 45 minutes, then acidified with HOAc (0.05 mL) and evaporated under vacuum. The residue was partitioned between EtOAc (30 mL) and brine (10 mL) plus water (5 mL). The EtOAc phase was washed with brine (10 mL) plus 5% aqueous ΝaHCO₃ (5 ml) followed by brine (15 mL) alone, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to a pale yellow gum (51 mg). NMR analysis of this material showed EtOTs and a 87:6:7 mixture of the desired product and two N-ethyl by-products. Attempted purification of this mixture by preparative layer chromatography (0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate developed with 5% MeOH + 1% Et₃N in EtOAc) gave a 86:7:7 mixture (38 mg) of the product and the two N-ethyl by-products as a pale yellow gum. The mixture was resolved by preparative HPLC using a YMC-Pack ODS column (100 x 20 mm i.d., S-5 μm, 120A), a solvent gradient of 80:20 A:B to 50:50 A:B where A is 0.1% TFA in H₂O and B is 0.1% TFA in MeCΝ, a flow rate of 20 mL/min, and UN detection at 254 nm. One major and two minor components were separated. The pooled fractions from the major peak were evaporated under vacuum to afford the trifluoroacetic acid salt of 9a-ethyl-6-{4-[2-(l- piperidinyl)ethoxy]phenyl}-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (32.3 mg) as a pale yellow foam. This material was partitioned between CΗ₂C1₂ (2 mL) and 5% aqueous ΝaHCO₃ (0.5 ml). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to give the free base form of the product (25.4 mg) as a pale yellow oil. The oil was taken up in Et₂O (1 mL) containing a few drops of EtOAc and the solution was treated with IM HCl in Et₂O (0.1 mL). The resulting precipitate was collected, washed with Et₂O, and dried under vacuum to afford 9a-ethyl-6-{4-F2-(l-piperidinyl)ethoxy]phenyl}-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one hydrochloride salt (22.8 mg) as a pale yellow powder.

!Η NMR (CD₃CN, 500 MHz) δ 0.89 (t, CH₂CH₅), 1.46, 1.83, and 2.05 (three br m, CH₂(CH₂CΗ₂)₂N),1.60 and 1.82 (two m, CH₂CH₃), 2.18 and 2.37 (two m, 9-CH₂), 2.44 and 2.67 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 3.14 and 3.53 (two br m, CΗ₂(CΗ₂CH₂)₂N), 3.15 and 3.35 (two d, 10-CH₂), 3.38 (m, NCH₂CΗ₂O), 4.48 (m, NCH₂CH₂O), 6.37 (d, H- 5), 6.7-7.2 (br m, C₆H₄), 7.13 (d, H-4), 8.07 (s, H-l), and 11.67 (br s, NH); mass spectrum m/z 456.4 (M+l).

EXAMPLE 10

SYNTHESIS OF 9a-ETHYL-6-(4-HYDROXYPHENYL)-8.9.9aJ0-

TETRAHYDROINDENOF2.1-el] )AZOL-7(3H)-ONE

A solution of 9a-ethyl-6-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-[(4- methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (10.0 mg, 0.02 mmol) in EtOΗ (0.4 mL) was treated with aqueous IN NaOΗ (0.1 mL). The resulting yellow-orange solution was stirred at room temperature for 45 minutes, then acidified with ΗOAc (0.006 mL) and evaporated under vacuum. The residue was partitioned between EtOAc (5 mL) and water (2 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine (2 mL), dried over MgS04, filtered, evaporated under vacuum, and the residue lyophilized from benzene to provide an amorphous, off-white solid (7.8 mg). The crude product was purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.025 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate which was developed with 3:2 EtOAc-hexanes. The major UV visible band at R_f 0.17-0.29 was extracted with EtOAc and the solvent evaporated under vacuum to afford 9a-ethyl-6-(4-hydroxyphenyl)- 8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (6.2 mg, 90% yield) as a pale yellow solid. A minor UV visible band at R_f 0.83-0.89 gave EtOTs (1.3 mg) as a clear oil.

*Η NMR (10:1 CDCl₃-CD₃OD, 500 MHz) δ 0.89 (t, CH₂CH₃), 1.63 and 1.9 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.16 and 2.37 (two m, 9-CH₂), 2.58 and 2.70 (two m, 8-CH₂), 2.95 and 3.28 (two d, 10-CH₂), 6.45 (d, H-5), 6.7-7.2 (br m, C₆H₄), 7.02 (d, H-4), and 8.02 (s, H-l); ¹³C NMR (10:1 CDCl₃-CD₃OD, 125 MHz) δ 9.7, 30.9, 31.0, 33.7, 41.2, 47.8, 109.0, 115.8, 120.1, 124.9, 126.8, 128.2, 130.0, 131.2, 133.6, 141.2, 142.8, 156.0, 169.3, and 199.1; mass spectrum m/z 345.4 (M+l). EXAMPLE 11 SYNTHESIS OF 9a-ETHYL-6-METHYL-8.9,9aJ0-TETRAHYDROINDENOF2 ,1- elINDAZOL-7(3H)-ONE

Step 1 : 9a-ethyl-6-methyl-2-F(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyll-8.9.9a,10- tetrahydroindenoF2,l-e1indazol-7(2H)-one and 9a-ethyl-6-methyl-3-F(4- methylphenyl)sulfonyl1-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindenoF2 -e1indazol-7(3H)-one

A 57:43 mixture (37.0 mg, 0.0762 mmol) of 6-bromo-9a-ethyl-2-[(4- methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(2H)-one and 6- bromo-9a-ethyl-3-[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l- e]indazol-7(3H)-one was taken up in anhydrous toluene (1.17 mL, 0.065M) and 1.0 mL of this solution was added to 5-methyl-l-aza-5-stannabicyclo[3.3.3]undecane (17.5 mg, 0.064 mmol) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (7.5 mg, 0.0065 mmol). The resulting mixture was purged with nitrogen, then stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere and heated in an oil bath at 100°C for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, then cooled in an ice bath and filtered to remove the precipitate of 5-bromo-l-aza-5-stannabicyclo[3.3.3]undecane. The filtrate was evaporated under vacuum to a dark amber oil (41.7 mg). This material was purified by chromatography on a Biotage Flash 12S KP-Sil column, eluting with 7:3 hexanes- EtOAc, to afford a mixture (22.1 mg, 69% yield) of 9a-ethyl-6-methyl-2-[(4- methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(2H)-one and 9a- ethyl-6-methyl-3-[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l- e]indazol-7(3H)-one as a yellow oil. The 5-methyl-l-aza-5-stannabicyclo[3.3.3]undecane used in this step was prepared as follows. A suspension of 5-chloro-l-aza-5-stannabicyclo[3.3.3]- undecane (29.4 mg, 0.1 mmol) in anhydrous TΗF (0.5 mL) was cooled in an zPrOΗ- dry ice bath (-45 °C) and stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere while 1.4M MeLi in Et₂O (0.10 mL, 0.14 mmol) was added dropwise by syringe. Approximately two minutes following the addition, the suspension gave way to a clear solution. The solution was stirred under nitrogen with gradual warming to 0°C over 2 hours, then diluted with Et₂O to 8 mL, washed with water (3 mL), IM pH 3 phosphate (3 mL), water (3 mL), and brine (3 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to afford 5-methyl-l-aza-5-stannabicycloF3.3.3]undecane (22.8 mg, 83% yield) as a white solid.

Step 2: 9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindenor2,l-e1indazol-7(3H)-one

A suspension of the N-tosyl products from step 1 (22.1 mg, 0.0526 mmol) in EtOΗ (1.0 mL) was treated with aqueous 5Ν NaOΗ (0.053 mL, 0.265 mmol) and the mixture was swirled by hand for approximately one minute to give a yellow solution. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes, then acidified with ΗOAc (0.020 mL) and evaporated under vacuum. The residue in EtOAc (5 mL) was washed with water (2 mL), 5% NaΗCO₃ (2 mL) and brine (2 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to a yellow oil. The oil was purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.05 x 20 x 20 silica gel GF plate using 7:3 hexanes-EtOAc as the developing solvent. The major UV visible band at Rf 0.08-0.19 was eluted with EtOAc and the solvent evaporated under vacuum to give a gum. This material was swirled with benzene to afford 9a-ethyl-6-methyl- 8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (13.8 mg, 86% yield) as an off- white solid following evaporation of the solvent. NMR analysis revealed that the product was isolated as a hemi-benzene solvate.

^!Η NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.87 (t, CH₂CH₅), 1.52 and 1.69 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.07 and 2.33 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.16 (s, 6- CH₅), 2.51 and 2.62 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.94 and 3.28 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.36 (s, PhH solvate), 7.46 (d, H-4), 7.82 (d, H-5), and 8.12 (s, H-l). EXAMPLE 12 SYNTHESIS OF 9a-ETHYL-6-VINYL-8,9,9aJ0-TETRAHYDROINDENOF2.1- e1INDAZOL-7(3H)-ONE

Step 1 : 9a-ethyl-2-F(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl1-6-vinyl-8,9.9a ,10- tetrahydroindenoF2,l-e1indazol-7(2H)-one and 9a-ethyl-3-F(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyll-

6-vinyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindenoF2,l-e1indazol-7(3H)-one

A mixture (150 mg, 0.31 mmol) of 6-bromo-9a-ethyl-2-[(4- methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(2H)-one and 6- bromo-9a-ethyl-3- [(4-methylphenyl)sulf onyl] - 8 ,9 ,9a, 10-tetrahydroindeno [2,1- e]indazol-7(3H)-one was dissolved in anhydrous toluene (3.1 mL) and the solution was treated with tributyl(vinyl)tin (0.180 mL, 0.62 mmol) and dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) (44 mg, 0.062 mmol). The resulting mixture was purged with nitrogen, then stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere and heated in an oil bath at 100°C for 24 hours. After cooling, the reaction mixture was purified by preparative layer chromatography on three 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plates, developing with 5% EtOAc in CΗ₂C1₂. The product bands were extracted with EtOAc and the extracts were evaporated under vacuum to afford a mixture (143 mg) of 9a-ethyl-2-[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-6-vinyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l- e]indazol-7(2H)-one and 9a-ethyl-3-[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-6-vinyl-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one as an oil.

Step 2: 9a-ethyl-6-vinyl-8,9,9aJ0-tetrahvdroindenoF2.1-elindazol-7(3H.-one

The mixture of the N-tosyl products from step 1 (143 mg) was dissolved in ethanol (2.5 mL) and the solution was diluted with water (0.25 mL) and aqueous 5Ν sodium hydroxide (0.186 mL, 0.93 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for one hour, and then partitioned between EtOAc (20 mL) and brine (20 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO , filtered, and evaporated under vacuum. The residue was purified by preparative layer chromatography on two 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plates, developing with 5% MeOH in CH₂C1₂. The product bands were extracted with 10% MeOH in CH₂C1₂, the extracts were evaporated under vacuum, and the residue was lyophilized from benzene to afford 9a-ethyl-6-vinyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)- one (66 mg, 76% yield over two steps) as an amorphous solid.

lΗ NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.88 (t, CH₂CH₃), 1.55 and 1.73 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.11 and 2.34 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.55 and 2.65 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.98 and 3.30 (two d, 10-CH₂), 5.58 and 5.81 (two dd, CΗ=CH₂), 6.61 (dd, CH=CΗ₂), 7.45 (d, H-4), 7.96 (d, H-5), 8.17 (s, H-l), and 10.2 (br s, NH).

EXAMPLE 13 SYNTHESIS OF 6,9a-DIETHYL-8,9,9aJ0-TETRAHYDROINDENOF2,l- elINDAZOL-7(3H)-ONE

A mixture of 9a-ethyl-6-vinyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l- e]indazol-7(3H)-one (approx. 30 mg), 10% palladium on carbon (30 mg), and ethanol (3 mL) was stirred under an atmosphere of hydrogen for 4 hours. The mixture was filtered through a pad of celite and the filtrate was evaporated under vacuum. The residue was lyophilized from benzene to afford 6,9a-diethyl-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one as an amorphous solid.

^lH NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.86 (t, 9a-CH₂CH₃), 1.15 (t, 6-CΗ₂CH₅), 1.54 and 1.68 (two m, 9a-CH₂CΗ₃), 2.06 and 2.32 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.49 and 2.60 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.58 and 2.73 (two m, 6-CH₂CΗ₃), 2.95 and 3.28 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.48 (br d, H-4), 7.78 (d, H-5), and 8.15 (br s, H-l).

EXAMPLE 14 SYNTHESIS OF 6-ALLYL-9a-ETHYL-8,9.9a.l0-TETRAHYDROINDENθr2α- elINDAZOL-7(3HyONE

Step 1 : 6-allyl-9a-ethyl-2- r(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyll -8 ,9,9a.10-tetrahvdroindeno \2Λ- e1indazol-7(2H)-one and 6-allyl-9a-ethyl-3-r(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyll- 8.9,9a.lO- tetrahydroindenoF2, 1 -e1indazol-7(3H)-one

A mixture (100 mg, 0.206 mmol) of 6-bromo-9a-ethyl-2-[(4- methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(2H)-one and 6- bromo-9a-ethyl-3-[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-8,9,9a, 10-tetrahydroindeno[2, 1- e]indazol-7(3H)-one was dissolved in anhydrous toluene (2.0 mL) and the solution was treated with allyltributyltin (0.128 mL, 0.412 mmol) and dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) (29 mg, 0.041 mmol). The resulting mixture was purged with nitrogen, then stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere and heated in an oil bath at 100°C for 24 hours. After cooling, the reaction mixture was purified by preparative layer chromatography on three 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plates, developing with 5% EtOAc in CΗ C1₂. The product bands were extracted with EtOAc, the extracts were evaporated under vacuum, and the residue was lyophilized from benzene to afford a mixture (69 mg) of 6-allyl-9a-ethyl-2-[(4- methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(2H)-one and 6- allyl-9a-ethyl-3- F(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-8 ,9,9a, 10-tetrahydroindeno [2, 1 -ejindazol- 7(3H)-one. Step 2: 6-allyl-9a-ethyl-8.9,9a J0-tetrahvdroindenor2 J-elindazol-7(3H)-one

The mixture of the N-tosyl products from step 1 (69 mg) was dissolved in ethanol (3.0 mL) and the solution was diluted with water (0.10 mL) and aqueous 5Ν sodium hydroxide (0.103 mL, 0.515 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes, and then partitioned between EtOAc (20 mL) and water (20 mL) containing aqueous 2N ΗC1 (1 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum. The residue was purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plates, developing with 5% MeOΗ in CΗ₂C1₂. The product band was extracted with 10% MeOH in CH₂C1₂, the extracts were evaporated under vacuum, and the residue was lyophilized from benzene to afford 6-allyl-9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (39 mg) as an amorphous solid.

1Η NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.90 (t, CH₂CH₅), 1.59 and 1.75 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.11 and 2.36 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.53 and 2.65 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.96 and 3.30 (two d, 10-CH₂), 3.23 and 3.55 (two m, CH₂CΗ=CΗ₂), 5.03-5.09 (m, CH=CH₂), 6.03 (m, CH=CΗ₂), 7.42 (d, H-4), 7.73 (d, H-5), 8.12 (s, H-l), and 10.21 (br s, NH).

EXAMPLE 15

SYNTHESIS OF 6-CYCLOPENTYL-9a-ETHYL-8,9.9a.lO-

TETRAHYDROINDENOr2J-e1]-NDAZOL-7(3H)-ONE

Step l: 6-(2-cyclopenten-l-yl)-9a-ethv1-2-r(4-methylphenyl)sulfonvIl-8,9,9a.l0- tetrahvdroindenoF2,l-e1indazol-7(2H)-one and 6-(2-cvclopenten-l-yl)-9a-ethyl-3-F(4- methylphenv sulfonyn- 8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindenoF2,l-e1indazoI-7(3H)-one A mixture (25 mg, 0.056 mmol) of 6-bromo-9a-ethyl-2-[(4- methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(2H)-one and 6- bromo-9a-ethyl-3-F(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l- e]indazol-7(3H)-one was dissolved in anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (0.5 mL) and the solution was treated with cyclopentene (0.049 mL, 0.56 mmol), triethylamine (0.039 mL, 0.28 mmol), and bis(acetato)bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) (21 mg, 0.028 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere and heated in an oil bath at 100°C for 3 days. After cooling, the reaction mixture was diluted with CΗ₂C1₂ and passed through a pad of silica gel. The filtrate was evaporated under vacuum to provide a crude mixture of 6-(2-cyclopenten-l-yl)-9a-ethyl-2-[(4- methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-8,9,9a, 10-tetrahydroindeno[2, 1 -e]indazol-7(2H)-one and 6-(2- cyclopenten-l-yl)-9a-ethyl-3-[(4-methylρhenyl)sulfonyl]- 8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one.

Step 2: 6-(2-cvclopenten-l-yl)-9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindenoF2,l-e1indazol- 7(3H)-one

The mixture of the N-tosyl products from step 1 was dissolved in ethanol (0.5 mL) and the solution was diluted with aqueous 2.5Ν sodium hydroxide (0.05 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes, then diluted with CΗ₂C1₂ and dried over MgSO₄. The CH₂C1₂ solution was filtered through a pad of silica gel and the filtrate was evaporated under vacuum. The residue was purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.1 x 20 x20 cm silica gel GF plate, developing with 1:1 EtOAc-hexanes. The UN visible product band was extracted with EtOAc and the extracts were evaporated under vacuum to provide 6-(2- cyclopenten-l-yl)-9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one as a mixture of diastereomers.

Step 3: 6-cvclopentyl-9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahvdroindenoF2.1-elindazol-7(3H)-one

A mixture of 6-(2-cyclopenten-l-yl)-9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (4.5 mg), 10% palladium on carbon (4.5 mg), and ethanol (1 mL) was stirred under an atmosphere of hydrogen at room temperature for 6 hours. The mixture was filtered through a pad of celite which was rinsed with EtOAc. The filtrate was evaporated under vacuum to afford 6- cyclopentyl-9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (4 mg) as an oil.

1Η NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.84 (t, CH₂CH₅), 1.36-1.71 and 1.82-2.11 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃, four cyclopentyl CH₂, one of 9- CH₂), 2.36 (m, one of 9-CH₂), 2.47 (m, 8- CH₂), 2.96 and 3.23 (two d, 10-CH₂), 3.36 (m, cyclopentyl CH), 7.44 (d, H-4), 7.72 (d, H-5), and 8.14 (br s, H-l); mass spectrum m/z 321.2 (M+l).

EXAMPLE 16 SYNTHESIS OF 6-CYANO-9a-ETHYL-8.9,9a,10-TETRAHYDRO3,NDENOr2J- elINDAZOL-7(3H)-ONE

A mixture of 6-bromo-9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l- e]indazol-7(3H)-one (200 mg, 0.60 mmol), copper(I) cyanide (200 mg, 2.23 mmol), and anhydrous N,N-dimethylacetamide (2 mL) was stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere and heated in an oil bath at 160°C for 20 minutes. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (75 mL) and water (75 mL) containing aqueous 2Ν ΗC1 (10 mL). The organic phase was washed with water (4 x 75 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to an oil (109 mg). The crude product was purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.1 x 20 x20 cm silica gel GF plate, developing with 5% MeOΗ in CΗ₂C1 . The product band was extracted with 10% MeOH in CH₂C1₂ ,the extracts were evaporated under vacuum, and the residue was lyophilized from benzene to provide 6-cyano-9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one as a beige colored, amorphous solid. IH NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 0.93 (t, CH₂CH₅), 1.60 and 1.78 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.11 and 2.42 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.66 (m, 8-CH₂), 3.02 and 3.41 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.58 (d, H-4), 8.27 (br s, H-l), and 8.45 (d, H-5).

EXAMPLE 17

SYNTHESIS OF l-CHLORO-9a-ETHYL-6-METHYL-8.9.9a,10-

TETRAHYDROINDENOr2J-elINDAZOL-7(3H)-ONE

A solution of 9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l- e]indazol-7(3H)-one (20 mg, 0.075 mmol) in ethanol (0.38 mL) was treated with aqueous 5N sodium hydroxide (0.018 mL, 0.09 mmol) and N-chlorosuccinimide (10 mg, 0.075 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes, and then partitioned between EtOAc (5 mL) and water (5 mL) containing aqueous 2Ν ΗC1 (0.5 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine (5 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum. The residue was purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate, developing with 5% MeOΗ in CΗ₂C1₂. The UN visible product band was extracted with 10% MeOH in CH₂C1₂ (10 mL), the extracts were evaporated under vacuum, and the residue was lyophilized from benzene (3 mL) to afford l-chloro-9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (12 mg, 53% yield) as an amorphous solid.

1Η ΝMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 0.89 (t, CH₂CH₅), 1.53 and 1.69 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.07 and 2.34 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.16 (s, 6-CH3), 2.53 and 2.63 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 3.02 and 3.56 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.42 (d, H-4), and 7.84 (d, H-5). EXAMPLE 18

SYNTHESIS OF l-BROMO-9a-ETHYL-6-METHYL-8.9,9a.lO-

TETRAHYDROINDENOr2J-e]INDAZOL-7(3H)-ONE

A solution of 9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindenoF2,l- e]indazol-7(3H)-one (100 mg, 0.375 mmol) in ethanol (2 mL) was treated with aqueous 5N sodium hydroxide (0.152 mL, 0.76 mmol) and bromine (0.021 mL, 0.41 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 minutes, treated with additional bromine (0.003 mL, 0.06 mmol), and stirred at room temperature for 5 more minutes. The mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (20 mL) and water (20 mL) containing aqueous 2N ΗC1 (2 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO , filtered, and evaporated under vacuum. The residue was purified by preparative layer chromatography on two 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plates, developing with 5% MeOΗ in CΗ₂C1₂. The UN visible product bands were extracted with 10% MeOH in CH₂C1₂, the extracts were evaporated under vacuum, and the residue was lyophilized from benzene (3 mL) to afford l-bromo-9a-ethyl-6- methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (50 mg, 39% yield) as an amorphous solid.

1Η ΝMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.89 (t, CH₂CH₅), 1.53 and 1.68 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.07 and 2.35 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.15 (s, 6-CH₃), 2.52 and 2.62 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 3.04 and 3.63 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.42 (d, H-4), and 7.84 (d, H-5). EXAMPLE 19

SYNTHESIS OF 9a-ETHYL-6-METHYL-9.9a-DIHYDROINDENOF21- e1INDAZOLE-7αθ(3H8H)-DIONE AND (RAC)-(9aR J0R)-10-CΗLORO-9a-

ETHYL-6-MET---^YL-8.9,9al0-TETRAH DRO----^roENOF2α-elI DAZOL-7 3H)-

ONE

A mixture of 9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l- e]indazol-7(3H)-one (26 mg, 0.10 mmol), N-chlorosuccinimide (16 mg, 0.12 mmol), and dichloromethane (0.25 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 20.5 hours. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (6 mL), washed with water (4 ml) and brine (5 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to an oil (22 mg). The crude product mixture was purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate, developing with 25 % EtOAc in CΗ₂C1₂. Two major UV visible bands were removed, separately extracted with EtOAc, and the extracts were concentrated under vacuum. The slower moving band afforded 9a-ethyl-6-methyl-

9,9a-dihydroindeno[2,l-e]indazole-7,10(3H,8H)-dione (4.6 mg) and the faster moving band provided (rac)-(9aR,10R)-10-chloro-9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (4.5 mg).

10-Keto product: *Η ΝMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.77 (t, CH₂CH₅), 1.81 and 1.98 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 1.98 and 2.43 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.26 (s, 6-CH₅), 2.62 and 2.76 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 7.92 (d, H-4 or H-5), 8.02 (d, H-5 or H-4), and 8.66 (s, H-l); mass spectrum m/z 281.4 (M+l).

10-Chloro product: ^lB ΝMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.94 (t, CH₂CH₅), 1.49 and 1.87 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.16 (m, one of 9-CH₂), 2.19 (s, 6-CH₅), 2.58-2.67 (m, one of 9- CH₂ and 8-CH₂), 5.52 (s, H-10), 7.60 (d, H-4), 7.82 (d, H-5, and 8.29 (d, H-l); mass spectrum m/z 301.2 (M+l). EXAMPLE 20

SYNTHESIS OF (RAC)-(9aR10R)-10-AZIDO-9a-ETHYL-6-METHYL-8,9,9al0-

TETRAHYDROINDENOr2,l-e1INDAZOL-7(3H)-ONE AND (RAC)-(9aR,105)-10-

AZIDO-9a-ETΗYL-6-METΗYL-8,9,9a,10-TETRAΗYDROINDENθr21- elINDAZOL-7(3H)-ONE

A mixture of 9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l- e]indazol-7(3H)-one (104 mg, 0.40 mmol), N-chlorosuccinimide (64 mg, 0.48 mmol), and dichloromethane (1 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 6 hours. The solvent was evaporated under a stream of nitrogen and the crude (rαc)-(9aR,10R)-10-chloro- 9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one product thus formed was immediately dissolved in anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (1 mL). One-half of this solution was treated with sodium azide (16 mg, 0.24 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 67 hours and then heated in an oil bath at 80°C for 1.5 hours. After cooling, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc (20 mL), washed with water (5 x 10 mL) and brine (5 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum. The residue was purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate, developing with 20% EtOAc in CΗ₂C1₂. The UV visible product band was extracted with EtOAc and the extracts were evaporated under vacuum to afford a 9:1 mixture (10.5 mg) of (rac)- (9aR,10R)-10-azido-9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol- 7(3H)-one and (rac)-(9aR,10S)-10-azido-9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one.

Η ΝMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.92 (t, CH₂CH₅), 1.45 and 1.79 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.16 and 2.41 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.18 (s, 6-CH₅), 2.61-2.66 (m, 8-CH₂), 4.86 (s, H- 10), 7.64 (d, H-4), 7.85(d, H-5), and 8.27 (s, H-l); mass spectrum m/z 308.4 (M+l). The minor isomer showed resonances at δ 0.59 (t, CH₂CHj), 2.16 (s, 6-CH3), 5.07 (s, 10-H), 7.56 (d, H-4), 7.77(d, H-5), and 8.35 (s, H-l) in the *Η NMR spectrum.

EXAMPLE 21

SYNTHESIS OF 6-BROMO-9a-ETHYL-9.9a-DIHYDROINDENOF21- e1INDAZOLE-7J0(3H,8H)-DIONE

A mixture of 6-bromo-9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l- e]indazol-7(3H)-one (31 mg. 0.094 mmol), potassium persulfate (K₂S₂Og, 674 mg, 0.248 mmol), water (1 mL), and MeCN (1 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 16.8 hours. The mixture was then stirred with heating at 50°C (oil bath temperature) for one hour followed by heating at 80°C for one hour. The mixture was briefly sonicated to disperse the K₂S₂Og and then stirred with heating at 80°C for an additional 3.5 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (30 mL), and water (30 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to an oil (20 mg). The crude was purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.05 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate, developing with 1:1 hexanes-EtOAc. The UV visible product band was extracted with EtOAc and the eluant evaporated under vacuum to provide 6-bromo-9a-ethyl-9,9a-dihydroindeno[2,l-e]indazole-7,10(3H,8H)-dione (5.0 mg). Two minor UV visible bands provided samples of 6-bromo-9a-ethyl-10- hydroxy-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (2.1 mg) and 9-bromo- 5a-ethyl-6,7-dihydroisochromeno[3,4-e]indazole-5,8(lH,5aH)-dione (3.7 mg, tentative assignment).

10-Keto product: *Η NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.80 (t, CH₂CH₅), 1.90 and 2.03 (two dq, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.08 and 2.48 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.84 and 2.95 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 7.97 (dd, H-4), 8.68 (d, H-l), 8.86 (d, H-5), and 10.72 (br s, NH); mass spectrum m/z 345.0 (M+l) and 347.0 (M+3).

EXAMPLE 22 SYNTHESIS OF 9a-BUTYL-8,9,9aJ0-TETRAHYDROINDENOF2α-e1INDAZOL-

Step 1: 5-(acetylamino)-2-butyI-l -indanone

Potassium hydroxide (85%, 14 mg, 0.21 mmol) was added to a mixture of 5-(acetylamino)-l-indanone (200 mg, 1.05 mmol) and butyraldehyde (0.141 mL, 1.57 mmol) in ethanol (1 mL). The suspension rapidly gave way to a solution. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes and then treated with 10% palladium on carbon (20 mg), placed under a hydrogen atmosphere, and stirred at room temperature for 50 minutes. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to an oily residue. This material was purified by preparative layer chromatography on three 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plates, developing with 5% MeOH in CH₂C1₂. The UV visible product band was eluted with 10% MeOH in CH₂C1₂ and the eluant was evaporated under vacuum to provide 5- (acetylamino)-2-butyl-l -indanone (151 gm, 59% yield) as an oil.

Step 2: 5 -(acetylamino)-4-bromo-2-butyl-l -indanone

A solution of 5-(acetylamino)-2-butyl-l -indanone (1.19 g, 4.85 mmol) and N-bromosuccinimide (0.95 g, 5.34 mmol) in anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (4.85 mL) was stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere and heated in an oil bath at 60°C for 2.5 hours. The mixture was evaporated under vacuum to a residue that was partitioned between EtOAc (100 mL) and water (100 mL). The organic phase was washed with water (3 x 100 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to a solid. This material was purified by chromatography on EM silica gel 60 (230-400 mesh, 2.75 x 27 cm column), eluting with 5% EtOAc in CH C1₂. The product containing fractions were evaporated under vacuum to provide 5-(acetylamino)-4-bromo-2-butyl-l -indanone (0.836 g, 56% yield) as a solid.

Step 3: 5-(acetylamino)-2-butyl-4-methyl-l -indanone

A mixture of 5-(acetylamino)-4-bromo-2-butyl-l-indanone (836 mg, 2.7 mmol), triphenylphosphine (142 mg, 0.54 mmol), lithium chloride (315 mg, 7.43 mmol), tetramethyltin (0.750 mL, 5.4 mmol), dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)- palladium(II) (142 mg, 0.2 mmol), and anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (14 mL) was purged with nitrogen and then stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere and heated in an oil bath at 100°C for 16.5 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was concentrated under vacuum and the residue was partitioned between EtOAc (100 mL), and water (100 mL). The organic phase was washed with water (2 x 100 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to a solid (720 mg). A 420 mg sample of the crude product was purified by preparative layer chromatography on four 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plates which were ^' developed twice with 25% EtOAc in CH₂C1₂. The UV visible product band was extracted with EtOAc and the extracts were evaporated under vacuum to provide 5- (acetylamino)-2-butyl-4-methyl-l -indanone (300 mg, 74% yield) as a white solid.

Step 4: 5-(acetylamino -2-butyl-4-methyl-2-(3-oxobutyl -l-indanone

A suspension of 5-(acetylamino)-2-butyl-4-methyl-l -indanone (300 mg, 1.16 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (1 mL) was treated with methyl vinyl ketone (0.116 mL, 1.39 mmol) and l,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (0.035 mL, 0.232 mmol). The mixture was stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature. After 20 minutes, the heavy suspension gave way to a solution. After 18 hours, the mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (20 mL) and water (20 mL) containing aqueous 2Ν HCl (2 mL). The organic portion was washed with water (10 mL) and brine (5 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to provide crude 5-(acetylamino)-2-butyl-4-methyl-2-(3-oxobutyl)-l-indanone (400 mg) as an oil. The *H NMR spectrum of this material revealed that the desired product was accompanied by the N-(3-oxobutyl) derivatives of both the starting material and the product.

Step 5: 7-(acetylamino)-9a-butyl-8-methyl- 2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one

The product mixture (400 mg, approx. 1.16 mmol) form step 4 was dissolved in toluene (2.5 mL) and the solution was treated with pyrrolidine (0.097 mL, 1.16 mmol) and acetic acid (0.066 mL, 1.16 mmol). The mixture was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 100°C for 3 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (50 mL) and water(50 mL) containing aqueous 2Ν ΗC1 (3 mL). The organic phase was washed with water (50 mL), aqueous NaΗCO₃ (50 mL) and brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO , filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to an oil (220 mg). The crude product was purified by preparative layer chromatography on two 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plates, developing with 5% MeOH in CH₂C1₂. The UV visible product band was eluted with 10% MeOH in CH₂C1₂ and the eluant was evaporated under vacuum to afford 7- (acetylamino)-9a-butyl-8-methyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (75 mg, 21% yield over two steps) as an oil.

Step 6: 7-amino-9a-butyl-8-methyl-L2,9,9a-tetrahycko-3H-fluoren-3-one

A mixture of 7-(acetylamino)-9a-butyl-8-methyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro- 3H-fluoren-3-one (75 mg, 0.24 mmol), ethanol (1 mL), aqueous 5N sodium hydroxide (0.10 mL, 0.5 mmol), and water (0.25 mL) was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 90°C for 4 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (10 mL) and water (10 mL) containing aqueous 2N ΗC1 (0.25 mL). Th e organic phase was washed with brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to an oil. This material was lyophilized from benzene (2 mL) to afford 7-amino-9a-butyl-8-methyl- 1 ,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (60 mg, 92% yield) as an amorphous solid.

Step 7: 9a-butyl-8-methyl-3-oxo-2,3.9.9a-tetrahvdro-lH-fluorene-7-diazonium hexafluorophosphate A solution of 7-amino-9a-butyl-8-methyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H- fluoren-3-one (20 mg, 0.074 mmol) in acetic acid (0.25 mL) was treated with aqueous 2N ΗC1 (0.25 mL) and the resulting dark solution was cooled in an ice bath. After 3 minutes, sodium nitrite (5.6 mg, 0.082 mmol) was added and the dark solution was stirred at 0°C for 20 minutes. The reaction mixture was then treated with aqueous 0.543M potassium hexafluorophosphate (0.273 mL, 0.148 mmol) to give a gummy precipitate. The mixture was centrifuged and the insoluble portion was washed with cold water (2 x 4 mL) and dried under vacuum to afford crude 9a-butyl-8-methyl-3- oxo-2,3,9,9a-tetrahydro-lH-fluorene-7-diazonium hexafluorophosphate as a semi- solid.

Step 8: 9a-butyl-8,9,9al0-tetrahvdroindenoF2,l-elindazol-7(3H)-one

The crude diazonium salt from step 7 was dissolved in chloroform-*-

(CDC1₃, 1.0 mL) and the solution was treated with potassium acetate (15 mg, 0.148 mmol) and dibenzo-18-crown-6 (2.7 mg, 0.0074 mmol). The resulting dark suspension was sonicated for one minute, stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes, and then partitioned between EtOAc (10 mL) and water (10 mL) containing aqueous 2N ΗC1 (1 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine (5 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum. The residue was purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.05 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate that was developed with 5% MeOΗ in CΗ₂C1₂. The UN visible product band was extracted with 10% MeOH in CH₂C1₂ and the extracts were evaporated under vacuum to afford 9a-butyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (6.7 mg).

*Η ΝMR (DMSO- ₆, 500 MHz) δ 0.77 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 1.09-1.29 (m, CΗ₂CH₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.41 and 1.64 (two m, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 1.99 and 2.25 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.30 and 2.52 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.91 and 3.30 (two d, 10-CH₂), 6.19 (s, H-6), 7.49 (d, H-4 or H-5), 7.66 (d, H-5 or H-4), 8.19 (s, H-l), and 13.40 (br s, NH). EXAMPLE 23 SYNTHESIS OF 6-BROMO-9a-BUTYL-8.9.9al0-TETRAHYDROINDENOr2J- eHNDAZOL-7(3H)-ONE

Step 1 : 7-(acetylamino)-4-bromo-9a-butyl-8-methyl-l ,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren- 3 -one

Sodium bicarbonate (32 mg, 0.384 mmol) and bromine (6.6 μL, 0.128 mmol) were added to a suspension of 7-(acetylamino)-9a-butyl-8-methyl- 1,2,9,9a- tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (40 mg, 0.128 mmol) in carbon tetrachloride (1 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes, and then partitioned between EtOAc (20 mL) and dilute aqueous Na₂S₂O₃. The organic phase was washed with brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to an oil. The *Η NMR spectrum of this material showed starting material and product. The oil was taken up in carbon tetrachloride (1 mL) and dichloromethane (0.5 mL), treated with sodium bicarbonate (32 mg, 0.384 mmol) and bromine (3 μL, 0.058mmol), and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes. Workup as described above gave an oil that was lyophilized from benzene (3 mL) to afford crude 7-(acetylamino)-4-bromo-9a-butyl-8-methyl- 1,2,9,9a- tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (50 mg) as an amorphous solid.

Step 2: 7-amino-4-bromo-9a-butyl-8-methyl- 2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one

A mixture of crude 7-(acetylamino)-4-bromo-9a-butyl-8-methyl- l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (50 mg), ethanol (1.75 mL), water (0.25 mL), and aqueous 5N NaOΗ (0.1 mL) was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 100°C for 3.5 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc (20 mL), washed with water (20 mL) containing aqueous 2N ΗC1 (0.25 mL), and washed with brine (10 mL). The combined aqueous washes were back-extracted with EtOAc (10 mL). The combined EtOAc solution was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to an oil (44 mg). The crude product was purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate, developing withl0% EtOAc in CH₂C1₂. The UN visible product band was extracted with EtOAc, the extracts were evaporated under vacuum, and the residue was lyophilized from benzene to afford 7-amino-4-bromo-9a-butyl-8-methyl- 1,2,9,9a- tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (20 mg) as an amorphous solid.

Step 3: 4-bromo-9a-butyl-8-methyl-3-oxo-2,3,9,9a-tetrahydro-lH-fluorene-7- diazonium hexafluorophosphate

Sodium nitrite (3.3 mg, 0.047 mmol) was added to an ice-cold suspension of 7-amino-4-bromo-9a-butyl-8-methyl-l ,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3- one (15 mg, 0.043 mmol) in acetic acid (0.3 mL) and aqueous 2Ν ΗC1 (0.2 mL). After stirring for 2 minutes at 0°C, the suspension gave way to a yellow solution. After stirring for an additional 45 minutes at 0°C, the solution was treated with aqueous 0.543M potassium hexafluorophosphate (0.160 mL, 0.086 mmol) and ice- cold water (1 mL). The precipitate that formed was collected by centrifugation, washed with cold water (2 x 3 mL), and dried under vacuum to provide cmde 4- bromo-9a-butyl-8-methyl-3-oxo-2,3,9,9a-tetrahydro-lH-fluorene-7-diazonium hexafluorophosphate.

Step 4: 6-bromo-9a-butyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindenoF21-e1indazoI-7(3H)-one

The crude diazonium salt from step 3 was dissolved in chloroform- (CDC1₃, 1.0 mL) and the solution was treated with potassium acetate (8.5 mg, 0.086 mmol) and dibenzo-18-crown-6 (0.7 mg, 0.002 mmol). The resulting suspension was sonicated for one minute and stirred at room temperature for 130 minutes. The mixture was directly purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.05 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate, developing with 5% MeOΗ in CΗ₂C1₂. The UN visible product band was extracted with 10% MeOH in CH C1₂, the extracts were evaporated under vacuum, and the residue was lyophilized from benzene (3 mL) to afford 6-bromo-9a-butyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (8.5 mg) as an amorphous solid. ^lH NMR (OMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 0.76 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH;), 1.07-1.26 (m, CΗ₂CH₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.41 and 1.67 (two m, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.14 and 2.24 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.59 and 2.79 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 3.04 and 3.36 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.58 (d, H-4), 8.27 (s, H-l), 8.45 (d, H-5), and 13.49 (br s, NH).

EXAMPLE 24

SYNTHESIS OF 9a-BUTYL-6-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-8,9.9al0-

TETRAHYDRO]-NDENOF2,l-elINDAZOL-7(3H)-ONE

Step 1: 7-(acetylamino)-9a-butyl-8-methyl-4-trifluoromethyl- 2,9,9a-tetrahvdro-3H- fluoren-3-one

7-(Acetylamino)-4-bromo-9a-butyl-8-methyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H- fluoren-3-one (500 mg, 1.29 mmol) and copper(I) iodide (294 mg, 1.54 mmol) were taken up in anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (25.8 mL). The resulting mixture was placed under a Ν₂ atmosphere, treated with methyl (fluorosulfonyl)difluoroacetate (1.2 mL, 9.42 mmol), and then stirred with heating in an oil bath at 80°C for 7 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was filtered. The filtrate was washed with water (5 x 200 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to an orange oil (0.7 g). The crude product was purified by column chromatography on EM silica gel 60 (230-400 mesh, 2.5 x 20 cm column), eluting with CΗ₂C1₂ (32 x 8 mL fractions) followed by 20% EtOAc in CH₂C1₂ (28 x 8 mL fractions). The product containing fractions were combined and evaporated under vacuum to afford 7-(acetylamino)-9a-butyl-8-methyl-4-tιifluoromethyl- l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (230 mg) as an oil.

Step 2: 7-amino-9a-butyl-8-methyl-4-trifluoromethyl-L2,9,9a-tetrahvdro-3H-fluoren- 3 -one A solution of 7-(acetylamino)-9a-butyl-8-methyl-4-trifluoromethyl- l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (210 mg) in EtOΗ (7.6 mL) was treated with water (2 mL) and cone. ΗC1 (1 mL). The resulting solution was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 80°C for 2.4 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was filtered to remove a solid precipitate. The solid was rinsed with EtOΗ (0.5 mL) and dried under vacuum to provide an orange solid (87 mg). This material was identified as the ΗC1 salt of the desired product. The filtrate and washings were added to EtOAc (20 mL), washed with aqueous NaΗCO₃ (20 mL) and brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to an oil (104 mg). This material was purified by preparative layer chromatography (PLC) on a 0.1 x 20 x20 cm silica gel GF plate, developing with 5% MeOH in CH₂C1₂. The UN visible product band was eluted with 10% MeOH in CH₂C1₂ and the eluant evaporated under vacuum to provide the product free base.

The HCl salt (87 mg) described above was partitioned between EtOAc (10 mL) and aqueous ΝaHCO₃ (10 mL). The EtOAc phase was washed with brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to provide the product free base (80 mg) as an oil. This material was combined with the free base isolated after PLC and the combination lyophilized from benzene to afford 7-amino- 9a-butyl-8-methyl-4-trifluoromethyl-l ,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (136 mg) as an amorphous, orange solid.

Step 3: 9a-butyl-6-trifluoromethyl-8.9,9al0-tetrahydroindenoF2,l-elindazol-7(3H - one

A solution of 7-amino-9a-butyl-8-methyl-4-trifluoromethyl-l,2,9,9a- tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (50 mg, 0.148 mmol) in anhydrous CΗ₂C1₂ (0.74 mL) was cooled in a dry ice-acetonitrile bath (approx. -30°C). The cold solution was treated with nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate (17.7 mg, 0.151 mmol) and the mixture was stirred in the cold for 55 minutes. The reaction mixture was treated with KOAc (29 mg, 0.296 mmol) and dibenzo-18-crown-6 (2.7 mg, 0.0074 mmol) and then stirred with gradual warming from -25°C to 0°C over 25 minutes. The mixture was removed from the cooling bath and stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. The mixture was partitioned between CH₂C1₂ (20 mL) and water (20 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to an orange oil (57 mg). The crude product was purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate, developing with 10% EtOAc in CH₂C1₂. The product band was eluted with EtOAc, the eluant evaporated under vacuum, and the residue lyophilized from benzene to afford 9a-butyl-6-trifluoromethyl-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (20 mg) as an amorphous solid.

Η NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.81 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₅), 1.16-1.26 (m, CΗ₂CH₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.33 and 1.60 (two m, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.15 and 2.32 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.55-2.67 (m, 8-CH₂), 3.07 and 3.32 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.45 (d, H-4), 7.84 (qd, H-5), 8.15 (s, H-l), and 10.31 (br s, NH); mass spectrum m/z 349.2 (M+l).

EXAMPLE 25 SYNTHESIS OF 9a-BUTYL-6-METHYL-8.9.9al0-TETRAHYDROINDENOF2.1- elINDAZOL-7(3H)-ONE

Step 1 : 5-FN-(3-oxopentyl)acetylamino1-2-butyl-4-methyl-2-(3-oxopentyl)-l- indanone

A suspension of 5-(acetylamino)-2-butyl-4-methyl-l-indanone (169 mg, 0.65 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (1.3 mL) was treated with ethyl vinyl ketone (EVK, 0.078 mL, 0.78 mmol) and l,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (0.0194 mL, 0.13 mmol). The mixture was stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere and heated in an oil bath at 60°C. After 5 minutes, the suspension gave way to a solution. After 18.7 hours, the mixture was treated with additional EVK (0.078 mL, 0.78 mmol) and DBU (0.02 mL, 0.13 mmol) and then heated at 60°C for an additional 4 hours. The reaction mixture, which contains the 5-[N-(3-oxopentyl)acetylamino]-2-butyl-4- methyl-2-(3-oxopentyl)-l-indanone product, was cooled to room temperature and used directly in the next step. Step 2: 7-rN-(3-oxopentyl)acetylamino1-9a-butyl-4,8-dimethyl-l ,2,9,9a-tetrahvdro- 3H-fluoren-3-one

The reaction mixture from step 1 was diluted with acetic acid (3 mL) and aqueous 6Ν ΗC1 (3 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 100°C for 19.8 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (20 mL) and water (20 mL) containing aqueous 2N ΗC1 (2 mL). The organic portion was washed with water (20 mL), aqueous 5% NaΗCO₃ (50 ml) and brine (20 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to an oil (300 mg). The crude product was purified by preparative layer chromatography on three 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plates, developing with 10% EtOAc in CH₂C1₂. The UN visible product band was extracted with EtOAc and the extracts were evaporated under vacuum to afford 7-[N-(3-oxopentyl)acetylamino]-9a- butyl-4,8-dimethyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (130 mg) as an oil. The ^XΗ ΝMR spectrum of this material showed a mixture of two amide rotational isomers. A second UN visible band provided a by-product identified as 9a-butyl-4-ethyl-6,l 1- dimethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydro-7H-indeno[l,2-g]quinolin-7-one by ^XΗ ΝMR.

Step 3: 7-amino-9a-butyl-4,8-dimethyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one

A solution of 7-[N-(3-oxopentyl)acetylamino]-9a-butyl-4,8-dimethyl- l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (130 mg) in ethanol (4 mL) was treated with aqueous 5Ν NaOΗ (7 drops). The resulting mixture was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 100°C for 3 hours, then treated with more 5N NaOΗ (3 drops) and heated an additional one hour at 100°C. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc (20 mL), washed with water (20 mL) containing 2N ΗC1 (1 mL), and washed with brine (10 mL). The combined aqueous washes were back-extracted with EtOAc (5 mL). The combined organics were dried over MgSO , filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to a gum. This material was purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate, developing with 5% MeOΗ in CΗ₂C1₂. The UN visible product band was extracted with 10% MeOH in CH₂C1₂, the extracts were evaporated under vacuum, and the residue was lyophilized from benzene to afford 7-amino-9a-butyl-4,8-dimethyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3- one (65 mg) as an amorphous solid. Step 4: 9a-butyl-4,8-dimethyl-3-oxo-2,3,9,9a-tetrahvdro-lH-fluorene-7-diazonium hexafluorophosphate

A solution of 7-amino-9a-butyl-4,8-dimethyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H- fluoren-3-one (20 mg, 0.071 mmol) in acetic acid (0.25 mL) was treated with aqueous 2N ΗC1 (0.25 mL) and the resulting solution was cooled in an ice bath. Sodium nitrite (5.4 mg, 0.078 mmol) was added and the solution was stirred at 0°C for 50 minutes. The reaction mixture was then treated with aqueous 0.543M potassium hexafluorophosphate (0.26 mL, 0.141 mmol) to give a solid precipitate. The mixture was diluted with cold water (1 mL) and centrifuged. The solid pellet was washed with cold water (3 mL) and dried under vacuum to afford crude 9a-butyl-4,8- dimethyl-3-oxo-2,3,9,9a-tetrahydro-lH-fluorene-7-diazonium hexafluorophosphate as a powder.

Step 5: 9a-butyl-6-methyl-8.9.9a.l0-tetrahydroindenoF2,l-e1indazol-7(3H)-one

The crude diazonium salt from step 4 was dissolved in chloroform-<f (CDC1₃, 1.0 mL) and the solution was treated with potassium acetate (14 mg, 0.142 mmol) and dibenzo-18-crown-6 (1.3 mg, 0.0036 mmol). The resulting suspension was sonicated for one minute and then stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. The mixture was purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate that was developed with 5% MeOΗ in CΗ₂C1₂. The UN visible product band was extracted with 10% MeOH in CH₂C1₂, the extracts were evaporated under vacuum, and the residue was lyophilized from benzene (3 mL) to afford 9a- butyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (14 mg) as a yellow-orange, amorphous solid.

*Η ΝMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 0.76 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 1.09-1.26 (m, CΗ₂CH₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.32 and 1.59 (two m, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.02 and 2.22 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.03 (s, 6-CH₅), 2.35 and 2.55 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.92 and 3.27 (two d, IO-CH₂), 7.51 (d, H-4), 7.75 (d, H-5), 8.20 (s, H-l), and 13.33 (s, ΝH). EXAMPLE 26 SYNTHESIS OF 6-METHYL-9a-PROPYL-8.9.9a.l0-TETRAHYDROINDENOr2.1- elINDAZOL-7(3H)-ONE OXIME

A mixture of 6-methyl-9a-propyl-8,9,9a, 10-tetrahydroindenoF2,l- e]indazol-7(3H)-one (10 mg, 0.036 mmol), hydroxylamine hydrochloride (12.4 mg, 0.178 mmol), and pyridine (0.18 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 4 days. The mixture was evaporated under vacuum and the residue was partitioned between EtOAc (10 mL) and water (10 mL) containing aqueous 2N ΗC1 (5 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to a solid. The crude product was purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.025 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate, developing twice with 5% MeOΗ in CΗ₂C1₂. The UN visible product band was extracted with 10 % MeOH in CH C1₂, the extracts were evaporated under vacuum, and the residue was lyophilized from benzene to afford 6- methyl-9a-propyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one oxime (7.8 mg) as an amorphous solid. The ΝMR spectrum revealed a 96:4 oxime isomers, the major isomer presumable having the (7E)-configuration.

¹Η ΝMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 0.73 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₅), 1.09 and 1.14 (two m, CΗ₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.21 and 1.33 (two dt, CH₂CH₂CH₃), 1.61 and 2.09(two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.14 (s, 6-CH₃), 2.29 and 2.79 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.82 and 3.17 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.43 (d, H-4), 7.67 (d, H-5), 8.09 (s, H-l), 10.83 (s, OH), and 13.17 (s, ΝH). The minor isomer showed δ 10.28 (s, OH). EXAMPLE 27

SYNTHESIS OF (RAC)-(9aS,10S)-9a-ETHYL-6,10-DIMETHYL-8,9,9a,10-

TETRAHYDROINDENOF2.1-elINDAZOL-7(3H)-ONE

Step 1: l-(2-methyl-3-nitrophenyl)ethanone

A solution of 2-methyl-3-nitrobenzoyl chloride (4.00 g, 20.0 mmol) and palladium(II) acetate (150 mg, 0.67 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (20 mL) was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere and cooled in an ice bath. The cold solution was treated with 2.0M dimethylzinc in toluene (11 mL, 22.0 mmol) over 3 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for 30 minutes and at room temperature for 30 minutes, then added to aqueous 2N ΗC1 (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL). The organic phase was washed with water (50 mL) and brine (50 mL), dried over MgSO₄ , filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to an oil (4.49 g). The crude product was purified by chromatography on a Biotage Flash 40S KP-Sil column using 9: 1 hexanes-EtOAc as the eluting solvent. The product containing fractions were combined and concentrated to approximately one third volume to give a suspension. The mixture was filtered and the solid portion washed with hexanes and dried under vacuum to afford l-(2-methyl-3-nitrophenyl)ethanone (0.96 g, 27% yield) as a white solid. The filtrate and washings were evaporated under vacuum and the residue was crystallized from warm 9:1 hexanes-EtOAc to give additional product (0.59 g, 16%) as white solid.

Step 2: tert-butyl (2Z)-3-(2-methyl-3-nitrophenyl -2-butenoate and tert-butyl (2EV3- (2-methyl-3-nitrophenyl)-2-butenoate

A solution of l-(2-methyl-3-nitrophenyl)ethanone (0.78 g, 4.35 mmol) and (tert-butoxycarbonylmethylene)triphenylphosphorane (1.80 g, 4.79 mmol) in anhydrous toluene (5.0 mL) was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere, stirred, and heated at reflux for 10 hours. After storing at room temperature for two days, the reaction mixture was treated with additional phosphorane (1.00 g, 2.66 mmol) and heated at reflux for an additional 24 hours. After cooling, the mixture was applied to a Biotage Flash 40S KP-Sil column which was eluted with 10% EtOAc in hexanes. The product containing fractions were combined and evaporated under vacuum to afford a 7:3 mixture of tert-butyl (2Z)-3-(2-methyl-3-nitrophenyl)-2-butenoate and tert-butyl (2E)-3-(2-methyl-3-nitrophenyl)-2-butenoate (517 mg, 43% yield) as an oil. The major isomer is tentatively assigned the (2Z)-configuration.

Step 3: tert-butyl (2Z)-3-(3-amino-2-methylphenyl)-2-butenoate and tert-butyl (2E)- 3-(3-amino-2-methylphenyl)-2-butenoate

A mixture of mixture of tert-butyl (2Z)-3-(2-methyl-3-nitrophenyl)-2- butenoate and tert-butyl (2E)-3-(2-methyl-3-nitrophenyl)-2-butenoate (517 mg, 1.86 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (51 mg) in methanol ((5 mL) was hydrogenated on a Parr shaker at 50 psi for 16 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate evaporated under vacuum to afford a crude mixture of tert- butyl (2Z)-3-(3-amino-2-methylphenyl)-2-butenoate and tert-butyl (2E)-3-(3-amino-2- methylphenyl)-2-butenoate (480 mg) as an oil.

Step 4: tert-butyl 3-(3-amino-2-methylphenyl)butanoate

The crude product mixture (480 mg) from Step 3 and 10% palladium on carbon (50 mg) were mixed with methanol (5 mL) and the resulting mixture was hydrogenated at 500 psi and 110°C for 18 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was filtered through a 0.45 μm Acrodisc, washing the filter with MeOH. The filtrate and washings were evaporated under vacuum to provide crude tert-butyl 3-(3-amino-2-methylphenyl)butanoate (328 mg) as an oil.

Step 5: tert-butyl 3-F3-(acetylamino)-2-methylphenynbutanoate

Acetyl chloride (0.140 mL, 1.97 mmol) was added to a solution of crude tert-butyl 3-(3-amino-2-methylphenyl)butanoate (328 mg, 1.32 mmol) and triethylamine (0.367 mL, 2.64 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (4.0 mL). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes, and then evaporated under vacuum to an oil which was partitioned between EtOAc (15 mL) and water (15 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to afford crude tert-butyl 3-[3-(acetylamino)-2- methylphenyljbutanoate (400 mg) as an oil.

Step 6: 5-(acetylamino)-3,4-dimethyl-l-indanone

A mixture of crude tert-butyl 3-[3-(acetylamino)-2- methylphenyljbutanoate (400 mg, 1.37 mmol) and polyphosphoric acid (9.0 g) was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere and heated in an oil bath at 80°C for 75 minutes. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was partitioned between water (15 mL) and EtOAc (15 mL). The aqueous phase was back-extracted with EtOAc (15 mL). The combined organics were washed with brine (15 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to an oil (255 mg). The crude product was purified by chromatography on a Biotage Flash 12M KP-Sil column, eluting with 2:1 EtOAc-hexanes. The product containing fractions were combined and evaporated under vacuum to provide 5-(acetylamino)-3,4-dimethyl-l-indanone (91 mg, 31% yield) as a semi-solid.

Step 7: 5-(acetylamino)-3,4-dimethyl-2-ethyl-l-indanone

A solution of 5-(acetylamino)-3,4-dimethyl-l -indanone (91 mg, 0.42 mmol) in methanol (2.0 mL) was stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere with ice-bath cooling, treated with 10% palladium on carbon (10 mg), and then treated with 0.5M sodium methoxide in methanol (0.168 mL, 0.083 mmol). The mixture was purged with hydrogen, placed under a hydrogen atmosphere, and treated with acetaldehyde (0.050 mL, 0.84 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred rapidly under hydrogen while allowing the cooling bath to gradually warm to room temperature. After 17 hours, the reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum and the residue was partitioned between EtOAc (10 mL) and aqueous 0.5N HCl (5 mL). The organic phase was washed with water (5 mL) and brine (5 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to a clear oil (96 mg). The NMR spectrum of this material shows mainly a single isomer of the 5-(acetylamino)-3,4-dimethyl-2-ethyl-l- indanone product.

Step 8: 5-(acetylamino)-3,4-dimethyl-2-ethyl-2-(3-oxopentyl)-l-indanone

An ice-cold solution of crude 5-(acetylamino)-3,4-dimethyl-2-ethyl-l- indanone (96 mg, 0.42 mmol) in methanol (1.0 mL) was stirred under nitrogen and treated with ethyl vinyl ketone (ENK, 0.052 mL, 0.52 mmol) followed by 0.5M sodium methoxide in methanol (0.168 mL, 0.084 mmol). The ice bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes and then heated in an oil bath at 60°C. Additional EVK (0.050 mL, 0.50 mmol) was added at 5 hours and the mixture was stirred and heated at 60°C for a total of 21 hours. After cooling, the mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (10 mL) and aqueous IN HCl (5 mL). The organic phase was washed with water (5 mL) and brine (5 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to an oil (148 mg). ΝMR and LC-MS of this material revealed a complex mixture that contained 5-(acetylamino)-3,4- dimethyl-2-ethyl-2-(3-oxopentyl)-l-indanone as a major component.

Step 9: (rαc)-(9S,9aS)-7-amino-9a-ethyl-4,8,9-trimethyl- 2,9,9a-tetrahvdro-3H- fluoren-3-one

A solution of crude 5-(acetylamino)-3,4-dimethyl-2-ethyl-2-(3- oxopentyl)-l -indanone (148 mg) in acetic acid (1.75 mL) was diluted with aqueous 6Ν ΗC1 (1.75 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 80°C for 5.5 hours. After cooling, the reaction mixture was partitioned between saturated aqueous K₂CO₃ (5 mL) and EtOAc (10 mL). The organic phase was washed with water (5 mL) and brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to a film (100 mg). The crude product was purified by chromatography on a Biotage Flash 12M KP-Sil column, eluting with 30% EtOAc in hexanes. The product containing fractions were evaporated under vacuum to provide (rαc)-(9S,9aS)-7-amino-9a-ethyl-4,8,9-trimethyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (30.4 mg) as an oil. Step 10: (rαc)-(9aS10S)-9a-ethyl-610-dimethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindenor21- e1indazol-7(3H)-one

A solution of (mc)-(95,9aS)-7-amino-9a-ethyl-4,8,9-trimethyl- l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (29 mg, 0.108 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (1.1 mL) was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere, cooled in an acetonitrile-dry ice bath at -42°C, and treated with nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate (15 mg, 0.128 mmol). The mixture was stirred in the cooling bath with gradual warming to -15°C over 45 minutes. Immediately following the NOBF₄ addition and at 30 minutes thereafter, the mixture was briefly sonicated to solubilize small grains of solids. After 45 minutes, the temperature was readjusted to -30°C and stirring was continued. At 56 minutes, the mixture was cooled to -42°C, stirred 10 minutes, and then treated with dibenzo-18-crown-6 (2.3 mg, 0.0064 mmol) followed by potassium acetate (25.5 mg, 0.260 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred with gradual warming to room temperature over two hours and then stirred at room temperature for one hour. The mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (10 mL) and water (5 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine (5 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to a film (35.7 mg). The crude product was purified by chromatography on a Biotage Flash 12M KP-Sil column, eluting with 2:1 hexanes- EtOAc. The product containing fractions were combined and evaporated under vacuum to afford (r c)-(9aS,10S)-9a-ethyl-6,10-dimethyl-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (22 mg, 73% yield) as a film. This material was lyophilized from benzene to provide the product as a yellow, amorphous solid.

1Η NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.47 (t, CH₂CH₅), 1.60 and 1.82 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 1.65 (d, 10-CH_j), 2.11 and 2.25 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.17 (s, 6-CHj), 2.53 and 2.71 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 3.37 (q, H-10), 7.44 (d, H-4), 7.77 (d, H-5), 8.27 (s, H-l), and 10.37 (br s, NH); mass spectrum m/z 281.4 (M+l). EXAMPLE 28

SYNTHESIS OF 9a-BUTYL-6-ETHYL-4-FLUORO-8.9.9alO-

TETRAHYDRO-DSπDENOF2,l-elINDAZOL-7(3H)-ONE

Step 1 : tert-butyl 2-fluorophenylcarbamate

A solution of di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (104 g, 477 mmol) and 2- fluoroaniline (53 g, 477 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (500 mL) was heated at 60°C for 3 days. After the solution was cooled to room temperature, THF was removed under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc, washed twice with IM citric acid, dried over MgSO₄, and filtered through a pad of silica. The filtrate was diluted with hexane and the precipitate was filtered off. The new filtrate concentrated under vacuum to provide tert-butyl 2-fluorophenylcarbamate (99.5 g, 99%).

Step 2: tert-butyl 2-fluoro-6-methylphenylcarbamate

A solution of tert-butyl 2-fluorophenylcarbamate (99.5 g, 471 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (410 mL) was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere, cooled in a dry ice-acetone bath, and stirred while t-butyllithium (666 mL of a 1.7M solution in pentanes, 207.5 mmol) was added dropwise. The resulting mixture was slowly warmed to -15°C over 2 hours, then cooled back to-78°C and treated with iodomethane (32.3 mL, 518 mmol). After warming to -15°C in 30 minutes, the mixture was treated with aqueous saturated NH₄C1 (20 mL) and diluted with dichloromethane (2 L). The organic phase was dried over MgSO , filtered through a pad of silica, and concentrated under vacuum to afford tert-butyl 2-fluoro-6- methylphenylcarbamate (105 g, 99%) as a foam.

Step 3: 2-fluoiO-6-methylaniline Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, 500 mL) was carefully added to tert-butyl 2-fluoro-6-methylphenylcarbamate (105 g, 467 mmol) and the resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for one hour. The TFA was removed under vacuum and the residue was diluted with dichloromethane (1 L), carefully quenched with solid sodium carbonate, and filtered through a pad of silica. The filtrate was evaporated under vacuum to provide crude 2-fluoro-6-methylaniline.

Step 4: 4-bromo-2-fluoro-6-methylaniline

A solution of the crude 2-fluoro-6-methylaniline from step 3 in N,N- dimethylformamide (DMF, 400 mL) was cooled in a ice bath, treated with N- bromosuccinimide (83.7 g, 470 mmol), and stirred for one hour. The DMF was evaporated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc, washed three times with brine, dried over MgSO₄, and filtered through a pad of silica, and the filtrate evaporated under vacuum to provide 4-bromo-2-fluoro-6-methylaniline (80 g, 84%).

Step 5 : N-(4-bromo-2-fluoro-6-methylphenyl)-2,2-dimethylpropanamide

Pivaloyl chloride (56 mL, 459 mmol) was added slowly (caution - exothermic reaction) to an ice cold solution of 4-bromo-2-fluoro-6-methylaniline (78 g, 382 mmol) in pyridine (200 mL). After the addition, the ice bath was removed and the hot reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The mixture was dissolved in EtOAc (1 L), washed with IN HCl (3 times), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography on a Biotage 75L KP-Sil column, eluting with 20:1 to 10:1 hexanes- EtOAc. The product containing fractions were combined and evaporated under vacuum to provide N-(4-bromo-2-fluoro-6-methylphenyl)-2,2-dimethylpropanamide (49 g).

Step 6 : N-(2-fluoro-4-hexanoyl-6-methylphenyl)-2.2-dimethylpropanamide

A solution of N-(4-bromo-2-fluoro-6-methylphenyl)-2,2- dimethylpropanamide (20.9 g, 72.5 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (400 mL) was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere, cooled in a dry ice-acetone bath, and stirred while butyllithium (113 mL of a 1.6M solution in hexanes, 181 mmol) was added dropwise by syringe pump over 2.5 hours. The resulting mixture was aged at -78°C for 30 minutes and then treated with N,N-dimethylhexanamide (25.9 g, 181 mmol) added dropwise. After warming to -30°C in 30 minutes, the mixture was removed from the cooling bath, treated with aqueous saturated ΝH₄C1 and diluted with dichloromethane (2 L). The organic phase was dried over MgSO , filtered through a pad of silica, and the filtrate concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography on a Biotage 75L KP-Sil column, eluting with 20:1 to 10:1 hexanes-EtOAc. The product containing fractions were evaporated under vacuum to afford N-[2-fluoro-4-hexanoyl-6-methylphenyl]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide (17 g with about 5g of side products based on ΝMR)

Step 7: N-F4-(2-butylacryloyl)-2-fluoro-6-methylphenyn-2,2-dimethylpropanamide, N-{2-fluoro-4-F2-(hydroxymethyl)hexanoyl]-6-metylphenyll-2,2- dimethylpropanamide, andN-{2-fluoro-4-F2-(methoxymethyl)hexanoyl1-6-methyl- phenvn-2,2-dimethylpropanamide

The crude N-(2-fluoro-4-hexanoyl-6-methylphenyl)-2,2- dimethylpropanamide from step 6 was dissolved in methanol (40 mL) and the solution was treated successively with K₂CO₃ (5.38 g, 39 mmol) and formaldehyde (37 wt. % solution in water, 3.22 mL, 43 mmol). The mixture was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere, stirred, and heated in an oil bath at 50°C for 2 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with CH₂C1 (300 mL), dried over MgSO , and filtered through a pad of silica gel, using more CH₂C1₂ (200 mL) to wash the pad. The filtrate and washings were concentrated under vacuum to provide a mixture (19.5 g) of N-[4-(2-butylacryloyl)-2-fluoro-6-methylphenyl]-2,2- dimethylpropanamide, N-{2-fluoro-4-[2-(hydroxymethyl)hexanoyl]-6-metylphenyl]- 2,2-dimethylpropanamide, andN-{2-fluoro-4-[2-(methoxymethyl)hexanoyl]-6- methyl-phenyl]-2,2-dimethylpropanamide.

Step 8: 5-amino-2-butyl-6-fluoro-4-methyl-l-indanone

A solution of the product mixture from step 7 in CH₂C1₂ (10 mL) was cooled in an ice bath and treated with ice-cold, cone. H₂SO₄ (400 mL). The resulting mixture was removed from the cooling bath and stirred at room temperature for 20 hours. The mixture was cautiously added to an ice-cold mixture of CH₂C1₂ (300 mL) and chopped ice (1 L). Excess acid was neutralized by portionwise addition of saturated Na₂CO₃ solution (approx. 1 L) followed by solid Na₂CO₃ (approx. 500 g). Additional water and CH₂C1₂ were occasionally added to dissolve the red/purple solids that formed during the neutralization. When the pH was neutral, the organic phase was separated and the aqueous portion was extracted with more CH₂C1₂. The combined organics were washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residual dark red oil was purified by flash chromatography on a Biotage 75L KP-Sil column, eluting with 20:1 to 10:1 hexanes- EtOAc. The product containing fractions were combined and evaporated under vacuum to provide 5-amino-2-butyl-6-fluoro-4-methyl-l -indanone (4.2 g) as a yellow solid.

Step 9: 5-amino-2-butyl-6-fluoro-4-methyl-2-(3-oxohexyl)-l-indanone

A solution of 5-amino-2-butyl-6-fluoro-4-methyl-l-indanone (0.235 g, 1 mmol) in ethanol (5 mL) was treated with sodium methoxide (0.5M solution in MeOH, 0.4 mL, 0.2 mmol) and propyl vinyl ketone (147 mg, 1.5 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at 75°C and under a nitrogen atmosphere for 20 hours. The mixture was diluted with CH₂C1₂, filtered through a pad of silica gel, and the filtrate evaporated under vacuum to provide 5-amino-2-butyl-6-fluoro-4-methyl-2-(3- oxohexyl)- 1 -indanone .

Step 10: 7-amino-9a-butyl-6-fluoro-8-methyl-l ,2,9,9a-tetrahvdro-3H-fluoren-3-one

The crude diketone from step 9 was treated with acetic acid (2.5 mL) and 6N ΗC1 (2.5 mL). The resulting solution was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 100°C for 1.5 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with CΗ₂C1₂ and neutralized with sodium bicarbonate, filtered through a pad of silica gel and the product was washed off with EtOAc. The filtrate and washings were concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on a Biotage 40M KP-Sil column, eluting with 3:1 hexanes-EtOAc. The product containing fractions were evaporated under vacuum to provide 7-amino-9a-butyl-6- fluoro-8-methyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (0.260 g) as a yellow solid.

Step 11: 9a-butyl-6-ethyl-4-fluoro-8,9,9a,10-tetrahvdroindenor2,l-elindazol-7(3H)- one

An ice cold solution of 7-amino-9a-butyl-6-fluoro-8-methyl-l,2,9,9a- tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (0.165 g, 0.54 mmol) in ΗOAc (2.4 mL) and 2N ΗC1 (1.5 mL) was treated with NaNO (37 mg, 0.54 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred in an ice bath and under a nitrogen atmosphere for one hour, and then treated with KPF₆ (lOOmg/mL in water, 1.99 mL, 1.08 mmol). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc, and the organic portion was washed with water (3 times), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered , and evaporated under vacuum.

The diazonium salt from above in CΗ₂C1₂ (6 mL) at -78°C was treated with KOAc (106 mg, 1.08 mmol) and dibenzo-18-crown-6 (catalytic amount). The resulting solution was slowly warmed to 0°C over 40 min. The mixture was filtered through a pad of silica gel and the product was washed off with EtOAc. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to a residue that was purified by preparative layer chromatography (0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate developed with 2:1 hexanes-EtOAc). The product band was eluted with EtOAc and the eluant evaporated under vacuum to afford 9a-butyl-6-ethyl-4-fluoro-8,9,9a, 10-tetrahydroindeno[2, 1- e]indazol-7(3H)-one (22 mg) as an orange foam.

Η NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.82 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₅), 1.15 (t, 6-CΗ₂CH₅), 1.22 (m, CΗ₂CH₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.45 and 1.63 (two m, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.06 and 2.30 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.51 and 2.61 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.55 and 2.69 (two dq, 6-CH₂CΗ₃), 2.90 and 3.23 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.46 (d, H-5), and 8.17 (s, H-l); mass spectrum m/z 327.2 (M+l), 390.2 (M+Na+MeCN), and 675.3 (2M+Na).

EXAMPLE 29

SYNTHESIS OF 6-ACETYL-9a-BUTYL-4-FLUORO-8,9.9a.l0-

TETRAHYDROINDENOr2,l-e1INDAZOL-7(3H)-ONE

Step 1 : 5-amino-2-butyl-6-fluoro-4-methyl-2-(3-oxobutyl)-l-indanone

A solution of 5-amino-2-butyl-6-fluoro-4-methyl-l -indanone (2.7 g, 11.5 mmol) in ethanol (60 mL) was treated with sodium methoxide (0.5M solution in MeOΗ, 4.6 mL, 2.3 mmol) and methyl vinyl ketone (1.43 mL, 17.2 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at 40°C and under a nitrogen atmosphere for 20 hours. The mixture was diluted with CΗ₂C1₂ and filtered through a pad of silica gel, washing the product off with EtOAc. The filtrate and washings were evaporated under vacuum to provide crude 5-amino-2-butyl-6-fluoro-4-methyl-2-(3-oxobutyl)-l- indanone.

Step 2: 7-amino-9a-butyl-6-fluoro-8-methyl-L2,9,9a-tetrahvdro-3H-fluoren-3-one

The diketone from step 1 was dissolved in toluene (100 mL) and treated with acetic acid (1.31 mL, 23 mmol) and pyrrolidine (1.92 mL, 23 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 100°C for 2 hours.

After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was filtered through a pad of silica gel and the product was washed off with EtOAc. The filtrate and washings were concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on a Biotage 40M KP-Sil column, eluting with 4:1 to 3:1 hexanes-EtOAc. The product containing fractions were evaporated under vacuum to provide 7-amino-9a-butyl-6- fluoro-8-methyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (2.56 g) as a yellow solid.

Step 3: 7-amino-4-bromo-9a-butyl-6-fluoro-8-methyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahvdro-3H-fluoren- 3 -one A solution of 7-amino-9a-butyl-6-fluoro-8-methyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro- 3H-fluoren-3-one (1.4 g, 4.88 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (20 mL) was purged with N₂, cooled in an ice bath, and treated with N-bromosuccinimide (0.868 g, 4.88 mmol). After stirring at 0°C for 2 hour, the reaction mixture was partitioned between water (150 mL) and EtOAc (150 mL). The organic portion was washed with diluted brine (3 times), dried over MgSO , filtered, and evaporated under vacuum. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on a Biotage 40M KP-Sil column, eluting with 4:1 hexanes-EtOAc. The product containing fractions were evaporated under vacuum to provide 7-amino-4-bromo-9a-butyl-6-fluoro-8-methyl-l ,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H- fluoren-3-one (1.5 g) as a yellow solid.

Step 4: 7-(acetylamino)-4-bromo-9a-butyl-6-fluoro-8-methyl-l ,2,9,9a-tetrahvdro-3H- fluoren-3-one

A solution of 7-amino-4-bromo-9a-butyl-6-fluoro-8-methyl- 1 ,2,9,9a- tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (0.47 g, 1.28 mmol) in anhydrous CΗ₂C1₂ (4 mL) was purged with Ν₂, cooled in an ice bath, and treated with pyridine (0.206 mL, 2.56 mmol) followed by acetyl chloride (0.137 mL, 1.93 mmol). After stirring at 0-5°C for 2 hours, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOH (8 mL) and treated with 5N NaOH (1.28 mL). After stirring at room temperature for 10 min, the mixture was further diluted with CH₂C1₂ (20 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on a Biotage 40M KP-Sil column, eluting with 4:1 hexanes-EtOAc. The product containing fractions were evaporated under vacuum to provide 7-(acetylamino)-4-bromo-9a-butyl-6- fluoro-8-methyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (0.47 g) as a yellow solid.

Step 5: 4-acetyl-7-amino-9a-butyl-6-fluoro-8-methyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren- 3 -one

A partial solution of 7-(acetylamino)-4-bromo-9a-butyl-6-fluoro-8- methyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (49 mg, 0.12 mmol) in anhydrous toluene (1 mL) was purged with N , treated with dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)- palladium(II) (17 mg, 0.024 mmol), purged with N₂, and treated with tributyl(l- ethoxyvinyl)tin (0.057 mL, 0.18 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred under a N₂ atmosphere and heated in an oil bath at 100°C for two hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was purified by preparative layer chromatography (0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate developed with 1:1 hexanes-EtOAc). The product band was eluted with EtOAc and the eluant evaporated under vacuum to afford 7- (acetylamino)-9a-butyl-4-(l-ethoxyvinyl)-6-fluoro-8-methyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H- fluoren-3-one as an orange foam.

Step 6: 4-acetyl-7-amino-9a-butyl-6-fluoro-8-methyl-l ,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren- 3-one

The enol ether from step 5 was dissolved in AcOΗ (1 mL) and the solution was treated with aqueous 6N ΗC1 (1 mL). The resulting mixture was placed under a N₂ atmosphere and stirred with heating in an oil bath at 100°C for 3 h. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with CΗ₂C1₂ and neutralized with Na₂CO₃, filtered through a pad of silica gel, and the product was washed off with EtOAc. The filtrate and washings were concentrated under vacuum. The mixture was purified by preparative layer chromatography (0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate developed with 3:2 hexanes-EtOAc). The product band was eluted with EtOAc and the eluant evaporated under vacuum to afford 4-acetyl-7-amino-9a-butyl- 6-fluoro-8-methyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (22 mg) as an orange foam

Step 7: 6-acetyl-9a-butyl-4-fluoro-8,9,9a, 10-tetrahydroindenoF2, l-elindazol-7(3H)- one

An ice cold solution of 4-acetyl-7-amino-9a-butyl-6-fluoro-8-methyl- l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (0.022 g,0.067 mmol) in ΗOAc (0.8 mL) and 2N ΗC1 (0.5 mL) was treated with NaNO₂ (4.6 mg, 0.067 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred in a ice bath under a nitrogen atmosphere for 1 hour, then treated with KPFe (lOOmg/mL in water, 0.246 mL, 0.134 mmol). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc and the extracts were washed with water (3 times), dried over Na₂SO , filtered , and evaporated under vacuum to provide the crude diazonium salt intermediate. The diazonium salt in CΗ₂C1₂ (2 mL) at -78°C was treated with

KOAc (13 mg, 0.134 mmol) and dibenzo-18-crown-6 (catalytic amount). The resulting solution was slowly warmed up to 0°C over 40 min. The mixture was purified by preparative layer chromatography (0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate developed with 2:1 hexanes-EtOAc). The product band was eluted with EtOAc and the eluant evaporated under vacuum to afford 6-acetyl-9a-butyl-4-fluoro-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (4.5 mg) as an orange foam.

*Η NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 0.84 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 1.18-1.32 (m, CΗ₂CH₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.49 and 1.72 (two m, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.12 and 2.36 (two ddd, 9-CH2), 2.45 (s, COCH₃), 2.56 and 2.63 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.93 and 3.28 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.21 (d, H-5), and 8.15 (d, H-l); mass spectrum m/z 341.2 (M+l).

EXAMPLE 30

SYNTHESIS OF 6-ETHYL-3,9.10,ll-TETRAHYDRO-8,10a- METHANOAZULENOF2,l-e1INDAZOL-7(8H)-ONE

Step 1: 5-(acetylamino)-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-l-indanone

Potassium hydroxide (5 g, 85% weight pure) and 10% palladium on activated carbon (5 g) were added to a mixture of 5-(acetylamino)-4-methyl-l- indanone (25.4 g, 125 mmol) and glycolaldehyde dimer (10 g, 83.3 mmol) in methanol (500 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred under an atmosphere of hydrogen at room temperature for 30 hours. The mixture was diluted with CΗ₂C1₂ (1 L), treated with 5 mL saturated aqueous NH C1, dried over MgSO , filtered through a pad of silica, and the filtrate evaporated under vacuum to afford crude 5- (acetylamino)-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-l -indanone (34.0 g) as a foam.

Step 2: 5-(acetylamino)-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-2-(3-oxohexyl)-l-indanone

A solution of 5-(acetylamino)-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-l -indanone (5.1 g, 20.6 mmol) in methanol (100 mL) was treated with sodium methoxide (0.5M solution in MeOH, 41.2 mL, 20.6 mmol) and propyl vinyl ketone (3.04 g, 31 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at 40°C and under a nitrogen atmosphere for 20 hours. The mixture was diluted with CH₂C1₂, filtered through a pad of silica gel, and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. The crystalline portion of 5- (acetylamino)-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-2-(3-oxohexyl)-l-indanone was collected and the filtrate was evaporated under vacuum. The residue was purified by preparative layer chromatography (0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate developed with EtOAc) to provide additional 5-(acetylamino)-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-2-(3- oxohexyl)- 1 -indanone.

Step 3 : 7-amino-4-ethyl-9a-(2-hydroxyethyl)-8-methyl- 1 ,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H- fluoren-3-one

The diketone from step 2 was treated with acetic acid (60 mL) and 6N ΗC1 (60 mL). The resulting solution was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 100°C for 1.5 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with CΗ₂C1₂ and neutralized with Na₂CO₃, filtered through a pad of silica gel, and the product was washed off with 7:3 CH₂Cl₂-MeOH. The filtrate and washings were concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on a Biotage 40M KP-Sil column, eluting with 30:1 to 9:1 CH₂Cl₂-MeOH. The product containing fractions were evaporated under vacuum to provide 7-amino-4-ethyl-9a-(2- hydroxyethyl)-8-methyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (5 g) as a yellow solid.

Step 4: 6-ethyl-9a-(2-hvdroxyethyl)-8,9,9a,10-tetrahvdroindenoF2,l-e1indazol-7(3H>- one

A solution of 7-amino-4-ethyl-9a-(2-hydroxyethyl)-8-methyl-l, 2,9,9a- tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (0.050 g, 0.175 mmol) in anhydrous CΗ₂C1₂ (1 mL) and DMF (1 mL) was purged with N₂, cooled in an dry ice bath, and treated with NOBF₄ (0.023 g, 0.193 mmol). The mixture was warmed to -10°C over 40 minutes to give the diazonium salt intermediate.

The diazonium salt mixture from above was cooled to -78°C and treated with KOAc (34 mg, 0.35 mmol) and dibenzo-18-crown-6 (catalytic amount). The resulting solution was slowly warmed to 0°C over 40 min. The mixture was filtered through a pad of silica gel and the product was washed off with 9: 1 CH₂C1₂- MeOH. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to a residue that was purified by preparative layer chromatography (0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate developed with 12:1 CH₂Cl₂-MeOH. The product band was eluted with 9:1 CH₂Cl₂-MeOH and the eluant evaporated under vacuum to afford 6-ethyl-9a-(2-hydroxyethyl)-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (6 mg) as an orange foam.

Step 5: 6-ethyl-3-methylsulfonyloxy-9a-F2-(methylsulfonyloxy)ethvn-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindenoF2,l-e1indazol-7(3H)-one

A solution of 6-ethyl-9a-(2-hydroxyethyl)-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (20 mg, 0.0676 mmol) in anhydrous CΗ₂C1₂ (1 mL) was purged with N₂ and treated with triethyl amine (0.038 mL, 0.27 mmol) followed by methanesulfonyl chloride (0.0156 mL, 0.203 mmol). After stirring for 2 hours, the mixture was purified by preparative layer chromatography (0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate developed with 2:3 hexanes-EtOAc). The product band was eluted with EtOAc and the eluant evaporated under vacuum to afford 6- ethyl-3-methylsulfonyloxy-9a-[2-(methylsulfonyloxy)ethyl]-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one as an orange foam.

Step 6: 6-ethyl-3,9,10,ll-tetrahydro-8,10a-methanoazulenoF2,l-e1indazol-7(8H)-one

A solution of 6-ethyl-3-methylsulfonyloxy-9a-[2-

(methylsulfonyloxy)ethyl]-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one from step 5 in toluene (1 mL) was treated with DBU (0.020 mL). The resulting mixture was placed under a N₂ atmosphere and stirred with heating in an oil bath at 90°C for 6 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with MeOΗ (2 mL) and treated with 5N NaOΗ (0.1 mL). After stirring at room temperature for 20 min, the mixture was further diluted with CΗ₂C1₂ (20 mL), treated with aqueous saturated NH C1 (0.5 mL), and dried over MgSO₄. The mixture was filtered through a pad of silica and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by preparative layer chromatography (0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate developed with 1 : 1 hexanes-EtOAc). The product band was eluted with EtOAc and the eluant evaporated under vacuum to 6-ethyl-3,9,10,ll-tetrahydro-8,10a- methanoazulenoF2,l-e]indazol-7(8H)-one (5 mg) as an pale yellow foam. ^XH NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 1.11 (t, CH₂CH₅), 1.69 and 1.91 (two ddd, 10-CH₂), 1.84 and 2.30 (two m, 9-CH₂), 1.99 and 2.03 (two dd, 12-CH₂), 2.60 and 2.74 (two dq, CH₂CΗ₃), 3.10 (dd, H-8), 3.32 and 3.48 (two d, 11-CH₂), 7.51 (d, H-4), 7.80 (d, H-5), and 8.16 (s, H-l); mass spectrum m/z 279.3 (M+l.

EXAMPLE 31

SYNTHESIS OF 9a-ETHYL-6-METHYL-8,9,9a,10-

TETRAHYDROFLUORENOF1.2-^1IMIDAZOL-7(3H>-ONE

Step 1: 5-(acetylamino)-2-ethyl-l-indanone

A solution of 5-(acetylamino)-l-indanone (5.00 g, 26.1 mmol) in ethanol (100 mL, required heating to affect solution) was treated with 0.5M sodium methoxide in methanol (10.5 mL, 5.2 mmol) and moist 20% palladium hydroxide on carbon (500 mg). The mixture was cooled in an ice bath, placed under a hydrogen atmosphere, and treated with acetaldehyde (2.9 mL, 52 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere for one hour at 0°C followed by 23 hours at room temperature. The mixture was filtered through a pad of silica gel (100 mL) which was further eluted with EtOAc (300 mL). The filtrate was washed with IN ΗC1 (300 mL) and the aqueous layer back-extracted with EtOAc (150 mL). The combined organics were washed with aqueous 5% NaΗCO₃ (300 mL) and brine (300 mL), dried over MgSO₄, and filtered. The solution was treated with EM silica gel 60 (ca. 35 mL) and the mixture evaporated under vacuum. The silica gel was loaded onto a Sample Injection Module, placed in tandem with a Biotage Flash 40M KP-Sil column, and eluted with 2:1 hexanes-EtOAc (1000 mL) followed by 1:1 hexanes- EtOAc (2000 mL). The product containing fractions were combined and evaporated under vacuum to afford 5-(acetylamino)-2-ethyl-l-indanone (2.88 g, 51% yield) as a white solid. Step 2: 5-(acetylamino)-2-ethyl-4-nitro-l -indanone

Nitric acid (>90% by weight, 22 mL) and 5-(acetylamino)-2-ethyl-l- indanone (2.88 g, 13 mmol) were separately cooled in an ice bath and then combined. The mixture was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere and stirred at 0°C for 35 minutes, then partitioned between EtOAc (150 mL) and water (150 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (2 x 50 mL). The combined organics were washed with water (100 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to approximately half-volume. The solution was treated with EM silica gel 60 (ca. 20 mL) and evaporated under vacuum. The silica gel was loaded onto a Sample Injection Module, placed in tandem with a Biotage Flash 40M KP-Sil column, and eluted with 4:1 hexanes-EtOAc (3000 mL). The product containing fractions were combined and evaporated under vacuum to afford 5- (acetylamino)-2-ethyl-4-nitro-l -indanone (825 mg, 24% yield) as a yellow solid. Earlier fractions from the column chromatography provided the isomeric 6-nitro product.

Step 3: 5 -amino-2-ethyl-4-nitro-l -indanone

A partial solution/suspension of 5-(acetylamino)-2-ethyl-4-nitro-l- indanone (807 mg, 3.1 mmol) in methanol (10.5 mL) was treated with aqueous 6N hydrochloric acid (10.5 mL). The resulting mixture was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere and stirred with heating in an oil bath at 80°C for 45 minutes. After cooling, the mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (200 mL) and aqueous 5% NaHCO₃ (200 mL). The aqueous phase was back-extracted with EtOAc ( 50 mL). The combined organics were washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to afford 5-amino-2-ethyl-4-nitro-l-indanone (683 mg, 100% yield) as a yellow solid.

Step 4: 4,5-diamino-2-ethyl-l-indanone

5-Amino-2-ethyl-4-nitro-l -indanone (674 mg, 3.06 mmol) was dissolved in EtOAc (13 mL) and EtOH (13 mL) with warming. After cooling to room temperature, the yellow solution was purged with nitrogen and treated with 10% palladium on carbon (263 mg). The resulting mixture was placed under a hydrogen atmosphere and stirred at room temperature for 5 hours. The mixture was filtered through a pad of silica gel (75 mL) which was further washed with EtOAc (500 mL). The filtrate and washings were evaporated under vacuum to provide 4,5-diamino-2- ethyl- 1 -indanone (560 mg, 96% yield) as a yellow solid.

Step 5: 7-ethyl-7,8-dihydroindenoF4,5-( |imidazol-6(3H)-one

Triethyl orthoformate (0.58 mL, 3.5 mmol) was added to a suspension of 4,5-diamino-2-ethyl-l-indanone (441 mg, 2.32 mmol) in warm ethanol (4 mL). The resulting orange solution was stirred with heating in an oil bath at 80°C for 16 hours. After cooling, the solution was diluted with EtOAc (300 mL), washed with water (300 mL) and brine (300 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to afford crude 7-ethyl-7,8-dihydroindeno[4,5-^imidazol-6(3H)-one 420 mg, 91% yield) as an orange solid. This material was used without further purification.

Step 6: 3-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-7-ethyl-7,8-dihydroindenoF4,5-^imidazol-6(3H)- one A mixture of 7-ethyl-7,8-dihydroindeno[4,5-< |imidazol-6(3H)-one

(366 mg, 1.83 mmol) and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (224 mg, 1.83 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (7 mL) was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere and treated with triethylamine (0.255 mL, 1.83 mmol). The suspension was then treated with di- tert-butyl dicarbonate (0.452 mL, 1.97 mmol) over two minutes to give a clear orange solution. After stirring at room temperature for 14 hours, the solution was diluted with EtOAc ( 150 mL), washed with aqueous IN ΗC1, aqueous 5% NaΗCO₃, and brine, dried with MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to provide 3-(tert- butyloxycarbonyl)-7-ethyl-7,8-dihydroindeno[4,5-< ]imidazol-6(3H)-one (525 mg, 96% yield) as an oil.

Step 7: 3-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-7-ethyl-7-(3-oxopentyl)-7,8-dihydroindenoF4,5- 6πimidazol-6(3H)-one

A solution of 3-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-7-ethyl-7,8-dihydroindeno[4,5- ]imidazol-6(3H)-one (525 mg, 1.75 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (4 mL) was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere and treated with l,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7- ene (0.053 mL, 0.35 mmol) and ethyl vinyl ketone (0.350 mL, 3.5 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred and heated at 60°C for 22 hours. After cooling, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (150 mL) and washed with water (150 mL) containing some brine. The aqueous phase was back-extracted with EtOAc (50 mL). The combined organics were washed with aqueous IN HCl, aqueous 5% NaHCO₃, and brine, dried over MgSO , filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to a gum (523 mg). NMR analysis of this material showed a 1.5:1 mixture of product and starting material. A solution of the above mixture (523 mg) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran

(3.5 mL) was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere and treated with 1,8- diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (0.026 mL, 0.17 mmol) and ethyl vinyl ketone (0.175 mL, 1.76 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred and heated at 60°C for 24 hours. After cooling, the reaction mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (200 mL) and aqueous IN HCl (200 mL), and the aqueous portion was back-extracted with EtOAc (50 mL). The combined organics were washed with aqueous 5% NaHCO₃ (150 mL) and brine (150 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum. The crude product (489 mg) was purified by chromatography on a Biotage Flash 40S KP- Sil column, eluting with 4:1 hexanes-EtOAc (2350 mL) followed by 2:1 hexanes- EtOAc (750 mL). The product containing fractions were combined and evaporated under vacuum to provide 3-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-7-ethyl-7-(3-oxopentyl)-7,8- dihydroindeno[4,5-ώT]imidazol-6(3H)-one (158 mg, 24% yield) as a clear oil.

Step 8: 9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahvdrofluorenoF 2- limidazol-7(3H>-one

A solution of 3-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-7-ethyl-7-(3-oxopentyl)-7,8- dihydroindeno[4,5-rf]imidazol-6(3H)-one (158 mg, 0.41 mmol) in acetic acid (1.6 mL) was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere and treated with aqueous 37% hydrochloric acid (1.6 mL) followed shortly thereafter with water (1.6 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 100°C for 2 hours. After cooling, the mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (100 mL) and aqueous 5% NaΗCO₃ (100 mL). The organic phase was washed with water (100 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate, developing with 5% MeOH in CH₂C1₂. The UN visible band at R_f 0.1-0.23 afforded 9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a, 10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l ,2-<i]imidazol-7(3H)-one (84 mg, 77% yield) as a pale yellow oil. This material was lyophilized from benzene to afford the product as an amorphous solid.

*Η ΝMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.84 (t, CH₂CH₅), 1.50 and 1.67 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.05 and 2.31 (two m, 9-CH₂), 2.17 (s, CH₅), 2.51 and 2.62 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.92 and 3.37 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.59 (d, H-4 or H-5), 7.73 (d, H-5 or H-4), and 8.24 (s, H- 2); mass spectrum m/z 267.2 (M+l).

EXAMPLE 32

SYNTHESIS OF 6-BROMO-9a-ETHYL-8,9,9a!0-

TETRAHYDROFLUORENOri,2-^lIMIDAZOL-7(3H)-ONE

Step 1 : 3-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-7-ethyl-7-(3-oxobutyl)-7,8-dihydroindenoF4,5- < |imidazol-6(3H)-one

A solution of 3-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-7-ethyl-7,8-dihydroindeno[4,5- d]imidazol-6(3H)-one (118 mg, 0.39 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (0.8 mL) was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere and treated with 1,8- diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (0.012 mL, 0.08 mmol) and methyl vinyl ketone (0.065 mL, 0.78 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 70°C for 23 hours. After cooling, the reaction mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (80 mL) and aqueous IN ΗC1 (80 mL). The organic phase was washed with aqueous 5% NaΗCO₃ and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to an oil. The crude product was purified by chromatography on a Biotage Flash 12M KP-Sil column, eluting with 3:1 hexanes-EtOAc (300 mL) followed by 2:1 hexanes-EtOAc (300 mL). The product containing fractions were combined and evaporated under vacuum to provide 3-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-7-ethyl-7-(3- oxobutyl)-7,8-dihydroindeno[4,5-<flimidazol-6(3H)-one (31 mg, 22% yield) as a clear oil.

Step 2: 9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluorenoF 2-6πimidazol-7(3H)-one

A solution of 3-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-7-ethyl-7-(3-oxobutyl)-7,8- dihydroindeno[4,5-rf]imidazol-6(3H)-one (31 mg, 0.084 mmol) in toluene (0.8 mL) was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere and treated pyrrolidine (0.007 mL, 0.084 mmol) and acetic acid (0.005 mL, 0.087 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 85-100°C for 2 hours. After cooling, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (1 mL), aqueous 6N ΗC1 (1 mL) and water (1 mL) and then stirred at room temperature for one hour. The mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (50 mL) and aqueous 3% NaΗCO₃ (50 mL). The organic phase was washed with 5% NaHCO₃ and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to provide 9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-^imidazol-7(3H)-one (15 mg, 71% yield) as a yellow oil.

Step 3: 6-bromo-9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahvdrofluorenoFl,2-<-flimidazol-7(3H)-one

An ice-cold mixture of 9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2- i]imidazol-7(3H)-one (14.1 mg, 0.055 mmol), carbon tetrachloride (0.2 mL) and sodium bicarbonate (25 mg, 0.3 mmol) was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere and treated with bromine (0.003 mL, 0.058 mmol). The mixture was vigorously stirred at 0°C for 35 minutes, and then partitioned between CΗ₂C1₂ (30 mL) and water (30 mL). The aqueous phase was back-extracted with CH₂C1₂ (10 mL). The combined organics were washed with saturated aqueous Na₂S₂O₃ (25 mL) and brine (25 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered ,and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.1 x 10 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate, developing with 7.5% MeOH in CH₂C1₂. The major UN visible band was extracted with 5% MeOH in CH C1₂ and the extracts were evaporated under vacuum to afford 6-bromo-9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2- ]imidazol-7(3H)-one 7.8 mg, 43% yield) as an oil. The oil was lyophilized from benzene (ca. 1 mL) containing a few drops of MeOΗ to give the product as a white amorphous solid. *H NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 0.90 (t, CH₂CH₅), 1.61 and 1.75 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.17 and 2.37 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.72-2.84 (m, 8-CH₂), 3.03 (d, one of 10-CH₂), 3.50 (br s, one of 10-CH₂), 7.57 (br s, H-4), 8.16 (s, H-2), 8.59 (d, H-5), and 9.76 (br s, NH); mass spectrum m/z 331.3 (M+l) and 333.3 (M+3).

EXAMPLE 33 SYNTHESIS OF 9a-BUTYL-6-ETHYL-4-FLUORO-8.9.9a!0- TETRAHYDROFLUORENOF1.2- ]IMIDAZOL-7(3H)-ONE

Step 1: 5-amino-2-butyl-6-fluoro-2-(3-oxohexyl)-l-indanone

A solution of 5-(acetylamino)-6-fluoro-2-butyl-l -indanone (943 mg, 4.3 mmol) in anhydrous MeOΗ (6.9 mL) was treated with 0.5M NaOMe in MeOΗ (1.72 mL, 0.86 mmol) followed by propyl vinyl ketone (632 mg, 6.45 mmol). The resulting mixture was purged with N₂ and then stirred in a capped flask with heating in an oil bath at 70°C for 24 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (75 mL) and aqueous saturated NΗ₄C1 (75 mL). The organic portion was washed with 5% NaHCO3 and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to give an orange oil (1.51 g). The crude product was purified by chromatography on a Biotage Flash 40S column (4.0 x 7.0 cm, KP-Sil), eluting with 4:1 hexanes-EtOAc (0.5 L) followed by 2:1 hexanes-EtOAc (1 L). The product containing fractions were combined and evaporated under vacuum to afford 5-amino-2-butyl-6-fluoro-2-(3-oxohexyl)-l -indanone (569 mg) as an orange oil.

Step 2: 7-amino-9a-butyl-4-ethyl-6-fluoro- 1 ,2,9,9a-tetrahvdro-3H-fluoren-3-one A solution of 5-amino-2-butyl-6-fluoro-2-(3-oxohexyl)-l-indanone (569 mg, 1.78 mmol) in HOAc (1.8 mL) was diluted with aqueous 6N HCl (1.8 mL). The resulting mixture was purged with N₂ and then stirred in a capped flask while heating in an oil bath at 100°C for 2 hours. After cooling, the mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (75 mL) and aqueous 5% NaHCO₃ (75 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The crude product was purified by chromatography on a Biotage Flash 12M column (12 mm x 15 cm, KP-Sil), eluting with 4:1 hexanes-EtOAc. The product containing fractions were combined and evaporated under vacuum to afford 7-amino-9a-butyl-4- ethyl-6-fluoro-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (400 mg, 75%) as an orange foam.

Step 3 : 7-amino-9a-butyl-4-ethyl-6-fluoro-8-nitro- 1 ,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3- one A solution of 7-amino-9a-butyl-4-ethyl-6-fluoro- 1 ,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-

3H-fluoren-3-one (400 mg, 1.33 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (2.6 ml) was treated with 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-4-methyl-4-nitro-2,5-cyclohexadien-l-one (623 mg, 1.33 mmol). The resulting suspension was purged with N₂, sonicated briefly, and then stirred at room temperature for three hours. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (50 mL) and washed with water, 5% NaΗCO₃, and brine. The organic solution was dried over MgSO4, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to provide a brown oil (1.033 g). The crude product was purified by chromatography on a Biotage 40M column (4.0 x 15.0 cm, KP-Sil), eluting with 10:1 hexanes-EtOAc (700 mL) followed by 4:1 hexanes-EtOAc (1 L). The product containing fractions were combined and evaporated under vacuum to leave 7-amino-9a-butyl-4-ethyl-6-fluoro-8-nitro- 1,2,9,9a- tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (125.5 mg, 27%) as an orange film. The product was lyophilized from benzene to give an amorphous solid.

Step 4: 7,8-diamino-9a-butyl-4-ethyl-6-fluoro-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one

A sample of 7-amino-9a-butyl-4-ethyl-6-fluoro-8-nitro- 1,2,9,9a- tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (114 mg, 0.33 mmol) was dissolved in EtOΗ (13 mL) with warming. After cooling, the solution was treated with KOAc (32 mg, 0.33 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (32 mg). The resulting mixture was stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere and at room temperature for 3.5 hours. The mixture was filtered through a plug of silica gel with the aid of 5% MeOH in CH₂C1₂. The filtrate was concentrated to a residue (130 mg) that was purified by preparative layer chromatography (two 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plates, developed with 1:1 hexanes-EtOAc). The UV visible product band was eluted with EtOAc and the eluant evaporated under vacuum to an orange oil. This material was lyophilized from benzene to provide 7,8-diamino-9a-butyl-4-ethyl-6-fluoro-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H- fluoren-3-one (76 mg, 73%) as an amorphous solid.

Step 5: 9a-butvI-6-ethyl-4-fluoro-8,9,9a,10-tetrahvdrofluorenori,2-_<-71imidazol-7(3-H - one

A solution of 7, 8-diamino-9a-butyl-4-ethyl-6-fluoro-l, 2,9,9a- tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (24 mg, 0.076 mmol) in EtOΗ (0.32 mL) was treated with triethyl orthoformate (0.020 mL, 0.11 mmol). The resulting solution was placed under a N₂ atmosphere, stirred, and heated at 80°C in a capped flask for one hour.

After cooling, the mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate, developing with 5% MeOΗ in CΗ₂C1₂. The product band was eluted with 5% MeOH in CH₂C1₂, the eluant evaporated under vacuum, and the residual yellow oil (5.4 mg) lyophilized from benzene to afford 9a-butyl-6-ethyl-4-fluoro-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-d]imidazol-7(3H)-one as an amorphous solid.

!Η NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.80 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 1.16 (t, 6-CΗ₂CH₅), 1.14- 1.28 (m, CΗ₂CH₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.43 and 1.62 (two m, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃)_; 2.04 and 2.29 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.50 and 2.60 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.55 and 2.71 (two qd, 6-

CH₂CΗ₃), 2.90 and 3.33 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.41 (d, H-5), and 8.42 (s, H-2); mass spectrum m/z 327.2 (M+l), 390.2 (M+Na+MeCN), and 675.3 (2M+Na).

EXAMPLE 34

SYNTHESIS OF 9a-ETHYL-6-METHYL-8,9.9a,10-

TETRAHYDROFLUORENOFl,2-^ir 2.31TRIAZOL-7(3H)-ONE

Step 1: 7-ethyl-7,8-dihydroindenoF4,5-άπFl,2,31triazol-6(3H)-one

An ice-cold solution of 4,5-diamino-2-ethyl-l-indanone (190 mg, 1 mmol) in ethanol (13 mL) was treated with aqueous 37% ΗC1 (1 ml, 12 mmol) and water (0.25 mL). The resulting orange solution was stirred with ice-bath cooling while a solution of NaNO₂ (276 mg, 4 mmol) in water (1.3 mL) was added dropwise over one minute. The solution darkened and a precipitate formed. The mixture was stirred an additional 35 minutes at 0°C and then partitioned between EtOAc (150 mL) and water (150 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to afford 7-ethyl-7,8-dihydroindeno[4,5- ][l,2,3]triazol-6(3H)-one (183 mg, 91% yield) as an orange solid.

Step 2: 3-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-7-ethyl-7,8-dihvdroindenoF4,5-^l FI ,2,31triazol- 6(3H)-one

A solution of 7-ethyl-7,8-dihydroindeno[4,5-d][l,2,3]triazol-6(3H)-one (180 mg, 0.89 mmol) and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (109 mg, 0.89 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (3.6 mL) was placed under nitrogen and stirred at room temperature while triethylamine (0.125 mL, 0.89 mmol) and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (0.225 mL, 0.98 mmol) were added by syringe. After stirring an additional 30 minutes at room temperature, the reaction mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (150 mL) and aqueous IN ΗC1 (150 mL). The organic phase was washed with aqueous 5% NaΗCO₃ (150 mL) and brine (150 mL), dried over MgSO , filtered, and concentrated under vacuum, to an orange-pink solid (288 mg). The crude product was purified by chromatography on a Biotage Flash 12M KP-Sil column, eluting with 4:1 hexanes-EtOAc. The product containing fractions were evaporated under vacuum to provide 3-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-7-ethyl-7,8-dihydroindeno[4,5-J][l,2,3]triazol- 6(3H)-one (246 mg, 92% yield) as a white solid.

Step 3: 7-ethyl-2-(3-oxopentyl)-7,8-dihvdroindenor4,5-ύπFL2,31triazol-6(2H)-one and 7-ethyl-3-(3-oxopentyl)-7,8-dihvdroindenoF4,5-^l FL2,31triazol-6(3H)-one

A solution of 3-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-7-ethyl-7,8-dihydroindeno[4,5- d][l,2,3]triazol-6(3H)-one (246 mg, 0.82 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (2.1 mL) was treated with l,8-diazabicyclot5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU, 0.024 mL, 0.16 mmol) and ethyl vinyl ketone (EVK, 0.160 mL, 1.6 mmol). The resulting solution was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere and stirred with heating in a 60°C oil bath. NMR and LC-MS analysis of an aliquot removed after heating for 22 hours showed the presence of starting material and two major products. After 22.5 hours at 60°C, the reaction mixture was treated with additional DBU (0.012 mL, 0.08 mmol) and EVK (0.08 mL, 0.8 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred under nitrogen and heated in an oil bath at 60°C for an additional 16 hours. After cooling, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc (150 mL) and washed with aqueous IN ΗC1 (150 mL). The aqueous was back-extracted with EtOAc (50 mL). The combined organics were washed with aqueous 5% NaΗCO₃ (150 ml) and brine (150 ml), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by chromatography on a Biotage Flash 12M KP-Sil column, eluting with 4:1 hexanes- EtOAc (350 mL) followed by 2:1 hexanes-EtOAc (100 mL). Early fractions provided 7-ethyl-2-(3-oxopentyl)-7,8-dihydroindeno[4,5- ][l,2,3]triazol-6(2H)-one ( 70 mg, 30% yield) as an oil, whereas later fractions provided mainly 7-ethyl-3-(3-oxopentyl)- 7,8-dihydroindeno[4,5-d][l,2,3]triazol-6(3H)-one (110 mg, 47% yield) as an oil. The latter product contained approximately 10% of the isomeric 7-ethyl-l-(3-oxopentyl)- 7,8-dihydroindeno[4,5-f][l,2,3]triazol-6(lH)-one product. The structural assignments of the three products are based on analogy to related compounds and are not definitively proven.

Step 4: 7-ethyl-7-(3-oxopentyl)-7.8-dihvdroindenoF4,5-gπFl,2.31triazol-6(3H)-one

A solution of 7-ethyl-2-(3-oxopentyl)-7,8-dihydroindeno[4,5- ][l,2,3]triazol-6(2H)-one ( 70 mg, 0.25 mmol) in methanolic 0.5M NaOMe (0.60 mL, 0.3 mmol) was treated with ethyl vinyl ketone (EVK, 0.025 L, 0.25 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 70°C. After 17 hours, the reaction mixture was treated with additional 0.5M NaOMe in MeOH (0.05 mL, 0.025 mmol) and EVK (0.01 mL, 0.1 mmol), and heating was continued for 4 hours. The mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (150 mL) and aqueous IN HCl (150 mL), and the aqueous phase was back-extracted with EtOAc (50 mL). The combined organics were washed with aqueous 5% NaHCO₃ (100 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum. The residue was purified by chromatography on a Biotage Flash 12M KP-Sil column which was eluted with 2:1 ' hexanes-EtOAc. The product containing fractions were evaporated under vacuum to afford 7-ethyl-7-(3-oxopentyl)-7,8-dihydroindeno[4,5-d] [1 ,2,3]triazol-6(3H)-one (16 mg, 23% yield) as a clear oil.

Step 5: 9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahvdrofluorenoFL2-Jiri,2,31triazol-7(3H)- one

A solution of 7-ethyl-7-(3-oxopentyl)-7,8-dihydroindeno[4,5- ][l,2,3]triazol-6(3H)-one (16 mg, 0.056 mmol) in acetic acid (0.25 mL) was diluted with aqueous 6N ΗC1 (0.25 mL) and the resulting solution was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 100°C for one hour. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (20 mL) and aqueous 5% NaΗC0₃ (20 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine (20 mL), dried over MgSO₄, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.1 x 10 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate, developing with 5% MeOH in CH₂C1₂. The major UV visible band at R_f 0.11-0.18 was eluted with 5% MeOH in CH₂C1 and the eluant evaporated under vacuum to leave 9a-ethyl-6-methyl-

8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluorenoFl,2-6T][l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one (13.7 mg, 92% yield) as a yellow oil. This material was lyophilized from benzene to provide the product as a pale yellow, amorphous solid.

*Η NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.87 (t, CH₂CH₅), 1.53 and 1.70 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.11 and 2.36 (two m, 9-CH₂), 2.20 (s, CH₅), 2.59 and 2.68 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 3.37 and 3.56 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.83 (d, H-4 or H-5), and 7.89 (d, H-5 or H-4); mass spectrum m/z 268.4 (M+l). EXAMPLE 35 SYNTHESIS OF 6-ALLYL-9a-ETHYL-8,9.9a,10-TETRAHYDROFLUORENO-

\l,2-d FI ,2,31TRIAZOL-7(3H)-ONE

Step 1: 7-ethyl-2-| r2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy1methyll-7,8-dihydroindenoF4,5- 6πFl,2,31triazol-6(2H)-one, 7-ethyl-3-{F2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy1methyl 1-7,8- dihvdroindenor4,5-6riF1.2,31triazol-6(3H)-one, and 7-ethyl-l- j T2- (trimethylsilyl)ethoxy1methyl)-7,8-dihvdroindenoF4,5-^lFl,2,31triazol-6(lH)-one

Sodium hydride (NaΗ, 115 mg of a 61% dispersion in mineral oil, 2.9 mmol) was added to an ice-cold solution 7-ethyl-7,8-dihydroindeno[4,5- < ][l,2,3]triazol-6(3H)-one (538 mg, 2.67 mmol) in anhydrous dimethylformamide (8 mL). The mixture was stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere and cooled in an ice bath while 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl chloride (SEM-C1, 0.54 mL, 3.1 mmol) was added over one minute. The resulting mixture was stirred with gradual warming to room temperature. After 16.5 hours, additional NaΗ (13 mg, 0.33 mmol) and SEM- Cl (0.05 mL, 0.28 mmol) were added to the mixture and stirring was continued for 30 minutes at room temperature. The mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (200 mL) and water (200 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to a brown oil (1.2 g). The crude product was purified by chromatography on a Biotage Flash 40S column, eluting with 4:1 hexanes-EtOAc (1000 mL). The early fractions gave 7-ethyl-2-{[2- (trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl }-7,8-dihydroindeno[4,5-J] [1 ,2,3]triazol-6(2H)-one (298 mg, 34% yield) as an orange oil. The later fractions provided a 58:42 mixture (464 mg, 52% yield) of 7-ethyl-3-{ [2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl } -7,8- dihydroindenoF4.5-J][l,2,3]triazol-6(3H)-one and 7-ethyl-l-{[2- (trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-7,8-dihydroindeno[4,5-ύr|[l,2,3]triazol-6(lH)-one as a yellow oil. The structural assignments for the three isomeric products are based on analogy to related compounds and are not definitively proven.

Step 2: 7-ethyl-7-(3-oxobutyl)-3-{ F2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxylmethyl 1-7.8- dihvdroindenoF4,5-6πFl,2,31triazol-6(3H)-one and 7-ethyl-7-(3-oxobutyl)-l-{ F2- (trimethylsilyl)ethoxy1methyl}-7,8-dihydroindenoF4,5-(i1Fl,2,31triazol-6(l-H)-one

A 58:42 mixture of 7-ethyl-3-{[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-7,8- dihydroindeno[4,5-d][l,2,3]tιiazol-6(3H)-one and 7-ethyl-l-{[2- (trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-7,8-dihydroindeno[4,5- ][l,2,3]triazol-6(lH)-one (464 mg, 1.40 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (2.8 mL). The solution was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere and treated with 1,8- diazabicycloF5.4.0]undec-7-ene (0.042 mL, 0.28 mmol) and methyl vinyl ketone (0.230 mL, 2,8 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 55°C for 135 minutes. After cooling, the mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (250 mL) and aqueous IN ΗC1 (200 mL), and the aqueous phase was back-extracted with EtOAc (50 mL). The combined organics were washed with aqueous 5% NaΗCO₃ (200 mL), water (200 mL), and brine (200 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to provide a 58:42 mixture (543 mg, 97% yield) of 7- ethyl-7-(3-oxobutyl)-3-{[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-7,8-dihydroindeno[4,5- cf][l,2,3]triazol-6(3H)-one and 7-ethyl-7-(3-oxobutyl)-l-{ f2- (trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-7,8-dihydroindeno[4,5-(i][l,2,3]triazol-6(lH)-one as an oil.

Step 3: 9a-ethyl-3-{ r2-trimethylsilyl)ethoxylmethyl }-8,9,9a, 10- tetrahvdrofluorenori.2-^iri.2,31triazol-7(3H>-one and 9a-ethyl-l-{ F2- trimethylsilyl)ethoxy1methyl}-8,9,9a,10-tetrahvdrofluorenoFl,2-6πFL2,31triazol-

7(lH)-one

A 58:42 mixture (543 mg, 1.35 mmol) of 7-ethyl-7-(3-oxobutyl)-3-{ [2-

(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-7,8-dihydroindeno[4,5-cf][l,2,3]triazol-6(3H)-one and 7-ethyl-7-(3-oxobutyl)- 1 - { [2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl } -7,8-dihydroindeno [4,5- ]Fl_>2,3]triazol-6(lH)-one was dissolved in anhydrous toluene (14 mL). The solution was stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere while pyrrolidine (0.120 mL, 1.44 mmol) and acetic acid (0.080 mL, 1.40 mmol) were added by syringe. The resulting solution was warmed to 90°C over 20 minutes, then heated at 90°C for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (250 mL) and washed with water (250 mL). The aqueous phase was back-extracted with EtOAc (50 mL) and the combined organics were washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to an oil (510 mg). The crude product was purified by chromatography on a Biotage Flash 40S KP-Sil column, eluting with 4:1 hexanes-EtOAc (10.00 mL) followed by 2: 1 hexanes-EtOAc (300 mL). The product containing fractions were combined and evaporated under vacuum to afford a 58:42 mixture (406 mg, 78% yield) of 9a-ethyl- 3-{ [2-trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl }-8,9,9a, 10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l ,2-d] [1 ,2,3]triazol- 7(3H)-one and 9a-ethyl-l-{ [2-trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-(f][l,2,3]triazol-7(lH)-one as an oil.

Step 4: 6-bromo-9a-ethyl-3-{ F2-trimethylsilyl)ethoxy1methyl)-8,9,9a,10- tetrahvdrofluorenoFl,2-<flFl,2,31triazol-7(3H)-one and 6-bromo-9a-ethyl-l-{ F2- trimethylsilyl)ethoxy1methyI}-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluorenoFl,2-(- lF 2,31triazol- 7QH)-one

A 58:42 mixture (406 mg, 1.06 mmol) of 9a-ethyl-3-{ [2- trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl }-8,9,9a, 10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l ,2-d] [1 ,2,3 jtriazol- 7(3H)-one and 9a-ethyl-l-{ [2-trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-d][l,2,3]triazol-7(lH)-one was dissolved in carbon tetrachloride (3.1 mL) and the solution was treated with solid NaΗCO₃ (445 mg, 5.3 mmol). The mixture was cooled in an ice bath, placed under a nitrogen atmosphere, and stirred while bromine (0.055 mL, 1,06 mmol) was added by syringe. After stirring for 10 minutes at 0°C, the mixture was sonicated for approximately one minute to break up a gummy orange deposit. The mixture was returned to the cooling bath and stirred an additional 45 minutes at 0°C. More bromine (0.020 mL, 0.39 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at 0°C for an additional 15 minutes. The mixture was then partitioned between CH₂C1₂ (200 mL) and water (100 mL). The organic phase was washed with dilute aqueous Na₂S₂O₃ and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to a yellow oil. This material was purified by chromatography on a Biotage Flash 40S KP-Sil column, eluting with 4:1 hexanes-EtOAc (1000 mL) followed by 2:1 hexanes-EtOAc (300 mL) and collecting two 100 mL fractions followed by 25 mL fractions. Fractions 7-19 were combined and evaporated under vacuum to afford a 77:23 mixture (322 mg, 65% yield) of 6- bromo-9a-ethyl-3-{F2-trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-^[l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one and 6-bromo-9a-ethyl-l-{ [2- trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl }-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l ,2-d] [1 ,2,3]triazol- 7(lH)-one as an oil. Fractions 32-38 afforded recovered starting material (85 mg, 22%) as a mixture of isomers.

Step 5: 6-allyl-9a-ethyl-3-{ r2-trimethylsilyl)ethoxylmethyll-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydrofluorenori.2-^iri,2,31triazol-7(3H)-one and 6-alIyl-9a-ethyl-l-{ F2- trimethylsilvDethoxylmethyl } -8 ,9,9a, 10-tetrahvdrofluorenoF 1 ,2-d] \ 1 ,2,31triazol- 7(lH)-one

A 77:23 mixture (93 mg, 0.20 mmol) of 6-bromo-9a-ethyl-3-{ [2- trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl } -8 ,9,9a, 10-tetrahydrofluoreno[ 1 ,2-d] [ 1 ,2,3]triazol- 7(3H)-one and 6-bromo-9a-ethyl-l-{ [2-trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-^[l,2,3]triazol-7(lH)-one and dichloro- bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) (28 mg, 0.04 mmol) were dissolved in anhydrous toluene (2 mL). The solution was purged with nitrogen, treated with allyltributyltin (0.130 mL, 0.40 mmol), gradually heated to 100°C over 20 minutes, and then stirred and heated at 100°C for 18 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was concentrate under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (50 mL) and the solution filtered through a pad of silica gel (7.5 mL). Evaporation of the filtrate left an oil which was purified by chromatography on a Biotage Flash 12M KP- Sil column, using 4:1 hexanes-EtOAc as eluting solvent. The product containing fractions were combined and evaporated under vacuum to provide a 4: 1 mixture (87 mg) of 6-allyl-9a-ethyl-3-{ [2-trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2- ]fl,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one and 6-allyl-9a-ethyl-l-{ [2- trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl } -8,9,9a, 10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l ,2-d] [ 1 ,2,3]triazol- 7(lH)-one. The product was contaminated with minor amounts of triphenylphosphine oxide.

Step 6: 6-allyl-9a-ethyl-8,9,9a.l0-tetrahvdrofluorenoFl,2- lFl,2,31triazol-7(3H)-one A 4:1 mixture (36 mg, 0.085 mmol)) of 6-allyl-9a-ethyl-3-{[2- trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-(- ][l,2,3]triazol- 7(3H)-one and 6-allyl-9a-ethyl-l-{ [2-trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-^[l,2,3]triazol-7(lH)-one was dissolved in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (0.50 mL) and the solution was treated with tetrabutylammonium fluoride (0.10 mL of a 1.0M solution in tetrahydrofuran, 0.1 mmol). The resulting solution was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere and stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours followed by 16 hours at 50°C. After cooling, the reaction mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (50 mL) and aqueous IN ΗC1 (50 mL). The organic phase was washed with aqueous 5% NaΗCO₃ (50 mL), water (50 mL), and brine (50 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to a yellow oil (28 mg). This material was purified by preparative HPLC using a YMC-Pack ODS column (100 x 20 mm i.d., S-5 μm, 120A) and 0.1% TFA in aqueous MeCN as eluting solvent. The product containing fractions were evaporated under vacuum. The residue was partitioned between EtOAc ( 50 mL) and aqueous 5% NaHCO₃ (50 mL) and the organic phase was washed with brine, dried over MgSO , filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to a white film (9 mg). This material was further purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.1 x 10 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate which was developed three times with 2: 1 hexanes-EtOAc. The major UN visible band was eluted with EtOAc and the solvent evaporated under vacuum to afford 6-allyl-9a- ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-<f|[l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one (4.7 mg, 25% yield) as an oil.

^•tø ΝMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.91 (t, CH₂CH₅), 1.61 and 1.77 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.15 and 2.41 (two m, 9-CH₂), 2.60 and 2.70 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 3.10 and 3.59 (two d, 10-CH₂), 3.26 and 3.59 (two m, CΗ₂=CΗCH₂), 5.07 (m, CH₂=CΗCΗ₂), 6.04 (m, CH₂=CHCH₂), 7.75 (br s, H-4 or H-5), and 7.82 (d, H-5 or H-4); the broadened signals at δ 3.59 and 7.75 presumably reflect the presence of triazole tautomers. EXAMPLE 36 SYNTHESIS OF 9a-ETHYL-6-PROPYL-8,9.9a,10-TETRAHYDROFLUORENO- ri,2-rfiri,2,31TRIAZOL-7(3H)-ONE

Step 1: 9a-ethyl-6-propyl-3-{ r2-trimethylsilvDethoxy1methyl}-8,9,9a,10- tetrahvdrofluorenori,2-rfiri,2,31triazol-7(3H>-one and 9a-ethyl-6-propyl-l-{ T2- trimethylsilyl)ethoxy1methyl|-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluorenori,2-rfiri,2,31triazol-

7(lH)-one

A 4:1 mixture (50 mg, 0.12 mmol) of 6-allyl-9a-ethyl-3-{ [2- trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-< |[l,2,3]triazol- 7(3H)-one and 6-allyl-9a-ethyl-l-{ [2-trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-( ][l_J2,3]triazol-7(lH)-one was dissolved in ethanol (1 mL). The solution was treated with 10% palladium on carbon (15 mg), placed under a hydrogen atmosphere, and stirred at room temperature for 22 hours. The mixture was filtered through a pad of silica gel (7.5 mL) and the silica gel washed with EtOAc (50 mL). The filtrate and washings were evaporated under vacuum to an oil (45 mg) which was purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate using 4:1 hexanes-EtOAc as developing solvent. The UN visible band at R 0.3-0.4 was extracted with EtOAc and the extracts concentrated under vacuum to afford a 4: 1 mixture (29 mg, 57% yield) of 9a-ethyl-6-propyl-3-{ [2- trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl } -8 ,9,9a, 10-tetrahydrofluoreno [ 1 ,2-d] [ 1 ,2,3] triazol- 7(3H)-one and 9a-ethyl-6-propyl-l-{ [2-trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-<i][l,2,3]triazol-7(lH)-one as a clear oil.

Step 2: 9a-ethyl-6-propyI-8.9.9a.l0-tetrahvdrofluoreno[T,2-6n |T,2,31triazol-7(3H.- one

A 4:1 mixture (29 mg, 0.07 mmol)) of 9a-ethyl-6-propyl-3-{[2- trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-(i][l,2,3]triazol- 7(3H)-one and 9a-ethyl-6-propyl-l-{ [2-trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-d][l,2,3]triazol-7(lH)-one was dissolved in methanol (0.50 mL) and the solution was diluted with aqueous 6N ΗC1 (0.50 mL). The resulting milky suspension was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere and stirred with heating in an oil bath at 65 °C for 50 minutes. After cooling, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (10 mL) and aqueous 5% NaΗCO₃ (1 mL) and then partitioned between EtOAc (50 mL) and water (40 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over MgSO , filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to a clear oil (25 mg). NMR analysis of this material revealed a 1:1 mixture of starting materials and product.

A solution of the crude mixture in methanol (0.25 mL) and aqueous 6N HCl (0.25 mL) was stirred with heating in an oil bath at 80°C for 40 minutes.

Workup as described above afforded a clear oil which was purified by preparative layer chromatography (0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate developed with 2:1 hexanes-EtOAc). The UV visible band at R_f 0.10-0.26 was extracted with EtOAc and the extracts evaporated under vacuum to afford 9a-ethyl-6-propyl-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-<f][l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one (14 mg, 68% yield) as an oil.

!Η NMR (CD₃OD, 500 MHz) δ 0.86 and 1.02 (two t, CH₂CH₅ and CΗ₂CΗ₂CHj), 1.46, 1.56 and 1.70 (three m, CH₂CΗ₃ and CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.11 and 2.39 (two m, 9- CH₂), 2.47 and 2.65 (two m, 8-CH₂), 2.57 and 2.67 (two m, CH₂CΗ₂CΗ₃), 3.04 and 3.46 (two d, 10-CH₂), and 7.04 (m, H-4 and H-5); mass spectrum m/z 296.2 (M+l).

EXAMPLE 37 SYNTHESIS OF 9a-ETHYL-6-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-8.9,9a,10- TETRAHYDROFLUORENO-n 2-d\ IT.2.31TRIAZOL-7(3H)-ONE

Step 1 : 9a-ethyl-6-trifluoromethyl-3- 1 r2-trimethylsilyl)ethoxyl methyl } -8,9,9a, 10- tetrahydrofluorenori,2-i1[l,2,31triazol-7(3H)-one and 9a-ethyl-6-trifluoromethyl-l- { r2-trimethylsilyl)ethoxy1methyl}-8.9.9a,10-tetrahvdrofluorenori.2-^iri,2,31triazol- 7(lH)-one

Copper(I) iodide (37 mg, 0.20 mmol) and a mixture (62.3 mg, 0.135 mmol) of 6-bromo-9a-ethyl-3-{ [2-trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2- ][l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one and 6-bromo-9a-ethyl-l-{ [2- trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl } -8,9,9a, 10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l ,2-d] [1 ,2,3]triazol- 7(lH)-one were dissolved in anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (3.2 mL). The solution was treated with methyl difluoro(fluorosulfonyl)acetate (MFSDA, 0.150 mL, 1.17 mmol), placed under a nitrogen atmosphere, stirred at room temperature for one hour, and then heated in an oil bath at 70°C for two hours. Additional MFSDA (0.150 mL, 1.17 mmol) was added and the mixture was heated at 70°C overnight (16.5 hours). After cooling, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc (60 mL), washed with water (3 x 50 ml) and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate, developing wit 2:1 hexanes-EtOAc. The major UN visible band was eluted with EtOAc and the eluant evaporated under vacuum to provide a mixture (32 mg, 55%) of 9a-ethyl-6-trifluoromethyl-3-{ [2- trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl } -8 ,9 ,9 a, 10-tetrahydrofluoreno [ 1 ,2-d] [ 1 ,2,3] tri zol- 7(3H)-one and 9a-ethyl-6-trifluoromethyl-l-{ [2-trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}- 8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-J][l,2,3]triazol-7(lH)-one as an off-white solid.

Step 2: 9a-ethyl-6-trifluoromethyl-8.9.9a,10-tetrahvdrofluorenori,2-^iri,2,31triazol- 7(3H)-one

The product mixture from step 1 (32 mg, 0.07 mmol) was dissolved in

MeOΗ (~1 mL) and treated with aqueous 2Ν ΗC1 (~1 mL). The resulting white suspension was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 80°C for 70 minutes. After cooling, the mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and aqueous 5% NaΗCO₃. The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by preparative layer chromatography (PLC, 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate), developing with 5% MeOH in CH₂C1₂. Two UN visible bands were removed and eluted with 5% MeOH in CH₂C1 . The slower moving band afforded the deblocked product whereas the faster moving band returned starting material. The recovered starting material was dissolved in MeOH (~lmL), treated with aqueous 6N HCl (~lmL), and the mixture was heated in an oil bath at 80°C for 75 minutes. Workup as above followed by PLC afforded only deblocked product. The two product samples were combined and lyophilized from benzene to afford 9a-ethyl-6-trifluoromethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-d][l,2,3]triazol- 7(3H)-one (18 mg, 80%) as an amorphous solid.

*Η NMR (CD₃OD, 500 MHz) δ 0.86 (t, C≡₂CH₃), 1.45 and 1.65 (two dq, CH₂CH₃), 2.24 and 2.40 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.62 (m, 8-CH₂), 3.22 and 3.55 (two d, 10-CH₂), 3.30 (p, CHD₂OD), 7.78 (d, H-4), and 7.86 (qd, H-5); mass spectrum m/z 322.2 (M+l), 385.2 (M+Na+MeCN), and 665.2 (2M+1).

EXAMPLE 38 SYNTHESIS OF 6-BROMO-9a-ETHYL-8,9.9a,10-TETRAHYDROFLUORENO- rL2-ήππ,2,31TRIAZOL-7(3H)-ONE

A crude mixture (55 mg, contains ca. 20 mole % of the 6-protio precursors) of 6-bromo-9a-ethyl-3-{[2-trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-J][l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one and 6-bromo-9a-ethyl-l-{ [2- trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl } -8,9,9a, 10-tetrahydrofluoreno[ 1 ,2-d] [ 1 ,2,3]triazol- 7(lH)-one was dissolved in methanol (0.5 mL) and the solution was diluted with aqueous 6N ΗC1 (0.50 ml) to give a milky suspension. The mixture was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 80°C. After heating for 5 minutes, the mixture was sonicated for one minute to partially solidify an un-stirrable gummy precipitate. The mixture was then stirred and heated in an oil bath at 87°C for 55 minutes. After cooling, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc (10 mL) and aqueous 5% NaΗCO₃ and then partitioned between EtOAc (50 ML) and water (40 mL). The aqueous phase was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to an oil (44 mg). This material was purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate, developing with 2:1 hexanes-EtOAc. The UV visible band at R_f 0.13-0.20 was extracted with EtOAc and the extracts were evaporated under vacuum. The residue was lyophilized from benzene to afford 6- bromo-9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-ύT|[l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one (21 mg) as an amorphous solid.

*Η NMR (CD₃OD, 500 MHz) δ 0.88 (t, CH₂CH₅), 1.62 and 1.79 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.22 and 2.42 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.71 and 2.87 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 3.15 and 3.55 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.84 (d, H-4 or H-5), and 8.70 (d, H-5 or H-4); mass spectrum m/z 332.3 (M+l), 334.3 (M+3), 373.3 (M+l+MeCN), and 375.3 (M+3+MeCN).

EXAMPLE 39 SYNTHESIS OF 6.9a-DIETHYL-8,9,9a,10-TETRAHYDROFLUORENO-ri,2- d] r 1 ,2,31TRIAZOL-7(3H)-ONE

Step 1 : 7-ethyl-7-(3-oxohexyl)-7,8-dihvdoindenor4,5-^l Tl ,2,31triazol-6(3H)-one

A solution of 7-ethyl-7,8-dihydoindeno[4,5-^[l,2,3]triazol-6(3H)-one (100 mg, 0.5 mmol) in methanolic 0.5M sodium methoxide (1.2 mL, 0.6 mmol) was treated with propyl vinyl ketone (PVK, 90% pure, 82 mg, 0.75 mmol). The resulting solution was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere and stirred while heating in a 75°C oil bath for 20 hours. Additional 0.5M NaOMe in MeOΗ (0.25 mL, 0.125 mmol) and PVK (approx. 30 mg, 0.28 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred at 70°C for an additional 19 hours. The mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (60 mL) and water (60 mL) that had been adjusted to pΗ 4 with IN ΗC1. The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to provide crude 7-ethyl-7-(3-oxohexyl)-7,8-dihydoindeno[4,5-<-/][l,2,3]triazol-6(3H)- one (183 mg) as an oil. This material was used in the next step without purification. Step 2: 6,9a-diethyl-8.9.9a.l0-tetrahvdrofluorenon,2-^iri,2,31triazol-7(3H)-one

A solution of crude 7-ethyl-7-(3-oxohexyl)-7,8-dihydoindeno[4,5- d][l,2,3]triazol-6(3H)-one (183 mg, approx. 0.5 mmol) in acetic acid (2 mL) was diluted with aqueous 6N ΗC1 (2 mL) and the resulting mixture was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere and stirred while heating in an oil bath at 100°C for 3 hours. The mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (50 mL) and aqueous 5% NaΗCO₃ (50 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to a red oil. This material was purified by preparative HPLC on a

YMC-Pack ODS column (100 x 20 mm i.d., S-5 μm, 120A) using a solvent gradient of 90:10 A:B to 100% B where A is 0.1% TFA in H₂O and B is 0.1% TFA in MeCN. The product containing fractions were concentrated under vacuum to a residue that was taken up in EtOAc (50 mL) The solution was washed with water (50 mL) containing 5% NaHCO3 (approx. 1 mL), washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to an orange film (55 mg). NMR analysis of this material showed product and starting material. Further purification of this material by preparative layer chromatography (0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate developed with 5% MeOH in CH₂C1₂) gave a major UN visible band that provided product (40 mg) still contaminated with starting material.

The crude mixture from above (36 mg) was dissolved in acetic acid (0.50 mL) and aqueous 6Ν HCl (0.50 mL) and the solution was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 100°C for 1.5 hours. Workup as described below afforded an oil which was shown by NMR to still contain about 5% starting material. The reaction was repeated with 0.50 mL each of HOAc and 6N HCl, but this time the mixture was heated at 100°C for 3 hours and then stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (60 mL) and aqueous 5% NaHCO3 (60 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to an oil (35 mg). The crude product was purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate which was developed with 5% MeOH in CH₂C1₂. The UN visible band at R_f 0.23-0.34 was extracted with 5% MeOH in CH₂C1₂ and the extracts evaporated under vacuum to afford a clear oil. The oil was lyophilized from benzene (2 mL) to provide 6,9a- diethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-rf][l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one (28 mg) as an amorphous white solid.

!Η NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.89 (t, 9a-CH₂CH₅), 1.18 (t, 6-CΗ₂CH₅), 1.56 and 1.70 (two m, 9a-CH₂CΗ₃), 2.13 and 2.37 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.56 and 2.65 (two m, 8- CH₂), 2.64 and 2.77 (two m, 6-CH₂CΗ₃), 3.08 and 3.55 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.80 (br s, H-4 or H-5), and 7.86 (d, H-5 or H-4); the broadened signals at δ 3.55 and 7.80 presumably reflect the presence of triazole tautomers; mass spectrum m/z 282.2 (M+l).

EXAMPLE 40

SYNTHESIS OF 9a-BUTYL-6-ETHYL-4-FLUORO-8 ,9.9a, 10-

TETRAHYDROFLUORENO r 1 ,2-^1 F 1 ,2,31TRIAZOL-7(3H)-ONE

A solution of 7,8-diamino-9a-butyl-4-ethyl-6-fluoro-l, 2,9,9a- tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (30 mg, 0.095 mmol) in EtOΗ (1.25 mL) was treated with water (0.027 mL, 1.8 mmol). The resulting solution was purged with N₂, cooled in an ice bath, stirred, and treated with cone. ΗC1 (0.095 mL, 1.14 mmol) followed by aqueous 3M NaNO₂ (0.126 mL, 0.38 mmol) added dropwise over two minutes. After stirring at 0-5°C for one hour, the solution was partitioned between EtOAc (30 mL) and water (30 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue (34 mg) was purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate, developing with 5% MeOΗ in CΗ₂C1₂. The UN visible product band was eluted with 5% MeOH in CH₂C1₂, the eluant concentrated under vacuum, and the residue lyophilized from benzene plus MeOH to afford 9a-butyl-6-ethyl-4-fluoro-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-(- ][l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one (29 mg, 94%) as an amorphous solid. *H NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 0.82 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 1.18 (t, 6-CΗ₂CH₅), 1.16- 1.31 (m, CΗ₂CH₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.46 and 1.65 (two m, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.10 and 2.35 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.58 and 2.67 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.58 and 2.74 (two qd, 6- CH₂CΗ₃), 3.03 and 3.48 (two d, 10-CH₂), and 7.51 (d, H-5); mass spectrum m/z 328.2 (M+l), 391.2 (M+Na+MeCN), and 677.3 (2M+Na).

EXAMPLE 41 SYNTHESIS OF (9aS)-9a-BUTYL-6-ETHYL-8,9,9a,10-

TETRAHYDROFLUORENOfl,2-^iri,2,31TRIAZOL-7(3H>-ONE AND (9aR)-9a- BUTYL-6-ETΗYL-8,9.9a,10-TETRAΗYDROFLUORENθrL2-^irL2,31TRIAZOL-

7(3H)-ONE

Step 1: 5-(acetylamino)-2-butyl-l-indanone

A suspension of 5-(acetylamino)-l -indanone (1.892 g, 10 mmol) in EtOΗ (40 mL) was treated with butyraldehyde (1.35 mL, 15 mmol) and powdered KOΗ (87.7%, 128 mg, 2 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes to give a yellow solution. The solution was treated with 10% palladium on carbon (190 mg), placed under a hydrogen atmosphere, and stirred at room temperature for 3.5 hours. The mixture was treated with more butyraldehyde (0.18 mL, 2 mmol) and stirred under hydrogen for an additional hour. The mixture was filtered through a celite pad to remove the catalyst which was washed with EtOΗ. The filtrate and washings were evaporated under vacuum and the residue stripped with EtOΗ (2 x 50 mL). The oily residue ws partitioned between EtOAc (50 mL) and brine (40 mL) containing 2N ΗC1 (10 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and the filtrate evaporated under vacuum to afford a pale yellow solid (2.405 g). The crude product was purified by chromatography on a Biotage Flash 40M KP-Sil column (4.0 x 15 cm), loading the sample as a CH2CI2 solution and eluting the column with 1:1 EtOAc -hexanes (25 mL fractions). Fractions 25-45 were combined and evaporated under vacuum to afford 5-(acetylamino)-2-butyl-l- indanone (1.826 g, 74%) as an off-white solid.

Step 2: 5-(acetylamino)-2-butyl-(3-oxohexyl)-l-indanone and 5-amino-2-butyl-(3- oxohexyD- 1 -indanone

A solution of 5-(acetylamino)-2-butyl-l-indanone (1.805 g, 7.36 mmol) in anhydrous MeOH (14.7 mL) was treated with propyl vinyl ketone (1.25 mL, 11.09 mmol) and 0.5M NaOMe in MeOH (2.94 mL, 1.47 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred in a capped flask and heated in an oil bath at 60°C for 7 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was treated with HOAc (0.090 mL, 1.57 mmol) and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was partitioned between EtOAc (100 mL) an water (50 mL). The organic portion was washed with brine, dried over MgSO , filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to give an amber oil (2.775 g). NMR showed a 78:22 mixture of 5-(acetylamino)-2-butyl-(3-oxohexyl)-l- indanone and 5-amino-2-butyl-(3-oxohexyl)-l-indanone accompanied by several minor contaminants.

Step 3: 7-amino-9a-butyl-4-ethyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one

The crude diketone mixture from step 2 (2.77 g, ca. 7.3 mmol) was taken up in ΗOAc (31.5 mL) and diluted with 6N ΗC1 (31.5 mL). The resulting solution was stirred in a capped flask and heated in an oil bath at 100°C for 2 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc (200 mL) and water (200 mL) and stirred rapidly while K2CO₃ (60 g) was added portionwise. The phases were separated and the aqueous portion extracted with more EtOAc (2 x 50 mL). The combined EtOAc solution was washed with brine (50 ml), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to provide a brown oil (2.23 g). The crude product was purified by chromatography on a Biotage Flash 40M column (4.0 x 15 cm, KP-Sil), loading the sample as a CΗ₂C1₂ solution and eluting the column with 3:1 hexanes-EtOAc (25 mL fractions). Fractions 23-34 were combined and evaporated under vacuum to afford 7-amino-9a-butyl-4-ethyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H- fluoren-3-one (1.516 g) as a pale brown solid.

Step 4: 7-amino-6-bromo-9a-butyl-4-ethyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one

A solution of 7-amino-9a-butyl-4-ethyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H- fluoren-3-one (1.510 g, ca. 97% pure, 5.33 mmol) in anhydrous N,N- dimethylformamide (DMF, 22 mL) was placed under a nitrogen atmosphere, stirred, and cooled in a dry ice-iPrOΗ bath maintained at -25 to -30°C. A solution of N- bromosuccinimide (0.977 g, 5.49 mmol) in DMF was added dropwise over 8 minutes. The resulting mixture was stirred at -25 to -30°C for 3 hours, with a few brief excursions to -20°C. The DMF solvent was evaporated under vacuum. The residue in EtOAc (200 ml) was washed with 10% aqueous K₂CO₃ (2 x 100 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to give a yellow- brown foam (1.958 g). ΝMR analysis revealed an 84:9:7 mixture of the 6-bromo, 8- bromo, and 6,8-dibromo products. The mixture was crystallized from hot EtOAc- hexanes. The crystals were collected, washed with hexanes, and dried under vacuum to provide 7-amino-6-bromo-9a-butyl-4-ethyl-l ,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (1.158 g, 60%) as a pale gold-brown solid.

Step 5: 7-amino-6-bromo-9a-butyl-4-ethyl-8-nitro-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3- one

A solution of 7-amino-6-bromo-9a-butyl-4-ethyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro- 3H-fluoren-3-one (725 mg, 2 mmol) in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, 4 ml) was treated with 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-4-methyl-4-nitro-2,5-cyclohexadien-l-one (937 mg, 2 mmol). The resulting suspension was sonicated briefly and then stirred at room temperature. The mixture was periodically sonicated in order to remove solids from the side of the flask. After 3 hours, the mixture was cooled in an ice bath and filtered to remove the solids, which were washed with cold TFA and dried under vacuum. The dried powder (820 mg) was identified as 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo-4-methyl-phenol by ΝMR spectroscopy. The TFA filtrate was diluted with CΗ₂C1₂ (50 mL) and carefully treated with 10% aqueous K₂CO₃ (100 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous portion was extracted with more CH₂C1₂ (2 x 25 mL). The combined CH₂C1₂ solution was washed with 5% NaHCO₃ (25 ml) and brine (25 ml), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to a dark amber foam. The crude product was purified by chromatography on a Biotage 40S column (4.0 x 7.0 cm, KP- Sil), loading the sample as a CH₂C1 solution and eluting the product with 9:1 hexanes-EtOAc (20 mL fractions). Fractions 15-28 were combined and evaporated under vacuum to afford 7-amino-6-bromo-9a-butyl-4-ethyl-8-nitro-l,2,9,9a- tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (493 mg, 61%) as a red-orange solid.

Step 6: 7,8-diamino-9a-butyl-4-ethyl-L2,9,9a-tetrahvdro-3H-fluoren-3-one

A solution of 7-amino-6-bromo-9a-butyl-4-ethyl-8-nitro- 1,2,9,9a- tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (490 mg, 1.20 mmol) in EtOΗ (24 mL) and EtOAc (24 mL) was treated with KOAc (177 mg, 1.80 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (70 mg). The mixture was stirred under a balloon of hydrogen for 135 minutes. The mixture was filtered through a celite pad to remove the catalyst which was washed with EtOAc. The filtrate and washings were evaporated under vacuum. The residue in EtOAc (50 mL) was washed with 5% aqueous NaΗCO₃ (25 ml) and brine (25 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum to afford 7,8-diamino-9a- butyl-4-ethyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (344 mg, 96%) as an orange solid.

Step 7: (9aS)-7,8-diamino-9a-butyl-4-ethyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahvdro-3H-fluoren-3-one and (9aR)-7,8-diamino-9a-butyl-4-ethyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one

The racemic 7,8-diamino-9a-butyl-4-ethyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H- fluoren-3-one from step 6 was resolved into its individual enantiomers by chiral ΗPLC on a Chiracel OJ column (2.5 x 37.5 cm). The column was eluted with 1:3 EtOΗ-heptane at a flow rate of 10 mL/min. Fifteen 1 mL sample injections of a 20 mg/mL solution in EtOΗ were made. The enantiomers were detected by UN at 280 and 370 nm. Enantiomers A and B had retention times of 15.9 and 18.7 minutes, respectively. All enantiomer A containing fractions were combined and evaporated under vacuum to an orange solid (102 mg, 100% pure by analytical chiral ΗPLC). Similarly, all enantiomer B containing fractions were combined and evaporated under vacuum to provide an orange solid (106 mg, 97.5% pure by analytical, chiral ΗPLC). Step 8: (9aS)-9a-butyl-6-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahvdrofluorenori,2-Jin.2,31triazol-

7(3H)-one and (9aR)-9a-butyl-6-ethyl-8,9,9a.l0-tetrahvdrofluorenon,2- d] r 1 ,2,31triazol-7(3H)-one

Enantiomer A of the diamine from step 7 (99 mg, 0.0332) was dissolved in EtOΗ (4.4) and the solution was stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere with ice bath cooling. Water (0.084 mL, 4.67 mmol) and cone. ΗC1 (0.340 mL, 4.11 mmol) were added followed by the dropwise addition of aqueous 3M NaNO2 (0.443 mL, 1.33 mmol) over 2 minutes. The resulting mixture was stirred at 0 to 5°C for 40 minutes, and then partitioned between EtOAc (40 mL) and water (25 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted with more EtOAc (10 mL). The combined organics were washed with brine (25 mL), dried over MgSO4, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum. The residue was lypohilized from benzene (4 ml) to afford enantiomer A (100 mg, 97%) of the 9a-butyl-6-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2- d][l,2,3]triazol-7(3H) product as a pale tan, amorphous solid.

*Η NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.82 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 1.18 (t, 6-CΗ₂CH₅), 1.15- 1.33 (m, CΗ₂CH₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.45 and 1.65 (two dt, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.10 and 2.36 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.55 and 2.65 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.61 and 2.75 (two dq, 6- CH₂CΗ₃), 3.08 and 3.54 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.77 (d, H-4 or H-5), and 7.85 (d, H-5 or H-4); mass spectrum m z 310.3 (M+l).

Similarly, enantiomer B of the diamine from step 7 (103.4 mg, 0.347 mmol) was converted to enantiomer B (102 mg, 95%) of the 9a-butyl-6-ethyl- 8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-^[l,2,3]triazol-7(3H) product.

Enantiomer A: [α]_D = - 389 + 5° (c 0.104, CΗC1₃, 20°C). Enantiomer B: [α]_D = + 402 ± 4° (c 0.123, CHC1₃, 20°C). EXAMPLE 42 SYNTHESIS OF 2-(2,2-DIMETHYLPROPANOYL)-9a-ETHYL-6-METHYL-

8,9,9a,10-TETRAHYDROINDENOr2,l-e]INDAZOL-7(2H)-ONE

AND 3-(2,2-DIMETΗYLPROPANOYL)-9a-ETΗYL-6-METΗYL-8.9.9a, 10-

TETRAHYDROINDENOr2, 1 -e]] )AZOL-7(3H)-O-NE

A mixture of 9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l- e]indazol-7(3H)-one (30 mg, 0.113 mmol), 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (21 mg, 0.169 mmol), trimethylacetyl chloride (0.017 mL, 0.138 mmol), and anhydrous dichloromethane (0.45 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The mixture was purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate, developing with 5% EtOAc in CΗ₂C1 . The product band was extracted with EtOAc, the extracts were evaporated under vacuum , and the residue was lyophilized from benzene (3 mL) to afford a 55:45 mixture (25.3 mg) of 2-(2,2- dimethylpropanoyl)-9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8 ,9,9a, 10-tetrahydroindeno [2, 1 -e]indazol- 7(2H)-one and 3-(2,2-dimethylpropanoyl)-9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one as an amorphous white solid.

2-PivaloyI isomer: *Η NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.86 (t, CH₂CH₃), 1.53 and 1.67 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 1.63 (s, C(CH₅)₃), 2.05 and 2.31 (two m, 9-CH₂), 2.16 (s, 6-CH₃), 2.51 and 2.61 (two m, 8-CH₂), 2.84 and 3.13 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.60 (d, H-4 or H-5), 7.78 (d, H-5 or H-4), and 8.78 (s, H-l).

3-Pivaloyl isomer: lΗ NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.87 (t, CH₂CH₅), 1.53 and 1.67 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 1.58 (s, C(CH₃)₃), 2.08 and 2.34 (two m, 9-CH₂), 2.17 (s, 6-CH₃), 2.53 and 2.62 (two m, 8-CH₂), 2.93 and 3.28 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.91 (d, H-4 or H-5), 8.14 (s, H-l), and 8.44 (d, H-5 or H-4). EXAMPLE 43

RESOLUTION OF RACEMIC 9a-ETHYL-6-METHYL-8.9,9a,10-

TETRAHYDROINDENOr2,l-e1INDAZOL-7(3H)-ONE BY CHIRAL HPLC

Racemic 9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-

7(3H)-one (120 mg) was dissolved in ethanol to a final volume of 2.4 mL. The solution was injected in seven portions (0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.40, 0.40, 0.40, and 0.55 mL) onto a Daicel semi-prep ChiralCel OJ column (20 x 250 mm ) which was eluted with 85:15 hexane-ethanol at a flow rate of 5 mL/minute. The enantiomers were detected by UN at 230 nm.. Each run was allowed to proceed until complete elution of the two enantiomers prior to the next injection. The pooled fractions from the faster eluting component were evaporated under vacuum and the oily residue was lyophilized from benzene to afford enantiomer A (44.1 mg) as an amorphous white solid. Similarly, the pooled fractions from the slower eluting component were evaporated under vacuum and the oily residue was lyophilized from benzene to afford enantiomer B (43.7 mg) as an amorphous white solid.

Enantiomer A: [ ]_D = + 468° (c 0.515, CΗC1₃). Enantiomer B: [ ]_D = - 486° (c 0.487, CHC1₃).

EXAMPLE 44

RESOLUTION OF RACEMIC 9a-ETHYL-6-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-8,9,9a,10-

TETRAHYDROINDENOr2,l-e1INDAZOL-7(3H)-ONE BY CHIRAL HPLC

Racemic 9a-ethyl-6-trifluoromethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l- e]indazol-7(3H)-one (190 mg) was dissolved in ethanol (19 mL). The solution was injected in six separate portions onto a Daicel ChiralCel OJ column (2.5 x 37.5 cm) column which was eluted with 85:15 heptane-ethanol at a flow rate of 7 mL/minute. The enantiomers were detected by UV at 220 and 335 nm.. The pooled fractions of the faster eluting component (ret. time approx. 25-32 minutes) from the six separate runs were evaporated under vacuum and residue was lyophilized from benzene to afford Enantiomer A (74.6 mg) as an amorphous white solid. Similarly, the pooled fractions from the slower eluting component (ret. time approx. 43-50 minutes) were evaporated under vacuum and the residue was lyophilized from benzene to afford Enantiomer B (60.5 mg) as an amorphous white solid.

Under analytical conditions (4.6 x 50 mm ChiralCel OJ 10 micron column, 85:15 heptane-EtOΗ, 1.5 mL/min., UV 220 nm), Enantiomers A and B had retention times of 1.28 and 1.84 minutes, respectively.

EXAMPLE 45

RESOLUTION OF RACEMIC 9a-BUTYL-6-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-8,9,9a,10-

TETRAHYDRQ]NDENOr2!-e]INDAZOL-7(3H.-ONE BY CHIRAL HPLC

Racemic 9a-butyl-6-trifluoromethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l- e]indazol-7(3H)-one (177 mg) was dissolved in ethanol. The solution was injected in six separate portions onto a Daicel ChiralCel OJ column (2.5 x 37.5 cm) column which was eluted with 90:10 heptane-ethanol at a flow rate of 7 mL/minute. The enantiomers were detected by UV at 220 and 335 nm.. The pooled fractions of the faster eluting component (ret. time approx. 25-36 minutes) from the six separate runs were evaporated under vacuum and residue was lyophilized from benzene to afford Enantiomer A (77 mg) as an amorphous white solid. Similarly, the pooled fractions from the slower eluting component (ret. time approx. 42-54 minutes) were evaporated under vacuum and the residue was lyophilized from benzene to afford Enantiomer B (76 mg) as an amorphous white solid.

Under analytical conditions (4.6 x 250 mm ChiralCel OJ 5 micron column, 90:10 heptane-EtOΗ, 0.75 mL/min., UV 220 nm), Enantiomers A and B had retention times of 13.04 and 18.38 minutes, respectively.

EXAMPLE 46

SYNTHESIS OF (RAC)-(85.9aR)-9a-ETHYL-8-HYDROXY-6-METHYL-8.9.9a,10-

TETRAHYDROINDENOr2,l-elINDAZOL-7(3H)-ONE

Step l: 9a-ethyl-6-methyl-2-{r2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxyImethyl}-8,9.9a,10- tetrahydroindenor2,l-elindazol-7(2H)-one and 9a-ethyl-6-methyl-3-{ T2- (trimethylsilyl)ethoxylmethyl|-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindenor2,l-e1indazol-7(3H)-one

Sodium hydride (87 mg of a 61% dispersion in mineral oil, 2.2 mmol) is added to an ice-cold solution 9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l- e]indazol-7(3H)-one (533 mg, 2.0 mmol) in anhydrous dimethylformamide (5 mL). The mixture is stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere and cooled in an ice bath while 2- (trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl chloride (SEM-C1, 0.43 mL, 2.4 mmol) is added over one minute. The resulting mixture is stirred with gradual warming to room temperature. After 16.5 hours, the mixture is partitioned between EtOAc (100 mL) and water (100 mL). The organic phase is washed with water and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on EM silica gel 60, eluting with hexanes-EtOAc, to afford 9a-ethyl- 6-methyl-2-{ [2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l- e]indazol-7(2H)-one and 9a-ethyl-6-methyl-3-{ [2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}- 8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one.

Step 2: 9a-ethyl-6-methyl-3-{ [2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy1methyl 1-7- r(trimethylsilyl)oxy1-3,9,9a,10-tetrahvdroindenor2,l-e]indazole

A 0.4M solution of lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) in tetrahydrofuran (TΗF) is prepared by dissolving diisopropyl amine (0.56 mL, 4 mmol) in anhydrous TΗF (5 mL), cooling the solution to 0°C, adding either 1.6M (2.5 mL) or 2.5M (1.6 mL) butyllithium in hexanes, diluting the resulting solution to 10.0 mL total volume with anhydrous THF, and stirring the solution for at least 30 minutes at 0°C.

A solution of 9a-ethyl-6-methyl-3-{ [2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}- 8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (79 mg, 0.20 mmol) in anhydrous TΗF (1 mL) is cooled in an ice bath and stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere while 0.4M LDA in TΗF (0.75 mL, 0.30 mmol) is added by syringe. After stirring at 0°C for 30 minutes, the solution is cooled to -78°C (dry ice-acetone bath) and treated with chlorotrimethylsilane (0.038 mL, 0.30 mmol). The resulting mixture is allowed to slowly warm to room temperature, and then stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture is diluted with EtOAc (50 mL) and shaken with 5% aqueous NaΗCO₃ (25 mL). The aqueous phase is separated and extracted with more EtOAc (20 mL). The combined organics are washed with saturated brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum to afford crude 9a-ethyl-6- methyl-3-{ [2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-7-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]-3,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazole.

Step 3: (rfle)-(8S,9aR -9a-ethyl-8-hvdroxy-6-methyl-3-{ F2- (trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindenor2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one

A solution of the crude trimethylsilylenolether from step 2 (approx. 0.2 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (2 mL) is treated with sodium bicarbonate (25 mg, 0.3 mmol). The mixture is placed under a nitrogen atmosphere, stirred at room temperature, and treated over two minutes with three portions of 96% 3- chloroperoxybenzoic acid (3 x 15 mg, 0.25 mmol), purging with nitrogen after each addition. After stirring overnight at room temperature, the mixture is diluted with CΗ₂C1₂ (2 mL), treated with saturated aqueous Na₂SO₃ (2 mL), and stirred at room temperature for 25 minutes. The mixture is partitioned between CH₂C1₂ (20 mL) and water (5 mL), and the aqueous portion is back-extracted with more CH C1₂ (5 mL). The combined organics are washed with water and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum.. The residue is purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plates using 4:1 hexanes-EtOAc as the developing solvent. The UN visible band product band is extracted with EtOAc and the extracts are evaporated under vacuum to afford (rac)-(8S,9aR)-9a- ethyl-8-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-{ [2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2, l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one. Step 4: (mc)-(8S,9aR)-9a-ethyl-8-hydroxy-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahvdroindenor2,l- e]indazol-7(3H)-one

A solution of (rac)-(8S,9aR)-9a-ethyl-8-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-{ [2-

(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl } -8,9,9a, 10-tetrahydroindeno[2, l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (58 mg, 0.14 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (1.2 mL) is treated with tetrabutylammonium fluoride (0.17 mL of a 1.0M solution in tetrahydrofuran, 0.17 mmol). The resulting solution is placed under a nitrogen atmosphere, stirred, and heated in an oil bath at 60°C for 16 hours. After cooling, the reaction mixture is partitioned between EtOAc (50 mL) and aqueous IN ΗC1 (50 mL). The organic phase is washed with aqueous 5% NaΗCO₃ (50 mL), water (50 mL), and brine (50 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue is purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plates using 5% MeOH in CH₂C1₂ as the developing solvent. The UN visible band product band is extracted with 10% MeOH in CH₂C1₂ and the extracts are evaporated under vacuum to afford (rac)-(8S,9aR)-9a-ethyl-8-hydroxy-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one.

EXAMPLE 47

SYNTHESIS OF (RAC)-(8S.9aS)-9a-ETHYL-6,8-DIMETHYL-8.9,9a,10-

TETRAHYDROINDENO \2, 1 -ellND AZOL-7(3H)-ONE

Step 1: (r c)-(8S,9aS)-9a-ethyl-6,8-dimethyl-3-{ r2-(trimethylsilvDethoxy1methyl|- 8 ,9 ,9a, 10-tetrahydroindeno \ , 1 -elindazol-7 (3H)-one

A solution of 9a-ethyl-3-{ [2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (79 mg, 0.2 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (1 mL) is cooled in an ice bath and stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere while 0.4M lithium diisopropylamide in tetrahydrofuran (0.6 mL, 0.24 mmol) is added by syringe. After stirring at 0°C for 30 minutes, the solution is cooled to -78°C (dry ice-acetone bath) and treated with iodomethane (0.062 mL, 1 mmol). The resulting mixture is allowed to slowly warm to room temperature, and then stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture is diluted with EtOAc (25 mL) and shaken with saturated aqueous NH₄C1 (15 mL). The aqueous phase is extracted with more EtOAc (10 mL). The combined organics are washed with 5% NaHCO₃, water, and saturated brine, dried over MgSO , filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue is purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate using 4: 1 hexanes-EtOAc as developing solvent. The UN visible product band is extracted with EtOAc and the extracts are evaporated under vacuum to provide (rac)-(8S,9aS)-9a-ethyl-6,8-dimethyl-3-{ [2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl }- 8,9,9a, 10-tetrahydroindeno[2, 1 -e]indazol -7 (3H)-one.

Step 2: (røc)-(8S,9aS)-9a-ethyl-6,8-dimethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindenor2,l- e]indazol-7(3H)-one

A mixture of (rac)-(8S,9aS)-9a-ethyl-6,8-dimethyl-3-{ [2- (trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl } -8 ,9,9a, 10-tetrahydroindeno [2,1 -e]indazol-7(3H)-one (30 mg, 0.073 mmol), methanol (0.5 mL) and aqueous 6Ν ΗC1 (0.5 ml) is stirred and heated in an oil bath at 80°C for one hour. After cooling, the mixture is partitioned between EtOAc (20 mL) and aqueous 5% NaΗCO₃ (5 mL). The organic phase is washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated under vacuum. The residue is purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.05 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate, developing with 5% MeOH in CH₂C1₂. The UV visible product band is extracted with 10% MeOH in CH₂C1₂ and the extracts are evaporated under vacuum to provide (r c)-(8S,9aS)-9a-ethyl-6,8-dimethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l- e]indazol-7(3H)-one. EXAMPLE 48

SYNTHESIS OF (RAC)-(8S,9aR -9a-ETHYL-6,8-DIMETHYL-8-PROPYL-

8,9.9a, 10-TETRAHYDROINDENO [2. l-e]INDAZOL-7(3H)-ONE

Step 1: (rae)-(8S,9aR)-9a-ethyl-6,8-dimethyl-8-propyI-3-ir2-

(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy1methylj-8,9,9a,10-tetrahvdroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one

A solution of (r c)-(8S,9aS)-9a-ethyl-6,8-dimethyl-3-{[2- (trimethylsilyl)ethoxy] methyl } - 8 ,9 ,9a, 10-tetrahydroindeno [2,1 -e]indazol-7 (3H)-one (41 mg, 0.2 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (0.5 mL) is cooled in an ice bath and stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere while 0.4M lithium diisopropylamide in tetrahydrofuran (0.3 mL, 0.12 mmol) is added by syringe. After stirring at 0°C for 30 minutes, the solution is cooled to -78°C (dry ice-acetone bath) and treated with 1- iodopropane (0.049 mL, 0.5 mmol). The resulting mixture is allowed to slowly warm to room temperature, and then stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture is diluted with EtOAc (10 mL) and shaken with saturated aqueous NΗ₄C1 (5 mL). The aqueous phase is extracted with more EtOAc (5 mL). The combined organics are washed with 5% NaHCO₃, water, and saturated brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue is purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate using 5:1 hexanes-EtOAc as developing solvent. The UV visible product band is extracted with EtOAc and the extracts are evaporated under vacuum to provide ( c)-(8S,9aR)-9a-ethyl-6,8- dimethyl-8-propyl-3- { [2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl } -8 ,9,9a, 10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one.

Step 2: (rαcV(8S.9aRV9a-ethyl-6.8-dimethyl-8-propyl-8.9.9a,10- tetrahydroindeno [2, 1 -el indazol-7 (3HV one A mixture of (r c)-(8S,9a/?)-9a-ethyl-6,8-dimethyl-8-propyl-3-{ [2- (trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl}-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (21 mg, 0.046 mmol), methanol (0.3 mL) and aqueous 6N ΗC1 (0.3 ml) is stirred and heated in an oil bath at 80°C for one hour. After cooling, the mixture is partitioned between EtOAc (10 mL) and aqueous 5% NaΗCO (3 mL). The organic phase is washed with brine, dried over MgSO , filtered, and evaporated under vacuum. The residue is purified by preparative layer chromatography on a 0.05 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate, developing with 5% MeOH in CH₂C1₂. The UN visible product band is extracted with 10% MeOH in CH₂C1₂ and the extracts are evaporated under vacuum to provide (rαc)-(8S,9aR)-9a-ethyl-6,8-dimethyl-8-propyl-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno [2, 1 -e] indazol-7 (3H)-one.

EXAMPLE 49 SYNTHESIS OF (RAO-(8R,10R,10aS)-6-ETHYL-10-PROPYL-3,9,10,l l-

TETRAHYDRO-8.10a-METHANOAZULENOF2,l-e]INDAZOL-7(8H)-O-NE

Step 1 : 9a-(2-acetoxyethyl)-7-amino-4-ethyl-8-methyl-l,2.9,9a-tetrahvdro-3H- fluoren-3-one

A solution of 5-(acetylamino)-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-l -indanone (7 g, 28.3 mmol) in MeOΗ (100 mL) was treated with NaOMe (0.5M solution in MeOΗ, 11.3 mL, 5.66 mmol) and propyl vinyl ketone (3.33 g, 34 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at 60°C and under a nitrogen atmosphere for 8 hours. The mixture was diluted with CΗ C1₂, filtered through a pad of silica gel, and the filtrate was evaporated under vacuum to provide crude 5-(acetylamino)-2-(2- hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-2-(3-oxohexyl)-l-indanone.

The diketone from above was treated with acetic acid (50 mL) and 6N HCl (50 mL). The resulting solution was stirred and heated in an oil bath at 100°C for 1.5 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with CH₂C1₂ and neutralized with NaHCO₃, filtered through a pad of silica gel and the product was washed off with 7:3 dichloromethane-methanol. The filtrate and washings were concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on a Biotage 40M KP-Sil column, eluting with 3:1 -1:1 hexane-ethyl acetate. The product containing fractions were evaporated under vacuum to provide 9a-(2-acetoxyethyl)-7- amino-4-ethyl-8-methyl-l,2,9,9a-tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (1 g) as a yellow solid.

Step 2: 9a-(2-acetoxyethyI)-6-ethyl-8,9,9a, 10-tetrahvdroindenor2, l-e]indazol-7(3H)- one

A solution of 9a-(2-acetoxyethyl)-7-amino-4-ethyl-8-methyl- 1,2,9,9a- tetrahydro-3H-fluoren-3-one (0.36 g, 1.1 mmol) in anhydrous CΗ₂C1₂ (11 mL) was purged with N₂, cooled in an dry ice bath, and treated with NOBF (0.129 g, 1.1 mmol). The mixture was warmed to -10°C over 40 minutes. The diazonium salt from above in CH₂C1₂ was cooled to -78 °C and treated with KOAc (216 mg, 2.2 mmol) and dibenzo-18-crown-6 (19.8 mg, 0.055 mmol). The resulting solution was slowly warmed to room temperature over 40 min. The mixture was filtered through a pad of silica gel and the product was washed off with 9:1 dichloromethane-methanol. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to a residue that was purified by preparative layer chromatography (0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate developed with 12:1 CH₂Cl₂-MeOH. The product band was eluted with 1:2 hexane-ethyl acetate and the eluant evaporated under vacuum to afford 9a-(2- acetoxyethyl)-6-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (223 mg) as an orange foam.

Step 3: 6-ethyl-9a-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(methoxymethyl)-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2, l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one and 6-ethyl-9a-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3- (methoxymethyl)-8,9,9a,10-tetrahvdroindeno[2,l-e1indazol-7(3H)-one

A solution of 9a-(2-acetoxyethyl)-6-ethyl-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (0.041 g, 0.121 mmol) in anhydrous CΗ C1₂ (1 mL) was purged with N and treated with N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.084 mL, 0.484 mmol) followed by chloromethyl methyl ether (0.027 mL, 0.363 mmol). After stirring for 5 minutes, the mixture was diluted MeOH (1 mL) and treated with NaOMe (1.5 mL of a 0.5M solution in MeOH, 0.75 mmol). After stirring 30 minutes, the mixture was further diluted with CH₂C1₂ (20 mL), treated with sat. NH₄CI (0.5 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered through a pad of silica, and the filtrate concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by preparative layer chromatography (0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate developed with EtOAc). The product bands were eluted with EtOAc and the eluants evaporated under vacuum to provide 6-ethyl-9a-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(methoxymethyl)-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one and 6-ethyl-9a-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3- (methoxymethyl)-8,9,9a, 10-tetrahydroindeno[2, l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (two regioisomers, 5 and 16 mg each) as pale yellow foams.

Step 4: 6-ethyl-3-(methoxymethyl)-9a-(2-oxoethyl)-8,9,9a,10-tetrahvdroindeno[2,l- e1indazol-7(3H)-one

A solution of 6-ethyl-9a-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-(methoxymethyl)-

8,9,9a, 10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (0.012 g, 0.035 mmol) in anhydrous CΗ₂C1₂ (1 mL) was purged with N₂ and treated successively with 4- methylmorpholine N-oxide (0.0062 mL, O.053mmol), 3A molecular sieves, and tetrapropylammonium perruthenate (0.0012 mg,.0.0035 mmol). After stirring for one hour, the mixture was filtered through a pad of silica and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by preparative layer chromatography (0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate developed with 2:3 hexane- EtOAc). The product band was eluted with EtOAc and the eluant evaporated under vacuum to afford 6-ethyl-3- (methoxymethyl)-9a-(2-oxoethyl)-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)- one (8 mg) as an pale yellow foam.

Step 5: 6-ethyl-9a-(l-formyl-3-butenylV3-(methoxymethyl)-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e1indazol-7(3H)-one

A solution of 6-ethyl-3-(methoxymethyl)-9a-(2-oxoethyl)-8,9,9a,10- tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (0.200 g, 0.59 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (3 mL) at room temperature is purged with Ν₂ and treated with Pd(OAc)₂ (13.2 mg, 0.059mmol), PPh₃ (30 mg, 0.118 mmol), LiCl (30 mg, 0.71 mmol), allyl alcohol ( 0.048 mL, 0.71 mmol), Et₃B (1.0M solution in TΗF, 1.42 mL, 1.42 mmol), and Et₃N (0.099 mL, 0.71 mmol). After stirring for 48h, the mixture is filtered through a pad of Celite and the filtrate is concentrate under vacuum. The residue is purified by preparative layer chromatography (two 0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plates developed with 1:1 hexane- EtOAc). The product band is eluted with EtOAc and the eluant is evaporated under vacuum to provide 6-ethyl-9a-(l-formyl-3- butenyl)-3-(methoxymethyl)-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one.

Step 6: 6-ethyl-9a-ri-(hvdroxymethyl -3-butenyl]-3-(methoxymethyl)-8,9,9a.l0- tetrahydroindenor2,l-e1indazol-7(3H)-one

A solution of 6-ethyl-9a-(l-formyl-3-butenyl)-3-(methoxymethyl)- 8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (0.100 g, 0.264 mmol) in 2- propanol (2 mL) at -78°C is purged with N₂ and treated with NaBΗ (10 mg, 0.264 mmol). After stirring for one hour, the mixture is treated with sat. NΗ₄CI (0.5 mL), dried over MgSO₄ , filtered through a pad of silica, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue is purified by preparative layer chromatography (0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate developed with 1:3 hexane- EtOAc). The product band is eluted with EtOAc and the eluant evaporated under vacuum to provide 6-ethyl-9a-[l- (hydroxymethyl)-3-butenyl]-3-(methoxymethyl)-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l- e]indazol-7(3H)-one.

Step 7: 6-ethyl-9a-{ l-r(methylsulfonyloxy)methyl]-3-butenyl|-3-(methoxymethyl)- 8,9,9a, 10-tetrahydroindenor2, 1 -g]indazoI-7(3H)-one

A solution of 6-ethyl-9a-[l-(hydroxymethyl)-3-butenyl]-3-

(methoxymethyl)-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (0.080 g, 0.21 mmol) in anhydrous CΗ C1 (1 mL) is purged with N and treated with Et₃N (0.058 mL, 0.42 mmol) followed by methanesulfonyl chloride (0.024 mL, 0.315 mmol). After stirring for two hours, the mixture is purified by preparative layer chromatography (0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate developed with 2:3 hexanes- EtOAc). The product band is eluted with EtOAc and the eluant evaporates under vacuum to afford 6-ethyl-9a-{ l-[(methylsulfonyloxy)methyl]-3-butenyl}-3- (methoxymethyl)-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one. Step 8: (me)-(8R,10R,10aS)-10-allyl-6-ethyl-3-(methoxymethyl)-3,9,10,ll- tetrahydro-8,10a-methanoazuleno[2,l-e]indazol-7(8H)-one

A solution of 6-ethyl-9a-{ l-[(methylsulfonyloxy)methyl]-3-butenyl}- 3-(methoxymethyl)-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one (88 mg, 0.20 mmol) in toluene (1 mL) is treated with l,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (0.020 mL). The resulting mixture is placed under a N₂ atmosphere and stirred with heating in an oil bath at 90°C for six hours to afford crude (rac)-(8R,10R,10aS)-10-allyl-6- ethyl-3-(methoxymethyl)-3,9,10,ll-tetrahydro-8,10a-methanoazuleno[2,l-e]indazol- 7(8H)-one. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture is used as described in the next step.

Step 9: (rαc)-(8R,10R,10aS)-6-ethyl-10-propyl-3,9,10,l l-tetrahvdro-8,10a- methanoazuleno[2!-e]indazol-7(8H)-one

The reaction mixture from step 8 is diluted with MeOΗ (2 mL) and treated with 10% Pd/C (10 mg). After stirring at room temperature under hydrogen for 20 hours, the mixture is further treated with 2N ΗC1 (1 mL) and stirred with heating in an oil bath at 60°C for one hour. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture is diluted with CΗ C1₂, neutralized with NaHCO₃, filtered through a pad of silica gel, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue is purified by preparative layer chromatography (0.1 x 20 x 20 cm silica gel GF plate developed with 1:1 hexanes-EtOAc). The product band is eluted with EtOAc and the eluant is evaporated under vacuum to afford (røc)-(8R,10R,10aS)-6-ethyl-10-propyl-3,9,10,ll-tetrahydro- 8 , 1 Oa-methanoazuleno [2, 1 -e]indazol-7(8H)-one.

EXAMPLES 50-95

The following compounds were prepared using methods analogous to those described in the preceding examples:

R3 = CH₃ 6-methyl-9a-propyl-8 ,9 ,9a, 10-tetrahydroindeno [2,1-

50

R9 = CH₂CH₂CH₃ e]indol-7 (3H)-one

*Η NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.81 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₃), 1.27 (m, CΗ₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.46 and 1.62 (two dt, CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.07 and 2.30 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.16 (s, 6-CH₃), 2.50 and 2.64 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.91 and 3.24 (two d, 10-CH₂), 6.58 (m, H-l), 7.28 (dd, H-2), 7.37 (d, H-4), and 7.63 (d, H-5).

R3 = CΗ₃ 9a-ethyl-4-fluoro-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-

51 R⁹ = CH₂CH₃ tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indol-7(3H)-one

!Η NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 0.87 (t, CH₂CH₃), 1.53 and 1.67 (two dq, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.05 and 2.30 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.13 (s, 6-CH₃), 2.50 and 2.61 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.83 and 3.18 (two d, 10-CH₂), 6.60 (ddd, H-l), 7.30 (dd, H-2), 7.34 (d, H-5), and 8.61 (br s, NH). R3 = CH₂CH₃ 6,9a-diethyl-4-fluoro-8,9,9a,10-

52 R9 = CH₂CH₃ tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indol-7(3H)-one

*Η NMR (CDCI₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.85 (t, 9a-CH₂CH₃), 1.15 (t, 6-CΗ₂CH₃), 1.54 and 1.66 (two dq, 9a-CH₂CΗ₃), 2.04 and 2.28 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.48 and 2.59 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.56 and 2.70 (two dq, 6-CH₂CΗ₃), 2.82 and 3.16 (two d, 10-CH₂), 6.60 (ddd, H-l), 7.28 (d, H-5), 7.30 (dd, H-2), and 8.78 (br s, NH); mass spectrum m/z 298.2 (M+l).

R³ = CΗ₃ 9a-butyl-4-fluoro-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-

53

R⁹ = CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indol-7(3H)-one iΗ NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.82 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH ), 1.15-1.29 (m, CΗ₂CH₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.43 and 1.63 (two m, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.05 and 2.29 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.13 (s, 6-CH₃), 2.49 and 2.59 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.84 and 3.18 (two d, 10-CH₂), 6.60 (ddd, H-l), 7.31 (dd, H-2), 7.33 (d, H-5), and 8.56 (br s, NH).

R3 = CΗ₂CΗ₃ 9a-butyl-6-ethyl-4-fluoro-8,9,9a,10-

54

R⁹ = CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indol-7(3H)-one

!Η NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.82 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 1.15 (t, 6-CΗ₂CH₃), 1.17- 1.31 (m, CΗ₂CH₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.44 and 1.62 (two m, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.03 and 2.28 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.47 and 2.60 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.56 and 2.69 (two dq, 6- CH₂CΗ₃), 2.83 and 3.16 (two d, 10-CH₂), 6.60 (ddd, H-l), 7.28 (d, H-5), 7.30 (dd, H- 2), and 8.66 (br s, NH).

R³ = CH₃ 6,9a-dimethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-

55 R⁹ = CH₃ e]indazol-7(3H)-one

*Η NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 1.30 (s, 9a-CH₃), 2.15 (s, 6-CH₃), 2.20 (m, 9-CH₂), 2.58 and 2.73 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 3.12 (ABq, 10-CH₂), 7.49 (d, H-4), 7.84 (d, H-5), and 8.15 (br s, H-l); mass spectrum m/z 253.1 (M+l).

R³ = Br 6-bromo-9a-methyl-8 ,9,9a, 10-tetrahydroindeno [2,1-

56 R⁹ = CΗ₃ e]indazol-7(3H)-one ^lR NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 1.38 (s, 9a-CH₃), 2.22 and 2.30 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.82 and 2.88 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 3.20 (s, 10-CH₂), 7.52 (d, H-4), 8.15 (s, H-l), and 8.64 (d, H-5) ; mass spectrum m/z 317.0 (M+l), 319.0(M+3).

R3 = Η 9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-

57

R⁹ = CΗ₂CΗ₃ 7(3H)-one

!Η NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 0.91 (t, CH₂CH₃), 1.62 and 1.75 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.07 and 2.39 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.50 and 2.61 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.94 and 3.33 (two d, 10-CH₂), 6.24 (s, H-6), 7.46 (d, H-4), 7.57 (d, H-5), and 8.12 (s, H-l).

R3 = CΗ(CΗ₃)₂ 9a-ethyl-6-isopropyl-8,9,9a,10-

58 R⁹ = CΗ₂CΗ₃ tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one

*Η NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.82 (t, CH₂CH₃), 1.22 and 1.48 (two d, CΗ(CH₃)₂), 1.45 and 1.60 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.04 and 2.25 (two m, 9-CH₂), 2.44 and 2.52 (two m, 8-CH₂), 2.96 and 3.23 (two d, 10-CH₂), 3.30 (m, CH(CΗ₃)₂), 7.44 (d, H-4), 7.71 (d, H-5), and 8.12 (s, H-l). R³ = CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ 6-butyl-9a-ethyl-8, 9,9a, 10-tetrahydroindeno [2,1-

59 R⁹ = CH₂CH₃ e]indazol-7(3H)-one

*Η NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.86 and 0.96 (two t, CH₂CH₃ and CΗ₂CΗ₂CΗ₂CH₃), 1.23-1.59 (m, CΗ₂CH₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.46 and 1.67 (two m, CH₂CH₃), 2.05 and 2.31 (two m, 9-CH₂), 2.45-2.73 (m, 8-CH₂ and CH₂CΗ₂CΗ₂CΗ₃), 2.93 and 3.26 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.46 (d, H-4), 7.72 (d, H-5), and 8.12 (s, H-l).

R3 = OCΗ3 9a-ethyl-6-methoxy-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-

60 R⁹ = CH₂CH₃ e]indazol-7(3H)-one ^lH NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 0.89 (t, CH₂CH₃), 1.63 and 1.73 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.09 and 2.30 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.58 and 2.67 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.97 and 3.30 (two d, 10-CH₂), 3.78 (s, OCH ), 7.48 (d, H-4), 8.05 (d, H-5), and 8.11 (s, H-l).

R3 = CΗ₃ 6-methyl-9a-propyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-

61

R⁹ = CH₂CH₂CH₃ e]indazol-7(3H)-one

¹Η NMR (OMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 0.75 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₃), 1.12 and 1.21 (two m, CΗ₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.33 and 1.56 (two dt, CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.02 and 2.21 (two ddd, 9- CH₂), 2.03 (s, 6-CH₃), 2.34 and 2.57 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.92 and 3.27 (two d, 10- CH₂), 7.51 (d, H-4), 7.75 (d, H-5), 8.19 (s, H-l), and 13.34 (br s, NH).

R³ = Br 6-bromo-9a-propyl-8,9,9a, 10-tetrahydroindeno[2, 1 -

62

R⁹ = CΗ₂CΗ₂CΗ₃ e]indazol-7(3H)-one

*Η NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 0.76 (t, CH₂CH₂CH ), 1.10 and 1.21 (two m, CΗ₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.42 and 1.64 (two dt, CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.15 and 2.23 (two ddd, 9- CH₂), 2.59 and 2.81 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 3.05 and 3.36 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.58 (d, H-4), 8.27 (s, H-l), 8.45 (d, H-5), and 13.49 (br s, NH). R3 = CN 6-cyano-9a-propyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-

63

R⁹ = CH₂CH₂CH₃ e] indazol-7 (3H)-one ^lR NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 0.78 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₃), 1.10 and 1.24 (two m, CΗ₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.39 and 1.69 (two dt, CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.14 and 2.26 (two m, 9-CH₂), 2.47 and 2.69 (two m, 8-CH₂), 3.05 and 3.44 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.69 (d, H-4), 8.15 (d, H-5), and 8.33 (s, H-l).

R3 = CΗ₂CΗ₃ 9a-butyl-6-ethyϊ-8,9,9a, 10-tetrahydroindeno[2, 1-

64

R⁹ = CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ e]indazol-7(3H)-one H NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.82 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 1.16 (t, 6-CΗ₂CH₃), 1.18- 1.31 (m, CΗ₂CH₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.44 and 1.64 (two m, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.06 and 2.32 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.51 and 2.62 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.59 and 2.73 (two dq, 6- CH₂CΗ₃), 2.96 and 3.28 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.51 (d, H-4), 7.79 (d, H-5) and 8.16 (s, H- 1); mass spectrum m/z 309.4 (M+l).

R3 = CΗ₃ 9a-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-

65

R⁹ = CH₂CH₂C(CH₃)₃ tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one Η NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.79 (s, C(CH )₃), 1.19, 1.27, 1.35, and 1.61 (four dt, CH₂CH₂C(CΗ₃)₃), 2.04 and 2.32 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.16 (s, 6-CH₃), 2.51 and 2.59 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.92 and 3.25 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.47 (d, H-4), 7.83 (d, H-5), and 8.12 (s, H-l).

R⁷ = OCH₃ (rαc)-(9aR,10R)-9a-ethyl-10-methoxy-6-methyl-

66 R8 = H 8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one iΗ NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 0.92 (t, CH₂CH₃), 1.35 and 1.75 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.08 and 2.50 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.17 (s, 6-CH₃), 2.59 and 2.64 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 3.54 (s, OCH₃), 4.66 (s, H-10), 7.58 (d, H-4), 7.84 (d, H-5), 8.21 (s, H-l), and 10.37 (br s, NH).

R⁷ = NΗ₂ (rac)-(9aR,10R)-10-amino-9a-ethyl-6-methyl-

67 R8 = H 8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one

!Η NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 0.91 (t, CH₂CH₃), 1.42 and 1.75 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.04 and 2.32 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.17 (s, 6-CH₃), 2.61 and 2.67 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 4.44 (s, H-10), 7.52 (dd, H-4), 7.81 (d, H-5), and 8.27 (d, H-l); mass spectrum m/z 265.1 (M+I-NΗ3).

R7 = H (rac)-(9aR,10S)-10-amino-9a-ethyl-6-methyl-

68 R⁸ = NH₂ 8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one ^lU NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 0.53 (t, CH₂CH₃), 1.71 and 1.86 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.12 and 2.29 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.16 (s, 6-CH₃), 2.56 and 2.71 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 4.45 (s, H-10), 7.48 (dd, H-4), 7.75 (d, H-5), and 8.55 (d, H-l).

R³ = CH₃ 9a-ethyl-4-fluoro-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-

69 R⁹ = CH₂CH₃ tetrahydroindeno [2, 1 -e]indazol-7(3H)-one

!Η NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.87 (t, CH₂CH₃), 1.53 and 1.68 (two dq, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.07 and 2.32 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.14 (s, 6-CH₃), 2.53 and 2.62 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.90 and 3.23 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.52 (d, H-5), and 8.19 (d, H-l); mass spectrum m/z 285.2 (M+l), 348.2 (M+Na+MeCN), and 591.2 (2M+1).

R^{3 *}= CΗ₂CΗ₃ 6,9a-diethyl-4-fluoro-8,9,9a,10-

70 R⁹ = CH₂CH₃ tetrahydroindeno [2 , 1 -e]indazol-7(3H)-one

-tø NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 0.86 (t, 9a-CH₂CH₃), 1.15 (t, 6-CΗ₂CH₃), 1.55 and 1.68 (two dq, 9a-CH₂CΗ₃), 2.07 and 2.31 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.52 and 2.60 (two ddd, 8-CH2), 2.55 and 2.70 (two dq, 6-CH₂CΗ₃), 2.89 and 3.32 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.46 (d, H-5), and 8.19 (d, H-l); mass spectrum m z 299.2 (M+l).

R³ = Br 6-bromo-9a-ethyl-4-fluoro-8,9,9a,10-

71

R⁹ = CΗ₂CΗ₃ tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one

*Η NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 0.89 (t, CH₂CH₃), 1.53 and 1.75 (two dq, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.17 and 2.35 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.72-2.83 (m, 8-CH₂), 2.98 and 3.29 (two d, 10- CH₂), 8.19 (d, H-l), and 8.38 (d, H-5).

R3 = CH₃ 9a-butyl-4-fluoro-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-

73

R⁹ = CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one ^lH NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 0.82 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 1.16-1.28 (m, CΗ₂CH₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.44 and 1.65 (two m, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.07 and 2.32 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.14 (s, 6-CH₃), 2.53 and 2.63 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.92 and 3.24 (two d, IO-CH₂), 7.54 (d, H-5), and 8.19 (s, H-l); mass spectrum m/z 313.2 (M+l), 376.2 (M+Na+MeCN), and 647.3 (2M+Na).

R³ = Br 6-bromo-9a-butyl-4-fluoro-8,9,9a,10-

74

R⁹ = CΗ₂CΗ₂CΗ₂CΗ₃ tetrahydroindeno[2, 1 -e]indazol-7(3H)-one

!Η NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 0.83 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 1.15-1.32 (m, CΗ₂CH₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.54 and 1.71 (two m, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.16 and 2.34 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.72-2.85 (m, 8-CH₂), 3.00 and 3.30 (two d, 10-CH₂), 8.22 (br s, H-l), and 8.40 (d, H-5); mass spectrum m/z 377.0 (M+l) and 379.0 (M+3).

R3 = CN 9a-butyl-6-cyano-4-fluoro-8,9,9a,10-

75

R⁹ = CΗ₂CΗ₂CΗ₂CΗ₃ tetrahydroindeno[2, 1 -e]indazol-7(3H)-one Η NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 0.85 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 1.13-1.33 (m, CΗ₂CH₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.50 and 1.72 (two m, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.10 and 2.41 (two ddd, 9-CH2), 2.67 (dd, 8-CH₂), 2.99 and 3.37 (two d, 10-CH₂), 8.11 (d, H-5), and 8.24 (br s, H-l); mass spectrum m/z 324.2 (M+l).

R3 = CF₃ 9a-butyl-4-fluoro-6-trifluoromethyl-8,9,9a,10-

76

R⁹ = CΗ₂CΗ₂CΗ₂CΗ₃ tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one ^lR NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.81 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 1.13-1.30 (m, CΗ₂CH₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.35 and 1.59 (two m, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.16 and 2.31 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.54-2.67 (m, 8-CH₂), 3.03 and 3.28 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.54 (qd, H-5), and 8.19 (d, H-l); mass spectrum m/z 367.2 (M+l) and 430.2 (M+Na+MeCN).

R³ = CH₂CH₃ 6,9a-diethyl-4-fluoro-8,9,9a,10-

77 R⁹ = CH₂CH₃ tetrahychofluoreno[l,2-< |imidazol-7(3H)-one

^!Η NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 0.85 (t, 9a-CH₂CH₃), 1.15 (t, 6-CΗ₂CH ), 1.53 and 1.66 (two dq, 9a-CH₂CΗ₃), 2.06 and 2.31 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.50 and 2.60 (two ddd, 8-CH2), 2.54 and 2.71 (two dq, 6-CH₂CΗ₃), 2.90 and 3.35 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.43 (d, Η-5), and 8.63 (br s, H-2); mass spectrum m/z 299.2 (M+l), 362.2 (M+Na+MeCN), and 619.3 (2M+1).

R³ = Η 9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-

78

R⁹ = CH₂CH₃ tf][l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one lΗ NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 0.92 (t, CH₂CH₃), 1.63 and 1.77 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.11 and 2.44 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.58 and 2.67 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 3.09 and 3.61 (two d, IO-CH2), 6.37 (s, H-6), 7.65 (d, H-5 or H-4), and 7.79 (br s, H-4 or H-5); mass spectrum m/z 254.2 (M+l). R³ = CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ 6-butyl-9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-

79 R⁹ = CH₂CH₃ d] [ 1 ,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one

*Η NMR (CD₃OD, 500 MHz) δ 0.86 and 0.97 (two t, CH₂CH₃ and CΗ₂CΗ₂CΗ₂CH₃), 1.36-1.56 (m, CΗ₂CH₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.55 and 1.70 (two m, CH₂CH₃), 2.11 and 2.38 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.46 and 2.65 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.61 and 2.70 (two m, CH₂CΗ₂CΗ₂CΗ₃), 3.04 and 3.46 (two d, 10-CH₂), and 7.82 (s, H-4 and H-5); mass spectrum m/z 310.3 (M+l)..

4-hydroxyphenyl)-8,9,9a,10-

80 R3 = 9a-ethyl-6-( tetrahydrofluoreno [ 1 ,2-d] [ 1 ,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one R⁹ = CΗ₂CΗ₃ Η NMR (CD₃OD, 500 MHz) δ 0.94 (t, CH₂CH₃), 1.68 and 1.86 (two m, CH₂CΗ₃), 2.27 and 2.48 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.57 and 2.77 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 3.12 and 3.52 (two d, 10-CH₂), 6.56 (d, H-4), 6.87 (br s, C₆H₄), and 7.38 (d, H-5); mass spectrum m/z 346.4 (M+l).

R³ = Br 6-bromo-9a-propyl-8,9,9a, 10-

81

R⁹ = CΗ₂CΗ₂CΗ₃ tetrahydrofluoreno[l ,2-d] [1 ,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one ⁱΗ NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 0.83 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₃), 1.17-1.37 (m, CΗ₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.56 and 1.71 (two m, CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.23 and 2.41 (two m, 9-CH₂), 2.68-2.93 (m, 8- CH₂), 3.21 and 3.67 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.84 (d, H-4), and 8.75 (d, H-5); mass spectrum m/z 346.1 (M+l) and 348.1 (M+3).

R³ = CΗ₃ 6-methyl-9a-propyl-8,9,9a, 10-

82

R⁹ = CH₂CH₂CH₃ tetrahydrofluoreno [ 1 ,2-d] [ 1 ,2 ,3 ] triazol-7 (3H)-one iΗ NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 0.81 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₃), 1.15-1.34 (m, CΗ₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.46 and 1.63 (two m, CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.12 and 2.35 (two m, 9-CH₂), 2.20 (s, 6-CH₃), 2.59 and 2.70 (two m, 8-CH₂), 3.10 and 3.56 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.82 (br d, H-4 or H- 5), and 7.90 (d, H-5 or H-4); mass spectrum m/z 282.3 (M+l). R3 = CH=CH₂ 9a-propyl-6-vinyl-8,9,9a,10-

83 R^{9 **}-^** CH₂CH₂CH₃ tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-rf][l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one

*Η NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 0.83 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₃), 1.18-1.37 (m, CΗ₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.47 and 1.66 (two m, CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.15 and 2.36 (two m, 9-CH₂), 2.59 and 2.69 (two m, 8-CH2). 3-^{12 and 3}-⁵⁶ (^{tw d}> IO-CH2), 5.61 and 5.81 (two m, CΗ=CH₂), 6.60 (dd, CH=CΗ₂), 7.67 (br s, H-4), and 8.03 (d, H-5).

R³ = CΗ₂CΗ₃ 6-ethyl-9a-propyl-8,9,9a,10-

84 R⁹ = CH₂CH₂CH₃ tetrahydrofluoreno[l ,2-d] [ 1 ,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one ^lH NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 0.82 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₃), 1.17 (t, 6-CΗ₂CH₃), 1.23 and 1.30 (two m, CΗ₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.46 and 1.62 (two dt, CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.11 and 2.36 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.54 and 2.65 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.60 and 2.75 (two m, 6-CH₂CΗ₃), 3.10 and 3.54 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.78 (d, H-4 or H-5), and 7.86 (d, H-5 or H-4); mass spectrum m/z 296.2 (M+l).

R³ = CΗ₂CΗ=CΗ₂ 6-allyl-9a-propyl-8,9,9a,10-

85 R⁹ = CH₂CH₂CH₃ tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-rf][l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one iΗ NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 0.83 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₃), 1.18-1.37 (m, CΗ₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.51 and 1.69 (two m, CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.15 and 2.39 (two m, 9-CH₂), 2.60 and 2.72 (two m, 8-CH₂), 3.12 and 3.59 (two d, 10-CH₂), 3.24 and 3.59 (two m, CH₂CΗ=CΗ₂), 5.07 (m, CH=CH₂), 6.04 (m, CH=CΗ₂), 7.76 (d, H-4 or H-5), and 7.82 (d, H-5 or H-4); mass spectrum m/z 308.3 (M+l).

R³ = CΗ₂CΗ₂CΗ₃ 6,9a-dipropyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-

86 R⁹ = CH₂CH₂CH₃ d] [1 ,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one

!Η NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 0.82 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₃), 1.04 (t, 6-CΗ₂CΗ₂CH₃), 1.16- 1.35, 1.40-1.52, and 1.58-1.69 (three m, 9a-CH₂CH₂CΗ₃ and 6-CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.11 and 2.35 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.51-2.59 and 2.61-2.74 (two m, 6-CH₂CΗ₂CΗ₃ and 8- CH₂), 3.09 and 3.53 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.77 (d, H-4 or H-5), and 7.80 (d, H-5 or H-4); mass spectrum m/z 310.3 (M+l). R³ = Br 6-bromo-9a-butyl-8,9,9a,10-

87

R⁹ = CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-< J[l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one

*Η NMR (CDCI3, 500 MHz) δ 0.81 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 1.17-1.33 (m, CΗ₂CH₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.54 and 1.74 (two m, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.22 and 2.41 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.79-2.91 (m, 8-CH₂), 3.20 and 3.67 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.84 (d, H-4), and 8.75 (d, H-5); mass spectrum m/z 360.2 (M+l) and 362.2 (M+3).

R3 = CΗ₃ 9a-butyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-

88

R⁹ = CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ tetrahydrofluoreno [ 1 ,2-d] [ 1 ,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one

*Η NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.80 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 1.15-1.32 (m, CΗ₂CH₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.44 and 1.66 (two m, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.12 and 2.37 (two , 9-CH₂), 2.20 (s, 6-CH₃), 2.59 and 2.69 (two m, 8-CH₂), 3.10 and 3.57 (two d, 10- CH₂), 7.82 (d, H-4 or H-5), and 7.91 (d, H-5 or H-4).

R³ = CΗ₂CΗ₃ 9a-butyl-6-ethyl-8,9,9a, 10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l ,2-

89

R⁹ = CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ d] [ 1 ,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one

*Η NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.81 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH ), 1.18 (t, 6-CΗ₂CH₃), 1.23 (m, CΗ₂CH₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.44 and 1.65 (two dt, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.10 and 2.37 (two ddd, 9-CH2), 2.57 and 2.67 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 2.62 and 2.77 (two m, 6-CH₂CΗ₃), 3.09 and 3.56 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.81 (d, H-4 or H-5), and 7.85 (d, H-5 or H-4); mass spectrum m/z 310.3 (M+l).

R³ = CΗ₂CΗ=CΗ₂ 6-allyl-9a-butyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-

90 R⁹ = CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ d] [1 ,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one Η NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.81 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH ), 1.15-1.35 (m, CΗ₂CH₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.50 and 1.72 (two m, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.15 and 2.40 (two ddd, 9-CH2), 2.61 and 2.72 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 3.12 and 3.59 (two d, 10-CH₂), 3.26 and 3.59 (two m, CH₂CΗ=CΗ₂), 5.07 (m, CH=CH₂), 6.04 (m, CH=CΗ₂), 7.78 (d, H- 4 or H-5), and 7.82 (d, H-5 or H-4); mass spectrum m/z 322.3 (M+l). R³ = CH₂CH₂CH₃ 9a-butyl-6-propyl-8,9,9a,10-

91 R⁹ = CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-(f|[l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one

*Η NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.80 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 1.04 (t, 6-CΗ₂CΗ₂CH₃), 1.14-1.31, 1.40-1.51, and 1.58-1.69 (three m, CH₂CH₂CH₂CΗ₃ and 6-CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.10 and 2.35 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.51-2.59 and 2.60-2.74 (two m, 6-CH₂CΗ₂CΗ₃ and 8-CH₂), 3.08 and 3.54 (two d, 10-CH₂), and 7.79 (s, H-4 and H-5); mass spectrum m/z 324.3 (M+l).

R³ = CF₃ 9a-butyl-6-trifluoromethyl-8,9,9a,10-

92

R⁹ = CΗ₂CΗ₂CΗ₂CΗ₃ tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-d][l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one

*Η NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.79 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH ), 1.13-1.27 (m, CΗ₂CH₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.36 and 1.62 (two m, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.22 and 2.39 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.60-2.73 (m, 8-CH₂), 3.26 and 3.68 (two d, 10-CH₂), 7.77 (d, H-4), and 7.96 (qd, H-5); mass spectrum m/z 350.1 (M+l) and 413.1 (M+Na+MeCN).

9a-butyl-6-(2-furyl)-8,9,9a,10-

93 R3 =

O tetrahydrofluoreno[l ,2-d] [1 ,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one

R⁹ = CΗ₂CΗ₂CΗ₂CΗ₃

!Η NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.84 (t, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH ), 1.15-1.36 (m, CΗ₂CH₂CH₂CΗ₃), 1.54 and 1.78 (two m, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃), 2.25 and 2.47 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.68 and 2.75 (two ddd, 8-CH₂), 3.27 and 3.72 (two d, 10-CH₂), 4.0 (br s, NH), 6.51 (d, furyl H-3), 6.57 (dd, furyl H-4), 6.74 (d, H-5), 7.50 (s, furyl H-5), and 7.71 (d, H-4); mass spectrum m/z 348.2 (M+l).

R³ = CH₂CH₃ 6,9a-diethyl-4-fluoro-8,9,9a,10-

94 R⁹ = CH₂CH₃ tetrahydrofluoreno[l ,2-d] [1 ,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one iΗ NMR (CDC1₃, 500 MHz) δ 0.88 (t, 9a-CH₂CH₃), 1.17 (t, 6-CΗ₂CH₃), 1.56 and 1.70 (two dq, 9a-CH₂CΗ₃), 2.10 and 2.36 (two ddd, 9-CH₂), 2.56 and 2.65 (two ddd, 8-CH2), 2.57 and 2.73 (two dq, 6-CH₂CΗ₃), 3.02 and 3.47 (two d, 10-CH₂), and 7.52 (d, H-5); mass spectrum m/z 300.2 (M+l), 363.2 (M+Na+MeCN), and 621.3 (2M+1)

EXAMPLE 96

The following compounds are prepared using methods analogous to those described in the preceding examples:

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

W W td W W t

41 41 K W K a a tn a H-l hH HM l-H l- h HM HH I-H H-l l-l-I Hl-I -l

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

HM HM H H^,-I H^ H-l ^,-H --H I-H H-I H-l H-l H-l HH H-l H-l H-l H-l H-l ffl X ffi ffi

Estrogen Receptor Binding Assay

The estrogen receptor ligand binding assays are designed as scintillation proximity assays employing the use of tritiated estradiol and recombinant expressed estrogen receptors. The full length recombinant human ER- and ER-β proteins are produced in a bacculoviral expression system. ER-α or ER-β extracts are diluted 1:400 in phosphate buffered saline containing 6 mM α-monothiolglycerol. 200 μL aliquots of the diluted receptor preparation are added to each well of a 96-well Flashplate. Plates are covered with Saran Wrap and incubated at 4 ° C overnight. The following morning, a 20 ul aliquot of phosphate buffered saline containing 10% bovine serum albumin is added to each well of the 96 well plate and allowed to incubate at 4° C for 2 hours. Then the plates are washed with 200 ul of buffer containing 20 mM Tris (pH 7.2), 1 mM EDTA, 10% Glycerol, 50 mM KC1, and 6 mM α-monothiolglycerol. To set up the assay in these receptor coated plates, add 178 ul of the same buffer to each well of the 96 well plate. Then add 20 ul of a 10 nM solution of ³H-estradiol to each well of the plate.

Test compounds are evaluated over a range of concentrations from 0.01 nM to 1000 nM. The test compound stock solutions should be made in 100% DMSO at 100X the final concentration desired for testing in the assay. The amount of DMSO in the test wells of the 96 well plate should not exceed 1%. The final addition to the assay plate is a 2 ul aliquot of the test compound which has been made up in 100% DMSO. Seal the plates and allow them to equilibrate at room temperature for 3 hours. Count the plates in a scintillation counter equipped for counting 96 well plates. The compounds of Examples 1-40 exhibit binding affinities to the estrogen receptor α-subtype in the range of IC5_Q = 36 - > 10000 nm, and to the estrogen receptor β-subtype in the range of IC50 = 1.4 - 283 nm.

Pharmaceutical Composition

As a specific embodiment of this invention, 25 mg of tetrahydrofluorenone from Example 6, is formulated with sufficient finely divided lactose to provide a total amount of 580 to 590 mg to fill a size 0, hard-gelatin capsule.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A compound of the formula:

wherein X is selected from the group consisting of: O, N-OR^a, N-NR^aRb and C^* _ alkylidene, wherein said alkylidene group is unsubstituted or substituted with a group selected from hydroxy, amino, O(C^* _4alkyl), NH(Cι_₄alkyl), or N(Cι_₄alkyl)₂; Y is selected from the group consisting of N and CR^e; Z is selected from the group consisting of N and CR* ;

R! is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Cj.galkyl, C₂_6alkenyl, and

C2_6alkynyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups are either unsubstituted or substituted with a group selected from OR^c, SR^C, NR^bR^c, C(=O)R^c, C(=O)CH₂OH, bromo, 1-3 chloro, 1-5 fluoro or phenyl, wherein said phenyl group can either be unsubstituted or substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of Ci _ ₄alkyl, OH and O(C₁_₄alkyl); R2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, iodo, O(C=O)R^c,

C(=O)R^c, CO₂R^c, Cι_6alkyl, C₂_6alkenyl, and C₂_6alkynyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups are either unsubstituted or substituted with a group selected from OR^c, SR^C, NR^bR^c ,C(=O)R^c, C(=O)CH₂OH, or phenyl, wherein said phenyl group can either be unsubstituted or substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of Cj__4alkyl, OH and O(Cι_4alkyl); or R! and R^, when taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a carbonyl group; or R! and R^, when taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a C3.-7 cycloalkyl or 3.7 heterocycloalkyl ring, wherein said ring is either unsubstituted or substituted with a group selected from Cι_4 alkyl, OH, O(Cι_4 alkyl) and oxo; or R! and R^, when taken together, form a Cι_g alkylidene group, wherein said alkylidene group is either unsubstituted or substituted with a group selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, O(Cι_

4alkyl), N(Ci_4alkyl)₂, and phenyl, wherein said phenyl group can either be unsubstituted or substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of OH, O(Cι _₄alkyl), NH₂, NH(Cι _₄alkyI), NH(Cι_₄alkyI)2, halo, CN, NO₂, CO2H, CO₂(Cι _₄alkyl), C(O)H, and C(O)(Cι _₄alkyl);

R3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, cyano, nitro, NR^aR^c, OR^a, S(O)Ra, SO₂R^a, SR^a, C(=O)R^a, CO₂R^c, CONR^aR^c, C2_ιo^alkenyl, C₂_^* oalkynyl, C3_7cycloalkyl, 4-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, and heteroarylalkyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl groups are either unsubstituted or independently substituted with 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, cyano, OR^a, NR^aR^c, O(C=O)R^a O(C=O)NR R^c, NR^a(C=O)R^c, NR^a(C=O)OR^c, C(=O)R CO₂R^a CONR^aR^c, CSNR^aR^c, SR^a, S(O)R^a, SO₂R^a SO₂NR^aR^c, LR^d, and MLRd ;

R4 and R^ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, amino, methyl, CF3, fluoro, chloro, and bromo; R6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C=O)R^a, (C=O)OR^a, and SO₂R^a; R and R^ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Cι_galkyl, C₂_6alkenyl, C₂_galkynyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, cyano, hydroxy, O(Cι _g alkyl), azido, amino, NH(Cι_₄alkyl), and N(Cj_ 4alkyl)₂; or R⁷ and R^, when taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3-5 membered cycloalkyl ring; or R and R^, when taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a carbonyl group; or R7 and R^, when taken together, form a C βalkylidene group, wherein said alkylidene group is either unsubstituted or substituted with a group selected from cyano, C(=O)H, C(=O)(C inalkyl), or R^ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Cj__^*ιoalkyl, C₂_iQalkenyl, C₂_ løalkynyl, C _6cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl and heteroarylalkyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl and heteroarylalkyl groups can be optionally substituted with a group selected from bromo, iodo, OR^b, SR^b, C(=O)R^b, 1-3 chloro, or 1-5 fluoro; or R9 and Rl, when taken together with the three intervening carbon atoms to which they are attached, form a 5-6 membered cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl ring which can be optionally substituted with 1-3 groups independently selected from oxo, hydroxy, fluoro, Ci^galkyl, C₂_ galkenyl, C₂_galkynyl, Cj.galkylidenyl, C3_gcycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, phenyl, or phenylalkyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkylidenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, phenyl, and phenylalkyl groups can be optionally substituted with a group selected from chloro, bromo, iodo, OR , SR^b Ci -ealkyl, C(=O)R^b, or 1-5 fluoro; or R9 and R°, when taken together with the two intervening carbon atoms to which they are attached, form a cyclopropyl ring which can be optionally substituted with 1-2 groups independently selected from Ci _ galkyl, C₂_galkenyl, C₂_6alkynyl, C3_6cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, phenyl, or phenylalkyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, phenyl, and phenylalkyl groups can be optionally substituted with a group selected from chloro, bromo, iodo, OR , SR^b,

Cι _₃alkyl, C(=O)R , or 1-5 fluoro; RlO is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Ci-xo lkyl, and C₂_ιoalkenyl; R^a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Cι_j_oalkyl, and phenyl, wherein said alkyl group can be optionally substituted with a group selected from hydroxy, amino, O(Cj__₄alkyl), NH(C^*[_₄alkyl), N(Cι_

₄alkyl)₂, phenyl, or 1-5 fluoro, and wherein said phenyl groups can either be unsubstituted or substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of Cι_₄alkyl, OH, O(Cι _₄alkyl), NH₂, NH(Cι _₄alkyl), NH(Cι _ ₄alkyl)₂, halo, CN, NO₂, CO₂H, CO2(C₁. alkyl), C(O)H, and

C(O)(Cι_₄alkyl); R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C^*[-χøalkyl, benzyl and phenyl, wherein said phenyl group can either be unsubstituted or substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of Cι _₄alkyl, OH, ©(Cj^alkyl), NH₂, NH(Cι_₄alkyl), NH(Cι _

₄alkyl) , halo, CN, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂(C₁_₄alkyl), C(O)H, and

C(O)(C₁_₄alkyl); R^c is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C-μioalkyl and phenyl, wherein said phenyl group can either be unsubstituted or substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C^_

₄alkyl, OH, O(Cι _₄alkyl), NH₂, NH(Cι _₄alkyl), NH(C!.₄alkyl) , halo, CN, NO₂, CO₂H, CO₂(C₁.₄alkyl), C(O)H, and C(O)(Cι _ alkyl); or R^a and R^c, whether or not on the same atom, can be taken together with any attached and intervening atoms to form a 4-7 membered ring; R^d is selected from the group consisting of NR^bR^c, OR^a, CO R^a O(C=O)R^a, CN,

NR^c(C=O)R CONR^aR^c, SO₂NR^aR , and a 4-7 membered N- heterocycloalkyl ring that can be optionally interrupted by O, S, NR^C, or C=O;

R^e is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C^.galkyl, C₂_galkenyl, CF3, halo, O(Cι _₄alkyl), NH₂, NH(Cι _₄alkyl), and N(Cι _₄alkyl)₂; Rf is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₂_galkenyl, CF3, halo, O(Cι _₄alkyl), NO₂, NH₂, NH(Cι_₄alkyl), and N(C₁.₄alkyl)₂; L is selected from the group consisting of CR^bR^c, C₂_6 alkylene and C2-6 alkenylene, wherein said alkylene and alkenylene groups can be optionally interrupted by O, S, or NR^C; M is selected from the group consisting of O, S, NR^C, C=O, O(C=O), (C=O)O,

NR (C=O) or (C=O)NR^c; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

2. A compound according to Claim 1 wherein X is selected from the group consisting of O and N-OR^a; Y is selected from the group consisting of N and CH; Z is selected from the group consisting of N and CRf ;

R! is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C- galkyl, C₂_galkenyl, and

C₂_galkynyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups are either unsubstituted or substituted with a group selected from OR^c or C(=O)RC;

R2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, iodo, C^galkyl, C₂_ galkenyl, and C₂.-6alkynyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups are either unsubstituted or substituted with a group selected from OR^c or C(=O)R^c; R3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, chloro, bromo, iodo, C _ løalkyl, C2_ιoalkenyl, C3_7cycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl groups are either unsubstituted or independently substituted with 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from fluoro, chloro, bromo, cyano, OR^a NR^aR^c, C(=O)R^a, CO₂R^a, CONR^aR , SR^a NR^a(C=O)R^c, LR^d, and MLR^d ;

R4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, methyl, fluoro and chloro;

R5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, fluoro and chloro;

R6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C=O)R^a and C(=O)OR^a; R⁷ and R° are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and Cμgalkyl; or R and R^, when taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a carbonyl group;

R9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Cj_- o lkyl, C₂_^* oalkenyl, C3.- ^cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl groups can be optionally substituted with a group selected from chloro, OR^b, SR or 1-5 fluoro; or R9 and Rl, when taken together with the three intervening carbon atoms to which they are attached, form a 5-6 membered cycloalkyl ring which can be optionally substituted with a group selected from C_j.

6alkyl, C₂_6alkenyl, and C3_6cycloalkylalkyl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, and cycloalkylalkyl groups can be optionally substituted with a group selected from chloro, OR^b, SR or 1-5 fluoro; RlO is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and Cι_ιoalkyl; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

3. A compound according to Claim 2 wherein X is selected from the group consisting of O and N-OH, N-OCH3; Y is selected from the group consisting of N and CH; Z is selected from the group consisting of N, CH, CF and CC1; pi is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and Ci .3 alkyl; R2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy, iodo and Cj^alkyl; R3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, chloro, bromo, iodo, Ci _

1 Qalkyl, C₂_l0^alkenyl, C3_7cycloalkyl and aryl, wherein said alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl and aryl groups are either unsubstituted or independently substituted with 1, 2 or 3 groups selected from fluoro,

OR^a, NR^aR^c, LR^d and MLR^d ; R4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl and fluoro; R-5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and fluoro; R6 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C(=O)OR^a; R7 and R° are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and

Ci.galkyl; R9 is selected from the group consisting of C^*[_-[oalkyl, C2_ιo^a kenyl, C3_6cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl; RIO is hydrogen; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

4. A compound according to Claim 3 wherein

X is O and Z is selected from the group consisting of N and CH; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

5. A compound according to Claim 1 selected from the group consisting of:

9a-ethyl-l,6-dimethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indol-7(3H)-one; 9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indol-7(3H)-one; l-chloro-9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indol-7(3H)-one; 9a-ethyl-6-methyl- 1 -nitro-8 ,9,9a, 10-tetrahydroindeno [2, 1 -e]indoI-7(3H)-one; 6-acetyl-9a-butyl-4-fluoro-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indol-7(3H)-one;

6-methyl-9a-propyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indol-7(3H)-one;

9a-ethyl-4-fluoro-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indol-7(3H)-one;

6,9a-diethyl-4-fluoro-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indol-7(3H)-one; 9a-butyl-4-fluoro-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indol-7(3H)-one;

9a-butyl-6-ethyl-4-fluoro-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indol-7(3H)-one;

6,9a-dimethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one;

6-bromo-9a-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one;

9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one; 9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one;

6-bromo-9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one;

9a-ethyl-6-trifluoromethyI-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one;

9a-ethyl-6- { 4-[2-( 1 -piperidinyl)ethoxy]phenyl } -8 ,9,9a, 10-tetrahydroindeno [2,1- e]indazol-7(3H)-one hydrochloride salt; 9a-ethyl-6-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one;

9a-ethyl-6-vinyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one;

6,9a-diethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one;

6-allyl-9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one;

9a-ethyl-6-isopropyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one; 6-butyl-9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one;

6-cyclopentyl-9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one;

6-cyano-9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one;

9a-ethyl-6-methoxy-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one; l-chloro-9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one; l-bromo-9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one;

9a-ethyl-6-methyl-9,9a-dihydroindeno[2,l-e]indazole-7,10(3H,8H)-dione;

10-chloro-9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one;

10-azido-9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one;

6-bromo-9a-ethyl-9,9a-dihydroindeno[2,l-e]indazole-7,10(3H,8H)-dione; 10-amino-9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one;

9a-ethyl-10-methoxy-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one;

9a-ethyl-6,10-dimethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one;

9a-ethyl-4-fluoro-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one;

6,9a-diethyl-4-fluoro-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one; 6-bromo-9a-ethyl-4-fluoro-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one; 9a-ethyl-4-fluoro-6-trifluoromethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)- one;

6-methyl-9a-propyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one;

6-bromo-9a-propyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one; 6-cyano-9a-propyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one;

6-methyl-9a-propyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one oxime;

9a-butyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one;

6-bromo-9a-butyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one;

9a-butyl-6-trifluoromethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one; 9a-butyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one;

9a-butyl-6-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one;

9a-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one;

9a-butyl-6-ethyl-4-fluoro-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one;

6-acetyl-9a-butyl-4-fluoro-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one; 9a-butyl-4-fluoro-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one;

6-bromo-9a-butyl-4-fluoro-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one;

9a-butyl-6-cyano-4-fluoro-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)-one;

9a-butyl-4-fluoro-6-trifluoromethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydroindeno[2,l-e]indazol-7(3H)- one; 6-methyl-3,9,10,ll-tetrahydro-8,10a-methanoazuleno[2,l-e]indazol-7(8H)-one;

6-ethyl-3 ,9,10,11 -tetrahydro-8 , 1 Oa-methanoazuleno [2, 1 -e]indazol-7 (8H)-one ;

9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-<i]imidazol-7(3H)-one;

6-bromo-9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-rf]imidazol-7(3H)-one;

6,9a-diethyl-4-fluoro-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-f]imidazol-7(3H)-one; 9a-butyl-6-ethyl-4-fluoro-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-cf]imidazol-7(3H)-one;

9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2- ][l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one;

9a-ethyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-< l[l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one;

6-allyl-9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-<-f][l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one;

9a-ethyl-6-propyl-8,9,9a, 10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l ,2-d] [1 ,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one; 9a-ethyl-6-trifluoromethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-rf][l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)- one;

6-bromo-9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-^][l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one;

6,9a-diethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-^[l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one;

6-butyl-9a-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahyckofluoreno[l,2-^[l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one; 9a-ethyl-6-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-cf][l,2,3]triazol- 7(3H)-one;

6-bromo-9a-propyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-rf][L2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one;

6-methyl-9a-propyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-d][l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one;

9a-propyl-6-vinyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-c [l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one; 6-ethyl-9a-propyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-rf][l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one;

6-allyl-9a-propyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-rf][l,2,3]triazol-7(37ϊ)-one;

6,9a-dipropyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-J][l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one;

6-bromo-9a-butyl-8,9,9a, 10-tetrahydrofluoreno[ 1 ,2-d] [ 1 ,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one;

9a-butyl-6-methyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-ή [l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one; 9a-butyl-6-ethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-rf][l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one;

6-allyl-9a-butyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-^][l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one;

9a-butyl-6-propyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-c [l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one;

9a-butyl-6-trifluoromethyl-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-^[l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)- one; 9a-butyl-6-(2-furyl)-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-d][l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one;

6,9a-diethyl-4-fluoro-8,9,9a,10-tetrahydrofluoreno[l,2-d][l,2,3]triazol-7(3H)-one;

9a-butyl-6-ethyl-4-fluoro-8,9,9a, 10-tetrahydrofluoreno[ 1 ,2-d] [1 ,2,3]triazol-7(3H> one; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

6. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to Claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

7. A pharmaceutical composition made by combining a compound according to Claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

8. A process for making a pharmaceutical composition comprising combining a compound according to Claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

9. A method of eliciting an estrogen receptor modulating effect in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to Claim 1.

10. A method of treating or preventing hot flashes in a mammal in need thereof by administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to Claim 1.