AU2001280334A2

AU2001280334A2 - DNA/RNA-embedding medium and method of use

Info

Publication number: AU2001280334A2
Application number: AU2001280334A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Christer Busch; Tomas Lundin; Per Mansson; Jan Sallstrom
Original assignee: Ascendia AB
Current assignee: Ascendia AB
Priority date: 2000-06-28
Filing date: 2001-06-27
Publication date: 2003-03-13
Anticipated expiration: 2021-06-27

Description

DNA/RNA-embedding medium and method of use

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a medium for embedding cells and tissues containing native DNA and/or native RNA to preserve its structure when stored. The present invention also relates to a method of using the embedding medium for protecting native DNA/RNA destined for use in DNA/RNA amplification, in particular by PCR and RT-PCR.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

High copy numbers of specific nucleic acid sequences (fragments) may be obtained from DNA by amplification using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or from RNA using the reverse transcripate polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) . For details about the PCR, see PCR, A Practical Approach, McPherson, Quirke, and Taylor, Eds. IRL Press, Oxford 1991.

Quantitative PCR and RT-PCR is used in assaying pathological conditions of cells and tissues, such as the presence of pathogenic microorganisms and genetic mutations causing malignancy, for instance malignancy in lymphocytes isolated from patients suspected to suffer from lymphoma, for instance, T- or B-cell lymphoma or Hodgkin' s disease. Most often cells and tissue sampled for this reason cannot be assayed on the spot but need to be stored for a certain period of time prior to being assayed. It is important that the DNA be preserved in its native state during such storage. The problem of storage is not a minor one since it has been reported (G R Turbett and Loryn N Sellner, Diagn. Mol. Pathol. 6(5) .-298-303, 1997) that preservation of frozen tissue in a widely used embedding medium, Optimal Cutting Temperature™ (OCT) may inhibit PCR and RT-PCR. ^ΛNative DNA' and 'Native RNA' designate native DNA/RNA in a tissue sample as well as isolated native chromosomal DNA/ RNA, and sequences thereof.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

It is- an object of the invention to provide a medium of the aforementioned kind preserving DNA/RNA in its native state for extended periods of time.

It is another object of the invention to provide a method of using a medium in the preservation of native DNA/RNA in cells and tissues destined for use in DNA/RNA amplification methods .

Further objects of the invention will become apparent from the study of the following summary of the invention, the description of preferred embodiments thereof, and of the appended claims.

SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention is provided a a medium for embedding single cells or cell tissue to preserve, in a state suitable for DNA and/or RNA amplification, native DNA and/or RNA contained therein for an extended period of time at a temperature not exceeding 0°C, essentially consisting of an aqueous solution of one or several water-soluble cellulose derivatives and, optionally, of an osmotic pressure stabilizing agent.

Preferred water-soluble cellulose derivatives are selected from alkylated, hydroxy-alkylated, and alkylated/hydroxy- alkylated cellulose. Particularly preferred are hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl-methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl-ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl-methyl cellulose. Most preferred is hydroxypropyl-methyl cellulose (HPMC) . Most preferred is hydroxypropyl-methyl cellulose.

Preferred DNA amplification methods comprise the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) . Preferred RNA amplification methods comprise the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) .

The extended period of time for which native DNA and/or RNA can be preserved by the method of invention is two months or more at temperatures below 0°C, preferably at a temperature of -20°C or less, most preferred at about -70°C. The term 'preserved¹ in particular designates the preserved capability of DNA and/or RNA amplification.

The osmotic pressure stabilizing agent may be any physiologically acceptable agent but includes preferably one or several of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride.

Preferred concentrations of the soluble cellulose derivative range from about 0.1 to about 5% by weight. If a combination of soluble cellulose derivatives is used these figures indicate their total concentration.

According to the present invention is also disclosed a method of amplification of native DNA and/or native RNA, comprising: - procuring a sample containing native DNA and/or native

RNA from a subject, an animal or from a single cell or a multitude of single cells;

- providing the sample with a DNA/RNA preserving aqueous solution essentially consisting of one or several water- soluble cellulose derivatives and, optionally, an osmotic pressure stabilizing agent;

- freezing the combination of sample and DNA/RNA preserving solution;

- storing the frozen combination at a temperature of 0° C or lower for an extended period of time;

- bringing the frozen combination to a temperature above 0° C;

- removing all or part of the preserving solution by rinsing or washing; - optionally isolating the DNA and/or RNA from the sample;

- amplifying the DNA and/or RNA.

In the method of the invention DNA is preferably amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and RNA is preferably amplified by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) .

Water-soluble cellulose derivatives useful in the method are selected from alkylated, hydroxy-alkylated, and alkylated/hydroxy-alkylated cellulose. In particular, they include hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl-methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl-ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl- methyl cellulose. Most preferred is hydroxypropyl-methyl cellulose (HPMC) .

According to a first preferred aspect of the invention is disclosed DNA obtained by amplification of DNA which had been kept in native form (in cells or tissues) embedded for an extended period of time at a temperature below 0°C in an aqueous solution essentially consisting of a water soluble cellulose derivative and, optionally, an osmotic pressure stabilizing agent. Amplification is preferably by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) . According to a second preferred aspect of the invention is disclosed RNA or DNA obtained by amplification of RNA which had been kept embedded in native form in cells or tissues for an extended period of time at a temperature below 0°C in an aqueous solution essentially consisting of a water soluble cellulose derivative and, optionally, an osmotic pressure stabilizing agent. Amplification is preferably by reverse transcriptase chain reaction (RT-PCR) .

Further advantages and applications of the invention will become apparent by the study of the description of preferred embodiments of the invention and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

The invention will now be explained in more detail by reference to a number of preferred but not limiting embodiments thereof illustrated in a drawing comprising a number of electrophoretic separation diagrams on agarose of DNA and RNA obtained in PCR and RT-PCR assays, respectively, of which show

Fig. 1 the formation of a 268 base pair beta-globin fragment obtained by PCR from human DNA in the presence of the HPMC medium according to the invention and of a prior art tissue preservation medium; Fig. 2 the formation of a 259 bp beta-actin fragment obtained by RT-PCR of human mRNA in the presence of the HPMC medium according to the invention and of a prior art tissue preservation medium; Fig. 3 the formation of the 268 bp beta-globin fragment of Fig. 1 obtained by PCR of DNA from the human cell line U2904 in the presence of the HPMC medium according to the invention and of a prior art tissue preservation medium; Fig. 4 the formation of the 536 bp beta-globin fragment by PCR from genomic DNA obtained from the B-lymphocyte U2904 cells stored at -70°C in the presence of the HPMC medium according to the invention and of a prior art tissue preservation medium; Fig. 5 the formation of the 536 bp beta-globin fragment by PCR from genomic DNA obtained from

B-lymphocyte U2904 cells stored at -20°C in the presence of the HPMC medium according to the invention and of a prior art tissue preservation medium; Fig. 6 the formation of 259 bp beta-actin fragments by RT-PCR from cytoplasmatic mRNA obtained from t(99;22) positive K562 cells stored at -70°C in the presence of the HPMC medium according to the invention and of a prior art tissue preservation medium;

Fig. 7 the formation of 259 bp beta-actin fragments by RT-PCR from cytoplasmatic mRNA obtained from t(99;22) positive K562 cells stored at -20°C in the presence of the HPMC medium according to the invention and of a prior art tissue preservation medium.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Cell samples

a) [for PCR] U2904 monoclonal B-lymphocytes of which the specific immunoglobulin gene rearrangement serves as a clonal marker has been used as a positive PCR control for B-cell clonal analysis to detect monoclonal proliferation, such as B-cell malignancies. b) [for PCR] B-lymphocytes isolated from a patient with a suspected hemopathological lymphoproliverative disorder isolated with Lymphoprep® (Nycomed, Norway) and washed in PBS. c) [for RT-PCR] t(9;22) positive cell line K562.

Cell treatment and storage. Samples of about 50xl0⁶ cells were pelleted.

Controls : Five samples were stored at -20°C, five at -70°C, being handled in the way which is standard for molecular pathological analysis, that is, without adding any reagents .

OTC- ediυm treated samples and HMPC-medium treated samples: Ten samples of each medium were covered with a layer of the respective medium. Of each medium, five samples were stored at -20°C and five at -70°C.

Storage time was 2 months for all samples.

Preparation of RNA and DNA. The pellets were thawed, washed twice with PBS by repeated re-suspension and centrifugation at about 2,000xg for 1 min to remove the embedding medium.

Cytoplasmatic RNA was prepared by adding to the K562 cell pellet an aqueous lysis buffer containg 0.14 M sodium chloride, 1.5 mM magnesium chloride am 10 mM Tris buffer of pH 8.6. In addition to 20 mM vanadyl ribonucleoside-complex and 1 M dithiothreitol Nonidet P-40 was added to make a final concentration of 0.5% by weight. For lysis the cells were suspended in the lysis buffer and incubated on ice for 5 min. The suspension was centrifuged at 15,000 x g for 1.5 min. The pellet of cell nuclei was used for the isolation of t(9;22) positive K562 genomic DNA. The supernatant was transferred to another tube and mixed with a protein digestion buffer containing 0.2 M Tris of pH 8.0, 0.3 M sodium chloride, 2% SDS and 80 ng/μl proteinase K. The solution was incubated at 56°C for 30 min, thoroughly mixed with 500 μl phenol, and centrifuged for 5 min at 2,500 x g. The upper phase was transferred to a new tube, mixed with 500 μl of cold isopropanol to precipitate cytoplamic RNA, centrifuged for 30 min at 15,000 x g at a temperature of 4°C; the RNA pellet thereby formed was dissolved in a suitable volume of aqueous DEPC (diethyl pyrocarbonate) treated water.

Genomic DNA from U2904 B-lymphocytes or the lymphocytes from the patient was prepared by adding 20 μl 1 xPCR buffer (described below) per 10⁶ cells and proteinase K to a final concentration of 300 μg/ml. The cells were stored at 56°C for 4 hrs, then heated to 95°C for 4 min to inactivate proteinase K. After pelleting the cell debris by centrifugation for 10 min at 12,000 x g, 1 μl of the supernatant was used per PCR-reaction of 15 μl total volume. When using this method it was not possible to determine DNA concentration spectroscopically. The DNA concentration was calculated to 300 ng/μl based on the fact that each cell contains 6 pg DNA, 50x10⁶ cells were lysed in 1,015 μl solution

PCR and RT-PCR. Three PCR assays and one RT-PCR assay were used for determining the degree of degradation of native

DNA by storage in various media. Two PCR assays with primer pairs generating fragments of 268 bp and 536 bp, respectively, were set up for detecting beta-globin which serves as a laboratory quality control for genomic DNA; the methods were optimized in regard of magnesium chloride concentration (1.5 mM) . The third PCR assay concerned the detection of immunoglobulin genes using consensus primers (M Deane and J D Norton, Immunoglobulin Gene "Fingerprinting", an Approach to Analysis of B-lymphoid Clonality in Lymphoproliferative Disorders. British J. Haematol . 1991, 77:274-281) used in clinical routine for detecting B-cell malignancies of various kind. The amplicons formed thereby vary from 280-350 bp. Genomic DNA from U2904 was used as template.

The RT-PCR assay using mRNA coding for beta-actin as target and specific primers generating a fragment with 392 bp was performed for analyzing isolated RNA.

The PCR and RT-PCR assays were performed in thermal cyclers (GeneAmp PCR System model 9600 and 9700, P E Biosystems; the models were considered to provide equivalent results) .

PCR and RT-PCR immunoglobulin gene analysis in B-cells : the reagents were purchased from P E Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA. 5'-end primer VH3 (sequence: GGT CCC TGA GAC TCT CCT GTG CA) ; 3 '-end primer VLJH (sequence: ACC TGA GGA GAC GGT GAC CAG GGT) . The PCR reaction was performed in PCR- buffer containing 50 mM KCl; 10 mM Tris HCl, pH 8.3; 0.5 μM primer; 3 mM magnesium chloride; 0.2 mM each nucleotide (dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dUTP) ; 0.025 U/μl AmpliTaq polymerase. To achieve a hot start the TaqStart antibody (Clontech Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA) had been added to the polymerase. Cycling conditions: 40 cycles of 95°C, 30 sec; 69°C, 30 sec; 72°C, 30 sec. Beta-globin analysis : 5'- end primer GH 20 (sequence: GAA GAG CCA AGG ACA GGT AC); 3 '-end primer PC 04 (sequence: CAA CTT CAT CCA CGT TCA CC) . The primer pair created an amplicon of 268 bp length. For obtaining an amplicon of 536 bp the 5 '-end primer KM 29 was used (sequence: GGT TGG CCA ATC TAC TCC CAG G) and the 3'- end primer RS 42 (sequence: GCT CAC TCA GTG TGG CAA AG) . The PCR reaction was performed under the same conditions as for the immunoglobulin gene, except that the concentration of magnesium chloride was 1.5 mM. The cycling conditions were also similar but for the annealing temperature which was 55°C.

For the beta-actin analysis two primers of the sequence TGG GTC ATC TTC TCG CGG TT and GTG GGG CGC CCC AGG CAC CA, respectively, were used, producing an amplicon with a length of 259 bp. The RT-PCR reaction was performed with rtTH-enzyme (manufactured by P E Biosystems) as both reverse transcriptase and polymerase according to manufacturer's instructions. Manganese acetate concentration was 2.5 mM. Cycling conditions: 1 cycle of 60°C, 30 min and 94°C, 2 min; followed by 40 cycles of 94°C, 30 sec and 60°C, 1 min. Extension was performed at 72°C for 2 min.

Electrophoresis of amplicons and genomic DNA. To determine possible DNA degradation, electrophoresis in 2% agarose gel was performed with 10 μg of genomic DNA. The same gel medium was used for amplicon detection. Hae III cleaved PhiX DNA (Promega, Madison, WI) was used as a DNA size marker. The loading buffer consisted of glycerol and bromophenolblue .

Determination of pH of cell and tissue preservation media.

Estimated by use of pH indicator sticks (Merck, Darmstadt) ; ranges pH 5-10 and 7.5-14.

Controls. In the various experiments "control (s) " designates sample (s) of the respective cell type that had not been provided with cell preservation medium but had been treated otherwise in the same way as the samples provided with cell preservation medium.

Observations during the preparation of RNA in the presence of cell preservation media. When preparing RNA and DNA it was observed that the cell pellets frozen and stored with OCT medium at -70°C were easily re-suspended in PBS. However, spinning of the re-suspended cells resulted in lysis; instead of a new pellet a viscous mass was formed which was impossible to separate from the supernatant. Isolation of RNA from the samples proved difficult or, in some instances, impossible.

Pellets frozen and stored with HPMC medium formed an agglutinized mass which was not easily re-suspended. When used for RNA preparation the HPMC medium treated agglutinized cells however behaved like untreated cells providing RNA in good yield.

EXAMPLE 1

Effect of added cell preservation media to PCR. 10% (v/v) OCT medium or HMPC medium was added (3 μl of a 30 μl PCR reaction) to DNA prepared from fresh U2904 cells. This is considerably more embedding medium than could normally be expected to be left in DNA prepared from a piece of frozen tissue by mistake, such as bad rinsing, on a piece of frozen tissue. PCR (Fig. 1) : beta-globin 268 bp amplicon. Lane identification: 1,2, positive controls; 3,4, HMPC 10% (v/v); 5,6 OTC 10% (v/v); 7, marker. RT-PCR (Fig. 2): beta- actin 259 bp amplicon. Lane identification: 1,2 positive controls; 3,4 HPMC 10% (v/v); 5,6 OCT 10% (v/v); 7, marker. As evident from Figs. 1 and 2, PCR and RT-PCR assays are is only marginally affected by the presence of substantial amounts of HPMC medium according to the invention; corresponding amounts of the prior art cell preservation medium OCT are destructive to the same assays.

EXAMPLE 2

Effect of adding varying amounts of cell preservation media to PCR. Conditions as in Example 1. Fig. 3: beta-globin 268 bp amplicon. Lane identification: 1, HMPC 10% (v/v) ; 2, HMPC 20% (v/v); 3, HMPC 30% (v/v); 4, HMPC 40% (v/v); 5, marker; la, OCT 10% (v/v); 2a, OTC 5% (v/v); 3a, OTC 2.5% (v/v); 4a, OTC 1.25% (v/v); 5a, OTC 1% (v/v); 6a (0.5); 7a, marker. As shown in Fig. 3 the PCR is only marginally affected by the HPMC medium according to the invention in a concentration of 30% (v/v) while the prior art OCT medium is destructive at concentrations (v/v) above about 1%.

EXAMPLE 3

Preservation of genomic DNA in cells stored in the presence of cell preservation media. Genomic DNA fragment size analysis on agarose demonstrated that degradation of DNA in OCT-treated U2904 cells stored at -20°C was virtually complete, while a PCR assay of these DNA-preparations showed that, in some samples, there was enough intact DNA left as template for amplification (Fig. 5, lanes 11-15) . Similar results were obtained at a storage temperature of - 70°C (Fig. 4 lanes 12-16) . In contrast, DNA from cells treated with HPMC medium according to the invention produced large amounts of amplicons in all samples at both storage temperatures (Fig. 4, lanes 7-11 and Fig. 5, lanes 6-10; lanes 1-5 in those figures are controls) . EXAMPLE 4

Preservation of cytoplasmatic RNA in cells stored in cell preservation media. RT-PCR with RNA isolated from stored U2904 cells: target beta-actin, appr. 259 bp PCR fragment. Fig. 6; storage temperature -70°C; lane identification: 1- 5, controls; 6-10, HPMC (RNA could not be prepared from cells stored at -70°C in OCT) ; 14, marker. Fig. 7; storage temperature -20°C; lane identification: 1-5, controls; 6,7,9-11 HPMC; 8, marker; 12-15, OCT ; 16, marker. From Figs. 6 and 7 it is evident that the preservation of cytoplasmatic RNA with OCT medium is poor, whereas it is good with the HPMC medium according to the invention. While preservation at -70°C is good even in the absence of a preservation medium, no preservation at a storage temperature of -20°C was observed in absence of medium.

Comments to the examples in regard of the OCT medium.

One would expect that DNA in cells stored at -20°C would be more affected by OTC medium than cells stored at -70°C.

This is however not true. While two of five samples stored at -70°C could not be amplified at all, all five samples stored at -20° contained amplifiable DNA but the DNA was of much poorer quality than untreated cells or cells treated with the HPMC medium according to the invention, as demonstrated by the number of amplicons produced (cf. Fig. 5) .

Claims

1. A medium for embedding single cells or cell tissue to preserve, in a state suitable for DNA and/or RNA amplification, native DNA and/or RNA contained therein for an extended period of time at a temperature not exceeding 0°C, essentially consisting of an aqueous solution of one or several water-soluble cellulose derivatives and, optionally, of an osmotic pressure stabilizing agent.

2. The embedding medium of claim 1, wherein said one or several water-soluble cellulose derivatives are selected from alkylated, hydroxy-alkylated, and alkylated/hydroxy- alkylated cellulose.

3. The embedding medium of claim 2, wherein said one or several water-soluble cellulose derivatives are selected from hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl-methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl-ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl- methyl cellulose. Most preferred is hydroxypropyl-methyl cellulose (HPMC) .

4. The embedding medium of claim 3, wherein said one water soluble cellulose derivative is hydroxypropyl-methyl cellulose.

5. The embedding medium of claim 1, wherein said DNA amplification method comprises polymerase chain reaction (PCR) .

6. The embedding medium of claim 1, wherein said RNA amplification method comprises reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) .

7. The embedding medium of claim 1, wherein said extended period of time is two months or more.

8. The embedding medium of claim 1, wherein said temperature is -20°C or lower.

9. The embedding medium of claim 1, wherein said osmotic pressure stabilizing agent is one or several of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride.

10. The embedding medium of claim 3, wherein the concentration of said one or several water soluble cellulose derivatives is from 0.1 to 5% by weight.

11. A method of amplification of native DNA and/or native RNA, comprising:

- procuring a sample containing native DNA and/or native RNA from a subject, an animal or from a single cell or a multitude of single cells; - providing the sample with a DNA/RNA preserving aqueous solution essentially consisting of one or several water- soluble cellulose derivatives and, optionally, an osmotic pressure stabilizing agent;

- freezing the combination of sample and DNA/RNA preserving solution;

- bringing the frozen combination to a temperature above 0° C; - removing all or part of the preserving solution by rinsing or washing;

- optionally isolating the DNA and/or RNA from the sample;

- amplifying the DNA and/or RNA.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein DNA is amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) .

13. The method of claim 11, wherein RNA is amplified by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) .

14. The method of claim 11, wherein said one or several water-soluble cellulose derivatives are selected from alkylated, hydroxy-alkylated, and alkylated/hydroxy- alkylated cellulose.

15. The embedding medium of claim 14, wherein said one or several water-soluble cellulose derivatives are selected from hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl-methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl-ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl- methyl cellulose.

16. The embedding medium of claim 15, wherein said one water soluble cellulose derivative is hydroxypropyl-methyl cellulose.

17. DNA obtained by amplification of DNA from cells and tissues which had been kept embedded for an extended period of time at a temperature below 0°C in an aqueous solution essentially consisting of a water soluble cellulose derivative and, optionally, an osmotic pressure stabilizing agent .

18. The DNA of claim 17, amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) .

19. DNA obtained by amplification of RNA from cells and tissues which had been kept embedded for an extended period of time at a temperature below 0°C in an aqueous solution essentially consisting of a water soluble cellulose derivative and, optionally, an osmotic pressure stabilizing agent .

20. The DNA of claim 19, amplified by reverse transcriptase chain reaction (RT-PCR) .