NZ622636B2 - Substituted benzothiazole compounds and their use in the treatment of viral infections - Google Patents

Abstract

Provided are benzothiazole derivative compounds with a core structure of [1,3]Thiazolo[5,4-e][1,3]benzothiazole, as shown in the drawing wherein the variables are as defined in the specification. The compounds are agonists of the RIG-I pathway. The compounds are useful in the treatment of viral infections including those caused by hepatitis C virus, West Nile virus and influenza. ctions including those caused by hepatitis C virus, West Nile virus and influenza.

Description

Substituted benzothiazole compounds and their use in the treatment of viral infections Field of the Disclosure Compounds and methods sed herein are useful for ng viral ion in vertebrates, including RNA viral infections.

Background of the sure As a group, RNA s represent an enormous public health problem in the US. and worldwide. Well-known RNA s include influenza virus (including the avian and swine isolates), hepatitis C virus (HCV), West Nile virus, SARS—coronavirus, respiratory ial virus (RSV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

More than 170 million people worldwide are infected by HCV, and 130 million of those are chronic carriers at risk of developing chronic liver diseases (cirrhosis, carcinoma, and liver failure). As such, HCV is responsible for two thirds of all liver transplants in the developed world. Recent s show that the death rate from HCV infection is rising due to the increasing age of chronically ed ts. Likewise al flu infects 5 ~20% of the population resulting in 200,000 hospitalizations and 36,000 deaths each year.

Compared to influenza and HCV, West Nile virus causes the lowest number of infections, 981 in the United States in 2010. Twenty percent of infected patients develop a severe form of the disease, resulting in a 4.5% mortality rate. Unlike influenza and HCV, there are no approved therapies for the treatment of West Nile virus infection, and it is a high-priority pathogen for drug development due to its potential as a bioterrorist agent.

Among the RNA viruses listed, vaccines exist only for influenza virus. Accordingly, drug therapy is essential to mitigate the significant morbidity and mortality associated with these viruses. Unfortunately, the number of antiviral drugs is limited, many are poorly effective, and nearly all are plagued by the rapid evolution of viral resistance and a limited spectrum of action. Moreover, treatments for acute influenza and HCV infections are only moderately effective. The standard of care for HCV infection, PEGylated eron and ribavirin, is effective in only 50% of patients, and there are a number of dose-limiting side effects associated with the combined therapy. Both classes of acute influenza antivirals, adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors, are only effective within the first 48 hours after infection, thereby ng the window of opportunity for treatment. High resistance to adamantanes already restricts their use, and massive stockpiling of neuraminidase inhibitors will eventually lead to overuse and the emergence of resistant strains of influenza.

Most drug development s against these viruses target viral proteins. This is a large part of the reason that t drugs are narrow in spectrum and subject to the emergence of viral resistance. Most RNA viruses have small genomes and many encode less than a dozen proteins. Viral targets are therefore limited. Based on the ing, there is an e and unmet need for effective ents against viral infections.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE The compounds and methods disclosed herein shift the focus of viral drug development away from the ing of viral proteins to the development of drugs that target and enhance the host’s innate antiviral se. Such compounds and methods are likely to be more effective, less susceptible to the emergence of viral resistance, cause fewer side effects and be effective against a range of different viruses.

The RIG-l pathway is intimately involved in regulating the innate immune response to RNA virus infections. RIG-l agonists are expected to be useful for the treatment of many viruses including, without limitation, HCV, influenza, and West Nile virus. Accordingly, the present disclosure relates to compounds and methods for treating viral ion, including infection by RNA viruses, wherein the compounds can modulate the RIG-l pathway.

One embodiment of the t disclosure includes a compound represented by the formula | l >>——N Y1K. / \‘Y4 X \R5 Formula 1 wherein a dashed line indicates the ce or absence of a bond; R1 may be Ra, OR2 or NR2R3; each R3 may independently be independently H, optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl; R2 and R3 may each independently be Ra, CORa, or SOzRa; Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 may each independently be CR4 or N; each R4 may ndently be R2, 0R3, NR2R3, SR8, SORa, SOzRa, SOZNHRa, NCORa, halogen, trihalomethyl, CN, 8:0, or nitro; R5 may be Ra, CORa, SOgRa, or is not present; v may be CR2, CR2R3, c=o, 3, or C=NR2; and, w and X may each independently be N, NR3, O, S, CR2R4 or CR4.

Some embodiments of the present disclosure include a compound represented by the formula (the “KIN1000” compound): >:N O / S /> H 2 N Br Additional embodiments include a compound represented by the formula wherein R10, R13, R14, R16, R17, R18, R19, R20, R21, and R22 are independently Rb, ORb, SRb, CORb, cosz, OCORb, NRbRC, CONRbRC, NRbCORC, SOZNRbRC, CF3, CN, N02, F, Cl, Br, I, or C2_5 cyclyl; each Rb is independently H or 01-3 hydrocarbyl, and each RC is independently H or C1_3 alkyl.

Further embodiments of the present disclosure include a compound represented by the formula (the 48” compound): 8Moo S O | />_N\ N H Some embodiments of the present disclosure include a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the compounds as described herein.

Some embodiments of the present disclosure include methods of ng or preventing a viral infection in a vertebrate comprising administering to the vertebrate a pharmaceutical composition as bed . In some embodiments, the viral infection is caused by a virus from one or more of the following families: iridae, Astroviridae, iridae, Bromoviridae, Bunyaviridae, Caliciviridae, Closteroviridae, Comoviridae, Cystoviridae, Flaviviridae, Flexiviridae, Hepevirus, Leviviridae, Luteoviridae, Mononegavirales, Mosaic Viruses, rales, Nodaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Picobirnavirus, Picornaviridae, Potyviridae, Reoviridae, Retroviridae, Sequiviridae, Tenuivirus, Togaviridae, Tombusviridae, Totiviridae, Tymoviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Herpesviridae, Paramyxoviridae or omaviridae. In some embodiments, the viral infection is influenza virus, Hepatitis C virus, West Nile virus, SARS—coronavirus, poliovirus, measles virus, Dengue virus, yellow fever virus, tickborne alitis virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, Murray Valley virus, Powassan virus, Rocio virus, louping-ill virus, Banzi virus, Ilheus virus, Kokobera virus, Kunjin virus, Alfuy virus, bovine diarrhea virus, Kyasanur forest disease virus, respiratory syncytial virus or HIV.

Some ments of the methods of the present disclosure include administering any of the pharmaceutical compositions bed herein as an adjuvant for a prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine. In some embodiments, the method includes vaccinating a vertebrate by additionally stering a vaccine against influenza virus, Hepatitis C virus, West Nile virus, SARS-coronavirus, poliovirus, measles virus, Dengue virus, yellow fever virus, tick—borne encephalitis virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, St.

Louis encephalitis virus, Murray Valley virus, Powassan virus, Rocio virus, louping-ill virus, Banzi virus, Ilheus virus, Kokobera virus, Kunjin virus, Alfuy virus, bovine diarrhea virus, Kyasanur forest disease virus or HIV.

Some embodiments of the present disclosure include methods of ting the innate immune response in a eukaryotic cell, comprising administering to the cell any of the nds as described herein. In some embodiments the cell is in vivo. In other embodiments the cell is in vitro.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 shows validation and characterization of compound KIN1000 (“RLU” = relative luciferase units). In Figure 1A, initial “hit” compounds were validated by demonstrating dose—dependent induction of the lFNB-luciferase (IFNB-LUC, left), lSG56-luciferase (lSG56-LUC, center), and the lSGS4-luciferase -LUC, right) reporter genes. Figure 1B confirms the specificity of KIN1000, which does not induce the non-specific B-actin promoter (“0.5% DMSO” = vehicle control; “10uM 0” = B- actin-luciferase reporter in presence of KlN1000; “10uM Compound X” = positive control B-actin ion). In Figure 1C, the MTS assay demonstrated that KlN1000 did not show evident cytotoxicity to human cells treated for 48 hours with the compound. The 0D. value that represents 50% cell mortality is shown by a horizontal line, also demonstrating that the CC50 of KlN1000 is greater than 20uM.

Figure 2 shows activation of transcription factors by KlN1000. In Figure 2A, HeLa cells treated with increasing amounts of KIN1000 showed dose-dependent increase in lRF-3 translocation to the nucleus, quantified by nuclear intensity minus cytoplasmic intensity (“normalized r intensity”). In Figure 2B, HeLa cells treated with increasing amounts of KlN1000 showed ependent increase in NFKB translocation, quantified by nuclear ity minus cytoplasmic intensity. “SeV” refers to Sendai virus infection, the positive control.

Figure 3 shows anti-viral activity of KIN1000. MRC5 cells treated with increasing amounts of KlN1000 showed dose-dependent decrease in infection by influenza virus.

Figure 4 shows Luminex® (Luminex Corp., Austin TX) quantified levels of cytokine sion d by KlN1000. Human tic cells treated with increasing amounts of KIN1000 showed dose-dependent expression of cytokines including lL-8, MOP-1 (CCL2), and MlP-1d and B (CCL3 and CCL4, respectively).

Figure 5 shows induction of gene expression by 0 and its derivative compound KIN1148. Figure 5A shows gene sion levels of |F|T2 (left) and OAS1 (right) in HeLa cells over time from 4-24 hours post treatment with 10uM KIN1000 (grey) or KIN1148 (black). Figure 5B shows gene expression levels of |F|T2 in PH5CH8 cells (left) treated with KIN1000 (solid grey bars) or KIN1148 (solid black bars), and in HeLa cells (right) d with KIN1000 (grey striped bars) or KIN1148 (black checked bars).

In each test group, the three vertical bars represent 5, 10, and 20 [M compound 00 or KIN1148), respectively. Figure SC shows gene expression levels of |F|T2 (left), OAS1 (center), and MxA (right) in primary HUVEC cells that were treated with 1uM KIN1000 (grey) or 1uM KIN1148 ).

Figure 6 shows antiviral activity of KIN1000 and KIN1148 against respiratory syncytial virus. Figure 6A shows that HeLa cells treated with sing amount of KIN1000 and KIN1148 showed dose-dependent decrease in infection by RSV. Figure 6B shows that 8 showed antiviral activity against RSV when drug is added up to 24 hours prior to infection.

Figure 7 shows antiviral activity of KIN1148 against Influenza A virus Udorn/72.

H292 cells (left) and HEK293 cells (right) treated with 2uM (H292) or 10uM (HEK293) of KIN1148 showed decrease in infection by virus.

Figure 8 shows antiviral activity of 8 against Dengue virus type 2. Huh 7 cells treated with increasing amounts of KIN1148 showed dose-dependent decrease in infection by virus.

Figure 9 shows antiviral activity of KIN1148 against Hepatitis B virus. HepAD38 cells treated with increasing amounts of 8 showed dose—dependent decrease in supernatant levels of virus. The 0D. value that represents no HBV in the supernatant is shown by a horizontal line d “NO HBV CELLS.” Figure 10 shows lgG antibody production induced by KIN1000 and KIN1148 in vivo. s (Lewis female rats, 10-12 weeks old) were vaccinated with suspensions of OVA in PBS, OVA+polyl:C, OVA+K|N1000 or N1148 subcutaneously in the footpad and base of tail (0.025 mL injection volume per site). Animals were boosted identically at 2 and 8 weeks post priming. Animals were bled at the indicated time points, sera was prepared and dy levels were detected by ELISA. OD450 values for vaccine preparations containing K|N1000 (large checked bars) and KIN1148 (horizontal d bars) were normalized to values obtained from animals that received OVA in PBS alone as vaccines. Poly I:C (small checked bars) was used as a control adjuvant.

Figure 11 shows cellular response elicited by KIN compound vaccination.

Delatyed type hypersensitivity responses elicited 2 weeks after the first boost (4 weeks post prime) were measured. Animals were challenged by injection of 0.02 mL of PBS (left ear pinna) or 0.02 mL of OVA (1 mg/mL) in PBS (right ear pinna) at indicated time point. 24 hours later ear ess was measured with calipers. The ated difference between right ear and left ear is shown. “OVA+K1148” (vertical d bar) = difference in ear thickness in animal injected with vaccine containing KlN1148. Poly |:C (“OVA+pl:C;” horizontal striped bar) was used as a control adjuvant.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present disclosure provides compounds and methods that shift the focus of viral treatments away from the targeting of viral proteins to the development of drugs that target and enhance the host nt’s) innate antiviral response. Such compounds and methods are likely to be more ive, less susceptible to the emergence of viral resistance, cause fewer side effects and be effective against a range of different viruses.

The RIG-l y is intimately ed in regulating the innate immune response to RNA virus infections. RIG-l is a cytosolic pathogen recognition receptor that is essential for triggering immunity to a wide range of RNA viruses. RIG-l is a double- stranded RNA helicase that binds to motifs within the RNA virus genome characterized by homopolymeric stretches of uridine or polymeric U/A motifs. Binding to RNA induces a conformation change that relieves RIG-I signaling repression by an gous sor domain, thus allowing RIG—l to signal downstream through its tandem caspase activation and recruitment s (CARDs). RIG-l signaling is dependent upon its NTPase activity, but does not require the helicase domain. RIG-l signaling is silent in resting cells, and the repressor domain serves as the on-off switch that governs signaling in response to virus infection.

RIG-l signaling is transduced through lPS-1 (also known as Cardif, MAVs, and VISA), an essential adaptor protein that resides in the outer mitochondrial membrane. lPS-1 recruits a macromolecular signaling complex that stimulates the downstream activation of lRF-3, a transcription factor that induces the expression of type | lFNs and responsive genes that control infection. Compounds that trigger RIG—l ing directly or through tion of RIG-l pathway components, including lRF-3, present tive therapeutic applications as antivirals or immune modulators.

A high-throughput screening approach was used to identify compounds that modulate the RIG-l pathway, a key regulator of the cellular innate immune response to RNA virus infection. In particular embodiments, validated RIG-l agonist lead compounds were demonstrated to specifically activate interferon regulatory factor-3 (lRF-3). In additional embodiments they exhibit one or more of the following: they induce the expression of eron-stimulated genes (lSGs), have low cytotoxicity in cell-based assays, are suitable for analog development and SAR studies, have ike physiochemical properties, and have antiviral activity against influenza A virus and/or HCV.

As discussed below, these compounds represent a new class of potential antiviral therapeutics. Although the disclosure is not bound by a specific mechanism of action of the compounds in vivo, the compounds are selected for their modulation of the RIG-l y. In certain embodiments, the tion is tion of the RIG-l pathway. Compounds and s disclosed herein function to, one or more of, decrease viral protein, viral RNA, and infectious virus in cell culture models of HCV and/or influenza virus.

In one embodiment, the disclosure herein s to a class of nds of represented by the following formula: Y2’/’ VY:>7N/V\R1 | I Y3\ ” \‘Y4 X \R5 Formula 1 wherein a dashed line indicates the presence or absence of a bond; R1 may be Ra, OR2 or NR2R3; each R3 may independently be independently H, optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally tuted heteroaryl; R2 and R3 may each independently be Ra, CORa, or SOzRa; Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 may each independently be CR4 or N; each R4 may independently be R2, 0R3, NR2R3, SR3, SORa, SOzRa, a, NCORa, halogen, trihalomethyl, CN, 8:0, or nitro; R5 may be Ra, CORa, SOzRa, or is not present; v may be CR2, CR2R3, c=o, COCR2R3, or C=NR2; and, w and X may each independently be N, NR3, O, S, CRZR4 or CR4.

With respect to Formula 1, Y1 may be CR4 or N. In some embodiments, Y1 is CR4.

With respect to Formula 1, Y2 may be CR4 or N. In some ments, Y2 is CR4.

In some embodiments, Y1 and Y2 are both CR4, and together form an additional heterocyclic ring ally substituted by R18. In some embodiments, V may be: With respect to Formula 1, Y3 may be CR4 or N. In some embodiments, Y3 is CR4.

With respect to Formula 1, Y4 may be CR4 or N. In some embodiments, Y4 is CR4.

In some embodiments, Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 are CR4. In some embodiments, Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 are CH. In some embodiments, Y1 and Y2 are W and Y3 and Y4 are CH.

Some ments include compounds represented by any of Formulas 2-12.

R17 N\ Formula 2 S S§ R1 /> N\ R17 N R5 Formula 3 />—N R17 N \R5 /> N\ N R5 R14 Formula 5 R10 R11 J: I />7N\ R17 N R5 R14 Formula 6 0 R12 s 0 />—N\ R26 R25 R14 R13 R19 R20 Formula 8 Formula 9 0 R27 8 N/ w \H R17 N \R5 a 10 R8 R28 0 : : S y,“ R29 %N\ \H N R5 Formula 11 R9 R31 Formula 12 With respect to any relevant ural feature herein, each Ra can independently be H; optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, such as 01-12 or 01-5 hydrocarbyl; optionally substituted aryl, such as optionally substituted 06-12 aryl, including optionally substituted phenyl; optionally substituted heteroaryl, including optionally substituted 02-12 heteroaryl, such as optionally tuted pyridinyl, optionally substituted furyl, optionally tuted thienyl, etc. In some embodiments, each R8 can ndently be H, or 01.12 alkyl, including: linear or branched alkyl having the formula CaHa+1, or cycloalkyl having the formula CaHa-1, wherein a is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12, such as linear or branched alkyl of the formula: CH3, CZH5, C3H7, C4H9, C5H11, CsH13, C7H15, C8H17, CQH19, C10H21, etc., or cycloalkyl of the formula: C3H5, C4H7, Cng, C6H11, C7H13, C8H15, CQH17, C10H19, etc.

With respect to R3, in some embodiments, the aryl group is substituted with halogen, trihalomethyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, OH, CN, alkylthio, io, sulfoxide, arylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonyl, carboxylic acid, nitro or acylamino.

With respect to Ra, in some embodiments, the heteroaryl group is single or fused. In some embodiments, the single heteroaryl group is imidazole. In some embodiments, the fused heteroaryl group is benzimidazole. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl group is substituted with halogen, trihalomethyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, OH, CN, hio, arylthio, sulfoxide, lfonyl, alkylsulfonyl, carboxylic acid, nitro or acylamino. In some embodiments, the alkyl group is branched, cyclic or polycyclic.

With respect to Ra, a hydrocarbyl may be alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl. In some embodiments, the alkyl group is substituted with n, trihalomethyl, alkoxy, mino, OH, CN, heteroaryl, alkylthio, arylthio, sulfoxide, arylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonyl, carboxylic acid, nitro, or acylamino. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl group is single or fused. In some embodiments, the single aryl group is imidazole. In some embodiments, the fused heteroaryl group is idazole. In some embodiments, the alkenyl group is branched, cyclic or polycyclic. In some embodiments, the alkenyl group is substituted with halogen, trihalomethyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, OH, CN, heteroaryl, hio, arylthio, sulfoxide, lfonyl, alkylsulfonyl, carboxylic acid, nitro, or acylamino.

With t to any relevant structural feature herein, Rb may be H, or C1_3 hydrocarbyl, such as CH3, C2H5, CgH7, cyclopropyl, CH=CH2, CH2, CECH, CHZCECH, etc.

With respect to any relevant structural feature herein, RC may be H, or C1_3 alkyl, such as CH3, C2H5, C3H7, cyclopropyl, etc. In some ments, RC is H.

With respect to any relevant formula or structural depiction herein, such as Formula 1, Formula 2, Formula 3, or Formula 4, R1 is Ra, OR2 or NR2R3. In some embodiments, R1 is optionally substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, R1 is unsubstituted phenyl. In some embodiments, R1 is optionally substituted naphthyl. In some embodiments, R1 is unsubstituted naphthyl.

R10 R11 g R12 In some ments, R. 1 .

IS R14 R13 R10 0 g 0 In some embodiments, R1 is R14 R13 R10 R11 \0 R12 In some embodiments, R. 1 .

IS R14 R13 In some embodiments, R1 is R31 In some embodiments, R1 is In some embodiments, R1 is In some embodiments, R1 is With respect to any relevant structural feature herein, R2 may be Ra, CORa, or SOzRa. In some embodiments, R2 may be H, methyl, ethyl, a propyl (e.g. n-propyl, isopropyl, etc.), cyclopropyl, a butyl, utyl or an isomer thereof, a pentyl, entyl or an isomer thereof, a hexyl, a cyclohexyl or an isomer thereof, etc. In some embodiments, R2 is H.

With respect to any relevant structural feature herein, R3 may be Ra, CORa, or SOzRa. In some embodiments, R3 may be H, methyl, ethyl, a propyl (e.g. n-propyl, isopropyl, etc.), cyclopropyl, a butyl, cyclobutyl or an isomer f, a pentyl, cyclopentyl or an isomer thereof, a hexyl, a cyclohexyl or an isomer thereof, etc. In some embodiments, R3 is H.

With respect to any relevant structural e herein, each R4 may independently be R2, 0R3, CORa, cozRa, OCORa, CONR2R3, NR2R3, NRbCORa, SR3, SORa, SOzRa, SOzNRaRb, NCORa, halogen, trihalomethyl, CN, S=O, nitro, or C2-5 heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R4 is H.

Generally R5 and R8—R32, may be H or any substituent, such as a substituent having from 0 to 6 carbon atoms and from 0 to 5 heteroatoms independently ed from: O, N, S, F, Cl, Br, and l, and/or having a molecular weight of 15 g/mol to 300 g/mol. Any of R5 and R8-R32 may comprise: a) 1 or more alkyl moieties ally substituted with, or optionally connected by, b) 1 or more functional groups, such as C=C, CzC, CO, C02, CON, NCOz, OH, SH, O, S, N, N=C, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NOZ, COZH, NH2, etc.; or may be a tuent having no alkyl portion, such as F, Cl, Br, |, N02, CN, NH2, OH, COH, CO2H, etc.

With respect to any relevant structural feature herein, In some ments, R5 may be Ra, CORa, SOzRa, or may not be present. Some non-limiting examples of R5 may include H or C1-3 alkyl, such as CH3, C2H5, C7, cyclopropyl, etc. In some embodiments, R5 may be CH3_ In some embodiments, R5 is H.

With respect to any nt formula or structural depiction above, some non- limiting examples of R8 may include Rb, ORb, SRb, CORb, cosz, OCORb, NRbRC, CONRbRC, NRbCORC, SOzNRbRC, CF3, CN, N02, F, Cl, Br, I, or 02-5 heterocyclyl. In some ments, R8 is H, CH3, CH2CH3, Cl, Br, OH, OCH3, SCH3, NH2, NHCH3, N(CH3)2, SOzNHz, morpholino, CH2CECH, or N02, In some embodiments, R8 is H. g_N\_/O morpholino With respect to any relevant formula or structural ion above, some non- limiting examples of R9 may e Rb, CORb, cosz, CONRbRC, NRbCORC, SOzNRbRC, CF3, ON, or C2_5 heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R9 is H, CH3, CH2CH3, SOzNHz, or CHZCECH. In some embodiments, R9 is H, CH3, CH2CH3, CH2CH2CH3, CH2CH=CH2, or H. In some embodiments, R9 is CHZCECH. In some embodiments, R9 is H. o Tb o o R0 R0 A A /Rb “t / i ‘i T/ [1'1 Rb 91%, O Rb o CORb 00sz CONRbRC NRbCORC o o \\s// R0 512/ \N/ SOzNRbRC With respect to any relevant formula or structural depiction above, some non- limiting examples of R10 may include Rb, ORb, SRb, CORb, cosz, OCORb, NRbRC, C, NRbCORC, SOzNRbRC, CF3, CN, N02, F, Cl, Br, i, or c2.5 heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R10 is H, CH3, CH20H3, Cl, Br, OH, OCH3, SCH3, NH2, NHCH3, N(CH3)2, SOZNHZ, morpholino, CHzcECH, or N02. In some embodiments, R10 is H.

With respect to any relevant formula or structural depiction above, some non- limiting examples of R“ may include Rb, ORb, SRb, CORb, cosz, OCORb, NRbRC, CONRbRC, NRbCORC, SOgNRbRC, CF3, CN, N02, F, Cl, Br, i, or 02-5 heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R11 is H, CH3, CHZCHg, Cl, Br, OH, OCH3, SCH3, NH2, NHCH3, N(CH3)2, SOZNHZ, morpholino, CHZCECH, or N02. In some ments, R11 is H, Cl or Br. In some ments, R11 is Cl. In some embodiments, R11 is Br. In some embodiments, R11 is H.

With respect to any nt formula or structural depiction above, some non- limiting examples of R12 may include Rb, ORb, SRb, CORb, cosz, OCORb, NRbRC, CONRbRC, NRbCORC, SOzNRbRC, CF3, CN, N02, F, Cl, Br, I, or c2.5 heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R12 is H, CH3, CH20H3, Cl, Br, OH, OCHg, SCH3, NH2, NHCH3, N(CH3)2, SOZNHZ, morpholino, CH2CECH, or N02. In some embodiments, R12 is H, Cl, or SOzNHz. In some ments, R12 is H. In some embodiments, R12 is Cl. In some embodiments, R12 is SOzNHz. In some embodiments, R12 is H.

E/O> In some embodiments, R11 and R12 are together: ;\0 .

With respect to any relevant formula or structural depiction above, some non- limiting examples of R13 may include Rb, ORb, SRb, CORb, cosz, OCORb, NRbRC, CONRbRC, C, SOZNRbRC, CF3, CN, N02, F, Cl, Br, I, or 02-5 heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R13 is H, CH3, CH2CH3, Cl, Br, OH, OCH3, SCH3, NH2, NHCH3, N(CH3)2, SOzNHz, morpholino, CH2CECH, or N02. In some embodiments, R13 is H or Cl. In some embodiments, R13 is H. In some embodiments, R13 is Cl.ln some embodiments, R11 and R13 are Cl.

With respect to any relevant formula or structural depiction above, some non- limiting examples of R14 may include Rb, ORb, SRb, CORb, cosz, OCORb, NRbRC, CONRbRC, NRbCORC, CF3, CN, N02, F, Cl, Br, or I. In some embodiments, R14 is H, CH3, CH2CH3, Cl, Br, OH, OCH3, SCH3, NH2, NHCH3, 2, CH2CECH, or N02. In some embodiments, R14 is H.

In some ments, R10 and R14 are H. In some embodiments, R10, R12, and R14 are H. In some embodiments, R10, R13, and R14 are H. In some embodiments, R10, R11, R13, and R14 are H. In some embodiments, R10, R“, R12, and R14 are H. In some ments, R10, R“, R12, R13, and R14 are H.

With respect to any relevant formula or structural depiction above, some non- limiting examples of R16 may include Rb, ORb, SRb, CORb, COsz, OCORb, NRbRC, CONRbRC, NRbCORC, SOgNRbRc, CF3, CN, N02, F, Cl, Br,or 02-5 cyclyl. In some embodiments, R16 is H, CH3‘ CH2CH3, Cl, Br, OH, OCH3, SCH3, NH2, NHCH3, N(CH3)2, SOzNHz, morpholino, CH2CECH, or N02. In some embodiments, R16 is H.

With respect to any relevant formula or structural ion above, some non- limiting examples of R17 may include Rb, ORb, SRb, CORb, cosz, OCORb, NRbRC, CONRbRC, NRbCORC, SOzNRbRC, CF3, CN, N02, F, Cl, Br, I, or c2.5 heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R17 is H, CH3, CH2CH3, Cl, Br, OH, OCHg, SCH3, NH2, NHCH3, N(CH3)2, SOZNHZ, morpholino, CH2CECH, or N02. In some embodiments, R17 is H.

With respect to any relevant formula or ural depiction above, some non- limiting examples of R18 may e Rb, ORb, SRb, CORb, cosz, OCORb, NRbRC, CONRbRC, NRbCORC, SOgNRbRC, CF3, CN, N02, F, Cl, Br, I, or 02-5 cyclyl. In some embodiments, R18 is H, CH3, CHZCH3, Cl, Br, OH, OCH3, SCH3, NH2, NHCH3, N(CH3)2, SOzNHz, morpholino, CHZCECH, or N02. In some ments, R18 is H or CH3. In some ments, R18 is H. In some embodiments, R18 is CH3. In some embodiments, R18 is H.

With respect to any relevant formula or structural depiction above, some non- limiting examples of R19 may include Rb, ORb, SRb, CORb, cosz, OCORb, NRbRC, CONRbRC, NRbCORC, SOZNRbRC, CF3, CN, N02, F, Cl, Br, or c2.5 heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R19 is H, CH3, , Cl, Br, OH, OCH3, SCH3, NH2, NHCH3, N(CH3)2, SOZNHZ, morpholino, CHZCECH, or N02. In some embodiments, R19 is H.

With respect to any relevant formula or structural depiction above, some non- limiting examples of R20 may include Rb, ORb, SRb, CORb, cosz, OCORb, NRbRC, CONRbRC, C, SOZNRbRC, CF3, CN, N02, F, Cl, Br, l, or 02-5 heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R20 is H, CH3, CH20H3, Cl, Br, OH, OCH3, SCH3, NH2, NHCH3, N(CH3)2, SOzNHz, CHZCECH, or N02. In some ments, R20 is H.

With respect to any relevant formula or structural depiction above, some non- limiting examples of R21 may include Rb, ORb, SRb, CORb, cosz, OCORb, NRbRC, CONRbRC, NRbCORC, SOgNRbRC, CF3, CN, N02, F, Cl, Br, l, or c2.5 heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R21 is H, CH3, Cl, Br, OH, OCH3, SCH3, NH2, NHCH3, N(CH3)2, SOzNHz, morpholino, CH2CECH, or N02. In some embodiments, R21 is H.

With respect to any relevant formula or structural depiction above, some non- limiting es of R22 may include Rb, ORb, SRb, CORb, COsz, OCORb, NRbRc, CONRbRC, NRbCORc, SOgNRbRC, CF3, CN, N02, F, Cl, Br, I, or 02-5 heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R22 is H, CH3, CHZCH3, Cl, Br, OH, OCH3, SCH3, NH2, NHCH3, N(CH3)2, SOzNHz, morpholino, or N02. In some embodiments, R22 is H.

In some embodiments, R19, R20, R21, and R22 are H.

With respect to any relevant formula or structural depiction above, some non- limiting examples of R23 may include Rb, ORb, SRb, CORb, cosz, OCORb, NRbRC, CONRbRC, NRbCORC, RC, CF3, CN, N02, F, Cl, Br, I, or 02-5 heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R23 is H, CH3, CH20H3, Cl, Br, OH, OCH3, SCH3, NH2, NHCH3, N(CH3)2, SOzNHz, CH2CECH, or N02. In some embodiments, R23 is H or SOzNHz. In some embodiments, R23 is H. In some embodiments, R23 is SOZNHZ.

With respect to any relevant formula or structural depiction above, some non- limiting examples of R24 may include Rb, ORb, SRb, CORb, (:0sz, OCORb, NRbRC, CONRbRC, NRbCORC, Rc, CF3, CN, N02, F, Cl, Br, i, or 02-5 heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R24 is H, CH3‘ CHZCH3, Cl, Br, OH, OCH3, SCH3, NH2, NHCH3, N(CH3)2, SOzNHz, morpholino, or N02. In some embodiments, be R24 may H.

In some embodiments, R23 and R24 are H.

With respect to any relevant formula or structural depiction above, some non- limiting es of R25 may include Rb, ORb, SRb, CORb, cosz, OCORb, NRbRC, CONRbRC, NRbCORC, RC, CF3, CN, N02, F, or 02-5 cyclyl. In some embodiments, R25 is H, CH3, CHZCH3, N(CH3)2, , morpholino, CHZCECH, or N02. In some embodiments, R25 is CH3 or H. In some embodiments, R25 is H.

With respect to any relevant formula or ural depiction above, some non- Iimiting examples of R26 may include Rb, CF3, ON, or N02. In some embodiments, R26 is H, CH3, or CH2CH3. In some embodiments, R26 is H.

With respect to any relevant a or structural depiction above, some non- Iimiting examples of R27 may include Rb, ORb, SRb, CORb, COsz, C, SOzNRbRC, CF3, CN, N02, F, Cl, Br, I, or 02-5 heterocyclyl. In some ments, R27 is H, CH3, CHchg, Cl, Br, OH, OCH3, SCH3, SOzNHz, CH2CECH, or N02. In some embodiments, R27 is H, (CH2)3CH3, CH20H200H3, CH2CH2N(CH3)2, CH2CH2— morpholino, or CH2CH28CH3. In some embodiments, R27 is H. In some embodiments, R27 is (CH2)3CH3. In some embodiments, R27 is CHZCHZOCHg. In some embodiments, R27 is CH2CH2N(CH3)2. In some embodiments, R27 is CH2CH2-morpholino. In some embodiments, R27 is CH2CHZSCH3.

With respect to any relevant formula or structural depiction above, some non- limiting examples of R28 may include Rb, ORb, SRb, CORb, cosz, OCORb, NRbRC, CONRbRC, C, SOzNRbRC, CF3, CN, N02, F, Cl, Br, I, or c2.5 heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R28 is H, CH3, CHZCHg, Cl, Br, OH, OCH3, SCH3, NH2, NHCH3, N(CH3)2, SOzNHz, morpholino, CH2CECH, or N02. In some embodiments, R28 is H, CH2CH3, OCH3, N(CH3)2, morpholino, or SCH3. In some embodiments, R28 is H. In some ments, R28 is CHQCH3. In some embodiments, R28 is OCH3. In some ments, R28 is CN(CH3)2. In some embodiments, R28 is morpholino. In some embodiments, R28 is SCH3.

With t to any relevant formula or structural depiction above, some non- limiting examples of R29 may include Rb, ORb, SRb, CF3, CN, N02, F, Cl, Br, l, or 02-5 heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R29 is H, CH3, or . In some embodiments, R29 is H.

In some embodiments, R8 and R29 are H.

With respect to any relevant formula or structural depiction above, some non- limiting examples of R30 may include Rb, OR", SRb, CORb, cosz, OCORb, NRbRC, CONRbRC, NRbCORC, SOZNRbRC, CF3, CN, N02, F, Cl, Br, or I. In some embodiments, R30 is H, CH3, CHchg, Cl, Br, OH, OCH3, SCH3, NH2, NHCH3, N(CH3)2, SOzNHz, H, or N02. In some embodiments, R30 is H.

With respect to any relevant formula or ural depiction above, some non- limiting examples of R31 may include Rb, ORb, SRb, CORb, cosz, OCORb, NRbRC, C, NRbCORC, SOgNRbRC, CF3, CN, N02, F, Cl, Br, I, or c2.5 heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R3’1 is H, CH3, CHZCHg, Cl, Br, OH, OCH3, SCH3, NH2, NHCH3, N(CH3)2, SOZNHZ, morpholino, CHZCECH, or N02. In some embodiments, R31 is H.

With respect to any relevant formula or structural depiction above, some non- limiting examples of R32 may include Rb, ORb, SRb, CORb, cosz, OCORb, NRbRC, CONRbRC, NRbCORC, SOgNRbRC, CF3, CN, N02, F, Cl, Br, l, or 02-5 heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R32 is H, CH3, CHZCH3, Cl, Br, OH, OCH3, SCH3, NH2, NHCH3, N(CH3)2, SOZNHZ, morpholino, CHZCECH, or N02. In some embodiments, R32 is H or N02. In some embodiments, R32 is H. In some embodiments, R32 is N02.

In some embodiments, R30, R31, and R32 are H. In some embodiments, R31 and R32 are H.

NHCH3, N(CH3)2, SOzNHz, morpholino, CHZCECH, or N02. In some embodiments, R3’3 is H.

In another embodiment disclosed herein the compound is (the “KIN1000” compound) >:N o / s §_Q Unless otherwise indicated, any reference to a nd herein by structure, formula, name or any other means, includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts, such as sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts; prodrugs, such as ester prodrugs; alternate solid forms, such as polymorphs, solvates, hydrates, etc.; tautomers; or, any other chemical species that may rapidly convert to a compound described herein under conditions in which the nds are used as bed herein.

Unless stereochemistry is unambiguously depicted, any structure, formula or name for a compound can refer to any stereoisomer or any mixture of stereoisomers of the compound.

As used herein, the term “functional group” refers to an atom or a group of atoms that have similar al properties whenever they occur in different nds, and as such the functional group defines the characteristic physical and chemical properties of families of organic compounds.

Unless otherwise indicated, when any compound or chemical structural feature (collectively referred to herein as a “compound”), such as for e alkyl, aryl, etc., is ed to as being “optionally substituted,” that compound can have no substituents (in which case it is “unsubstituted”), or it can include one or more substituents (in which case it is “substituted”). The term “substituent” has the ry meaning known to one of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, the substituent may be an ordinary organic moiety known in the art, which can have a molecular weight (e.g., the sum of the atomic masses of the atoms of the tuent) of 15 g/mol to 50 g/mol, 15 g/mol to 100 g/mol, 15 g/mol to 150 g/mol,15 g/mol to 200 g/mol, 15 g/mol to 300 g/mol, or 15 g/mol to 500 g/mol. In some embodiments, the substituent comprises: 0-30, 0-20, 0-10, or 0-5 carbon (C) atoms; and/or 0-30, 0—20, 0—10, or 0—5 heteroatoms including N, O, 8, Si, F, Cl, Br, or I; provided that the tuent comprises at least one atom including C, N, O, 8, Si, F, Cl, Br, or | in a substituted compound. Examples of substituents include, but are not d to, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, acyl, acyloxy, alkylcarboxylate, thiol, hio, cyano, halo, thiocarbonyl, O—carbamyl, N—carbamyl, O-thiocarbamyl, N-thiocarbamyl, C-amido, N-amido, S-sulfonamido, N—sulfonamido, isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, nitro, silyl, sulfenyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, haloalkyl, koxyl, trihalomethanesulfonyl, trihalomethanesulfonamido, amino, etc. For convenience, the term “molecular weight” is used with respect to a moiety or part of a molecule to indicate the sum of the atomic masses of the atoms in the moiety or part of a molecule, even though it may not be a complete molecule.

As used herein, the term “hydrocarbyl” has the broadest meaning generally understood in the art, and can include a moiety composed of carbon and hydrogen.

Some examples can include alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, etc., and combinations thereof, and can be linear, branched, cyclic, or a ation f. Hydrocarbyl can be bonded to any other number of moieties (for example, can be bonded to one other group, such as —CH3, —CH=CH2, etc.; two other groups, such as —phenyl-, -CEC-, etc.; or any number of other groups) that the structure can bear, and in some embodiments, can contain from one to thirty-five carbon atoms. Examples of hydrocarbyl groups include but are not limited to C1 alkyl, C2 alkyl, C2 alkenyl, C2 alkynyl, C3 alkyl, C3 alkenyl, C3 alkynyl, C4 alkyl, C4 alkenyl, C4 alkynyl, Cs alkyl, C5 l, C5 alkynyl, C6 alkyl, C5 alkenyl, C5 alkynyl, phenyl, etc.

As used herein the term ” has the broadest meaning generally tood in the art, and can include a moiety composed of carbon and hydrogen containing no double or triple bonds and not having any cyclic structure. Alkyl can be linear alkyl, branched alkyl, cycloalkyl, or a combination thereof, and in some embodiments, can contain from one to -five carbon atoms. In some embodiments, alkyl can include C140 linear alkyl, such as methyl (-CH3), ethyl (-CH20H3), n-propyl (-CH2CH2CH3), nbutyl (-CH2CH2CH2CH3), yl (-CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3), n-hexyl (- CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3), etc.; C340 ed alkyl, such as 03H7 (e.g. iso-propyl), C4H9 (e.g., branched butyl isomers), 05H“ (e.g., branched pentyl isomers), CeH13 (e.g., branched hexyl isomers), C7H15 (e.g., branched heptyl isomers), etc.; C340 cycloalkyl, such as C3H5 (e.g. cyclopropyl), C4H7 (e.g., cyclobutyl isomers such as cyclobutyl, methylcyclopropyl, etc.), C5H9 (e.g., cyclopentyl isomers such as cyclopentyl, methylcyclobutyl, dimethylcyclopropyl, etc.) C6H11 (e.g., cyclohexyl isomers), C7H13 (e.g., cycloheptyl s), etc.; and the like.

The terms “alkyl,” “alkenyl” and “alkynyl” refer to substituted and unsubstituted alkyls, alkenyls and alkynyls, respectively. An alkyl group can be optionally substituted as defined .

Substituted alkyls, alkenyls and alkynyls refers to alkyls, alkenyls and alkynyls substituted with one to five substituents including H, lower alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, l, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, koxy, alkoxyalkylaryl, alkylamino, arylamino, NH2, OH, CN, N02, OCF3, CF3, F, 1-amidine, 2-amidine, alkylcarbonyl, morpholinyl, piperidinyl, dioxanyl, pyranyl, heteroaryl, furanyl, thiophenyl, tetrazolo, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiadiazole S—oxide, thiadiazole S,S—dioxide, pyrazolo, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, SR, SOR, 802R, 002R, COR, CONR’R”, ” and SOnNR’R”.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term "alkynyl" refers to a functional group comprising a straight-chain or branched—chain arbon containing from 2 to 20 carbon atoms and having one or more carbon—carbon triple bonds and not having any cyclic structure. An alkynyl group may be optionally substituted as defined herein. Examples of alkynyl groups e, without limitation, ethynyl, propynyl, hydroxypropynyl, l, 1-yl, 2-yl, 3-methylbutynyl, pentynyl, pentyn yl, hexynyl, hexyn—2—yl, heptynyl, octynyl, nonynyl, decynyl, undecynyl, nyl, ynyl, tetradecynyl, pentadecynyl, hexadecynyl, heptadecynyl, octadecynyl, nonadecynyl, eicosynyl, and the like.

The term "alkylene" as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a saturated aliphatic group derived from a straight or branched chain ted hydrocarbon attached at two or more positions, such as methylene (—CH2—). Unless otherwise specified, the term "alkyl" may include "alkylene" groups.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term "alkylcarbonyl" or "alkanoyl" refers to a functional group comprising an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group. Examples of arbonyl groups include, without limitation, methylcarbonyl, ethylcarbonyl, and the like.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term oalkyl" refers to a functional group comprising a straight—chain or branched-chain hydrocarbon containing from 1 to 20 atoms linked ively by single bonds, where at least one atom in the chain is a carbon and at least one atom in the chain is O, S, N, or any combination thereof. The heteroalkyl group can be fully saturated or contain from 1 to 3 degrees of unsaturation. The non-carbon atoms can be at any interior position of the heteroalkyl group, and up to two non-carbon atoms may be utive, such as, e.g., —CH2—NH— OCH3. In addition, the rbon atoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen may optionally be quaternized.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “alkyloxy” or "alkoxy" refers to a functional group sing an alkyl ether group. es of alkoxys include, without limitation, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, iso- butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, and the like.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term "hydroxy" refers to the functional group hydroxyl (—OH).

As used herein, either alone or in ation, the term "carboxyl" or "carboxy" refers to the functional group —C(=O)OH or the corresponding "carboxylate" anion — C(=O)O-. es include, without limitation, formic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, benzoic acid. An "O-carboxyl" group refers to a carboxyl group having the general formula RCOO, wherein R is an organic moiety or group. A "C-carboxyl" group refers to a carboxyl group having the general formula COOR, wherein R is an organic moiety or group.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term "oxo" refers to the functional group :0.

As used herein, the term “carbocyclic” has the broadest meaning generally understood in the art, and includes a ring or ring system wherein the ring atoms are all carbon. Examples include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, etc., and combinations thereof.

As used herein, the term “heterocyclic” has the broadest meaning generally understood in the art, and includes a ring or ring system wherein at least one of the ring atoms is not carbon, such as N, O, 8, etc. Examples include, but are not limited to, heteroaryl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkenyl, cycloheteroalkynyl, etc., and ations f.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “cycloalkyl,” “carbocyclicalkyl” and cyclealkyl” refers to a functional group comprising a substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic hydrocarbon with a non-conjugated cyclic molecular ring structure of 3 to 12 carbon atoms linked exclusively with -carbon single bonds in the carbon ring structure. A cycloalkyl group can be monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic, and may optionally include one to three additional ring structures, such as, e.g., an aryl, a heteroaryl, a cycloalkenyl, a heterocycloalkyl, or a heterocycloalkenyl.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term "lower cycloalkyl" refers to a functional group comprising a monocyclic substituted or unsubstituted non-aromatic hydrocarbon with a non-conjugated cyclic molecular ring structure of 3 to 6 carbon atoms linked exclusively with carbon-carbon single bonds in the carbon ring structure. es of lower cycloalkyl groups e, without limitation, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.

As used herein the term “aryl” has the broadest g generally understood in the art, and can include an aromatic ring or aromatic ring system. An aryl group can be monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic, and may optionally include one to three onal ring structures; such as, for example, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, a heterocycloalkyl, a heterocycloalkenyl, or a heteroaryl. The term "aryl" includes, without limitation, phenyl (benzenyl), thiophenyl, indolyl, naphthyl, tolyl, xylyl, anthracenyl, phenanthryl, azulenyl, yl, naphthalenyl, 1—methylnaphthalenyl, acenaphthenyl, acenaphthylenyl, anthracenyl, fluorenyl, phenalenyl, phenanthrenyl, benzo[a]anthracenyl, benzo[c]phenanthreny|, chrysenyl, fluoranthenyl, pyrenyl, tetracenyl (naphthacenyl), triphenylenyl, anthanthrenyl, benzopyrenyl, benzo[a]pyrenyl, benzo[e]f|uoranthenyl, benzo[ghi]perylenyl, j]fluoranthenyl, k]f|uoranthenyl, corannulenyl, coronenyl, dicoronylenyl, helicenyl, heptacenyl, hexacenyl, yl, pentacenyl, picenyl, perylenyl, tetraphenylenyl, etc.

Additionally, as used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “aryl,” "hydrocarbyl aryl" or “aryl hydrocarbon” can refer to a functional group comprising a substituted or unsubstituted ic hydrocarbon with a conjugated cyclic molecular ring structure of 3 to 12 carbon atoms. Substituted aryl refers to aryls substituted with one to five substituents including H, lower alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, alkoxyalkylaryl, alkylamino, arylamino, NH2, OH, CN, N02, OCF3, CF3, Br, Cl, F, ino, 2-amidino, alkylcarbonyl, morpholino, piperidinyl, dioxanyl, pyranyl, heteroaryl, l, thiophenyl, tetrazolo, thiazole, azolo, imidazolo, thiadiazole, thiadiazole e, thiadiazole S,S—dioxide, pyrazolo, e, isoxazole, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, ine, isoquinoline, SR, SOR, 802R, 002R, COR, CONR’R”, CSNR’R”, SOnNR’R”, etc.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term “lower aryl” refers to a functional group sing a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic arbon with a conjugated cyclic molecular ring structure of 3 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples of lower aryl groups include, without limitation, phenyl and naphthyl.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term "heteroaryl" refers to a functional group comprising a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon with a conjugated cyclic molecular ring structure of 3 to 12 atoms, where at least one atom in the ring structure is a carbon and at least one atom in the ring structure is O, S, N, or any combination thereof. A heteroaryl group can be monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic, and may optionally include one to three additional ring structures, such as, e.g., an aryl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, a heterocycloalkyl, or a heterocycloalkenyl. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, acridinyl, benzidolyl, benzimidazolyl, oxazolyl, benzodioxinyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, benzodioxolyl, 1,3-benzodioxolyl, benzofuryl, benzoisoxazolyl, benzopyranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzo[c]thiophenyl, benzotriazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, hiazolyl, benzothienyl, carbazolyl, nyl, cinnolinyl, dihydrocinnolinyl, inyl, dibenzofuranyl, furopyridinyl, furyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, dihydroindolyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, isobenzofuryl, isoindolyl, isoindolinyl, dihydroisoindolyl, isoquinolyl, dihydroisoquinolinyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenanthridinyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, inyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, quinolyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrazolopyridazinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, thiophenyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thienopyridinyl, thienyl, thiophenyl, triazolyl, xanthenyl, and the like.

As used herein, either alone or in combination, the term "lower heteroaryl" refers to a functional group comprising a monocyclic or bicyclic, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon with a conjugated cyclic molecular ring structure of 3 to 6 atoms, where at least one atom in the ring structure is a carbon and at least one atom in the ring structure is O, S, N, or any combination f.

The phenyl structure associated with some of the embodiments described herein is depicted below. This structure can be unsubstituted, as shown below, or can be substituted such that a substituent can independently be in any position normally occupied by a hydrogen atom when the structure is unsubstituted. Unless a point of attachment is indicated by -|, attachment may occur at any position ly occupied by a hydrogen atom.

Phenyl Each Ra can independently be H; optionally substituted hydrocarbyl; optionally tuted aryl, such as optionally substituted phenyl or optionally substituted aryl; ally substituted heteroaryl, such as optionally tuted pyridinyl, optionally substituted furyl, optionally substituted l, etc. In some embodiments, each Ra can independently be H, or C142 alkyl, ing: linear or branched alkyl having the formula CaHa+1, or cycloalkyl having the formula CaHa_1, wherein a is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12, such as linear or branched alkyl of the formula: CH3, C2H5, C3H7, C4H9, C5H11, C5H13, C7H15, C8H17, C9H19, C10H21, etc., or cycloalkyl of the formula: C3H5, C4H7, C5H9, CeH11, C7H13, CsH15, C9H17, C10H19, etc.

The term “treat” includes one or more of the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, vaccination, augmentation of a therapy or prevention of e in man or other animals As used , the term “vertebrate” includes all living vertebrates such as, without limitation, mammals, humans, birds, dogs, cats, livestock, farm animals, free- range herds, etc.

Many RNA viruses share mical, regulatory, and signaling pathways.

These viruses e but are not limited to influenza virus (including avian and swine isolates), atory syncytial virus, tis C virus, West Nile virus, SARS— virus, poliovirus, measles virus, Dengue virus, yellow fever virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, Murray Valley virus, Powassan virus, Rocio virus, louping-ill virus, Banzi virus, llheus virus, Kokobera virus, Kunjin virus, Alfuy virus, bovine diarrhea virus, and the Kyasanur forest disease virus. The nds and methods disclosed herein can be used to treat these Relevant taxonomic families of RNA viruses include, t limitation, iridae, Astroviridae, Birnaviridae, Bromoviridae, Bunyaviridae, Caliciviridae, Closteroviridae, Comoviridae, Cystoviridae, Flaviviridae, Flexiviridae, Hepevirus, Leviviridae, Luteoviridae, Mononegavirales, Mosaic Viruses, Nidovirales, Nodaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Picobirnavirus, Picornaviridae, Potyviridae, Reoviridae, Retroviridae, Sequiviridae, Tenuivirus, Togaviridae, Tombusviridae, Totiviridae, and Tymoviridae. The compounds and methods sed herein can be used to treat viruses within these families of viruses as part of a pharmaceutically acceptable drug formulation. Other relevant virus families include, without limitation, Hepadnaviridae, Herpesviridae, and Papillomaviridae.

Particular embodiments provide for pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, alone or in combination with an antigen, for the e of treating and/or preventing disease in an animal including a vertebrate animal. As such, in some embodiments the pharmaceutical compositions can be used as vaccines.

The sure provides for the use of the compounds as nts.

The compounds and methods disclosed herein can be additive or synergistic with other therapies currently in development or use. For e, ribavirin and interferon-0i provide an effective treatment for HCV infection when used in combination.

Their cy in combination can exceed the efficacy of either drug product when used alone. The compositions of the disclosure can be administered alone or in combination or conjunction with interferon, ribavirin and/or a variety of small molecules that are being developed against both viral targets (viral ses, viral polymerase, ly of viral replication complexes) and host s (host proteases required for viral processing, host kinases required for phosphorylation of viral targets such as NS5A, and inhibitors of host factors required to efficiently utilize the viral internal ribosome entry site, or IRES) The compounds and methods disclosed herein could be used in combination or conjunction with, without limitation, adamantane inhibitors, neuraminidase inhibitors, alpha interferons, non-nucleoside or nucleoside polymerase inhibitors, NS5A inhibitors, antihistamines, protease inhibitors, helicase inhibitors, P7 tors, entry inhibitors, IRES inhibitors, immune stimulators, HCV replication inhibitors, cyclophilin A inhibitors, A3 adenosine agonists, and microRNA ssors.

Cytokines that could be administered in combination or conjunction with the compounds and methods sed herein include, without limitation, lL-2, lL-12, lL-23, lL-27, or lFN-y. New HCV drugs that are or will be available for potential administration in combination or conjunction with the compounds and methods sed herein include, without limitation, ACH-1625 (Achillion); Glycosylated interferon (Alios Biopharma); , ANA773 (Anadys Pharm); ATl-0810 (Arisyn Therapeutics); AVL- 181 (Avila Therapeutics); LOCTERON® (Biolex); CTS—1027 (Conatus); SD-101 (Dynavax Technologies); Clemizole (Eiger Biopharmaceuticals); GS-9190 (Gilead Sciences); Gl-5005 (Globallmmune BioPharma); Resiquimod / R-848 (Graceway ceuticals); Albinterferon alpha-2b (Human Genome es); lDX-184, lDX- 320, 5 (ldenix); IMO—2125 (ldera Pharmaceuticals); lNX-189 (lnhibitex); ITCA- 638 (lntarcia Therapeutics); ITMN—191/RG7227 (lntermune); lTX-5061, lTX-4520 (iTherx Pharmaceuticals); MB11362 (Metabasis Therapeutics); Bavituximab (Peregrine Pharmaceuticals); PSI-7977, RG7128, PSI-938 (Pharmasset); PHX1766 (Phenomix); xanide / ALINIA® (Romark tories); SP-30 (Samaritan Pharmaceuticals); SCV-07 (SciCIone); SOY-635 xis); TT—033 (Tacere Therapeutics); Viramidine/taribavirin (Valeant ceuticals); Telaprevir, VCH-759, VCH-916, VCH- 222, , VX-813 (Vertex Pharmaceuticals); and PEG—INF Lambda (Zymogenetics).

New influenza and West Nile virus drugs that are or will be available for ial administration in combination or conjunction with the compounds and methods disclosed herein include, without limitation, inidase inhibitors (Peramivir, mivir); triple therapy — neuraminidase inhibitors ribavirin, amantadine (ADS- 8902); polymerase inhibitors (Favipiravir); reverse transcriptase inhibitor (ANX-201); inhaled chitosan (ANX—211); entry / binding inhibitors (Binding Site Mimetic, FLUCIDETM (NanoViricides, West Haven, Connecticut); entry inhibitor (FLUDASE® (NexBio, San Diego, California); fusion inhibitor, 1 for West Nile); host cell inhibitors (lantibiotics); cleavage of RNA genome (RNAi, RNAse L); immune stimulators (Interferon, Alferon-LDO; Neurokinin1 agonist, Homspera, Interferon Alferon N for West Nile); and TG21.

Other drugs for treatment of influenza and/or hepatitis that are available for potential administration in combination or conjunction with the compounds and methods sed herein include, t limitation: Table 1. Hepatitis and influenza drugs Branded Name Approved Indications PEGASYS (Genentech, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis South San PEGinterferon alfa-2a Francisco, California) PEGINTRON® (Merck, Whitehouse PEGinterferon b Hepatitis C Station, New (Roche Ribavirin Hepatitis C Pharmaceuticals, Nutle New Jersey) REBETOL® (Schering Plough, Ribavirin Hepatitis C Kenilworth, New Jerse TAMIFLU (Roche Pharmaceuticals, Oseltamivir Influenza A, B, C Nutley, New RELENZAQ SmithKline, Zanamivir Influenza A, B, C London, UK uenza A _—Influenza A These agents can be incorporated as part of the same pharmaceutical composition or can be administered separately from the compounds of the disclosure, either concurrently or in accordance with another treatment schedule.

The compounds and methods sed herein can be additive or synergistic with other compounds and methods to enable vaccine development. By virtue of their antiviral and immune enhancing properties, the compounds can be used to affect a prophylactic or therapeutic ation. The compounds need not be stered simultaneously or in combination with other e components to be effective. The vaccine applications of the compounds are not limited to the prevention or treatment of virus infection but can encompass all therapeutic and prophylactic vaccine applications due to the l nature of the immune se elicited by the compounds.

As is understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, vaccines can be against viruses, bacterial infections, cancers, etc. and can include one or more of, without tion, a live attenuated vaccine (LAIV), an inactivated vaccine (llV; killed virus vaccine), a subunit (split vaccine); a sub-virion e; a purified protein vaccine; or a DNA vaccine. Appropriate adjuvants include one or more of, without limitation, water/oil emulsions, non—ionic copolymer adjuvants, e.g., CRL 1005 (OptivaxT'V'; Vaxcel lnc., Norcross, Ga.), um phosphate, aluminum hydroxide, aqueous suspensions of aluminum and magnesium hydroxides, bacterial endotoxins, polynucleotides, polyelectrolytes, lipophilic adjuvants and synthetic muramyl dipeptide (norMDP) analogs such as N-acetyl-nor-muranyl-L-alanyl-D—isoglutamine, N-acetyl-muranyl-(6-O-stearoyl)- L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine or N-Glycol-muranyI-LalphaAbu-D-isoglutamine (Ciba-Geigy Ltd.).

The pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the disclosure can be formulated in a variety of forms; e.g., as a liquid, gel, lyophilized, or as a compressed solid. The preferred form will depend upon the particular indication being treated and discernible by one of ordinary skill in the art. In one embodiment, the disclosed RIG-l agonists include formulations for oral delivery that can be small-molecule drugs that employ straightforward medicinal chemistry processes.

The administration of the formulations of the present disclosure can be performed in a variety of ways, including, but not limited to, orally, subcutaneously, intravenously, intracerebrally, intranasally, transdermally, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, intrapulmonary, intrathecally, vaginally, rectally, intraocularly, or in any other acceptable manner. The formulations can be administered continuously by infusion, although bolus injection is acceptable, using techniques known in the art, such as pumps (e.g., subcutaneous osmotic pumps) or implantation. In some instances the formulations can be directly applied as a solution or spray.

An example of a ceutical composition is a solution ed for parenteral administration. Although in many cases pharmaceutical solution formulations are provided in liquid form, appropriate for immediate use, such parenteral formulations can also be provided in frozen or in lyophilized form. In the former case, the composition must be thawed prior to use. The latter form is often used to e the stability of the active compound contained in the composition under a wider variety of e conditions, as it is ized by those of ordinary skill in the art that lyophilized preparations are generally more stable than their liquid counterparts. Such lyophilized preparations are reconstituted prior to use by the addition of one or more suitable pharmaceutically able diluents such as, without tion, e water for injection or sterile logical saline solution.

Parenterals can be ed for e as lyophilized formulations or aqueous solutions by , as appropriate, the compound having the desired degree of purity with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers typically employed in the art (all of which are termed "excipients"), for example buffering agents, stabilizing agents, preservatives, isotonifiers, non-ionic detergents, antioxidants and/or other laneous additives.

Buffering agents help to maintain the pH in the range which imates physiological conditions. They are typically present at a concentration ranging from 2 mM to 50 mM. Suitable buffering agents for use with the present disclosure include both c and inorganic acids and salts f such as citrate buffers (e.g., monosodium e-disodium citrate mixture, citric acid-trisodium citrate mixture, citric acid- monosodium citrate mixture, etc.), succinate buffers (e.g., ic acid-monosodium succinate mixture, succinic acid—sodium hydroxide mixture, succinic acid-disodium succinate mixture, etc.), tartrate buffers (e.g., ic acid-sodium tartrate mixture, tartaric otassium te mixture, tartaric acid-sodium hydroxide mixture, etc.), fumarate buffers (e.g., fumaric acid—monosodium fumarate mixture, fumaric acid- disodium fumarate mixture, monosodium fumarate-disodium fumarate mixture, etc.), gluconate buffers (e.g., gluconic acid-sodium glyconate mixture, gluconic acid-sodium hydroxide mixture, gluconic acid-potassium glyuconate mixture, etc.), e buffer (e.g., oxalic acid-sodium oxalate e, oxalic acid-sodium ide mixture, oxalic acid-potassium oxalate mixture, etc.), lactate buffers (e.g., lactic acid-sodium lactate mixture, lactic acid-sodium hydroxide mixture, lactic acid-potassium lactate mixture, etc.) and acetate buffers (e.g., acetic acid—sodium acetate mixture, acetic acid-sodium hydroxide mixture, etc.). Additional ilities are phosphate buffers, histidine buffers and hylamine salts such as Tris.

Preservatives can be added to retard microbial growth, and are typically added in amounts of 0.2%-1% (w/v). Suitable preservatives for use with the present disclosure include, without limitation, , benzyl alcohol, meta—cresol, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, konium halides (e.g., konium chloride, bromide or iodide), hexamethonium chloride, alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben, catechol, resorcinol, cyclohexanol and 3-pentanol. lsotonicifiers can be added to ensure isotonicity of liquid compositions and include, without limitation, polyhydric sugar alcohols, preferably trihydric or higher sugar alcohols, such as glycerin, erythritol, arabitol, xylitol, sorbitol and mannitol. Polyhydric alcohols can be present in an amount between 0.1% and 25% by weight, typically 1% to %, taking into account the relative amounts of the other ingredients.

Stabilizers refer to a broad category of excipients which can range in function from a bulking agent to an additive which solubilizes the therapeutic agent or helps to prevent denaturation or nce to the container wall. Typical stabilizers can be polyhydric sugar alcohols (enumerated above); amino acids such as ne, lysine, glycine, glutamine, gine, histidine, alanine, ornithine, L-leucine, 2-phenylalanine, glutamic acid, threonine, etc., organic sugars or sugar alcohols, such as lactose, trehalose, stachyose, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, l, myoinisitol, galactitol, glycerol and the like, including cyclitols such as inositol; polyethylene glycol; amino acid polymers; -containing reducing agents, such as urea, glutathione, thioctic acid, sodium thioglycolate, thioglycerol, alpha—monothioglycerol and sodium thiosulfate; low lar weight polypeptides (i.e., <10 residues); proteins such as human serum albumin, bovine serum albumin, gelatin or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as nylpyrrolidone; monosaccharides such as xylose, mannose, fructose and glucose; disaccharides such as lactose, maltose and sucrose; trisaccharides such as raffinose, and ccharides such as dextran. Stabilizers are typically present in the range of from 0.1 to 10,000 parts by weight based on the active compound weight.

Additional laneous ents e fillers (e.g., starch), chelating agents (e.g., EDTA), antioxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid, methionine, vitamin E) and cosolvents.

The active ingredient can also be entrapped in apsules prepared, for example, by coascervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization, for example hydroxymethylcellulose, gelatin or poly-(methylmethacylate) microcapsules, in dal drug delivery systems (for example liposomes, n microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles and nanocapsules) or in macroemulsions. Such techniques are disclosed in Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21St Ed., published by Lippincott ms & Wilkins, A Wolters Kluwer Company, 2005, the teachings of which are incorporated by reference herein.

Parenteral formulations to be used for in vivo administration generally are sterile. This is readily accomplished, for example, by filtration through sterile filtration membranes.

Suitable examples of sustained-release ations include semi-permeable es of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the compound or composition, the matrices having a suitable form such as a film or microcapsules. Examples of sustained-release matrices include polyesters, hydrogels (for example, poly(2- hydroxyethyl-methacrylate) or poly(vinylalcohol)), polylactides, copolymers of L-glutamic acid and L—glutamate, non—degradable ethylene-vinyl acetate, degradable lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymers such as the PROLEASE® technology (Alkermes, Cambridge, Massachusetts) or LUPRON DEPOT® (injectable pheres composed of lactic acid-glycolic acid mer and leuprolide acetate; Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois), and poly-D-(-)hydroxybutyric acid. While rs such as ethylenevinyl acetate and lactic acid-glycolic acid enable e of les for long periods such as up to or over 100 days, certain hydrogels release compounds for shorter time Oral administration of the compounds and compositions is one intended practice of the disclosure. For oral stration, the pharmaceutical composition can be in solid or liquid form, e.g., in the form of a capsule, tablet, powder, granule, suspension, emulsion or solution. The pharmaceutical composition is preferably made in the form of a dosage unit containing a given amount of the active ingredient. A suitable daily dose for a human or other vertebrate can vary widely depending on the condition of the patient and other factors, but can be determined by persons of ordinary skill in the art using routine methods.

In solid dosage forms, the active compound can be admixed with at least one inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose, or starch. Such dosage forms can also se, as is normal practice, onal substances, e.g., lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage forms can also comprise buffering agents. Tablets and pills can additionally be prepared with enteric coatings.

The compounds or compositions can be d with nts such as lactose, sucrose, starch powder, cellulose esters of alkanoic acids, c acid, talc, magnesium stearate, magnesium oxide, sodium and calcium salts of phosphoric and ric acids, acacia, gelatin, sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidine, and/or nyl alcohol, and tableted or encapsulated for conventional administration. Alternatively, they can be dissolved in saline, water, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, ethanol, oils (such as corn oil, peanut oil, cottonseed oil or sesame oil), tragacanth gum, and/or various buffers. Other adjuvants and modes of administration are known in the pharmaceutical art. The carrier or diluent can include time delay al, such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl rate alone or with a wax, or other materials known in the art.

The present disclosure further includes the use and application of the nds, compositions and methods herein in vitro in a number of applications including but not limited to developing ies and vaccines against viral infections, research in modulation of the innate immune response in eukaryotic cells, etc. The compounds, compositions and methods of the present disclosure can also be used in animal models. The results of such in vitro and animal in vivo uses of the compounds, compositions and methods of the present disclosure can, for example, inform their in vivo use in humans, or they can be valuable independent of any human therapeutic or prophylactic use.

EXAMPLES The Examples below describe the antiviral and pharmacological properties of the sed compounds. The Examples are included to demonstrate particular embodiments of the disclosure. It should be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the Examples represent ques and compositions discovered by the inventors to function well in the ce of the disclosure, and thus can be considered to constitute preferred modes for its practice.

However, those of ordinary skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments which are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. For example, the Examples below e in vitro methods for testing the compounds of the disclosure. Other in vitro virus infection models include but are not limited to iruses such as bovine diarrheal virus, West Nile Virus, and GBV- C virus, other RNA viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, and the HCV on systems. Furthermore, any appropriate cultured cell competent for viral replication can be utilized in the antiviral assays.

EXAMPLE 1. ICAL ACTIVITY OF 0 Luciferase assay to identify active compounds. Cultured human cells that were stably ected with a luciferase reporter gene coupled with a RIG-I signaling y responsive promoter (IFNB, ISGSB, or ISGS4 er) were seeded and allowed to grow overnight. The compound “KIN1000” was then added and cells were grown in the presence of KIN1000 for 18—20 hours. Steady-Clo luciferase substrate (Promega) was added and luminescence was read on a luminometer (Berthold).

Figure 1A shows that KIN1000 as described herein was ted by demonstrating dose-dependent induction of the luciferase reporter gene coupled to the promoters for lFNB (“lFNB-LUC,” left), ISGS6 (“lSG56-LUC,” center), and ISG54 4-LUC,” right). Additionally, KIN1000 did not induce a nonspecific promoter (B- actin-LUC, Figure 1B).

MTS assay to determine cytotoxicity. Cultured human HeLa cells were treated with increasing amounts of compound or equivalent amounts of DMSO diluted in media for 48 hours to see their effect on cell viability. The proportion of viable cells was calculated using a cell viability assay that measures conversion of a tetrazolium compound [3-(4,5-dimethylyl)(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)(4-sulfophenyl)-2H- tetrazolium, inner salt; or MTS] to a colored formazan compound in live cells.

The conversion of MTS to formazan was detected in a 96-well microtiter plate reader, and the resulting optical ies plotted directly to estimate cell viability. Cell Titer One (Promega) was the one-step reagent used, as manufacturer’s protocol suggested, and cells were incubated for three hours in the presence of reagent before optical density (O.D.) reading was done. Compounds were d to final trations of 0, 1, 5, 10, and 20 pM in media containing 0.5% DMSO. Negative control wells contained no compound, and positive control for xicity was examined using 10% DMSO. Each KIN1000 concentration and control was done in triplicate wells.

KIN1000 showed no xicity to multiple cell types (MTS assay, Figure 1C).

Immunofluorescent cytochemistry assay to determine lRF-3 activation and translocation to the nucleus. The induction of ISG expression mediated by RIG-l is conferred by phosphorylation, dimerization, and nuclear translocation of the lRF-3 transcription factor. Cultured human HeLa cells were treated with increasing amounts of compound or equivalent amounts of DMSO diluted in media for 20 hours. Positive control wells were infected with 100 HA/mL Sendai virus for an equivalent time period. lRF—3 was detected using polyclonal rabbit serum specific to lRF-3 and a secondary antibody conjugated to DyLight® (Pierce Biotechnology, Inc., Rockford, IL) 488.

KIN1000 shows a dose dependent increase in r-cytoplasmic difference for lRF-3 (Figure 2A).

Immunofluorescent emistry assay to determine NFKB activation.

The innate immune response dependent on RIG—l also tes the NFKB transcription factor and thus increases nuclear . Cultured human HeLa cells were treated with increasing amounts of compound or equivalent amounts of DMSO diluted in media for hours. Positive control wells were infected with 100 HA/mL Sendai virus for an equivalent time period. NFKB was detected using monoclonal mouse antibody specific to the p65 subunit of NFKB and a secondary antibody conjugated to DyLight 488.

Quantification of fluorescent assays. l plates containing cultured human cells treated with compound and stained for either lRF-3 or NFKB were scanned and quantified using the can® instrument and software (Cellomics). Activation of transcription factor was evidenced by increased nuclear intensity normalized for cytoplasmic intensity, or nuclear-cytoplasmic difference. KIN1000 shows a dose ent increase in nuclear-cytoplasmic difference for NFKB (Figure 28).

Other compounds as bed herein likewise can be evaluated by the methods bed in this example, and other cell types can also be used.

EXAMPLE 2. ANTIVIRAL TY OF KIN1000 AGAINST INFLUENZA WSN STRAIN MRC5 cells were treated with increasing amounts of KIN1000 12-24 hours prior to infection by influenza virus. The number of ed cells 24 hours after introduction of virus was then quantified by an immunofluorescent assay of viral protein in cells. The KIN1000 compound disclosed herein demonstrated efficient activity against nza virus strain WSN. Figure 3 shows that MRC5 cells treated with increasing amounts of KIN1000 showed a dose-dependent se in infection by influenza virus.

EXAMPLE 3. Ex VIVO IMMUNE STIMULATORY ACTIVITY OF KIN1000 The activity of KIN1000 in primary immune cells was assayed to determine whether KIN1000 ates immune responses. Cultured human primary dendritic cells were treated with 0, 1, or 10 [M of KIN1000 for 24 hours. Supernatant from treated wells was isolated and tested for levels of cytokine protein. Cytokines were detected using specific antibodies conjugated to ic beads and a secondary antibody that reacts with Streptavidin/Phycoerythrin to produce a scent signal. The bound beads were detected and quantified using the Magpix® (Luminex Corp.) instrument, although similar techniques as are known in the art may be used to measure fluorescent protein production, such as for example an ELISA.

KIN1000 was shown to induce expression of the chemokines lL-8, MOP-1, MIP- 1d and MlP-1B by dendritic cells (Figure 4).

Other cells from which cytokine secretion can be measured include, for example but without limitation, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, human macrophages, mouse macrophages, mouse cytes, rat ytes, and rat splenocytes.

EXAMPLE 4. ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY AND PHARMACOLOGICAL TIES USING STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY ONSHIP (SAR) S This Example describes optimization of compounds for antiviral action. First, a small analog derivative set is used to define a structural class. The active analogs that are identified in this first stage are then used to define a subset of structural classes of interest for further optimization (Stage 2).

Stage 2, derivative expansion. Stage 2 s on creating structural diversity and evaluating core variants. Structural derivatives are tested for biological ty in the lRF—3 ocation assay, antiviral activity, and cytotoxicity in one or more cell lines or peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Optimized molecules that show improved efficacy and low cytotoxicity are further characterized by additional measures of in vitro toxicology and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME). Their mechanism of action and breadth of antiviral activity are also studied.

Chemical design in SAR studies. To design analog structures, the drug-like properties, lic lability, and toxic potential of the lead compounds are analyzed.

Drug-like properties, as measured by Lipinski’s Rules, and related physiochemical properties are primary indicators of bioavailability. Structural es that suggest metabolic and toxicological liabilities may indicate limited stability, reduced half-life, reactive intermediates, or ncratic toxicity and will therefore be d. A 5- to -compound analog set is constructed to remove or alter chemically reactive or metabolically susceptible structural features, y developing a preliminary SAR.

Compounds are tested for in vitro antiviral activity against HCV 2A, respiratory syncytial virus, dengue virus type 2, and influenza A virus strains. Viral protein and RNA levels are assessed ing drug treatment using the assays described herein.

Following l iterative rounds of SAR, compounds are selected for characterization of their in vitro toxicological and ADME properties and for further mechanistic study. The SAR studies are designed to provide lead compounds with picomolar to nanomolar potency, which is adequate to support preclinical development.

In vitro pharmacology. In vitro pharmacology studies are performed to measure performance of the most promising analogs in one or more assays of intestinal permeability, metabolic stability and toxicity. Key in vitro characterization studies can include plasma n binding; serum, plasma, and whole-blood stability in human and model organisms; intestinal bility; intrinsic clearance; human Ether-a-go-go (hERG) channel inhibition; and genotoxicity.

For each analog, an HPLC- and/or HPLC-mass spectrometry-based ical method is used to evaluate drug and lite concentrations in various test systems. gh the specific analytical method is optimized for each molecule, e—phase chromatography can be used alone or in combination with quadrupole mass spectrometry to terize the identity and purity of several of the lead molecules.

Initially, drug stability over time in increasing concentrations of serum, plasma, and whole blood from mammalian species (such as mouse, lgus macaque, and human) is evaluated by HPLC, and a half-life is determined.

Prominent metabolites characterized by mass spectrometry. Human plasma protein binding are evaluated by partition analysis using equilibrium dialysis. For intestinal permeability modeling, apical-tO-basolateral flux is assessed in the human epithelial cell line TC7. Hepatic clearance is estimated for a subset Of the most ing analogs by measuring the rate Of disappearance Of the parent compound during incubation in human liver microsomes. AS above, ic metabolites can be isolated and characterized.

In vitro logy. In vitro toxicology studies are performed to evaluate the potential cardiac and c toxicity of lead analogs. Automated patch-clamp is used tO assess the impact Of each compound on hERG channel currents in a recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line transgenically expressing the human Kv11.1 gene. trations up tO the lesser of 30 times the maximum serum concentration or the limit Of solubility Of each compound are evaluated in order tO determine an |C50 for the molecule on the hERG channel. A subset of compounds is evaluated over a range Of concentrations for their ability to induce mutation reversion in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 or tO promote micronucleus formation in CHO cells in culture.

EXAMPLE 5. ACTIVATION 0F GENE EXPRESSION BY 0 AND DERIVATIVE Gene expression in HeLa cells. ed human cells were treated with 20uM, 10uM, 5uM Of compound or a DMSO control and incubated for up tO 24 hours. Cells were harvested and RNA was isolated using the QIAShredder columns and RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen) according to manufacturer instructions. Reverse ription waS med and the cDNA template was used for quantitative real-time PCR. PCR reactions were performed using commercially available, validated TaqMan gene sion assays (Applied BiosystemS/Life Technologies) according to manufacturer ctions. Gene expression levels were measured using a relative expression analysis (AACt).

Gene expression in PH5CH8 cells. Cultured human cells were treated with 10uM, 5uM, 1uM or a DMSO l and incubated for up tO 24 hours. Cells were harvested and RNA was isolated using the QIAShredder columns and RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen) according tO manufacturer instructions. Reverse transcription waS performed and the cDNA template was used for quantitative real-time PCR. PCR ons were performed using commercially available, validated TaqMan gene expression assays (Applied Biosystems/Life Technologies) according to manufacturer instructions. Gene sion levels were measured using a relative expression analysis (AACt).

Gene expression in HUVEC primary cells. Cells were thawed and seeded in 6- well plates at 2.4x104 cells per well and allowed to grow to 80% confluence, typically 5 days in culture with fresh media replaced every 48 hours. Compound was added at 10uM, 1uM or a DMSO control and incubated for up to 24 hours. Cells were harvested and RNA was isolated using the QlAshredder columns and RNeasy Mini Kit n) according to manufacturer instructions. Reverse transcription was performed and the cDNA template was used for quantitative real—time PCR. PCR reactions were performed using commercially ble, validated TaqMan gene sion assays (Applied Biosystems/Life Technologies) according to manufacturer instructions. Gene expression levels were measured using a relative sion analysis (AACt).

Figure 5 shows ion of gene expression by KIN1000 and its derivative compound KlN1148. Figure 5A shows gene expression levels of |F|T2 (left) and OAS1 (right) in HeLa cells over time from 4-24 hours post treatment with 10uM K|N1000 (grey) or 10uM 8 (black). Figure 5B shows gene expression levels of |F|T2 in PH5CH8 cells (left) treated with K|N1000 (solid grey bars) or K|N1148 (solid black bars), and in HeLa cells (right) treated with 0 (grey striped bars) or K|N1148 (black checked bars). In each test group, the three vertical bars represent 5, 10, and 20 (M compound (KIN1000 or KlN1148), respectively. Figure 5C shows gene expression levels of |F|T2 (left), OAS1 (center), and MxA (right) in primary HUVEC cells that were treated with 1pM K|N1000 (grey) or 1uM K|N1148 ). The difference in axis scaling demonstrates that compounds are more active in a primary cell type. These data demonstrate that compounds are active in cells by inducing responsive gene expression.

Gene expression can be similarly assayed in cell types that include, without limitation: primary blood mononuclear cells, human macrophages, THP-1 cells, Huh 7 cells, A549 cells, MRC5 cells, rat splenocytes, rat thymocytes, mouse macrophages, mouse splenocytes, and mouse thymocytes. Expression of other genes of interest can be assayed as described herein.

Example 6. ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF KIN1000 T VARIOUS S Antiviral action in cell culture infection models. To further characterize the breadth of ral activity of optimized molecules, cell culture infection models are used to analyze different viruses, including but not d to different strains of influenza virus, HCV, Dengue virus, RSV, and West Nile virus (WNV), an emerging public health n. The studies include treating cells with compound 2—24 hours prior to infection or treating cells up to 8 hours after infection. Virus tion and cellular ISG expression are assessed over a time course to analyze antiviral effects of representative compounds from lead structural classes. IFNB treatment is used as a positive control.

Virus production is measured by forming or plaque assay. In parallel experiments, viral RNA and cellular ISG expression are measured by qPCR and immunoblot analyses. These experiments are designed to validate compound signaling actions during virus infection, and assess compound actions to direct innate immune antiviral programs against s strains of s and in the setting of virus countermeasures. Detailed dose-response analyses of each compound are conducted in each virus infection system to determine the effective dose that suppresses virus production by 50% (IC50) and 90% (ICQO) as compared with control cells for both the pre-treatment and post-treatment infection models.

Table 2. Virus systems and study design for antiviral analysis of lead compounds Virus Strain Study Design H77 (genotype 1a) Assays JFH1 (genotype 2a) - Plaque or focus g assays (infectious virus) ngh pathogen/City In mice. . . . . _ qPCR (RNA levels) /34 (H1N1 mouse-adapted virus) - Immunoblot and ELISA (protein levels) A/VVSN/33 (H1N1 mouse—adapted Study Design neurovnrulentVIrus) - Compound treatment of cells Low pathogen/city in mice pre- and post-infection A/Texas/36/91 (H1 N1 circulating virus) - Inhibition of viral life cycle A/Udorn/72 (H3N2) TX02 (lineage 1) MAD78 (lineage 2) EXAMPLE 7. ACTIVITY OF KIN1000 AND DERIVATIVE COMPOUNDS T RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS.

HeLa cells were seeded the previous day in 6-well plates at 4x105 cells per well.

The next day, the media was replaced with RSV in media without FBS at an MOI of 0.1.

Virus binding occurred at 37°C for 2 hours. After 2 hours the cells were washed with warm complete media and replaced with media containing drug at varying concentrations of 10uM, 5uM, 1uM or a DMSO control. Cells were placed in a 37°C incubator for 48 hours.

For virus detection and titration, HeLa cells were seeded in 96-well plates at 8x103 cells per well 24hrs prior to collecting virus supernatant. After the 48 hour tion , the virus supernatant from the infected plate was harvested and used to infect these cells at a 1/10 final on. Cells were placed in a 37°C incubator for 24 hours. 24 hours after ion, cells were washed twice with PBS and fixed with methanol/acetone solution. After fixing the cells were washed twice with PBS and replaced with blocking buffer (10% horse serum, 1g/mL BSA and 0.1% Triton-100X in PBS) for 1 hour. The blocking buffer is replaced with binding buffer containing a 1/2000 dilution of primary antibody for 2 hours at room temperature. The primary antibody was a mouse monoclonal antibody against RSV. The cells were washed twice with PBS and replaced with binding buffer containing 1/3000 dilution of the Alexa Fluor—488 goat anti- mouse secondary antibody and a Hoechst nuclear stain for 1 hour at room temperature.

The cells were washed twice with PBS and PBS is added to all wells. The 96-well plate is sealed and fluorescence activity associated with virus infectivity was determined by fluorescent assay using the Array Scan instrument (Thermo-Fischer).

Figure 6 shows experiments performed using the protocol of the Example, demonstrating the antiviral activity of KIN1000 and KIN1148 against respiratory syncytial virus. Figure 6A shows that HeLa cells treated with sing amount of K|N1000 and K|N1148 showed dose-dependent se in infection by RSV. Figure 6B shows that KIN1148 showed antiviral activity against RSV when drug is added up to 24 hours prior to infection.

Treatment with nds prior to infection. In variations of this method, the nds are added at varying time points prior to infection with virus. Virus detection and titration is conducted as described.

Analog testing and SAR studies. Antiviral activity against RSV was used as a criterion to measure activity of ural derivatives of KIN1000. Table 3 shows select structural derivatives of K|N1000 that demonstrated antiviral activity against RSV.

Compared to K|N1000 parent compound, these analogs showed varying levels of antiviral activity against RSV. +++ = greater than 70% inhibition of infection, ++ = greater than 50% inhibition, + = greater than 30% inhibition, - = less than 30% inhibition.

TABLE 3 EXAMPLE 8. ACTIVITY OF KIN1000 AND DERIVATIVE COMPOUNDS AGAINST INFLUENZA AlUDORN/72 VIRUS Influenza n/72 infection of H292 cells. .2X106 H292 cells in RPM|1640+10%FCS were treated with 2uM KIN1148 in a final concentration of 0.5% DMSO for 6 hours. Compound-containing media was aspirated and replaced with 1X MEM containing A/Udorn/72 at an MOI of 0.1 and placed at 37°C in a CO2 incubator.

Two hours post infection, virus-containing media was aspirated and replaced with 1X MEM containing 1ug/mL TPCK-treated Trypsin, 2uM KIN1148, 0.5% DMSO. Cells were placed in 37°C C02 incubator for 18 hours. After 20 hours post-infection, virus supernatants were collected and titred on MDCK cells.

Influenza n/72 infection of HEK293 cells. 5x105 HEK293 cells were ed with A/Udorn/72 at an MOI of 0.2 in 1X MEM. After 2 hours post-infection, virus-containing media was aspirated and replaced with 1X MEM containing 1ug/mL TPCK-treated Trypsin, 10uM KIN1148, 0.5% DMSO. Cells were ed to 37°C, C02 incubator for 18 hours. After 20 hours post-infection, virus supernatants were collected and titred on MDCK cells.

Titre in MDCK cells. 10uL of infected supernatant was added to 2x106 MDCK cells in the presence of 2ug/mL rypsin and placed in a 37°C 002 incubator. After 8 hours, supernatant was d and cells were fixed and d with FITC- conjugated dy specific for Influenza NP protein. Number of foci was quantitated using the ArrayScan instrument and software mics).

Figure 7 shows antiviral activity of K|N1148 against Influenza A virus Udorn/72.

H292 cells (left) and HEK293 cells (right) treated with 2uM (H292) or 10uM (HEK293) of K|N1148 showed se in infection by virus.

EXAMPLE 9. ACTIVITY OF K|N1000 AND DERIVATIVE COMPOUNDS AGAINST DENGUE VIRUS Huh 7 cells were seeded the previous day in 6-well plates with 4x105 cells per well. The next day, the media was replaced with Dengue virus type 2 in media without FBS at an MOI of 0.25. Virus binding occurred at 4°C for 1 hour. After 1 hour the cells were washed with warm complete media and replaced with media containing K|N1148 at varying concentrations of 10uM, 5uM, 1uM or a DMSO control. Cells were placed in a 37°C incubator for 48 hours.

Titre in Vero cells. Vero cells were seeded in 96-well plates at 8x103 cells per well 24hrs prior to ting virus supernatant. After 48hrs, the virus supernatant was harvested and used to infect Vero cells at a 1/100 final dilution. 24 hrs after infection, Vero cells were washed 2x with PBS and fixed with ol/acetone for 15mins. After fixing the cells were wash 2x with PBS and replaced with blocking buffer for 30-45 mins. The blocking buffer was replaced with binding buffer containing a 1/2000 dilution of primary monoclonal antibody targeting the Envelope protein for 2hrs. After 2hrs, the cells were washed 2x with PBS and replaced with g buffer containing 1/3000 dilution of the Alexa Fluor—488 goat anti-mouse secondary antibody and a Hoechst nuclear stain for 45mins. After 45 mins cells were washed 2x with PBS and PBS was added to all the well. The 96-well plate was sealed and fluorescence activity associated with virus infectivity was determined by IF using the ArrayScan instrument and software (Cellomics).

Figure 8 shows the results of experiments performed using the protocol of this Example, demonstrating the antiviral activity of KIN1148 against Dengue virus type 2.

Huh 7 cells treated with increasing amounts of KIN1148 showed dose-dependent decrease in infection by virus.

EXAMPLE 10. TY OF KIN1000 AND DERIVATIVE COMPOUNDS AGAINST HEPATITIS B VIRUS HepAD38 cells (Hep 2 cells expressing a regulated HBV genome) were grown for 72 hours in the presence of compound (concentrations 1-10 uM in 0.5% DMSO media). HepAD38 cells that do not express HBV were used as a negative control.

Following 72 hours of treatment 100 pl of media was used in an ELISA to measure HBV surface antigen. The amount of HBV surface antigen produced by the cells was measured in the supernatants by ELISA commercially available HBV sAg ELISA from Creative Diagnostics, NJ.

Figure 9 shows the results of experiments performed using the protocol of this Example, demonstrating the antiviral ty of KIN1148 against Hepatitis B virus.

HepAD38 cells treated with increasing amounts of KIN1148 showed dose-dependent decrease in supernatant levels of virus.

EXAMPLE 11. IN VIVO PHARMACOKINETIC, TOXICOLOGICAL, AND ANTIVIRAL PROPERTIES OF OPTIMIZED DRUG LEADS IN RELEVANT PRECLINICAL ANIMAL MODELS Preclinical pharmacokinetic and bility ing. The in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) profile and tolerability/toxicity of KIN1000 and related compounds are evaluated in order to conduct further characterization of their antiviral activity in animal models of nza virus and WNV infection. Mouse is the chosen test species for these studies since it is the most commonly used rodent model of WNV and influenza.

A reverse-phase, HPLC-MS/MS detection method is used for measuring the concentration of each compound in mouse plasma. Prior to PK profiling, an l oral and enous formulation for each compound is ped using a limited formulation component screen that is largely focused on maximizing aqueous lity and stability over a small number Of storage ions. Any of the analytical methods as are known in the art can be used to measure formulation performance. A formulation is developed for each nd following a three tiered strategy: - Tier 1: pH (pH 3 to 9), buffer, and osmolality adjustment - Tier 2: addition of ethanol (<10%), propylene glycol (<40%), or polyethylene glycol (PEG) 300 or 400 (<60%) co-solvents to enhance solubility - Tier 3: addition of N-N-dimethylacetamide (DMA, <30%), N-methyl-2—pyrrolidone (NMP, <20%), and/or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, <20%) co-solvents or the cyclodextrins (<40%) as needed to further improve solubility.

For compounds that demonstrate adequate performance in in vitro antiviral, mechanistic, ADME, and toxicology studies, a preliminary mouse PK study is performed. See Table 3. Each compound is stered as a single dose to animals by oral gavage (<10 ml/kg) or iv. bolus injection (<5 ml/kg) after an overnight fast. Multiple animals are dosed for each dosing group such that 3 animals can be sampled at each time point. Blood samples are collected by retro—orbital sinus prior to dosing and at 5, , and 30 minutes, and 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours post-dosing. Drug concentrations are measured according to the previously developed bioanalytical method. Pharmacokinetic parameters are evaluated using the WinNonlin software.

Table 4 mental Route of Study es design administration Single dose Oral bioavailability, Mouse PK pharmacokinetic IV and Oral Cmax, 121/2, Cl, Vd, AUCO- StUd 24 0-00 Phase 1: ascending dose Elegablllty and MTD, acute ty, Mouse. . determination; hematology, serum tolerability Phase 2_ chemistry, gross —' pathology placebo lled 7-day toxicit at MTD Based upon performance in exploratory PK studies, compounds are r evaluated for preliminary tolerability and toxicity in mice prior to their characterization in antiviral . Tolerability studies are performed in two stages: an l dose escalation stage (up to 5 doses, each separated by a 5-day washout period) to determine the maximum tolerable dose (MTD, Phase 1), followed by seven daily administrations of the MTD to evaluate acute toxicity (Stage 2). See Table 3. All doses are administered by oral gavage. In an exemplary experiment, five s of each sex are placed on-study in stage 1 and 15 animals per sex per dosing group in Stage 2.

Study endpoints include a determination of the MTD, physical examination, clinical observations, logy, serum chemistry and animal bodyweights. Gross pathology is performed on all animals whether found dead, euthanized in extremis, or at the intended conclusion of the experiment. The toxicology studies are primarily exploratory in nature and intended to identify early toxicological endpoints, and drive selection of lead candidates for antiviral animal models.

Table 5. In vivo studies of compound actions aoainst WNV and influenza virus W—mofMice* dose determination in serum and E090 Viral pathogenesis Time to moribund Define compound study 1: state, clinical scoring action toward limiting 739 E050 and E090 for pathologic signs of viral pathogenesis Treatment infection Viral pathogenesis Define nd study 2: Viral burden analysis action toward limiting E050 and E090 in serum and various 1056 virus replication and treatment and time target organs spread course anal sis Viral pathogenesis study 3: Time to moribund Define compound (neuroinvasion state, clinical scoring action toward limiting model) for pathologic sngns of. . 370 Viral. pathogenesns. .

E050 and E090 infection the CNS *Numbers reflect an average of at least two iterations of each experiment Evaluation of ral properties and immune protection using mouse ion models. Optimized compounds are selected based on compound pharmacokinetic, antiviral, and innate immune s for further evaluation in preclinical mouse models of infection. See Table 4. Innate immune actions of the compounds are measured, and their ability to protect mice from WNV and influenza virus challenge is assessed. For the WNV infection model, subcutaneous footpad infection of ype ES mice with the nt lineage 1 strain of WNV X) are performed. Non-surgical tracheal instillation is performed for influenza virus strains A/PR/8/34, A/WSN/33, and A/Udorn/72.

The influenza virus s used for certain experiments are of two different subtypes (H1N1 and H3N2) and exhibit varying enic ties and clinical presentations in C57Bl/6 mice. Mice are monitored for morbidity and mortality over a range of challenge doses (such as, 10 to 1,000 pfu of virus) either alone or in combination with compound treatment beginning 12 hours before or 24 hours after infection and continuing daily subject to the determined plasma half-life of the drug. nd dose—response analysis and infection time course studies are conducted to evaluate compound efficacy to: 1) limit serum viral load, 2) limit virus replication and spread in target organs, and 3) protect against viral pathogenesis.

For WNV, in addition to serum, viral burden is assessed in lymph nodes, spleen, and brain; for influenza virus, viral burden is assessed in heart, lung, kidney, liver, and brain. Incorporated in the design of these experiments is the determination of an effective dose for 50% and 90% suppression of serum viral load (ED50 and ED90) by each compound after a standard challenge of 100 pfu of WNV-TX or 1,000 pfu of influenza virus. Serum viral loads are determined by qPCR of viral RNA at r intervals following compound treatment. The nd actions are tested at the ED50 and ED90 toward ng WNV pathogenesis in the cerebral s system using a WNV neuroinvasion model of infection.

Mice are monitored for morbidity and mortality after standard intracranial challenge of 1 pfu of D, either alone or in combination with compound treatment beginning 24 hours after infection.

EXAMPLE 12. ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF KIN1000 AND DERIVATIVE NDS IN VIVO Evaluation of antiviral properties of KIN1000 and derivative compounds using mouse infection models. Up to 5 of the most promising compounds will be selected for further evaluation in preclinical mouse models of infection with Influenza and/or respiratory syncytial virus. Table 6 lists the nonclinical s to measure antiviral efficacy of KIN1000 and derivative compounds.

Table 6. Nonclinical studies to measure drug concentration and antiviral efficacy in vivo Experimental Route No. No.

Study Outcomes design Admi. des. Animals Drug measured in Drug concentration in Mouse blood at 3 dose Oral/IP blood; HPLC reverse dosing levels; 2, 8, 24 hours phase post treatment Tracheal lation Mortality, viral titer in Mouse of A/WSN/33 or serum/target organs, Influenza A/Udorn/72; drug OralflP body temp., Model treatment at 2 doses bodyweight, clin. obs., w/ placebo cytokine levels Tracheal instillation Mortality; ight; of RSV A2 Long target organ viral titer; strain;drug treatment Oral/IP innate immune gene at 2 doses w/ sion; markers placebo control of inflammation Mouse nza model. We will perform non-surgical tracheal instillation of nza virus strains A/WSN/33 and A/Udorn/72. These influenza virus strains are two different subtypes (H1N1 and H3N2) and exhibit varying pathogenic properties and clinical tations in C57Bl/6 mice. Lead derivatives of the K|N1000 family of compounds will be administered daily by oral gavage or IP administration over the entire course of infection (typically 2 weeks) at 2 dose levels plus a placebo control group.

Five animals per sex and per group will be evaluated for endpoints, including but not limited to daily clinical observations, mortality, body weight, and body temperature.

Three animals per sex will be used to measure virus titer in serum, heart, lung, kidney, liver, and brain. Cytokine expression at s time points during ion in nd-treated versus control animals will be assayed.

Mouse RSV model. We will perform non-surgical tracheal instillation of respiratory syncytial virus A2 long strain. BALB—c mice will be infected at a dose of RSV A2 virus that does not cause cytopathic effects followed by daily oral or IP administration of compound at 2 dose levels or a placebo control for up to 21 days. Mice will be monitored as described above, including inspection for ity and mortality, viral titer in serum and blood, cytokine secretion, increased immune cell populations, and innate immune gene expression.

E 13. ADJUVANT ACTIVITY OF KIN1000 AND DERIVATIVE COMPOUNDS IN VIVO To characterize the breadth of adjuvant activity of K|N1000 and related compounds, in vivo animal models of vaccination and vaccination plus protection are used. The studies e priming animals including but not limited to rats and mice with compound alone or in combination with an antigen and then ing the adjuvant effect.

Adjuvant effect is ed by assays for modified, enhanced immune l and cellular ses. Humoral responses are assessed over time at discrete times post vaccination and/or boosting by collecting blood for sera and determining relative concentrations of antibody classes (lgM, lgG, lgA or lgE) and/or isotypes including lgG1, lgG2a, lgG2b, lgG20, lgG3 for lgG dies. Moreover, affinity and avidity of the generated antibodies is also determined. In instances in which the vaccine preparation includes a combination of compound and antigen, the neutralizing ty of the generated antibodies is also determined. ar mediated immune responses induced by the compounds are measured by established methods in the field including ex vivo ation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, lymph nodes, splenocytes or other secondary lymphoid organs with the antigen and measurement of ne or chemokine production in the supernatant at several times thereafter. Cytokines measured include Th1 type of cytokines including but not limited to lFN gamma and TNF alpha, Th2 type cytokines ing but not limited to lL-4, lL-10, lL-5 and lL-13 and Th1? cytokines including but not limited to IL- 17, lL-21 and lL-23. Chemokines elicited by the compounds are also measured including but not limited to RANTES, lP-10, MlP1a, MlP1b, and lL—8. T cell antigen ic production of cytokines can also be measured by intracellular cytokine staining with fluorescently d specific antibodies and flow cytometry or by ELISPOT. Both CD4+ ad CD8+ T cell populations are studied.

Measurement of adjuvant activity at the cellular level is also determined by immunophenotyping of surface markers of activation by flow cytometry. CD8 T cell antigen-specific responses are also evaluated by intracellular ne staining of perforin, cell surface marker expression or proliferation assays including thymidine incorporation.

These experiments are designed to validate compound adjuvant activity in different combinations of prime-boost schemes and assess how the effects of KIN1000 or d compounds on the innate immune antiviral programs shape the adaptive immune responses mounted to the antigen in the vaccine preparations. ed immune response analyses of each nd as described above are conducted with each selected antigen to determine the immune correlates for that particular antigen(s) and compound ation. These results guide the protection s in which animals vaccinated and boosted with combinations of select optimized compounds and desired antigen(s) formulations from select infectious agents are later nged with doses of ious agent that are known to result in e or death of the animal. Protection afforded by vaccination is lly measured by monitoring of clinical symptoms and survival.

A proof of concept experiment was performed. LEWIS female rats at 10-12 weeks of age were primed with suspensions of antigen (ovalbumin, 0.2 mg/Kg) and KIN1000 (1 mg/Kg) or KIN1148 (1 mg/mL) in phosphate saline buffer (PBS) on day zero. Control animals received ovalbumin (OVA, lnvivoGen Inc.) in PBS or OVA with poly I:C (0.1 mg/Kg, lnvivoGen lnc.). Animals were boosted at weeks 2, and 8. Vaccines were delivered subcutaneously in the footpad and base of the tail for priming and on the footpad and flank for the boosts (0.025 mL/site). Blood samples were collected by tail bleed and processed to serum at O, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 9 weeks post priming. Titers of OVA ic antibodies were ined by ELISA using anti lgM, anti lgG and anti lgG isotype specific antibodies. Figure 10 shows IgG antibody levels ve to OVA alone vaccinated controls in OVA+K|N1000 and OVA+KIN1148 vaccinated animals.

Measurement of cell—mediated adjuvant activity is also determined by determining delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) to an antigen. In the same proof of concept experiment, cellular responses were evaluated by determining the delayed type hypersensitivity reaction to challenge with OVA 2 weeks after the first boost. Animals were sedated with rane and injected with PBS or OVA (0.02 mL of 1m/gmL solution of OVA in PBS) in the pinna of the left and right ears, respectively. 24 hours later the difference in ear thickness was calculated. Figure 11 shows measured difference between right ear and left ear ess.

Unless othen/vise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as lar weight, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” ingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present disclosure.

At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of lents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be ued in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding ques.

Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the disclosure are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are ed as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently ns certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing ements.

The terms “a,” “an,” “the” and similar referents used in the context of describing the sure (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless othen/vise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. Recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless othen/vise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by t. The use of any and all es, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate the disclosure and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the disclosure ise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element essential to the practice of the disclosure.

Groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the disclosure disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations. Each group member can be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein. It is anticipated that one or more members of a group can be included in, or deleted from, a group for s of ience and/or patentability.

When any such inclusion or deletion , the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written ption of all Markush groups used in the appended claims.

Certain embodiments of this disclosure are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the disclosure. Of course, variations on these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ry skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the disclosure to be practiced otherwise than specifically described herein. Accordingly, this disclosure es all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as ted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is assed by the sure unless othenNise indicated herein or othenNise clearly contradicted by Specific embodiments disclosed herein may be further limited in the claims using consisting of or and consisting essentially of language. When used in the claims, whether as filed or added per amendment, the transition term “consisting of’ excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified in the claims. The tion term “consisting essentially of’ limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s).

Embodiments of the disclosure so claimed are inherently or expressly described and enabled herein.

In closing, it is to be understood that the embodiments of the disclosure disclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the present disclosure. Other modifications that may be employed are within the scope of the disclosure. Thus, by way of example, but not of tion, alternative configurations of the present disclosure may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein. Accordingly, the present disclosure is not limited to that precisely as shown and described.

Claims (15)

The claims defining the invention are as follows:

1. A compound represented by the formula: wherein; R1 is aryl or aryl; R5 is Ra, CORa, or SOzRa; R:11 is H or hydrocarbyl; R18 is H, CF3, CN, N02, F, Cl, Br, I, ethyl, OH, OCH3, NHz, NHCH3, N(CH3)2, SOZNHZ, lino or propargyl, and wherein the aryl, heteroaryl and hydrocarbyl groups may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents ed from the group consisting of: alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyi, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyi, aryl, heteroaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, acyl, y, alkyicarboxyiate, thiol, alkylthio, cyano, halo, thiocarbonyl, O- carbamyl, N-carbamyl, O-thiocarbamyl, N—thiocarbamyI,C-amido, N-amido, S—sulfonamido, N-sulfonamido, isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, nitro, siiyl, sulfenyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, haloalkyi, haloalkoxyl, trihalomethanesulfonyl, trihalomethanesulfonamido and amino.

2. The nd of claim 1, having the following formula: wherein R10, R13, R14, R19, R20, R21 and R22 are independently selected from the group ting of: hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, acyl, acyloxy, alkylcarboxylate, thiol, alkylthio, cyano, halo, thiocarbonyl, O-carbamyl, N-carbamyl, O—thiocarbamyl, N— thiocarbamyl,C-amido, N-amido, S-sulfonamido, N—sulfonamido, isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, nitro, silyl, sulfenyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxyl, trihalomethanesulfonyl, trihalomethanesulfonamido and amino.

3. The nd of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein R5 is H or 01-3 alkyl.

4. A compound of claim 1, having the following formula: >‘QN O 1 /> N\ N H

5. The compound of claim 1, having the following formula: /> R12 N R5 R14 R13 wherein R10, R11, R12, R13 and R14 are selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, acyl, y, alkylcarboxylate, thiol, alkylthio, cyano, halo, thiocarbonyl, O—carbamyl, N—carbamyl, O—thiocarbamyl, carbamyl,C—amido, N-amido, S-sulfonamido, N—sulfonamido, isocyanato, thiocyanato, ocyanato, nitro, silyl, sulfenyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, kyl, haloalkoxyl, omethanesulfonyl, trihalomethanesulfonamido and amino.

6. A compound of claim 1 having the following formula: /:N O />7NH /—:N O />—NH \ N/ S 0> 57 NM 0 F“ o />’NH

7. A ceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1 or claim 2.

8. A ceutical composition comprising a compound of any one of claims 3 to 6.

9. Use of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 6 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing a viral infection in a vertebrate.

10. The use of claim 9, wherein the viral infection is caused by at least one virus selected from one or more of the following families: Arenaviridae, Astroviridae, Birnaviridae, iridae, Bunyaviridae, Caliciviridae, Closteroviridae, Comoviridae, Cystoviridae, Flaviviridae, Flexiviridae, Hepevirus, Leviviridae, Luteoviridae, Mononegavirales, Mosaic Viruses, Nidovirales, Nodaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Picobirnavirus, Picornaviridae, Potyviridae, Reoviridae, iridae, Sequiviridae, Tenuvirus, Togaviridae, viridae, ridae, Tymoviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Herpesviridae, Paramyxoviridae or Papillomaviridae.

11. The use of claim 9, wherein the viral infection is caused by at least one virus selected from influenza virus, Hepatitis C virus, West Nile virus, SARS—coronavirus, poliovirus, measles virus, Dengue virus, yellow fever virus, tick—borne encephalitis virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, Murray Valley virus, Powassan virus, Rocio virus, Iouping—ill virus, Banzi virus, Illheus virus, Kokobera virus, Kunjin virus, Alfuy virus, bovine diarrhea virus, Kyasanur forest e virus, respiratory syncytial virus or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

12. The use of any one of claims 9 to 11, wherein the medicament is intended for administration as an adjuvant for a prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine.

13. The use of claim 12, wherein the vaccine is a vaccine against influenza virus, Hepatitis C virus, West Nile virus, SARS-coronavirus, irus, measles virus, Dengue virus, yellow fever virus, tick—borne encephalitis virus, se alitis virus, St. Louis alitis virus, Murray Valley virus, Powassan virus, Rocio virus, louping-ill virus, Banzi virus, Illheus virus, Kokobera virus, Kunjin virus, Alfuy virus, bovine diarrhea virus, an forest disease virus, respiratory syncytial virus or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

14. A method of modulating the innate immune response in a eukaryotic cell in vitro, the method comprising administering to the cell a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 6.

15. Use of a compound according to any one of claims 1 to 6 in the manufacture of a medicament for modulating the innate immune response.