NZ625066B2 - Metalloporphyrin neurological treatments - Google Patents

Abstract

Disclosed herein is the use of metalloporphyrin compounds of formulae I-XVII for treating a subject suffering from exposure to a chemical threat agent.

Description

oporphyrin Neurological Treatments CROSS—REFERENCES TO RELATED ATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of US. Provisional ation No. 61/566,530, filed December 2, 2011, the entire ts of which is hereby incorporated herein and for all purposes.

STATEMENT AS TO RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

[0002] This invention was made with Government support under Grant Numbers R21NS072099 and R0 1NS03 9487 by the National Institutes of Health, and by the Counter ACT program. The Government may have certain rights in this invention.

REFERENCE TO A "SEQUENCE LISTING," A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING APPENDIX SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISK

[0003] NOT APPLICABLE OUND OF THE INVENTION Chemical warfare agents (e.g., chemical threat agents) are an immense threat to military nel and civilians. The central nervous system (CTN S) is a sensitive target for chemical toxicants that interact with receptors and signaling, eg. nerve agents or organophosphate pesticides. Studies in the literature have established that controlling seizure activity and downstream consequences is critical for neuroprotection and survival after nerve agent exposure.

Accordingly, there is a need to develop novel and efficacious neuroprotective countermeasures against chemical threat agents. Provided herein are compositions and methods directed to these and other problems in the art.

BRIEF Y OF THE IN VENTION There is provided, inter alia, a novel method for treating a subject suffering from exposure to a chemical threat agent, the method including administering to the subject an effective amount of a nd selected from: a) a compound having the structure of Formula (I) or Formula (11), R4 R2 R4 R2 Rs R3 (1) (11), wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4 are each independently —CF3, -C02Rg, , R5_N)+\N—R6% O—R7 R10\N \s \_/ OH N\:/ 7 7 W W R12 E@ \N/ N/R13 /—S + / J )\ N R17—N \N R1/1+ R15 R14 7R16 \__/—— 7 7 7 W mm W WW 7 7 7 701- R24\N/ S \:/+ ; R5, R6, R7, R8, R8’, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, R18, R19, R20, R21, R22, R23, and R24 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —CF3, —OH, —NH2, —COOH, —COOR25, —CH2COOR25, —CH2COOH, an tituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, or an unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; R25 is an unsubstituted alkyl; and M is a metal; b) a compound having the structure of one of ae (X)—(XV), [11+ wherein R13, R23, R33, and R4a are independently -(CH2)mCHZOX1 or -(CH2CHZO)nX1; m is 1-6; n is 3—50; X1 is tuted or unsubstituted €1-12 alkyl; M is a metal; and each A is, independently, en or an electron withdrawing group; and c) a compound having the structure of one of Formulae (XVI)—(XVII), wherein at least one of R”, or R16, R21, or R26, R3b or R36, and R4b or R40 is, independently, (CH2)pCHzOX2 or -(CH2CHZO)qX2; the other one of Ru, or Rlc, R21, or R26, R3b or R36, and R4b or R40 is, independently, a C142 alkyl (straight chain or ed); p is 1-6; q is 3—50; X2 is substituted or unsubstituted C142 alkyl; M is a metal; and each A is, independently, hydrogen or an electron withdrawing group; wherein said chemical threat agent is an anti-cholinesterase agent, a GABA- agent or a metabolic poison.

In another aspect, there is provided a method for reducing brain injury in a subject in need thereof. The method includes administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound selected from any of Formulae (I)—(XVII), as disclosed herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1. Fig. 1A: AEOL10150 [Formula (VII)] levels in plasma (right axis) and brain (left axis) of C57Bl6 mice are ed with time after a single s.c. dose of AEOL10150 (lSmg/kg). Points represent mean + S.E.M. (n= 3—4). Legend (Fig. 1A): Brain d circle); plasma (open circle). Fig. 1B: Histogram depicts TH—positive neurons in the SNpc of C57BL/6 mice counted by stereological analysis after injection of MPTP (lSmg/kg X3, s.c., 24h als) alone or in the presence of AEOL10150 (lSmg/kg X3 s.c., daily for 3 days beginning lh prior to MPTP). Fig. 1C: Histogram depicts 4-HNE (4-hydroxynonenal) levels in the SN of the C57BL/6 mice after injection of MPTP (lSmg/kg X3, s.c., 24h als) alone or in the presence of AEOL10150 (lSmg/kg X3 s.c., daily for 3 days) *p<0.01 vs. control, # p<0.01 vs. MPTP; one—way, ANOVA, n=6. Legend (Figs. lB—lC): Control (open); MPTP (closed); EOL10150 (diagonal lines).

Figure 2. Histograms depict tration of GSH (Fig. 2A) and GSSG (Fig. 2B), and GSH/GSSG (Fig. 2C) ratio in the ampus of the rat after either pilocarpine alone or in the presence of AEOL10150 post—treatment. Bars represent mean + S.E.M, **p<0.01 vs. control rats, #p<0.05 vs. pilocarpine alone treated rats; one—way ANOVA, n=3 rats per group. Legend: Control (open); pilocarpine (closed); pilocarpine+ AEOL10150 nal lines).

Figure 3. rams depict concentrations of Cysteine (Fig. 3A) and Cystine (Fig. 3B), and Cysteine/Cystine ratio (Fig. 3C) in the hippocampus of the rat after either pilocarpine alone or in the presence of AEOL10150 post-treatment. Bars ent mean + S.E.M, **p<0.01 vs. control rats, #p<0.05 vs. pilocarpine alone treated rats; one—way ANOVA, n=3 rats per group.

Legend: Control (open); pilocarpine (closed); pilocarpine+AEOL10150 (diagonal lines).

Figure 4. Histograms depict 3-NT/tyrosine ratio (Fig. 4A) and AA (Fig. 4B) in the hippocampus of the rat after either pilocarpine alone or in the presence of AEOL10150 post— treatment. Bars represent mean + S.E.M, **p<0.01 vs. control rats, #p<0.05 vs. rpine alone d rats; one—way ANOVA, n=3 rats per group. Legend: Control (open); pilocarpine (closed); pilocarpine+AEOL10150 (diagonal lines). 2012/067633 Figure 5. Histograms depict quantitative analysis of Fluoro-jade B fluorescence in the hilus (Fig. 5A) and CA3 (Fig. 5B) of the rat after either pilocarpine alone or in the ce of AEOL10150 post-treatment. Bars represent mean + SEM, *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs. pilocarpine alone treated rats; one-way ANOVA, n=3 rats per group. Histogram ordering (left to right): pilocarpine; pilocarpine+AEOL10150; AEOL10150; control.

Figure 6. Photomicrographs depict representative Fluoro-jade B stained images in the CA3 (Figs. 6A-6C) and hilus (Figs. 6D-6F) of rats after either kainate alone or in the presence of AEOL 10150 post-treatment. (Figs. 6A, 6D) control; (Figs. 6B, 6E), kainate alone; (Figs. 6C, 6F) kainate in presence of AEOL10150 ent.

[0013] Figure 7. Histograms depicts quantitative analysis of Fluoro-jade B fluorescence in the hilus (Fig. 7A) and CA3 (Fig. 7B) of the rat after either kainate alone or in the ce of AEOL 10150 post-treatment. Bars represent mean + SEM, **p<0.01 vs. control rats, #p<0.05 vs. kainate alone treated rats; one—way ANOVA, n=4 rats per group. : Control (open); rpine (closed); pilocarpine+AEOL1015 0 (diagonal lines).

[0014] Figure 8. Figs. 8A—8B depict representative oxygen consumption rates (OCR) in isolated hippocampal synaptosomes 48h after injection pilocarpine (Fig. 8A) or kainate (Fig. 8B) in rats.

Figure 9. Histograms depict 150 effect on 3—NT/Tyrosine (Fig. 9A) and GSH/GSSG (Fig. 9B) 24 hours ing Pilocarpine (pilo)—induced SE. AEOL 10150 was injected at a dose of 5 mg/kg every 4 hours s.c. beginning 90 min after SE onset. **p<0.01, *p<0.05, ***p<0.001 n=3 per group. Legend: Control e) (open); pilogram (closed); rpine+AEOL10150 (diagonal .

Figure 10. Fig. 10 depicts oxygen ption rates (OCR) in isolated hippocampal synaptosomes 16h after injection of saline and pilocarpine. Points represent average values from 2 rats per group.

Figure 11. Fig. 11 depicts a time line for studies described in Example 2.

Figure 12. Fig. 12 depicts histograms of the concentration AEOL10150 (pmol/g tissue) in the hippocampus and piriform cortex after s.c. injection of AEOL10150 in the rat.

Legend: (open): single injection of AEOL10150 (5 mg/kg, s.c.) at 4-hrs; (closed): multiple injections of AEOL10150 (5 mg/kg, s.c., every 4-hrs, 6 injections total) at 24-hrs. Error bars: SEM (standard error of the mean). Groups: n=4. Histogram ordering (left to right): hippocampus WO 30150 single dose; hippocampus multiple dose; piriforrn cortex single dose; piriforrn cortext mulitple dose. Legend: Single dose of AEOL10150 (open); multiple dose (closed).

Figure 13. Figs. l3A-l3B depict histograms of quantitative analysis of Fluoro-Jade B histofluorescence staining in the CA3 (Fig. 13A) and Hilus (Fig. 13B) of the rats at 24 h after ing either pilocarpine (340mg/kg, i.p.) alone or in presence of AEOL10150 (5mg/kg, s.c., start at 60 or 90 min post pilocarpine treatment and every 4h therefore until sacrificed). The Fluoro-Jade B positive signal in a given area of hippocampal subregions from three slides of each animal was estimated with Image J. Bars represent mean + S.E.M, *p<0.01 vs. saline; vs. pilocarpine; one way ANOVA, n=6 rats per group. : l (saline) (open); pilocarpine alone (closed); pilocarpine+AEOL10150 90min post pilocarpine administration (diagonal lines upper left to lower right); pilocarpine+AEOL10150 60min post pilocarpine administration (diagonal lines lower left to upper right).

Figure 14. Figs. B depict histograms of GSH and GSSG concentrations, and GSH/GSSG ratio, and Fig. 14C depicts histogram of 3-nitrotyrosine/tryrosine (3NT/tyr) ratios in the hippocampus of the rat 24-hr (Fig. 14A and Fig. 14C left panel) or 48-h (Fig. 14B and Fig. 14C right panel) after either pilocarpine alone or in combination with AEOL10150 beginning 90 min after, 60 min after or 30 before and every 4 h thereafter until ice (24h or 48h). Bars represent mean + S.E.M., 5 vs. saline treatment, # p<0.05 vs. pilo alone treatment, one— way ANOVA, n=3—6 per group. Legend of ram ng: Fig. 14A: Control (A); pilocarpine (B); pilocarpine+AEOL10150 (90min post-pilocarpine) (C); pilocarpine--AEOL10150 (60min post-pilocarpine) (D); Fig. 14B: Control (E); pilocarpine (F); pilocarpine--AEOL10150 (90min post-pilocarpine) (G); pilocarpine+AEOL10150 (60min post- pilocarpine) (H); pilocarpine+AEOL10150 (3 0min pre-pilocarpine) (I); Fig. 14C (left panel): Control (saline) (J); pilocarpine (K); pilocarpine+AEOL10150 (90min post-pilocarpine) (L); pilocarpine--AEOL10150 (60min post-pilocarpine) (M); Fig. 14C (right panel): Control (saline) (N); pilocarpine (O); pilocarpine+AEOL10150 (90min post-pilocarpine) (P); pilocarpine--AEOL10150 (60min post-pilocarpine) (Q); rpine+AEOL10150 (30min pre- pilocarpine) (R).

Figure 15. Fig. 15A is histogram depicting maximal respiratory capacity of rats treated with control, pilocarpine and , or pilocarpine and AEOL10150. n=5—8 rat/group.

Histogram ordering (left to right); Control; pilocarpine+saline; pilocarpine+AEOL10150. Fig. 15B depicts time course of oxygen consumption rate (OCR, pmol/min). 2012/067633 Figure 16. Figs. D are photomicrographs of images of microglia (iba 1) immunofluorescence in rat brain at 24 h after receiving saline (control (Fig. 16A), pilocarpine alone (Fig. 16B) or with AEOL10150 (5mg/kg, s.c.) 60-min after pilocarpine (Fig. 16C) or 90— min after rpine (Fig. 16D) every 4-hrs until sacrifice. Fig. 16E and Fig. 16F are histograms of quantitative analysis of the data provided in Figs. 16A-16D. Bars=mean + S.E.M, *p<0.01 vs. saline; #p<0.05 vs. pilocarpine; one way ANOVA, n=6 rats per group. Legend (Figs. 16E-16F); Control (saline) (open); pilocarpine (closed); pilocarpine + AEOL10150 90-min post pilocarpine (diagonal lines upper left to lower right); rpine (closed); pilocarpine + AEOL10150 60-min post pilocarpine (diagonal lines lower left to upper right).

[0023] Figure 17. Figs. 17A-16D are histograms depicting concentrations of GSH (Fig. 17A), GSSG (Fig. 17B), and ratios of GSH/GSSG (Fig. 17C) and 3-nitrotyrosine/tyrosine (Fig. 17D) in the hippocampus of the rat at 24h after either pilocarpine (340mg/kg) alone with or without atropine and diazepam or in the ce ofAEOL 10150 treatment (5mg/kg, s.c., every 4h).

Bars represent mean + S.E.M; a p<0.01 vs. l rats; p<0.05 vs. pilocarpine treated rats; c p<0.05 vs. rpine+atropine+diazepam d rats. one—way ANOVA, n=2—6 rats per group. saline n=6; pilocarpine, n=2 (3 of 5 dead); pilocarpine+atropine+diazepam, n=6; pilocarpine+atropine+AEOL10150+diazepam, n=6). Histogram ordering (left to right): Control (saline) (open); pilocarpine d); pilocarpine + atropine + diazepam (diagonal lines); pilocarpine + atropine + diazepam + AEOL10150 (cross checkered).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 1. Definitions The abbreviations used herein have their conventional meaning within the chemical and biological arts. The chemical structures and ae set forth herein are constructed according to the standard rules of chemical valency known in the chemical arts.

[0025] Where substituent groups are specified by their conventional chemical ae, written from left to right, they equally encompass the chemically identical substituents that would result from writing the structure from right to left, e.g., —CH20- is equivalent to —OCH2—.

The term “alkyl,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a straight (i.e., unbranched) or branched chain, or combination thereof, which may be fully saturated, mono- or polyunsaturated and can e di- and multivalent radicals, having the number of carbon atoms designated (i.e., C1—C10 means one to ten carbons). Examples of saturated hydrocarbon radicals include, but are not limited to, groups such as methyl, ethyl, n- propyl, isopropyl, n—butyl, t—butyl, yl, sec—butyl, hexyl)methyl, homologs and s of, for example, yl, n-hexyl, yl, n-octyl, and the like. An unsaturated alkyl group is one having one or more double bonds or triple bonds. Examples of unsaturated alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, vinyl, 2-propenyl, crotyl, 2-isopentenyl, adienyl), 2,4-pentadienyl, 3-(l,4-pentadienyl), ethynyl, l- and 3-propynyl, 3-butynyl, and the higher homologs and isomers. An alkoxy is an alkyl attached to the remainder of the molecule via an oxygen linker (—O—).

The term “alkylene,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a divalent radical derived from an alkyl, as exemplified, but not limited by, -CH2CH2CH2CH2-. lly, an alkyl (or alkylene) group will have from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, with those groups having 10 or fewer carbon atoms being preferred in the present invention. A “lower alkyl” or “lower alkylene” is a shorter chain alkyl or alkylene group, generally having eight or fewer carbon atoms.

[0028] The term “heteroalkyl,” by itself or in combination with another term, means, unless otherwise stated, a stable straight or ed chain, or combinations thereof, consisting of at least one carbon atom and at least one heteroatom ed from the group consisting of O, N, P, Si, and S, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms may optionally be oxidized, and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized. The heteroatom(s) O, N, P, S, and Si may be placed at any or position of the heteroalkyl group or at the position at which the alkyl group is attached to the remainder of the molecule. Examples include, but are not limited to: H2—O—CH3, —CH2—CH2—NH—CH3, —CH2—CH2—N(CH3)—CH3, —CH2—S—CH2—CH3, —CH2—CH2, —S(O)—CH3, —CH2—CH2—S(O)2—CH3, —CH=CH—O—CH3, —Si(CH3)3, —CH2—CH=N—OCH3, —N(CH3)—CH3, —O—CH3, —O—CH2—CH3, and —CN. Up to two heteroatoms may be consecutive, such as, for example, —CH2—NH—OCH3.

Similarly, the term “heteroalkylene,” by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a divalent radical derived from heteroalkyl, as exemplified, but not limited by, —CH2—CH2—S—CH2—CH2- and —CH2—S-CH2—CH2—NH—CH2—. For heteroalkylene , heteroatoms can also occupy either or both of the chain termini (e.g., alkyleneoxy, alkylenedioxy, alkyleneamino, nediamino, and the like). Still further, for alkylene and heteroalkylene linking groups, no orientation of the linking group is implied by the direction in which the formula of the linking group is written. For example, the formula -C(O)2R'- represents 2012/067633 both —C(O)2R'— and —R'C(O)2—. As described above, heteroalkyl groups, as used , include those groups that are attached to the remainder of the molecule through a heteroatom, such as —C(O)R', —C(O)NR', —NR'R", —OR', —SR', and/or —SOzR'. Where oalkyl” is recited, followed by recitations of specific heteroalkyl groups, such as -NR'R" or the like, it will be tood that the terms heteroalkyl and -NR'R" are not redundant or mutually exclusive. Rather, the specific heteroalkyl groups are recited to add y. Thus, the term “heteroalkyl” should not be interpreted herein as excluding specific heteroalkyl groups, such as -NR'R" or the like.

The terms “cycloalkyl” and “heterocycloalkyl,” by themselves or in combination with other terms, mean, unless otherwise stated, cyclic versions of ” and “heteroalkyl,” respectively. Additionally, for heterocycloalkyl, a atom can occupy the position at which the heterocycle is attached to the remainder of the molecule. Examples of cycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, ropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, l-cyclohexenyl, 3-cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, and the like. Examples of heterocycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, l-(l,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridyl), l-piperidinyl, 2-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, 4-morpholinyl, 3-morpholinyl, ydrofuran-2—yl, tetrahydrofuran-3 -yl, tetrahydrothienyl, tetrahydrothien-3 -yl, l-piperazinyl, 2-piperazinyl, and the like. A alkylene” and a “heterocycloalkylene,” alone or as part of another substituent, means a divalent radical derived from a cycloalkyl and cycloalkyl, tively.

The terms “halo” or “halogen,” by themselves or as part of another substituent, mean, unless otherwise stated, a fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom. Additionally, terms such as “haloalkyl” are meant to include monohaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl. For example, the term “halo(C1-C4)alkyl” includes, but is not limited to, fluoromethyl, romethyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 4-chlorobutyl, 3-bromopropyl, and the like.

The term “acyl” means, unless otherwise stated, —C(O)R where R is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, tuted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

The term “aryl” means, unless otherwise stated, a polyunsaturated, aromatic, hydrocarbon substituent, which can be a single ring or multiple rings (preferably from 1 to 3 rings) that are fused together (i.e., a fused ring aryl) or linked covalently. A fused ring aryl refers to multiple rings fused together wherein at least one of the fused rings is an aryl ring. The term “heteroaryl” refers to aryl groups (or rings) that contain at least one atom selected from N, 2012/067633 O, and S, wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms are optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen atom(s) are optionally ized. Thus, the term oaryl” includes fused ring heteroaryl groups (i.e., multiple rings fused together wherein at least one of the fused rings is a heteroaromatic ring). A 5,6-fused ring heteroarylene refers to two rings fused together, wherein one ring has 5 members and the other ring has 6 members, and wherein at least one ring is a heteroaryl ring.

Likewise, a 6,6—fused ring heteroarylene refers to two rings fused together, wherein one ring has 6 members and the other ring has 6 members, and wherein at least one ring is a heteroaryl ring.

And a 6,5—fused ring heteroarylene refers to two rings fused together, wherein one ring has 6 members and the other ring has 5 members, and wherein at least one ring is a heteroaryl ring. A heteroaryl group can be attached to the der of the molecule through a carbon or heteroatom. Non-limiting examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups e , l-naphthyl, 2- yl, 4-biphenyl, l-pyrrolyl, 2—pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrazolyl, 2—imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, 2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl, 2—phenyloxazolyl, 5-oxazolyl, 3-isoxazolyl, 4-isoxazolyl, 5- isoxazolyl, 2—thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, 2—furyl, 3-furyl, 2—thienyl, nyl, 2-pyridyl, 3- pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2—pyrimidyl, 4-pyrimidyl, 5-benzothiazolyl, purinyl, 2—benzimidazolyl, 5- indolyl, l-isoquinolyl, 5-isoquinolyl, 2-quinoxalinyl, 5-quinoxalinyl, 3-quinolyl, and 6-quinolyl.

Substituents for each of the above noted aryl and heteroaryl ring systems are selected from the group of able substituents described below. An “arylene” and a “heteroarylene,” alone or as part of another substituent, mean a divalent radical d from an aryl and heteroaryl, respectively.

The term “oxo,” as used , means an oxygen that is double bonded to a carbon atom.

The term “alkylsulfonyl,” as used herein, means a moiety having the formula -S(Oz)-R', where R' is an alkyl group as defined above. R' may have a specified number of carbons (e. g., “C1—C4 alkylsulfonyl”).

Each of the above terms (e. g., “alkyl,” “heteroalkyl,” “aryl,” and “heteroaryl”) includes both tuted and unsubstituted forms of the indicated radical. Preferred substituents for each type of radical are provided below.

Substituents for the alkyl and heteroalkyl radicals (including those groups often referred to as ne, alkenyl, heteroalkylene, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl) can be one or more of a variety of groups ed from, but not limited to, -OR', :0, =NR', =N—OR', -NR'R", -SR', -halogen, -SiR'R"R"', -OC(O)R', —C(O)R', —COzR', —CONR'R", —OC(O)NR'R", —NR"C(O)R', —NR'—C(O)NR"R'", —NR”C(O)2R', —NR—C(NR'R"R'")=NR"", —NR—C(NR'R")=NR"', —S(O)R', —S(O)2R', —S(O)2NR'R", —NRSOzR', -CN, and -NOZ in a number ranging from zero to (2m'+l), where m' is the total number of carbon atoms in such radical. R', R", R'", and R"" each preferably independently refer to en, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or tituted aryl (e.g., aryl substituted with 1—3 halogens), substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy, or thioalkoxy groups, or arylalkyl groups.

When a compound of the invention es more than one R group, for example, each of the R groups is ndently selected as are each R', R", R'", and R"" group when more than one of these groups is present. When R' and R" are attached to the same nitrogen atom, they can be combined with the nitrogen atom to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring. For example, -NR'R" includes, but is not d to, l-pyrrolidinyl and 4-morpholinyl. From the above discussion of tuents, one of skill in the art will understand that the term “alkyl” is meant to e groups including carbon atoms bound to groups other than hydrogen groups, such as haloalkyl (e.g., —CF3 and —CH2CF3) and acyl (e.g., —C(O)CH3, —C(O)CF3, —C(O)CHZOCH3, and the like).

Similar to the substituents described for the alkyl radical, substituents for the aryl and heteroaryl groups are varied and are selected from, for example: -OR', -NR'R", -SR', -halogen, —SiR'R"R"', —OC(O)R', ', , —CONR'R”, NR'R", —NR"C(O)R', —NR'—C(O)NR"R"', —NR"C(O)2R', —NR—C(NR'R"R"')=NR"", —NR—C(NR'R")=NR'", —S(O)R', —S(O)2R', —S(O)2NR'R”, —NRSOzR', —CN, —NOz, —R', —N3, —CH(Ph)2, fluoro(C1—C4)alkoxy, and fluoro(C1-C4)alkyl, in a number ranging from zero to the total number of open valences on the aromatic ring system; and where R', R", R'", and R'"' are preferably independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, tuted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. When a compound of the invention includes more than one R group, for example, each of the R groups is independently selected as are each R', R", R'", and R"" groups when more than one of these groups is present.

Two or more substituents may optionally be joined to form aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl groups. Such so—called ring-forming substituents are typically, though not necessarily, found attached to a cyclic base structure. In one embodiment, the ring—forrning substituents are attached to adjacent s of the base structure. For example, two ring- g substituents ed to adjacent members of a cyclic base ure create a fused ring structure. In another embodiment, the ring-forming substituents are attached to a single member 2012/067633 of the base structure. For example, two ring-forming substituents attached to a single member of a cyclic base structure create a spirocyclic structure. In yet another embodiment, the ring— forming substituents are attached to non—adj acent members of the base ure.

Two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally form a ring of the formula -T-C(O)-(CRR')q-U-, wherein T and U are independently —NR—, —O—, -CRR'-, or a single bond, and q is an integer of from 0 to 3. Alternatively, two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula -A-(CH2)r-B-, wherein A and B are independently —CRR'—, —O—, —NR—, —S—, —S(O) —, —S(O)2—, —S(O)2NR'—, or a single bond, and r is an integer of from 1 to 4. One of the single bonds of the new ring so formed may optionally be replaced with a double bond. Alternatively, two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be replaced with a tuent of the formula -(CRR')S-X'- (C"R'")d-, where s and d are independently integers of from 0 to 3, and X' is —O—, —NR'—, —S—, —S(O)—, —, or —S(O)2NR'—. The substituents R, R', R", and R'” are preferably independently ed from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, tuted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

As used herein, the terms “heteroatom” or “ring heteroatom” are meant to include oxygen (0), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), and silicon (Si).

A ituent group,” as used herein, means a group selected from the ing moieties: (A) —OH, —NH2, —SH, —CN, —CF3, -N02, oxo, halogen, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, unsubstituted heteroaryl, and (B) alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and aryl, substituted with at least one substituent selected from: (i) oxo, —OH, —NH2, —SH, —CN, —CF3, —NOz, halogen, tituted alkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, unsubstituted heteroaryl, and (ii) alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, substituted with at least one substituent selected from: (a) oxo, —OH, —NH2, —SH, —CN, —CF3, -N02, halogen, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, unsubstituted heteroaryl, and (b) alkyl, heteroalkyl, lkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, substituted with at least one substituent selected from: oxo, —OH, —NH2, —SH, —CN, —CF3, —NOz, halogen, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, and unsubstituted heteroaryl.

A “size—limited substituent” or “ size-limited substituent group,” as used herein, means a group selected from all of the substituents described above for a “substituent group,” wherein each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl is a substituted or tituted C1—C20 alkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C4—C8 cycloalkyl, and each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 4 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl.

A “lower substituent” or “ lower substituent group,” as used herein, means a group selected from all of the substituents described above for a “substituent group,” wherein each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C1—C8 alkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C5—C7 cycloalkyl, and each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is a substituted or tituted 5 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl.

Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include all chemical forms of the ure; i.e., the R and S configurations for each asymmetric . Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric and diastereomeric mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the ion.

Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include nds which differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present ures except for the replacement of a hydrogen by a deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by 13C— or 14C—enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention.

The nds of the present invention may also contain unnatural proportions of atomic isotopes at one or more of atoms that tute such compounds. For example, the compounds may be radiolabeled with radioactive isotopes, such as for e tritium (3H), iodine-125 (1251) or carbon-14 (14C). All isotopic variations of the compounds of the present invention, r radioactive or not, are encompassed within the scope of the t invention.

The terms “a,” “an,” or “a(n)”, when used in reference to a group of substituents herein, mean at least one. For example, where a compound is substituted with “an” alkyl or aryl, the compound is optionally substituted with at least one alkyl and/or at least one aryl. Moreover, where a moiety is substituted with an R substituent, the group may be referred to as “R- substituted.” Where a moiety is R—substituted, the moiety is substituted with at least one R substituent, and each R substituent is optionally different. Where a particular R group is present in the description of a chemical genus (such as Formula (1)), a Roman alphabetic symbol may be used to distinguish each appearance of that particular R group. For example, where multiple R27 substituents are present, each R27 substituent may be distinguished as R27A, R273, R270, R271), etc., wherein each of R27A, R273, R270, R271), etc. is defined within the scope of the tion of R27 and optionally ently. The term “about” in the context of a numeric value refers, absent express description otherwise, to the c value :: 10% thereof Description of compounds of the present ion are limited by principles of chemical bonding known to those skilled in the art. ingly, where a group may be substituted by one or more of a number of substituents, such substitutions are selected so as to comply with ples of chemical bonding and to give compounds which are not inherently le and/or would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art as likely to be unstable under t conditions, such as aqueous, neutral, and several known physiological conditions. For example, a heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl is attached to the remainder of the molecule via a ring heteroatom in compliance with principles of chemical bonding known to those skilled in the art thereby avoiding inherently unstable nds.

The terms “effective amount,” “therapeutically effective amount” and the like refer to the amount of an active agent sufficient to induce a desired biological result. That result may be alleviation of the signs, symptoms, or causes of a disease, or any other desired alteration of a biological system. The term “therapeutically effective amount” is used herein to denote any amount of a compound disclosed herein or formulation thereof which causes an improvement in a disease condition (e. g., exposure to a chemical threat agent) upon administration. The amount will vary with the condition being d, the stage of advancement of the condition, and the type and concentration of formulation applied. Appropriate amounts in any given instance will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art or capable of determination by routine mentation.

The terms “chemical agent, 3’ CCchemical threat agent” and the like refer in the ary sense to compounds which elicit a pathological condition, e. g., incapacitation, sions, and the like, in a subject. ary chemical threat agents include ins, r agents, blood agents, caustics (e. g., acids, bases), choking agents, lung agents, pulmonary agents, incapacitating agents, long-acting anticoagulants, metals, nerve agents, organic solvents, riot control agents, tear gas, toxic alcohols, and ng agents. The chemical threat agent may be a chemical weapon. The chemical threat agent may also be a nerve agent that disrupts the mechanism by which nerves transfer messages to organs. The disruption may be caused by inhibiting (i.e. ng the activity of) acetylcholinesterase; e. g., sarin (isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate), parathion (0,0-diethyl trophenyl phosphorothioate), rb ((E)-2—methyl(methylthio)propanal O-methylcarbamoyl , and VX (S (diisopropylamino)ethyl O-ethyl methylphosphonothioate). The chemical threat agent (e.g., nerve agent) may be a phosphorus-containing organic chemical (organophosphate). Some chemical threat agents (i.e., so-called agents”) interfere with GABA neuronal function and/or chloride channels, e.g., tetramethylene disulfotetramine, also known as “tetramine (TETS)” (2,6—dithia— l,3,5,7- tetraaza— tricyclo [3.3.1.13,7] decane 2,2,6,6—tetraoxide). Some chemical threat agents are so—called “metabolic poisons” or compounds which target the blood, as known in the art, e. g., cyanide, sodium fluoroacetate, arsenic trioxide, and nine. In one embodiment, chemical threat agents contemplated herein do not include agents as disclosed in International Publication No. including a sulfur mustard, chlorine gas, phosgene, or 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES).

As used herein, “treatment” or “treating,” or “palliating” or “ameliorating” are used interchangeably herein. These terms refer to an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results including but not d to therapeutic benefit and/or a prophylactic benefit. By therapeutic benefit is meant eradication or amelioration of the underlying disorder being d.

Also, a therapeutic benefit is achieved with the eradication or amelioration of one or more of the physiological symptoms associated with the underlying disorder such that an improvement is observed in the patient, notwithstanding that the patient may still be ed with the underlying disorder. For prophylactic benefit, the compositions may be administered to a patient at risk of WO 30150 re to a chemical threat agent, or to a t ing one or more of the physiological symptoms of a e, even though a diagnosis of this disease may not have been made.

Treatment includes preventing the disease, that is, causing the clinical symptoms of the disease not to develop by administration of a protective composition prior to the induction of the disease; suppressing the disease, that is, causing the clinical symptoms of the disease not to develop by administration of a protective composition after the inductive event but prior to the clinical appearance or reappearance of the disease; inhibiting the disease, that is, arresting the development of clinical symptoms by administration of a protective ition after their initial appearance; ting re-occurring of the disease and/or relieving the disease, that is, causing the regression of clinical symptoms by administration of a protective composition after their initial appearance.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to salts derived from a variety of organic and inorganic counter ions well known in the art and include, by way of example only, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, tetraalkylammonium, and the like; and when the le contains a basic functionality, salts of organic or inorganic acids, such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, tartrate, mesylate, acetate, maleate, oxalate and the like.

A ct,” “individual,” or “patient,” is used interchangeably herein, which refers to a vertebrate, preferably a mammal, more ably a human. Mammals e, but are not limited to, murines, simians, , farm animals, sport animals, and pets. Tissues, cells and their progeny of a biological entity obtained in vitro or cultured in vitro are also encompassed.

In one embodiment, the subject or patient is a child. In some embodiments, the subject or patient is a young child. In some embodiments, the subject or t is an infant. In one embodiment, the subject or patient is an adult.

As defined herein, the term "child" or "children" as used herein means persons over the age of 3 years and prior to adolescence. As used herein, the term "young child" or "young children" means persons from the age of more than 12 months up to the age of three years. As used herein, the term "infant" means a person not more than 12 months of age. The term “adult” means persons past the age of adolescence. 11. Methods

[0056] There is ed a method for treating a subject suffering from exposure to a chemical threat agent. The chemical threat agent may be a nerve agent. The chemical threat agent may 2012/067633 function as an anti-cholinesterase agent, a GABA-agent or a lic poison. The method includes administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound selected from the group having the structure of any of ae (I)—(XVH) disclosed herein.

In one embodiment, the compound has the structure of Formula (I) or Formula (11), Rs (1) R3 (11).

In Formula (I), the substituted porphyrin may be bound to a metal, e.g., Formula (II).

The metal may be manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, nickel, or zinc, including ions thereof. For example, in Formula (II), or in any formula set forth , M is manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, nickel, or zinc, including ions thereof: Thus, in a specific embodiment, the metal is manganese and the compound has the structure of Formula (111): R3 (111).

WO 30150 In any of Formulae (I)-(IH), R1, R2, R3, and R4 are each independently -CF3, -C02R8, R5—N/Jrk g N—R6 _COR8,7 \=/ OH va JVVV‘ J'VVV" _ RRN/XN/Rw / E s \_/— Rfi R15 R14 7 7 7R16 7 JV'V'U" JWV‘ JVVV‘ W A \ F“— \\ R17—N \N \:N\ \ \=/7 + N—N\ R197 \:N R22 7 7 JVVV‘ \4 \Q.

In one ment for Formulae (I)-(III), R1, R2, R3, and R4 may be MAW é \ / \ / / + or R11 In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are independently -CO2R3 or . R2 and R4 may independently be —CF3 or JWV‘ . In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are ndently -CO2R3, and R2 and R4 are —CF3. In one embodiment, R1 and R3 are independently -CO2R3 and R2 and R4 are independently JVVV‘ Where R1, R2, R3, and R4 contain a positive , one of skill will immediately recognize that an anionic compound or molecule will be present Where the compound is in solution. Any applicable anionic compound are molecule may be used as a counterion to the positively charges substituents, including for example chloride, fluoride, sulfide, a e, a carbonate, or a phosphate.

Further to this embodiment, R5, R6, R7, R3, R3,, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, R13, R19, R20, R21, R22, R23, and R24 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —CF3, —OH, —NH2, —COOH, —COOR25, —CH2COOR25, —CH2COOH, an unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, or an unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl. R25 is an unsubstituted alkyl. In one embodiment, R25 is an unsubstituted alkyl such as C140 alkyl (e.g., —CH3 or a C1_5 alkyl). M is a metal (e. g. is manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, nickel, or zinc).

In one embodiment, R5, R6, R7, R3, R3,, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, R13, R19, R20, R21, R22, R23, and R24 may each independently be hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —CF3, —OH, —NH2, —COOH, —COOR25, —CH2COOR25, —CH2COOH, substituted or unsubstituted C1—C10 (e.g., C1—C6) alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 10 membered (e.g., 2 to 6 ed) heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C3—C3 (e.g., C5—C7) cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered (e.g., 3 to 6 membered) cycloalkyl, tuted or tituted C5—C3 (e.g., C5— C6) aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 8 ed (e.g., 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. In one embodiment, one or more of R5, R6, R7, R3, R3,, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, R13, R19, R20, R21, R22, R23, and R24 is unsubstituted. In one embodiment, R5, R6, R7, R3, R3,, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, R13, R19, R20, R21, R22, R23, and R24 are independently hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted C1—C10 (e.g., C1—C6 or C1—C3) alkyl.

In one embodiment, R5, R6, R7, R3, R3,, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, R13, R19, R20, R21, R22, R23, and R24, may independently be hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —CF3, —OH, —NH2, —COOH, —COOR25, —CH2COOR25, —CH2COOH, bstituted or unsubstituted alkyl, bstituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R26—substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R26—substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R26—substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R26—substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. R26 is halogen, —CN, —CF3, —OH, —NH2, —COOH, —COOR25, —CH2COOR25, —CH2COOH, R27—substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, R27—substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, bstituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, R27—substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R27—substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R27—substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In one embodiment, R26 is n, —CN, —CF3, —OH, —NH2, —COOH, R27—substituted or tituted C1—C10 (e.g., C1—C6) alkyl, R27—substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 10 membered (e.g., 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, R27—substituted or unsubstituted C3—C3 (e.g., C5—C7) cycloalkyl, R27—substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered (e.g., 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, R27—substituted or unsubstituted C5—C3 (e.g., C5—C6) aryl, or R27—substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 8 membered (e.g., 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. R27 is halogen, -CN, —CF3, —OH, —NH2, —COOH, —COOR25, —CH2COOR25, —CH2COOH, R23—substituted or tituted alkyl, R23—substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, R23—substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, bstituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, R2g—substituted or unsubstituted aryl, or R23—substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. In one embodiment, R27 is halogen, —CN, —CF3, —OH, —NH2, —COOH, R23—substituted or unsubstituted C1—C10 (e.g., C1—C6) alkyl, R23—substituted or WO 30150 unsubstituted 2 to 10 membered (e. g., 2 to 6 ed) alkyl, R2g—substituted or unsubstituted C3—C8 (e. g., C5—C7) cycloalkyl, R2g—substituted or tituted 3 to 8 membered (e. g., 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, R2g—substituted or unsubstituted C5—C8 (e. g., C5—C6) aryl, or R2g—substituted or tituted 5 to 8 membered (e. g., 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl. R28 is halogen, —CN, —CF3, —OH, —NH2, —COOH, —COOR25, —CH2COOR25, —CH2COOH, unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

In one ment, R26 and/or R27 are substituted with a substituent group, a size— limited substituent group or a lower substituent group. In another embodiment, R27 and R28 are ndently halogen, —CN, —CF3, —OH, —NH2, —COOH, —COOR25, —CH2COOR25, —CH2COOH, tituted C1—C10 (e.g., C1—C6) alkyl, unsubstituted 2 to 10 membered (e. g., 2 to 6 membered) heteroalkyl, unsubstituted C3—C8 (e.g., C5—C7) cycloalkyl, unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered (e. g., 3 to 6 membered) heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted C5—C8 (e. g., C5—C6) aryl, or unsubstituted 5 to 8 ed (e.g., 5 to 6 membered) heteroaryl.

[0067] In one embodiment, each R5, R6, R7, R8, R83 R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, R18, R19, R20, R21, R22, R23, R24, and R25 may be the same or different and may each independently be an alkyl, and particularly a C1_20 alkyl, more particularly a C140 alkyl, and even more particularly a C1_4 alkyl, and even more particularly, a methyl, an ethyl, or a propyl.

In one embodiments R8 and R8, are independently hydrogen or an unsubstituted alkyl (e. g. an unsubstituted C140 alkyl). R8, may also be hydrogen. R8 may be methyl.

In one embodiment, R9 is —COOH, —COOR25, —CH2COOR25, or —CH2COOH. R9 may also be —COOR25 or —CH2COOR25. In certain embodiments, R9 is —COOR25. In one related embodiment, R25 is an unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, such as methyl. 2012/067633 In one embodiment, R1 and R3 may each independently be —COz-CH3, or H E COZCH3 and R2 and R4 may each independently be —CF3, or g CH2C02CH3 In one embodiment, the metalloporphyrin compound may have the formula: COZCH3 F30 CFa COZCHa (IV), (V), or (VI).

In another specific ment, R1, R2, R3, and R4 may each independently be §‘<\ +\N—/ é \—/ k k +T or (CH2)5CH3_ In one embodiment, the metalloporphyrin compound of the invention may have the formula: \_N/T/\N_/ I ( \ \J J K (VIII), or H3C(Hzc)5 HSC(HZC)5—N (IX).

In one embodiment, each substituted group described in the nds above (e.g., Formulae (I)-(IX)) is substituted with at least one substituent group. More specifically, in one embodiment, each substituted alkyl, tuted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, described in the compounds above (e. g., Formulae (I)-( IX)) are substituted with at least one substituent group. In one embodiment, at least one or all of these groups are tuted with at least one size—limited substituent group.

Alternatively, at least one or all of these groups are substituted with at least one lower substituent group. .

In one embodiment of the compounds described above (e. g., ae (I)—( IX)) each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C1—C20 alkyl, each substituted or tituted heteroalkyl is a substituted or tituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C3—C8 cycloalkyl, and each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered heterocycloalkyl.

In one embodiment, each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C1—C8 alkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered alkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted lkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C5—C7 cycloalkyl, and each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 7 membered cycloalkyl.

In one embodiment, the compound has the structure of one of Formulae (X)—(XV), Further to this embodiment, R13, R23, R33, and R4a are independently -(CH2)mCHZOX1 or -(CH2CHZO)nX1; m is 1-6, preferably 1-4, more preferably 1 or 2; n is 3-50, preferably 3-10, more preferably 3, 4 or 5; X1 is substituted or unsubstituted C142 alkyl, preferably unsubstituted C142 alkyl (straight chain or branched), more preferably C1_g alkyl, even more preferably C1_4 alkyl; M is a metal (is manganese, iron, , copper, nickel, or zinc); and each A is, independently, hydrogen or an electron withdrawing group. Each R13, R23, R33, and R4a can be the same. The terms “electron withdrawing group,” “EWG” and the like refer, in the usual and customary sense, to an atom or functional group that removes electron density from a system (e.g., a pi-system) thus making the system more electrophilic.

WO 30150 2012/067633 In one embodiment, the compound has the structure of one of Formulae (XVI)—(XVII), Further to this embodiment, at least one of Ru, or R16, R2], or R26, R3b or R36, and R4], or R40 is, independently, -(CH2)pCHZOX2 or -(CH2CHZO)qX2; the other one of Ru, or R16, R2], or R26, R3b or R36, and R4], or R40 is, independently, a C142 alkyl (straight chain or branched), preferably a C1_g alkyl, more preferably a C1, C2, C3 or C4 alkyl; p is l-6, ably 104, more ably 1 or 2; q is 3—50, preferably 3—10, more preferably 3, r or 5; X2 is substituted or unsubstituted C142 alkyl, ably is C142 alkyl (straight chain or branched), more preferably C1_g alkyl, even more preferably C1_4 alkyl; M is a metal (e.g. is manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, nickel, or zinc); and each A is, independently, hydrogen or an electron withdrawing group.

Advantageously, each Rlb, R16, R21), R26, R3b, R3c, R4], and R4c can be the same and is —(CH2CHZO)qX2.

When the nd is of Formulae (X)—(XVII), each A is, independently, hydrogen or an electron withdrawing group, for example, a halogen (e. g., Cl, Br or F), N02, or CHO, preferably each A is hydrogen or halogen, more preferably at least one A is halogen and the remaining A's are hydrogen, still more preferably l-4 A's are, independently, C1 or Br and the remaining A's are hydrogen. M is metal ed from the group consisting of manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel and zinc (preferably manganese).

In one embodiment, each substituted group described in the compounds with structure of Formulae (X)—(XVII) is substituted with at least one substituent group. More specifically, in one ment, each substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl, described in the compounds with structure of Formulae VII) are substituted with at least one substituent group. In one embodiment, at least one or all of these groups are substituted with at least one size-limited substituent group. Alternatively, at least one or all of these groups are tuted with at least one lower substituent group.

In one embodiment of the compounds with structure of Formulae (X)—(XVH), each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C1—C20 alkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl is a substituted or tituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C3—C8 cycloalkyl, and each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 3 to 8 ed heterocycloalkyl. In one ment, each substituted or unsubstituted alkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted C1—C8 alkyl, each substituted or tituted heteroalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 8 membered heteroalkyl, each substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl is a tuted or unsubstituted C5—C7 cycloalkyl, and each substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl is a substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl.

[0084] Further to any embodiment disclosed herein, the compound can be formed with a rion Z, exemplified but not limited as follows for compounds of Formulae (X)-(XVII): R13 R13 I I N“r Z‘ N’r \ \ In one embodiment, a compound of Formula (I) can be formed with a counterion Z. In one embodiment, a compound of a (II) can be formed with a counterion Z. In one embodiment, a compound of Formula (III) can be formed with a counterion Z. In one embodiment, a compound of Formula (IV) can be formed with a counterion Z. In one WO 30150 embodiment, a compound of Formula (V) can be formed with a counterion Z. In one embodiment, a compound of Formula (VI) can be formed with a counterion Z. In one embodiment, a compound of Formula (VII) can be formed with a counterion Z. In one embodiment, a compound of Formula (VIII) can be formed with a counterion Z. In one embodiment, a compound of Formula (IX) can be formed with a rion Z. In one embodiment, a compound of Formula (X) can be formed with a counterion Z. In one embodiment, a compound of Formula (XI) can be formed with a counterion Z. In one embodiment, a compound of Formula (XII) can be formed with a counterion Z. In one embodiment, a compound of Formula (XIII) can be formed with a counterion Z. In one embodiment, a compound of Formula (XIV) can be formed with a counterion Z. In one embodiment, a compound of Formula (XV) can be formed with a counterion Z. In one embodiment, a compound of a (XVI) can be formed with a counterion Z. In one embodiment, a compound of Formula (XVII) can be formed with a counterion Z.

The counterion Z is an anion, e. g., halogen ide, bromide, iodide), an organic anion base (e. g., acetate, and the like), an inorganic base (e.g., sulfide, sulfate, carbonate, phosphate), or the like.

In one embodiment, the compound has the ure of Formula (I). In one embodiment, the compound has the structure of Formula (II). Where the compound has the structure of Formula (II), in one embodiment the metal is ese, iron, cobalt, copper, nickel, or zinc. In one embodiment, the metal is manganese.

Further to embodiments Where the compound has the structure of a (I) or R5—N)+\N—R6 Formula (II), in one embodiment R1, R2, R3, and R4 are each \=/ ; and R5 and R6 are independently unsubstituted alkyl (e. g., tituted C1—C10 alkyl). R5 and R6 may independently be unsubstituted C1—C6 alkyl. R5 and R6 may independently be unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl. R5 and R6 may independently be unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl. R5 and R6 may independently be unsubstituted C1—C3 alkyl. R5 and R6 may independently be tituted C1— C2 alkyl. In one ment, the compound has the structure of a (VII) following: /— \_J _\N /+ (VII).

Further to any embodiment sed herein, in one embodiment the chemical threat agent causes seizures, neuropathology, or both seizures and neuropathology. In one ment, the chemical threat agent causes seizures. In one embodiment, the chemical threat agent causes neuropathology.

In one embodiment, the chemical threat agent is a nerve agent. The terms “nerve agent” and the like refer, in the usual and customary sense, to compounds that t the mechanism by which nerves transfer messages. In one embodiment, the nerve agent disrupts 3’ “ nerve signals by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. The terms “anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti- cholinesterase” and the like refer, in the usual and ary meaning, to an agent which can inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase (e. g., upon exposure to a al threat agent).

Acetylcholinesterase, as well known in the art, hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to afford an acetyl group and choline. In one embodiment, inhibition of acetylcholinesterase results in sed levels and on of acetylcholine in a subject. The effects of anti-cholinesterases on the autonomic nervous system can include bradycardia, hypotension, hypersecretion, bronchoconstriction, GI tract hypermotility, and decreases intraocular pressure. Action at the neuromuscular junction can include prolonged muscle ction. The effect of anti— cholinesterases can include seizure and/or neuropathology.

In one embodiment, the chemical threat agent is sarin, parathion, aldicarb or tetramine (TETS). In one embodiment, the chemical threat agent targets the blood. In one embodiment, the chemical threat agent is cyanide, sodium fluoroacetate, arsenic trioxide or strychnine.

In one embodiment, the effect of treating a subject suffering from exposure to a chemical threat agent lasts for a period of time (i.e., tive period”) following administration of a compound disclosed . In one embodiment, the effect lasts for an effective period of at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, or 240 minutes, or even longer. In one embodiment, the effect lasts for an effective period of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, or even 24 hours. In one embodiment, the effect lasts for at least 90 minutes.

In one embodiment, a compound with ure of Formulae (I)—(XVII), e. g., a (VII), is administered (e. g., erally or topically) at a dosage in the range of about 0.01 to 50 mg/kg/day, preferably, 0.1 to 10 mg/kg/day, more preferably 0.1 to 6 mg/kg/day. In one embodiment, dosage is about 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 mg/day, or even more, in an adult.

In one embodiment, a nd with structure of Formulae (I)—(XVII) is administered in ation with any antidote or prophylactic to a chemical threat agent (e.g., nerve agent such as anti-cholinesterase agent, a GABA-agent or a metabolic poison).

The antidote or prophylactic can be an anticholinergic, an anti-seizure agent, or an acetylcholinesterase reactivating agent, or a combination of one, two or three of an anticholinergic, an anti-seizure agent, or an acetylcholinesterase reactivating agent. The anticholinergic can be an anticholinergic disclosed herein or known in the art. The anti-seizure agent can be an anti-seizure agent disclosed herein or known in the art. The cholinesterase reactivating agent can be an acetylcholinesterase reactivating agent disclosed herein or known in the art. In one embodiment, the antidote or prophylactic agent restores acetylcholinesterase activity that is inhibited by the chemical threat agent.

[0096] In another aspect, there is provided a method for reducing brain injury in a subject in need thereof. The method es administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound ed from any of ae (I)—(XVII), as disclosed above. In one embodiment, the compound has the structure of Formula (VII).

In one embodiment, the brain injury results from seizure. The seizure can result from exposure to a chemical threat agent. In one embodiment, the brain injury is cognitive dysfunction. The terms “cognitive dysfunction” and the like refer, in the usual and customary sense, to a loss of intellectual functions such as thinking, remembering, reasoning, and the like.

In one embodiment, the brain injury results from seizure, the seizure s from exposure to a chemical threat agent, and the chemical threat agent is an anti-cholinesterase agent.

[0099] In one embodiment, a compound with ure of Formulae (I)—(XVII), e. g., Formula (VII), is administered (e. g., erally or topically) at a dosage in the range of about 0.01 to 50 mg/kg/day, preferably, 0.1 to 10 day, more preferably 0.1 to 6 mg/kg/day. In one embodiment, dosage is about 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 mg/day, or even more, in an adult.

Further to the method for treating a subject suffering from exposure to a chemical threat agent, or the method for ng brain injury in a subject in need f, in one embodiment the method further includes administering to the subject an anticholinergic agent. The terms “anticholinergic (noun), 3’ 6‘anticholinergic agent” and the like refer, in the usual and customary sense, to compounds that block the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the l and peripheral nervous system. Exemplary anticholinergics at the muscarinic receptor, i.e., “antimuscarinic agents” as known in the art, include atropine, benztropine, ipratropium, oxitropium, tiotropium, glycopyrrolate, oxybutinin, tolterodine, chlorphenamine, hydramine, dimenhydrinate, and the like. Exemplary anticholinergics at the nicotinic receptor, i.e., “antinicotinic agents” as known in the art, include bupropion, hexamethonium, tubocurarine, dextromethorphan, mecamylamine, doxacurium, and the like.

[0101] In one embodiment, the anticholinergic agent is atropine. As well known in the art, atropine competitively blocks acetylcholine (ACh) at muscarinic receptor sites by competing for the muscarinic receptors. Thus, blockade of muscarinic receptor ameliorates increased levels of acetylcholine. In one embodiment, the preferred anticholinergic is less toxic than atropine in a human subject. Toxicity can be assessed by a variety of methods known in the art including calculation of LD50, the toxic dose for 50% of a population.

In one ment, an anticholinergic agent is administered at a dosage of about 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 mg or even greater in an adult.

Administration can be by bolus or sequential administration of smaller ts of anticholinergic agent, e. g., administration in rapid succession, e. g., 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20 minutes part.

Administration of olinergic agent can be repeated as needed to prevent or treat ms of parasympathomimetic activity, coma, and/or cardiovascular collapse, as known in the art. In one embodiment, atropine is administered at a dosage of about 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 mg or even greater in an adult. Dosages for children can be adjusted as ary. For example, dosages for infants generally less than six months of age can be about 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.35, 0.40, 0.45, 0.50, 0.55, 0.60, 0.65, 0.70, 0.75 mg, or more.

Dosages can be administered by sequential administration of smaller aliquots of anticholinergic agent, e. g., atropine. s for infants and children weighting 15 to 40 pounds may be 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, 0.80, 0.90, 1.00, 1.10, 1.20, 1.30, 1.40, 1.50 mg, or even greater. Dosages for children weighting 40 to 90 pounds may be about 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, 0.80, 1.00, 1.20, 1.40, 1.60, 1.80, 2.00, 2.20, 2.40, 2.60, 2.80, 3.00 mg, or even greater.

In one embodiment, the compound of Formula (VII) is administered in combination with an anticholinergic. In one embodiment, the anticholinergic is atropine.

Further to the method for treating a t suffering from re to a chemical threat agent, or the method for reducing brain injury in a subject in need thereof, in one embodiment the method further includes administering to the subject an anti-seizure agent. The term “anti- seizure agent” and the like refer, in the usual and customary sense, to compounds useful to suppress the rapid and excessive firing of neurons as a preliminary to, or duration, a seizure.

Exemplary anti-seizures agents include the benzodiazepines: clobazam, clonazepam, clorazepate, diazepam, midazolam, lorazepam, and the like. In one embodiment, the anti-seizure agent is a benzodiazepine. In one embodiment, the anti-seizure agent is diazepam. In one embodiment, the eizure agent is midazolam.

[0105] In one ment, an anti-seizure agent is administered at a dosage of about 1, 2, 3, 4, , 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 mg, or even greater, in an adult. In one embodiment, an anti-seizure agent is administered at a dosage of about 10, 50, 100, 200, 300 400, 500 mg/kg, or even greater, in a child. In one embodiment, administration is intravenous (iv) or intramuscular (i.m.) In one embodiment, administration is intramuscular (i.m.) In one embodiment, the anti-seizure agent is diazepam which is administered at a dosage of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, l2, l4, l6, 18, 20 mg, or even greater, in an adult. In one embodiment, the anti-seizure agent is midazolam which is administered at a dosage of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, , l2, l4, l6, 18, 20 mg, or even greater, in an adult.

In one embodiment, the compound of a (VII) is stered in combination with an eizure agent. In one embodiment, the anti-seizure agent is am. In one embodiment, the anti-seizure agent is midazolam.

Further to the method for treating a subject suffering from re to a chemical threat agent, or the method for reducing brain injury in a subject in need thereof, in one embodiment the method further includes administering to the subject in combination an olinergic agent and an anti-seizure agent, as disclosed herein.

In one ment, the administered nd has the structural of Formula (VII), and the method further includes administering to the subject in combination an anticholinergic agent and an anti-seizure agent, as disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the anticholinergic is atropine. In one embodiment, the anti-seizure agent is diazepam. In one embodiment, the anti- seizure agent is lam.

In one embodiment, administration of a compound with structure of Formulae (I)- (XVII), e. g., Formula (VII), in combination with an anticholinergic agent and an anti-seizure agent results in a synergistic benefit to the subject. The terms “synergistic, 3’ 6‘synergistic benefit,” “synergistic effect, 3’ CCsynergistic therapeutic effect, 3’ 33synergistically effective amount” and the like in the context of co—administration of compounds described herein refer to a more than additive (e.g., supra—additive) se (e.g., biological se) when two or more compounds are administered with respect to the summed effects upon administration of each compound in the e of the other compound or nds. For example, if two nds provide a synergistic therapeutic effect, then the therapeutic effect observed upon co— administration of both compounds is greater than the summed observed therapeutic effects when either compound is administered in the absence of the other compound. Likewise, a first amount of a first nd and a second amount of a second nd together provide a synergistically effective amount where the therapeutic effect observed upon co-administration of both nds is greater than the summed observed therapeutic effects when either compound is administered in the absence of the other compound. Where a synergistic benefit is ed, the pharmaceutically active agents are provided in a combined synergistic amount.

In one embodiment, administration of a compound with structure of Formulae (I)- (XVII), e. g., Formula (VII), in combination with an anticholinergic agent and an anti-seizure agent results is r effectiveness (i.e., synergistic benef1t wherein the compound and agents are provided in a combined synergistic amount) relative to the summed effects of 1) treatment by administration of a structure of Formulae (I)-(XVII) alone, and 2) treatment with an anticholinergic agent in combination with an anti-seizure agent alone. In one ment, the synergistic benefit is at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%.

[0111] In one embodiment, a compound with structure of Formulae (I)-(XVII), e. g., Formula (VII), is administered (e. g., parenterally or lly) at a dosage in the range of about 0.01 to 50 mg/kg, preferably 0.1 to 10 mg/kg, more preferably 1.0 to 6 mg/kg. The effect of this WO 30150 administration alone can be compared with the combined effect upon administration of an anticholinergic agent administered at a dosage of about 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, or 6.0 mg, preferably in the range of about 2-6 mg, and an anti-seizure agent administered at a dosage of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 mg, ably in the range of about 10-30 mg. The effect of the ternary combination of a nd with structure of Formulae (I)—(XVII), the anticholinergic agent and the anti-seizure agent can be compared with the summed s of the administration of a compound with structure of Formulae (I)-(XVII) alone, and the effect of the administration of the binary combination of anticholinergic agent and anti-seizure agent alone to quantitate a synergistic benefit. In one ment, the synergistic benefit is at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%.

In one embodiment, a compound with structure of Formulae (I)-(XVII), e. g., Formula (VII), is administered (e. g., erally or topically) at a dosage in the range of about 0.01 to 50 mg/kg, preferably 0.1 to 10 mg/kg, more preferably 1.0 to 6 mg/kg. An anticholinergic agent, preferably atropine, may be administered at a dosage of about 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, or 6.0 mg, preferably in the range of about 2-6 mg. An anti-seizure agent, preferably diazepam or midazolam, may be administered at a dosage of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 mg, preferably in the range of about 10—30 mg. The effect of the ternary combination of a compound with ure of Formulae (I)-(XVII), e.g., Formula (VII), the anticholinergic agent and the anti-seizure agent can be ed with the summed effects of the administration of a compound with structure of Formulae (I)—(XVII), e.g., Formula (VII), alone, and the effect of the administration of the binary combination of anticholinergic agent and eizure agent alone to quantitate a synergistic benefit. In one embodiment, the istic benefit is at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%.

In one embodiment, a compound with structure of Formula (VII) is administered (e.g., parenterally or topically) at a dosage in the range of about 0.01 to 50 mg/kg, preferably 0.1 to mg/kg, more preferably 1.0 to 6 mg/kg. Atropine may be stered at a dosage of about 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, or 6.0 mg, preferably in the range of about 2-6 mg. Diazepam may be administered at a dosage of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, , 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 mg, preferably in the range of about 10—30 mg. The effect of the ternary combination of a compound with structure of Formula (VII), atropine and diazepam can be compared with the summed effects of the administration of a compound with structure of Formula (VII) alone, and the effect of the administration of the binary combination of ne and diazepam alone to quantitate a istic benefit. In one embodiment, the synergistic benefit is at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%.

In one embodiment, a compound with structure of Formula (VII) is administered (e.g., parenterally or topically) at a dosage in the range of about 0.01 to 50 mg/kg, preferably 0.1 to mg/kg, more preferably 1.0 to 6 mg/kg. ne may be administered at a dosage of about 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, or 6.0 mg, preferably in the range of about 2-6 mg. Midazolam may be administered at a dosage of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 mg, preferably in the range of about 10—30 mg. The effect of the ternary combination of a compound with structure of Formula (VII), atropine and midazolam can be ed with the summed effects of the administration of a compound with structure of a (VII) alone, and the effect of the administration of the binary combination of atropine and midazolam alone to quantitate a synergistic benefit. In one embodiment, the synergistic benefit is at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%.

Further to the method for treating a subject suffering from exposure to a chemical threat agent, or the method for reducing brain injury in a subject in need thereof, in one embodiment the method further includes administering to the subject an acetylcholinesterase reactivating agent. The terms “acetylcholinesterase vating agent” the like refer, in the usual and customary sense, to compounds useful to regenerate catalytic activity at an acetylcholinesterase site which has become deactivated due to al reaction, e. g., with a al threat agent such as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. See e. g., Luo, C., et al., 2007, Biochemistry 46: 1 1771— 11779. Useful acetylcholinesterase reactivating agents are known in the art and include HI—6 ([(E)-[1-[(4-carbamoylpyridiniumyl)methoxymethyl]pyridinylidene]methyl]- oxoazaniumdichloride), pralidoxime (2-pyridine me methyl de (2-PAM), and obidoxime (1,1'-[oxybis(methylene)]bis{4-[(E)- (hydroxyimino)methyl] pyridinium}), and the like. See e.g., Dawson, R.M., 1994, J. Appl. Toxicol. 14:317—33 1; Koplovitz, I. & Stewart, J.R., 1994, Toxicol. Lett. 70:269—279; Marrs, TC, 1993, Pharmac. Ther. 58:51—66; Rousseaux, C.G. & Dua, A.K., 1989, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol, 67:1183—1189. In one embodiment, the methods provided herein e administeting a nd of Formulae (I)-(XVII) and 2-PAM (e.g,. in a combined synergistic amount and achieving a synergistic benefit). 2012/067633 In one embodiment, acetylcholinesterase reactivating agent is administered at a dosage of about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 mg/kg, or even greater, in an adult, preferably about 30 mg/kg. In one embodiment, acetylcholinesterase reactivating agent is administered at a dosage of about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 mg/kg, or even greater, in a child, preferably 20-50 mg/kg. In one embodiment, initial administration of acetylcholinesterase reactivating agent is followed by a maintenance infusion of 1-20 mg/kg/hr, preferably 5-10 hr. Initial administration of acetylcholinesterase reactivating agent can be by any means, e. g., intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous. In one embodiment, initial stration is intravenous as a continuous infusion at about 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700 mg/hr, or even r. In one embodiment, administration of acetylcholinesterase reactivating agent is sequential, wherein administration of aliquots of acetylcholinesterase reactivating agent takes place over a time span of, e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60 minutes, or even longer. In a preferred embodiment, initial administration of acetylcholinesterase reactivating agent is intramuscular. In one embodiment, the acetylcholinesterase reactivating agent is pralidoxime.

In one embodiment, pralidoxime is administered at a dosage of about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50 mg/kg, or even r, in an adult. In a preferred embodiment, administration of pralidoxime is intramuscular, and the dosage of pralidoxime is 1-2g.

In one embodiment, stration of a compound with structure of ae (I)- (XVII), e.g., Formula (VII), in combination with an anticholinergic agent, an anti-seizure agent, and an acetylcholinesterase reactivating agent results in a synergistic benefit relative to the summed effects of 1) treatment by administration of a structure of Formulae (I)-(XVII) alone, and 2) treatment alone with an anticholinergic agent in ation with an anti-seizure agent in further combination with an acetylcholinesterase vating agent. In one embodiment, the synergistic benefit is at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or even 95%.

In one embodiment, a compound with structure of Formulae (I)-(XVII), e. g., Formula (VII), is administered (e. g., erally or topically) at a dosage in the range of about 0.01 to 50 mg/kg, preferably 0.1 to 10 mg/kg, more preferably 1.0 to 6 mg/kg. The effect of this administration alone can be compared with the combined effect upon administration of an anticholinergic agent administered at a dosage of about 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, or 6.0 mg, preferably in the range of about 2—6 mg, an eizure agent administered at a dosage of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 mg, preferably in the range of about 10-30 mg, and an acetylcholinesterase reactivating agent at a dosage of about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 mg/kg. The effect of the quarnary combination of a compound with structure of Formulae (I)-(XVII), e. g., Formula (VII), the anticholinergic agent, the anti-seizure agent and the acetylcholinesterase reactivating agent can be compared with the summed effects of the administration of a compound with structure of Formulae (I)-(XVII) alone, and the effect of the administration of the ternary combination of anticholinergic agent, anti-seizure agent, and acetylcholinesterase reactivating agent alone to quantitate a synergistic benefit. In one embodiment, the synergistic benefit is at least 5%, 10%, %, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%. In one embodiment, the compound has the structure of Formula (VII), the anticholinergic agent is atropine, the anti-seizure agent is am, and the acetylcholinesterase reactivating agent is pralidoxime. In one ment, the compound has the structure of Formula (VII), the anticholinergic agent is atropine, the anti-seizure agent is midazolam, and the acetylcholinesterase reactivating agent is pralidoxime.

In one embodiment, r to the method for treating a subject suffering from exposure to a chemical threat agent, or the method for reducing brain injury in a subject in need thereof, the method further includes administering to the subject a compound of Formulae (I)-(XVII), e. g., Formula (VII), and an cholinesterase reactivating agent in combination with an anticholinergic agent and an anti-seizure agent. In one ment, the administered nd has the structural of a (VII), and the method further includes administering to the subject in ation an acetylcholinesterase reactivating agent, an anticholinergic agent and an anti- seizure agent, as sed herein. In one embodiment, the anticholinergic is atropine. In one embodiment, the anti-seizure agent is diazepam. In one embodiment, the anti-seizure agent is midazolam. In one embodiment, the acetylcholinesterase reactivating agent is pralidoxime.

Further to the method for treating a subject suffering from exposure to a chemical threat agent, or the method for reducing brain injury in a subject in need thereof wherein the brain injury results from seizure and the seizure results from re to a chemical threat agent, in one embodiment administration of a compound haVing the structure of any one of Formulae (I)- (XVII), e.g., Formula (VII), occurs prior to the exposure to the chemical threat agent. In one embodiment, stration of a compound of any one of Formulae VII) occurs at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120 min, or even longer, prior to exposure to the chemical threat agent. In one embodiment, administration of a compound of any one of Formulae (I)—(XVII) occurs at least 30 min prior to exposure to the chemical threat agent. In one ment, administration of a compound of any one of Formulae (I)-(XVII) occurs at least 60 WO 30150 min prior to exposure to the chemical threat agent. In one embodiment, administration of a compound of any one of Formulae (I)-(XVII) occurs at least 90 min prior to exposure to the al threat agent. In one embodiment, the compound has the structure of a (VII).

Further to the method for reducing brain injury in a subject in need thereof, the effect of reducing the brain injury lasts for at least 30, 60, 90,120, 180, 240, 300 min, or even , ing administration of a compound of Formulae (I)-(XVII). In one embodiment, the effect of reducing the brain injury lasts at least 30 min. In one embodiment, the effect of reducing the brain injury lasts at least 60 min. In one embodiment, the effect of reducing the brain injury lasts at least 90 min. In one embodiment, the effect of reducing the brain injury lasts at least 120 min.

In one ment, the compound has the structure of Formula (VII).

Further to the method for reducing brain injury in a subject in need thereof, in one embodiment the compound has the structure of Formula (I) or Formula (II). In one embodiment, the compound has the structure of Formula (II). In one ment, the metal is manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, nickel, or zinc. In one embodiment, the metal is manganese. In one embodiment, for the compound with structure of Formula (I) or Formula (II), R1, R2, R3, and R4 JUVV‘ R5—N)+\N—R6 are each \=/ ; and R5 and R6 are independently unsubstituted alkyl. In one embodiment, the compound has the structure of Formula (VII).

III. Pharmaceutical Compositions The compounds described above, metal bound and metal free forms, can be formulated into pharmaceutical itions suitable for use in the t methods. Such compositions e the active agent (metalloporphyrin compounds) together with a pharmaceutically able carrier, excipient or diluent. The composition can be present in dosage unit form for example, tablets, capsules or suppositories. The composition can also be in the form of a sterile solution, e.g., a solution suitable for injection (e. g., subcutaneous, i.p. or iv.) or nebulization.

Compositions can also be in a form suitable for ophthalmic use. The invention also includes compositions formulated for topical administration, such compositions taking the form, for example, of a lotion, cream, gel or ointment. The concentration of active agent to be included in the ition can be selected based on the nature of the agent, the dosage regimen and the result sought. The compounds can also be encapsulated in lysosomes and thereby targeted to enhance delivery.

In one embodiment, the metalloporphyrin compound may form part of a pharmaceutical ition. The pharmaceutical composition may e a metallophorphyrin compound, as disclosed , and a ceutically acceptable excipient. A "pharmaceutically acceptable excipien " includes pharmaceutically and physiologically acceptable, organic or inorganic carrier substances suitable for enteral or parenteral administration that do not deleteriously react with the active agent. Suitable pharmaceutically able carriers include water, salt ons (such as Ringer's solution), alcohols, oils, gelatins, and carbohydrates such as lactose, amylose or , fatty acid esters, hydroxymethylcellulose, and polyvinyl pyrrolidone. Such preparations can be sterilized and, if desired, mixed with auxiliary agents such as lubricants, preservatives, izers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers, coloring, and/or aromatic substances and the like that do not deleteriously react with the active agent.

[0125] In one embodiment, the treatment compound (e. g., metalloporphyrin compounds or metalloporphyrin catalytic antioxidant compositions as set forth herein) forms part of a pharmaceutical composition, wherein said pharmaceutical composition ses the treatment compound and a pharmaceutical acceptable excipient. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition includes a permeabilizer (e. g., a late, a fatty acid, or a metal chelator).

[0126] The pharmaceutical composition can be formulated for any route of administration, including enteral, oral, sublingual, buccal, parenteral, , asal, pulmonary, , intravaginal, transdermal, and topical routes. Parenteral administration includes, but is not limited to, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, intraperitoneal, intrastemal, intraarterial injection and infusion.

[0127] The pharmaceutical composition can be formulated for immediate release or ed release, e. g., modif1ed, sustained, extended, delayed, or pulsatile release, using known methods and excipients.

In one ment, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated as a topical composition, an injectable composition, an inhalant, a sustained release composition, or an oral composition. The treatment compound is preferably formulated for eral administration, e. g., by subcutaneous injection. If subcutaneous or an alternative type of administration is used, the compounds may be derivatized or formulated such that they have a protracted profile of action.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated a targeted micelle, a degradable ric dosage form, a porous microsphere, a polymer scaffold, a liposome, or a hydrogel.

The treatment compound may be formulated according to known methods to prepare pharmaceutically useful compositions. An exemplary formulation would be one that is stable and reconstituted with an appropriate diluent or an aqueous solution of high purity with optional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, preservatives, ents or stabilizer. See e.g., Remington, 1980, PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, 16th n. The pharmaceutical ition may include a ceutically acceptable buffer to achieve a le pH for stability and for administration.

For parenteral administration, the treatment compound can be formulated in a unit dosage injectable form (solution, suspension, or emulsion) with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Preferably, one or more pharmaceutically acceptable anti-microbial agents may be added, such as phenol, m—cresol, benzyl alcohol, and the like as known in the art.

In one embodiment, one or more ceutically acceptable salts (e. g., sodium chloride), sugars (e. g., mannitol), or other ents (e. g., glycerin) may be added to adjust the ionic strength or tonicity.

[0133] The dosage of the composition to be stered can be determined without undue mentation and will be dependent upon various s including the nature of the active agent (including whether metal bound or metal free), the route of administration, the patient, and the result sought to be achieved. A suitable dosage of mimetic to be administered (e. g., i.v. or topically) can be expected to be in the range of about 0.01 to 50 mg/kg/day, preferably, 0.1 to 10 mg/kg/day, more preferably 0.1 to 6 mg/kg/day. For aerosol administration, it is expected that doses will be in the range of 0.001 to 5.0 mg/kg/day, preferably, 0.01 to 1 mg/kg/day.

Suitable doses will vary, for example, with the compound and with the result sought.

The concentration of compound tation in a solution used to treat cells/tissues/organs in accordance with the methods disclosed herein can be readily ined and will vary with the active agent, the cell/tissue/organ and the effect sought.

Certain aspects sed herein can be described in greater detail in the non-limiting examples that follows.

IV. Examples The ing examples illustrate n specific embodiments of the invention and are not meant to limit the scope of the invention.

Embodiments herein are further illustrated by the following examples and detailed protocols. However, the examples are merely intended to illustrate embodiments and are not to be construed to limit the scope herein. The contents of all references and published patents and patent ations cited throughout this application are hereby incorporated by reference.

Example 1. Neuroprotection by a catalytic antioxidant following pilocarpine- and kainate- induced status ticus Abstract Rationale: t wishing to be bound by any theory, it is believed that status ticus (SE) results in profound oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Reactive oxygen species are mediators of mitochondrial dysfunction that may be active in ing neuronal death associated with the development of temporal lobe sy (TLE). A goal of this study was to determine if mitochondrial oxidative stress contributes to hippocampal neuronal death following SE and r a synthetic catalytic antioxidant administered post-SE would provide neuroprotection in two chemoconvulsant models.

[0139] Methods: Adult Sprague—Dawley rats were injected with vehicle, kainate (11 mg/kg) or pilocarpine (340 mg/kg) to initiate SE followed by treatment with vehicle or a synthetic metalloporphyrin catalytic antioxidant, AEOL 10150 (5 mg/kg, s.c.), beginning 60—90 min post— SE onset and every 4-6 hr until sacrif1ce at 48 h. Evidence for neuroprotection in the ampus of chemoconvulsant/AEOL 10150-treated rats was measured at 48 h post-SE using Fluoro-Jade B staining, a marker of degenerating neurons, and Image J analysis. Oxidative damage was assessed 24 h post—SE by ement of 3-nitrotyrosine/trysoine (3NT/tyr) and reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratios, respectively by HPLC methods. The concentrations ofAEOL 10150 in the rat brain were also determined.

Results: -Jade B staining indicative of cell injury was prevalent hout the hippocampus of pilocarpine and kainate-treated rats at 48 h post-SE. In pilocarpine-treated rats receiving AEOL 10150, cell injury decreased by imately 40% in CA1, and 60% in CA3 and hilus. In kainate—treated rats receiving AEOL 10150, cell injury decreased by approximately 40% in CA3 and hilus. AEOL 10150 significantly decreased oxidative stress indices (3—NT/tyr and GSH/GSSG ) in the hippocampus of pilocarpine-treated rats. Measurement ofAEOL 10150 levels in the brain revealed its ability to achieve neuroprotective concentrations in the hippocampus and cortex following systemic administration.

Conclusions: These data demonstrate the ability of a catalytic metalloporphyrin antioxidant to inhibit oxidative damage and provide neuroprotection in the hippocampus when administered 60-90 minutes following SE onset. The results suggest that oxidative stress may be a ial target for neuroprotection following SE.

Introduction The l nervous system is a sensitive target for chemical toxicants that interact with receptors and signaling e. g. nerve agents or organophosphate pesticides. Studies in the ture have established that controlling seizure activity and downstream consequences is critical for neuroprotection and survival after nerve agent exposure. Recent efforts by the NIH CounterAct program to develop medical countermeasures have identified AEOL10150 as a lead compound with broad efficacy against multiple chemical threats. AEOL10150 is a catalytic idant with a wide spectrum of activity against superoxide radicals (02:), hydrogen peroxide (H202), peroxynitrite (ONOO_), and lipid peroxyl ls. Work by our laboratories over the past decade demonstrates the efficacy of metalloporphyrins in numerous cell and animal models of neuronal injury. We have also established that ive stress is a al consequence of ged seizures and contributes to seizure—induced neuronal death. Since elicitation of seizure ty is an ant mechanism of several chemical threat agents e. g. nerve agents and organophosphate ides, it is important to determine whether AEOL10150 exerts neuroprotection against such agents. A goal of this study was to determine if AEOL10150 exerted neuroprotection against pilocarpine and kainate-induced seizures when administered 90 minutes after ion of convulsants.

A present goal is to determine if mitochondrial oxidative stress contributes to hippocampal neuronal death following SE and whether a synthetic catalytic antioxidant administered post—SE would provide neuroprotection in two chemoconvulsant models.

Methods Animal. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with pilocarpine hydrochloride (340 mg/kg) i.p. after pre-treatment with methyl-scopolamine (1 mg/kg) i.p. or kainate (l lmg/kg, s.c.) to induce status epilepticus (SE). The animals were treated by saline or AEOL 10150 (5mg/kg) s.c. at 90 minutes post—SE and every 4 hours thereafter until being sacrificed. Oxidative stress was measured at 24 h post—SE and neurons death was assessed by Fluoro—Jade B staining at 48 h post—SE.

Monitoring behavioral seizures. Behavioral seizure severity during SE was evaluated by direct observation for 6 h after the initial treatment and scored based on a d Racine scale with only motor seizures being considered (Class I and 11 seizures were not scored). See Racine R. J Clin. Neurophysiol. 32:269—279. ., 1972, Electroencephalogr. Briefly, motor seizure severity was terized as follows: class 111, animals displayed forelimb clonus with a lordotic posture; class IV, animals reared with concomitant forelimb clonus; and class V animals had a Class IV seizure and fell over. Only rats having, at least, class III convulsive seizure were ed in the study.

Histochemical analyses. The brain of the rats paraffin sections (10 um) were cut coronally and stained with Fluoro-Jade B -Chem Inc., son, AR) follows the method described in the literature. See e.g., Hopkins, KJ, et al., 2000, Brain Res 864:69—80; Liang LP, et al., 2008, JNeurosci 28:11550—11556. The Fluoro—Jade B positive signal in a given area was estimated with Image J (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD).

HPLC assay. Ascorbate, cysteine, cystine, glutathione (GSH), glutathione ide (GSSG), tyrosine, 3—nitrotyrosine (3 —NT) were med with BSA (Chelmsford, MA) 5600 ray® HPLC equipped with eight ochemical detector cells as previously described in the literature. See e.g., Beal MF, et al., 1990, JNeurochem 55:1327—1339; Liang LP, et al., 2007, JNeurosci 6—4333.

Statistical analyses. al analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method.

For all biochemical analyses, two—way ANOVA was used. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant.

Results

[0149] The structure of AEOL 10150 follows. The antioxidant effect of AEOL10150 compared with Cu—Zn SOD (superoxide dismutase) is provided in Table 1. A unit of SOD WO 30150 activity is defined as the amount of compound that inhibits one-half the reduction of epinephrine by superoxide at pH 10.2. CAT: catalase activity measured by Clarke electrode. 4HNE assay by HPLC.

Ali-KM. 1035‘.) Table 1. Antioxidant effects of AEOL10150.

Compounds Figs. lA-lC demonstrate that AEOL10150 penetrates the BBB (blood brain barrier) following systemic administration in mice and protects against MPTP (l-methylphenyl- l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) neurotoxicity, as known in the art.

[0151] Figs. 2A—2C demonstrate that AEOL10150 ates pilocarpine—induced GSH/GSSG changes.

Fig. 3A-3C demonstrate that AEOL10150 attenuates rpine-induced Cysteine/Cystine changes.

Figs. 4A-4B demonstrate that AEOL10150 ates pilocarpine-induced increase in 3—Nitrotyrosine/Tyrosine ratio.

Figs. 5A-5B demonstrate that AEOL10150 attenuates pilocarpine-induced ampal cell death.

Figs. 6A-6F and Figs. 7A-7B demonstrate that AEOL10150 attenuates Kainate-induced hippocampal cell death.

WO 30150 Figs. 8A—8B trate that oxygen consumption rates (OCR) in ed hippocampal synaptosomes are decreased after injection of pilocarpine or kainate.

Summary. Figures 1-8 demonstrate that AEOL10150 penetrates the BBB following systemic administration in mice; AEOL10150 inhibits oxidative stress indices 90 minutes post— pilocarpine or kainate treatment; AEOL10150 ts hippocampal cell loss 90 minutes post— pilocarpine or e treatment; and pilocarpine— or e-induced seizures result in decreased oxygen consumption rates.

Example 2. Neuroprotective efficacy of AEOL10150 against neurotoxic agents.

Introduction. al warfare agents (e.g., chemical threat agents) are an immense threat to military personnel and civilians. The central nervous system (CNS) is a sensitive target for chemical toxicants that interact with receptors and signaling e. g. nerve agents or organophospliate pesticides. See e.g., Jett, D.A. & D.T. Yeung, Proc Am Thorac Soc. 7(4): 254— 6. Studies in the literature have established that controlling seizure activity and downstream consequences is critical for neuroprotection and survival after nerve agent. See e. g, Shih, T.M., et al., 2003, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 188(2):69—80. Accordingly, the goal of this research project is to develop a novel and efficacious neuroprotective countermeasure t nerve agents. Recent efforts by the Nllj". CounterAet program to develop medical countermeasures have identified AEOLlOlSO as a lead compound with broad efficacy against multiple chemical threats. AEOLl Ol 50 is a catalytic antioxidant with a wide spectrum of activity t superoxide radicals (01"), hydrogen peroxide (llgOz), peroxynitrite (ONOO), and lipid peroxyl radicals. See e..,g Day, B.J., 2004, Drug ery Today 9(13):557—66. Work by the Pl and colleagues over the past decade trates the efficacy of rnetallopor‘phyrins in us cell and animal models of neuronal injury. See e.g., Patel, M., 2003, Aging Cell 2(4): 2; Patel, M., 1998, Neurochem 71:1068—1074; Patel, M. & B.J. Day, 1999, Trends Pharmacol Sci 20:359— 364; Patel, M., et al., 1996, Neuron 16:345—355; Sheng, H., et al., 2002, Free Radical Biology & Medicine 33(7):947—61; Li, Q.Y., et al., 2001, JNeurochem 78(4):746—55; Liang, L.P., et al., 2000, Neuroscience :563—70. Tl’ie Pl’s laboratory has also established that oxidative stress is a critical consequence of prolonged seizures and contributes to seizure—induced neuronal death. See e.g., Liang, L.P., Y, 2000, Id.; Liang, L.P., et al., 2008, sci 28(45):11550—6; Waldbaum, S., et al., 2010, Journal ofNeurochemistry 115(5): 1 172—1 182. Since elicitation of seizure activity is an important mechanism of l chemical threat agents e.g nerve agents and organophospha‘te pesticides, it is important to determine whetl'ier AEOLlOlSO exerts neuroprotection against such agents.

Several important attributes of AEOL10150 support its rapid development as a lead medical countermeasure agent. 1) It has completed Phase 1 human clinical trials for safety with a low incidence of adverse events which can expedite its development. 2) It is efficacious against several threats including ion, chlorine and mustard gas. See e. g., l, H.C., et al., 2010, Free Radic Biol Med 48(9): 1 188—96; Gould, N.S., et al., 2009, JPharmacol Exp Ther 328(3):732—9. 3) It has ble cokinetic properties following subcutaneous injection which is ideal for its use as a medical countermeasure. 4) It is efficacious in experimental models when administered post-exposure i.e. after the chemical threat agent which allows its self- administration after chemical exposure.

Thus, the goal of this project is to determine if AEOL10150 is a neuroprotective l countermeasure against nerve agents using pilocarpine as a surrogate agent. Nerve agents such as sarin and VX are known to rapidly elicit seizures in animals and exposed individuals as evidenced by the Tokyo subway attack and use in the Iran-Iraq war. See e.g., Jett, D.A. & D.T. Yeung, Proc Am Thorac Soc. 7(4):254—6; Jett, D.A., Sci Trans] Med. 2(23):23ps12.

We have shown that pilocarpine—induced es result in profound oxidative stress. See e.g., Waldbaum, S., et al., 2010, Id. Therefore, catalytic removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by AEOL10150 is predicted to blunt oxidative stress and prevent downstream changes such as metabolic dysfunction, gliosis and neuronal loss.

Compelling in vivo preliminary data demonstrate that 1) pilocarpine produces oxidative stress and mitochondrial ction, 2) AEOL10150 is permeable to the rodent brain, and 3) ts pilocarpine-induced ive stress and neuronal death. The specific goals of each specific aims below include ishing the dose, mechanism and therapeutic window of neuroprotection. The following parameters can be measured: 1) blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability and pharmacokinetic parameters for zation of dosing, 2) oxidative stress indices (reduced and oxidized glutathione, otyrosine levels, xy—2’—deoxyguanosine (8—OHdG), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) levels), 3) mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates and glycolytic metabolism 4) seizure activity using 24/7 video EEG monitoring and 5) neuronal loss (Fluoro-Jade B is) and 5) gliosis (astrocyte and microglial markers).

Specific Aims. A first specific aim is to determine BBB permeability of AEOL10150 in rats. This es a) determine of plasma and brain concentrations, and b) establishment of optimal dose and dosing n. A second specific aim is to evaluate the neuroprotective efficacy of AEOL10150 against pilocarpine exposure in rats. This includes a) determining efficacy and therapeutic window of AEOL10150 on pilocarpine—induced seizures, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuronal loss and gliosis, and b) determining the neuroprotective efficacy of AEOL10150 following administration with standard therapy (diazepam and atropine).

Background and Significance Seizures are a critical consequence of nerve agent. Exposure to nerve agents, metabolic poisons, or high levels of sulfur mustard can trigger seizures and loss of consciousness. The elicitation of seizures is a common manifestation of nerve agents that target the CNS. See e.g., Jett, D.A. & D.T. Yeung, 161.; Jett, D.A., Id.. Therefore it is important for medical countermeasures to intervene at two . The first level of intervention is usually to rate the symptoms arising due to the specific interaction of the agent and ar targets.

Nerve agents and organophosphate pesticides bind and inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) leading to a persistent increase cholinergic tone. This produces acute effects of nerve agent poisoning including muscle paralysis, cardiorespiratory depression, massive secretion from mucous membranes, eye tion, and blurry or dim vision which can be controlled by ne and other cholinergic antagonists. A second level of intervention is targeting the delayed injury response to the threat agents. Seizure activity is the most critical injury response common to nerve agents and organophosphate exposures. See e.g., Shih, T.M., et al., 2003, l Appl Pharmacol 188(2):69—80; Shih, T., et al., 1999, JBiomed Sci 6(2):86—96.

Oxidative stress is a consequence of chemical convulsants: An ant by—product of ondrial metabolism, xenobiotic detoxification and other enzymatic chain reactions is the production of ROS. Excessive production of ROS can overwhelm idant es resulting in oxidation of vulnerable cellular targets. Work from this laboratory has demonstrated that seizures resulting from chemical convulsants such as rpine and kainic acid oxidatively damage ondrial DNA, susceptible mitochondrial proteins and cellular lipids. See e. g., Patel, M., 2004, Free Radic Biol Med 37(12): 195 1-62. In addition to being an acute consequence of SE, mitochondrial ROS production rges immediately prior to development of chronic epilepsy assessed by behavioral analysis, suggesting that ROS ion could contribute to epileptogenesis. See, e. g., Jarrett, S.G., et al., 2008, NeurobiolDis,.30:130— 13 8.

AEOLlGlSG, a catalytic antioxidant is a medical countermeasure with broad efficacy against multiple agents: Catalytic antioxidants, which are small, lar mimics of superoxide ase (SOD) and/or catalase, potent inhibitors of lipid peroxides and ONOO' hold particular promise. See e.g., Day, B.J., 2004, Drug Discov Today 9(13):557—66. Because they are catalytic, and not merely free l scavengers, these compounds are much more potent idants than dietary additives such as vitamin E that act stoichiometrically. The manganese meso-porphyrin catalytic antioxidants (e.g., AEOL10150, Table 2) combine the broad spectrum of reactivity like the stoichiometric antioxidants with the catalytic efficiency of the endogenous antioxidant enzymes. Table 2 discloses the effect ofAEOL 10150 to y superoxide (as measured by pulse radiolysis), hydrogen peroxide (Clark oxygen electrode [Day, B.J., 2004, Drug Discovery Today 9(13): 57—66]), peroxynitrite (stop-flow) and inhibit lipid peroxidation (F2-isoprostanes [Kachadourian, R., et al., 2004, Biochemical Pharmacology, 67(1): 77—85]).

Table 2. Structure and antioxidant activities of AEOL10150 Reactive Superoxide Hydrogen Lipid Peroxynitrite Oxygen peroxide Peroxides S n ecies kcal(02)T k(ONOO): ty 6.78x10 Mlsl 7M s These synthetic compounds can be chemically modified to increase their ability to cross the BBB and various lular compartments. Metalloporphyrins have plasma half lives that range from 4 to 48 hours. Patel et al. first demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of MnTBAP, a prototypical first generation metalloporphyrin. See e. g., Patel, M., et al., 1996, Id. Since then their properties have been optimized resulting in the development of AEOL101 13, 150 and the orally bioavailable, AEOL11207. The efficacy of these compounds have been demonstrated in multiple models of neuronal injury. See e. g, Trova, M.P., et al., 2003, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry :695—707. For e.g. AEOL11207, a lipophilic metalloporphyrin, protected against 1-methyl 4-phenyl tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) neurotoxicity in vivo following oral administration. See e. g., Liang, L.P., et al., 2007, Id. Most metalloporphyrins are not extensively metabolized by the body and are y excreted unchanged in the urine. AEOL10150 is a ypical water soluble metalloporphyrin that possesses extremely high SOD activity. On a weight basis, its SOD activity surpasses that of CuZnSOD. It also catalyzes the dismutation of H202 and inhibits lipid peroxidation with potent 1C50s and scavenges ONOO' efficiently. See e. g., Day, B.J., Drug Discovery Today, 2004. 9(13): 557—66; Day, B.J., et al., 1999, Id.; Day, B.J. & J.D. Crapo, 1996, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology :4—100; Day, B.J., et al., 1997, Archives hemistry and sics :256—262.

Study 1: 150 penetrates the BBB following systemic administration in mice and ts against MPTP neurotoxicity.

MPTP is a prototypical neurotoxicant that is widely used to induce parkinsonism in mice. MPTP neurotoxicity is thought to arise primarily via inhibition of the mitochondrial on transport chain at the level of complex I and consequent metabolic inhibition and ROS production. Figs 1A-1C (Example 1) show the ability ofAEOL 10150 to penetrate the mouse BBB and inhibit MPTP—induced dopaminergic neuronal loss and ive stress.

Results and interpretation: As shown in Fig. 1A, AEOL10150 achieved concentrations of 150-200 pmoles/g in the mouse brain following single injection. Estimated AEOL10150 concentrations based on its molecular weight is 100—200nM . Based on AEOL10150’s potent antioxidant activity profile, these concentrations are expected to exert neuroprotection.

Study 2. AEOL10150 inhibits oxidative stress indices 90 minutes post-pilocarpine treatment.

[0171] Previous work in our tory demonstrates marked oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the hippocampus of rats injected with pilocarpine. See e. g., Waldbaum, S., et al., 2008, Soc Neurosci Abstr, 511.6. Here we conducted a study to determine the effects of AEOL10150 on pilocarpine—induced oxidative stress. As shown in Figs. 3A—3B, ion of AEOL10150 90 minutes after pilocarpine resulted in a statistically significant tion of oxidative stress indices (3 —nitrotyrosine/tyrosine; 3—NT/tyr and GSH/GSSG ) in the hippocampus 24 hours later.

Study 3. AEOL10150 inhibits hippocampal cell loss 90 minutes post-pilocarpine treatment.

A study was conducted to determine the effect of AEOL10150 on pilocarpine—induced hippocampal cell loss.

Methods and results: Rats were injected AEOL10150 90 min s.c .after receiving saline (CON) or pilocarpine (Pilo) and ced 24h thereafter. Frozen sections (15um) were cut coronally and stained with Fluoro-Jade B (Histo-Chem lnc., Jefferson, AR) with modifications of a method described in the literature. See e. g., Hopkins, K.Jet al., 2000, Brain Res., 864(1): 69—80. Images were captured using a Nikon Optiphot—2 80i microscope equipped with epifluorescence optics (Nikon Inc., le, NY). The Fluoro—Jade B positive signal of a given area was measured with Image J software. The e of relative fluorescence density was expressed as percentage of the control. As shown in Figs. 5A—5B, this study demonstrates the ability of AEOL10150 to significantly decrease hippocampal cell loss in the hilar and CA3 regions.

Study 4. Pilocarpine decreases oxygen consumption rates in the hippocampus.

A key end point of Specific Aim 2 is to assess metabolic flux n consumption rates; OCR) in real time using the Seahorse Biosciences extracellular flux analyzer. To support the feasibility of these studies, we provide pilot data y trating decreased OCR in hippocampal synaptosomes from pilocarpine- vs saline-treated rats 16 hours after injection (average values from n=2 rats per groups, Fig. 10). This study suggests that rpine seizures result in decreased ated OCR in hippocampal synaptosomes and underscores the feasibility of testing the effects on AEOL10150 on pilocarpine—induced changes in OCR in vivo.

Summary. The data of Studies 1-4 trate the ability of AEOL10150 to penetrate the mouse brain at therapeutic concentrations and to protect against rpine-induced oxidative stress and neuronal loss. Moreover, pilocarpine decreases OCR, a key index of ondrial function.

Research Strategy: Specific Aim 1: To determine BBB permeability of AEOEJGE 50 in rats.

[0179] Rationale: The pharmacokinetic profile of AEOL10150 can be determined to guide studies that its efficacy. Measurements of plasma and brain concentrations of the compound in rats is necessary for determining an optimal dosing n and correlate its biological effects with in vivo cy in the pilocarpine rat model. In addition, data using AEOL10150 in the mouse indicate that it crosses the mouse BBB.

[0180] Experimental Approach: Groups of 6-10 rats can be administered 2.5, 5 or 10 mg/kg of AEOL10150 by the s.c. route (single or multiple i.e. every 4, 8 and 24h) and sacrificed at various times (1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hr) following the last injection. Once blood samples are obtained, rats can be perfused free of blood and the brains (hippocampus, piriform cortex and frontal cortex) can be collected for analysis. Compounds can be measured using methods known in the art. See e. g., Kachadourian, R., et al., 2004, Id.; Kachadourian, R., et al., 2003, Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 95(4): 240—8.

AEOL10150 measurement: 150 can be measured in plasma and brain samples by HPLC—UV methods as previously described for AEOL11207. See e.g., Liang, L.P., et al., 2007, JNeurosci 27(16): 4326—33 Analysis: cokinetic is of drug levels can be ed by PKAnalyst® (MicroMath® software). The following parameters can be obtained: 1) Elimination T1/2 in plasma and brain; 2) Distribution T1/2 in plasma and brain regions; 3) Volume of distribution of AEOL10150 (Vd); 4) Time to peak plasma concentrations; 5) Time to peak tissue concentration; 6) AUC (area under the plasma level—time curve), which gives a measure of the extent of drug bioavailability; and 7) Peak plasma and brain levels of AEOL101050.

[0183] Research gy: Specific Aim 2: To evaluate the neuroprotective y of AEOL10150 against pilocarpine exposure in rats.

Rationale: The goal of this project is to determine if AEOL10150 is a neuroprotective medical countermeasure against chemical threat agents that mediate ive stress via ation of seizures. Work by the PI has demonstrated that various chemical convulsants including pilocarpine produce profound oxidative stress in vulnerable brain areas. See e.g., Liang, L.P., et al., 2000, Neuroscience 101(3):563—570; Waldbaum, S., et al., 2010, Journal of Neurochemistry : 1 172—1 182; Liang, L.P. & M. Patel, 2006, Free Radic Biol Med 40(2):316—22. Therefore, tic removal of ROS by AEOL10150 is predicted to blunt ive stress and prevent downstream changes such as metabolic dysfunction, gliosis and neuronal loss thereby aiding recovery of the brain from the chemical attack. Video-EEG analysis, oxidative stress indices, mitochondrial functions, glycolytic rates and neuronal death/gliosis markers and their time points of ment are all based on pilot studies and prior work in the laboratory.

Aim 2a: The rationale for testing AEOL10150 alone is to ine its therapeutic window and whether it is sufficient to exert neuroprotection in a pre-treatment and post- treatment paradigm. In Specific Aim 2a, we can determine a rotective dose of AEOL10150 and its therapeutic window (by treatment 30 min before, 60 min, 90 min, 3h and 6h after pilocarpine) in the presence or absence of scopolamine, an olinergic agent which does not penetrate the BBB. Video EEG analysis can determine if AEOLlOlSO has any effect on pilocarpine—induced seizure activity. Using an optimal dose, two separate time points (30 min before and selected time after pilocarpine) can determine AEOLlOlSO’s influence on seizure activity over a 24h period.

Aim 2b: It is important to determine the neuroprotective efficacy of AEOLlOlSO in the e and presence of standard therapy for nerve agent exposure i.e. anticholinergic agents and benzodiazepines. Although pralidoximine (2-PAM) and/or diazepam are first line therapies for nerve agent poisoning, it is important to determine whether a new therapy can work on its own and in combination with standard therapies. Aim 2b determines the neuroprotective ability of AEOLlOlSO in combination with rd ents (anticholinergic agent and diazepam). The rationale for using atropine vs 2—PAM or carbamates is model—dependent i.e. because pilocarpine is a muscarinic agonist and therefore 2—PAM, which works via cholinesterase is believed to be ineffective. Treatment with atropine (0.5-2mg/kg, i.m.) 5 min ilocarpine and diazepam (10-20 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min after first motor seizure is based on our experience, literature gs and standard use of these countermeasures sed in the NIH Strategic Plan for Medical Countermeasures. See e.g., Shih, T.M., et al., 3004, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 188(2):69—80; Shih, T., et al., 1999, JBiomed Sci 6(2):86—96; Shih, T.M., et al., 2011, Toxicol Mech Methods 21(1):53-62. Further studies and Aims l and 2a can determine optimal doses, order and timing of each agent. The ability of the combination to influence pilocarpine-induced seizures, oxidative stress and injury can be assessed using video—EEG analysis, oxidative stress indices, mitochondrial functions and neuronal death/gliosis markers. mental Approach Experimental Timing. A schematic diagram of a time line for experimental conditions for studies for Aims 2a and 2b is disclosed in Fig. 11.

Aim 2a. The goal of this study is to answer the following questions. 1) What is the optimal dose and dosing regimen for lSO? Pharmacokinetic analysis (Specific Aim 1) and ement of oxidative stress indices and cell death allow us to determine the dose and dosing frequency of AEOLlOlSO to optimally inhibit pilocarpine-induced ive stress and cell death. 2) What is the therapeutic window of lSO neuroprotection? Once a dose and dosing frequency are established, we can ine the window of opportunity after pilocarpine treatment that yields tically significant neuroprotection (see end points below). This can be WO 30150 addressed by g the timing of AEOL10150 treatment before or after pilocarpine (30 min before, 60 min, 90 min, 3h and 6h after pilocarpine). To determine whether peripheral cholinergic systems need to be blocked to achieve optimal CNS neuroprotection with AEOL 10150, we plan to include a group of animals injected with scopolamine (30 min prior to pilocarpine). Finally, 3) does AEOL10150 have any effect on seizure activity? Using an optimal dose of AEOL10150, its ability to influence seizure activity can be assessed by continuous video~EEG over a 24 h period. AEOL10150 can be stered 30 min prior to pilocarpine to determine if pre—treatrnent has an effect and at one selected time point after rpine to determine any nce on ongoing seizure activity.

[0190] Aim 2b. To determine the neuroprotective cy of AEOL10150 in the absence and presence of standard therapy for nerve agent exposure, the following treatment groups can be conducted: 1) control, 2) pilocarpine, 3) pilocarpine+atropine, 4) pilocarpine + diazepam 5) pilocarpine +atropine+AEOL10150+diazepam. Drug alone control groups (for determining effects on nts): 1) diazepam, 2) AEOL10150 and 3) ne. Optimal dose and timing of atropine (0.5-2mg/kg, dose range i.m., 5 min post-pilocarpine) and diazepam (10-20mg/kg dose range i.p. and 30 min post first motor seizure) can be determined from studies. AEOL 10150 can be given via s.c. route (dose and timing to be determined from Specific Aim 2a). End points can be the same as discussed in Specific Aim 2a.

End points. End points for rotection include mitochondrial functions (basal respiration, ATP turnover, proton leak, and maximal respiratory capacity) and glycolytic rates which can be measured using an ellular flux analyzer (Seahorse Biosciences) 16 hr after pilocarpine hippocampal synaptosomes. We have optimized these assays in synaptosomes from pilocarpine and e injected rats. Mitochondrial aconitase activity can be measured because of its known sensitivity to ROS and its mitochondrial localization and fumarase activity because it serves as a control enzyme that is insensitive to ive damage. See e.g., Patel, M., 1996, Molecular Psychiatry 1:362—3 63. ATP levels (as well as ADP and AMP) can be measured to monitor bioenergetic status (16hr).

Additional end points for neuroprotection include oxidative stress indices : Several s of oxidative stress can be measured including GSH and GSSG which assess the ar redox status, 4-HNE, which is an electrophilic lipid peroxidation end product, 8OHdG/2dG, which is an index of oxidative DNA damage and 3-NT, which is an indicator of protein nitration. The choice of oxidative stress indices (GSH/GSSG, 4—NHE and 8—OHdg/2dG) has been aligned with the standard markers used to assess the protective effects of AEOL10150 in other studies. Additionally, we have included two additional markers, 3-NT/tyr and aconitase/fumarase to obtain ation regarding nitrosative stress (3-NT) and mitochondrial oxidative stress (aconitase inactivation).

Additional end points for rotection include cell death and gliosis: A principal end point of this study is evaluation of neuronal viability and glial response to injury. Neuronal ity can be assessed by Fluoro Jade B analysis which detects injured neurons by stereological methods. Gliosis can be assessed by analysis of GFAP, a marker of astrocytes and Ibal, a marker of activated microglia at the 2 and 7d time points.

[0194] Tissue and brain regions: AEOL10150 levels can be measured in plasma and hippocampus, piriform cortex and frontal cortex. Oxidative stress end points can be measured in hippocampus, piriform cortex and llum (control region). Neuronal viability and gliosis can be assessed in the hippocampus, piriform cortex, frontal cortex and cerebellum (control region).

Mitochondrial and ytic function assays can be measured in synaptosomes from hippocampus and piriform .

Methods: Male Sprague—Dawley rats (200—250 g) can be treated with 340 mg/kg rpine hydrochloride i.p. alone or after pre-treatment with methyl-scopolamine (1 mg/kg) i.p. (Aim 2a) or 5 min prior to atropine (0.5-2 mg/kg, i.m.) followed by AEOL10150 at varying time points following pilocarpine and then am (10-20 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min after the first motor seizure (Aim 2b). All rats can be directly observed and those having a minimum of 5 P3 seizures based on a ed Racine scale [Racine, R.J., 1972, Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 32:281—94.] can be treated with either saline or AEOL10150 s.c. beginning 30 min prior to or 90 min, 3h or 6h post-pilocarpine and every 4, 8, 24 hours thereafter until sacrifice (Aim 2a). ements of GSH, GSSG, 80HDdG/2dG, 3NT and tyrosine can be performed with a HPLC ed electrochemical and UV detectors by previous methods. See e. g., Liang, L.P., et al., 2007, 161.; Day, B.J., et al., 1999, Free Radical Biology and Medicine 26(5—6):730—6; Hensley, K., et al., 1998, JNeurosci 18(20):8126—32. 4—HNE can be measured by HPLC—EC methods and GC mass spectrometry for verification. Mitochondrial functions can be analyzed in isolated osomes (subregions in Aim 2) 16h after pilocarpine using the XF analyzer. The effect on cellular respiration rates [OCR] can be measured after e, 1.2 uM oligomycin itor of ATP synthase), 4 uM FCCP (to short-circuit proton circuit and get maximal ation), luM myxothiazol and 2uM rotenone (to inhibit electron transfer). AMP, ADP and WO 30150 ATP can be quantified by HPLC—UV at 258 nm. See, e.g., Sellevold, O.F., et al., 1986, JMol Cell Cardiol 18(5):517—27; Botker, H.E., et al., 1994, JMol Cell Cardiol, 26(1):4l—8.

Statistical analysis: Two—way ANOVA can be used to determine the ences between ent and drug. Group measures can be expressed as mean :: SEM. The statistical cance of differences can be assessed with the Neuman—Keul post hoc test. The level of significance can be set at p < 0.05.

Example 3. Further Investigation of BBB Penetration of AEOL10150.

Because the tetrakis diethylimidazolium porphyrin AEOL10150 has a net charge of at least +5 under physiological conditions of pH, this compound would not be expected a priori to transit the blood brain barrier (BBB) solely due to passive ion, e. g., absent an active transport system in the cells forming the BBB including endothelial, basement membrane and/or astrocytic cells. Moreover, we find no evidence for an active transport system for AEOL10150.

Thus, it has been surprisingly discovered that AEOL10150 indeed transits the BBB.

In order to determine the extent and distribution of AEOL10150 upon administration via modes which do not include intracerebral implantation, intracerebroventricular or convection enhanced diffusion, as known in the art, rats were administered either a single injection (5 mg/kg, s.c.), or multiple injections (5 mg/kg, s.c., every 4—hr for 24—hrs) of AEOL10150. As depicted in Fig. 12, the concentration (pmol/g tissue) of AEOL10150 was quantified in the ampus and piriform cortex. Based on the potent antioxidant activity profile of AEOL10150, the concentrations reported in Fig. 12 are expected to exert rotection when administered every 4-hrs for at least 24-hrs, e. g., 24-48 hrs.

Example 4. Therapeutic Window of Neuroprotective Effects of AEOL10150.

Studies were ted to determine the therapeutic effects including timing (i.e., the so—called “therapeutic window”) of AEOL10150 on pilocarpine—induced oxidative stress and neuronal injury. Rats received pilocarpine (340 mg/kg, i.p.) alone or in combination with AEOL10150 (5 mg/kg, s.c.).

As depicted in the rams of Figs. B, quantitative analysis of Fluoro-Jade B histofluorescence ng in the CA3 (Fig. 13A) and Hilus (Fig. 13B) of the rats at 24 h after receiving either rpine alone or in the presence of AEOL10150 at 60 or 90 min post pilocarpine treatment and every 4h therefore until sacrifice. The Fluoro-Jade B ve signals in a given area of hippocampal subregions from three slides of each animal were estimated with Image J (available at the rsb.info.nih. gov website). For Figs. l3A—l3B, bars represent mean + S.E.M, *p<0.01 vs. ; 5 vs. rpine; one way ANOVA, n=6 rats per group.

As depicted in Figs. l4A-l4B, injection of AEOL10150 at 60 or 90 minutes after pilocarpine administration resulted in inhibition of oxidative stress indices (i.e., GSH, GSSG, and GSH/GSSG ratios, left, center and right panels, respectively) in the hippocampus.

As depicted in Fig. 14B, 30 min atment of AEOL10150 resulted in maximum protection of oxidative stress indices followed by 60 min which afforded better protection than 90 min post-pilocarpine treatment.

As depicted in Fig. 14C, 3-nitrotyrosine/tyrosine ratio in the hippocampus of the rat at 24-hrs (left panel) and 48-hrs (right panel) after either rpine alone, or onally with AEOL10150 administration at 90 min after, 60 min after, or 30-min before (right panel only) and continued every 4—hrs until sacrifice.

Example 5. Effects of AEOL10150 on Pilocarpine—Induced Mitochondrial Respiratory

[0204] In order to test the hypothesis that mitochondrial ROS production mediates metabolic dysfunction which occurs following pilocarpine exposure, we ined oxygen consumption rates (OCR) in osomes ed from , pilocarpine alone and pilocarpine + AEOL10150 (latter injected 60 min after and every 4h (q4h) thereafter for 24h). Methods for determining OCR as well known in the art. As depicted in Fig. 15A, maximal respiractory capacity is rescued by administration of AEOL10150 and pilocarpine. Indeed, maximal respiratory rates (Fig. 15B) as well as ATP turnover, ne respiration and glycolytic rates (data not shown) decreased by pilocarpine were largely prevented by AEOL10150. This es the first ce that metabolic dysfunction following pilocarpine is inhibited by a catalytic antioxidant, e. g., AEOL10150.

Example 6. AEOL10150 Inhibits Pilocarpine—Induced Microglial Activation.

Oxidative stress and neuronal damage can activate inflammation. Accordingly, we investigated whether inflammatory cell activation by pilocarpine-induced seizures was inhibited by AEOL10150. See Figs. l6A-l6D. Hippocampal lial activation in pilocarpine treated rats analyzed by Ibal antibody straining histochemical procedures was significantly attenuated by AEOL10150. See Figs. l6E—l6F. This provides evidence that inflammation in this model likely occurs as a result of oxidative damage, and that scavenging ROS can inhibit inflammation.

Example 7. 150 in Combination Therapy.

In order to determine the effect of combination of AEOL10150 in the treatment of subjects administered pilocarpine, a rat model was employed. Male Sprague—Dawley rats (3 00— 350g) were divided into four different groups: saline, pilocarpine alone, pilocarpine + atropine+ diazepam, and pilocarpine + atropine+ AEOL10150+diazepam.

Pilocarpine (340 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline was stered to the subjects. Atropine (lmg/kg, i.m.) or saline was administered at 10min after pilocarpine. AEOL10150 (5mg/kg, s.c.) or saline was administered at 60min after pilocarpine and every 4 hours thereafter until sacrifice. am (lOmg/kg, i.p.) or saline was administered at 90 min after pilocarpine.

[0208] As shown in Figs. l7A-l7D, which are histograms depicting concentrations of GSH (Fig. 17A), GSSG (Fig. 17B), and ratios of GSH/GSSG (Fig. 167) and the ratio 3-nitrotyrosine/ tyrosine (Fig. 17D) in the hippocampus of the rat at 24h after the administration regimen, addition of AEOL10150 in the treatment protocol is observed to enhance the effects of atropine and diazepam as judged by increased GSH concentration and SG ratio, and decreased GSSG and 3—nitrotyrosine/tyrosine ratio.

V. ments ments contemplated herein include the following.

Embodiment l. A method for treating a subject suffering from exposure to a chemical threat agent, said method comprising administering to said subject an effective amount of a compound selected from: a) a compound having the structure of Formula (I) or Formula (11), R3 (1) (11), wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4 are each independently —CF3, -C02R8, —CORg’, \=/ OH W \=/ mm W \ R20 \ R21 x R18— \=N\ \ \ S N/st + N_N\ N\/ __ J— R197 LN R22 N 0r 7 7 7 JVVV" R24\N/ s \:+/ .

R5, R6, R7, R8, R8’, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, R18, R19, R20, R21, R22, R23, and R24 are each independently hydrogen, n, —CN, —CF3, —OH, —NH2, —COOH, —COOR25, —CH2COOR25, —CH2COOH, an unsubstituted or tuted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, or an unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; R25 is an unsubstituted alkyl, and M is a metal; b) a compound having the structure of one of ae (X)-(XV), WO 30150 wherein R13, R23, R33, and R4a are independently -(CH2)mCHZOX1 0r -(CH2CHZO)nX1; m is 1-6; n is 3—50; X1 is substituted or unsubstituted €1-12 alkyl; M is a metal; and each A is, independently, hydrogen or an electron withdrawing group; and c) a compound having the structure of one of Formulae (XVI)—(XVII), wherein at least one of R”, or R16, R2], or R26, R3b or R36, and R4], or R4c is, independently, —(CH2)pCHZOX2 or -(CH2CHZO)qX2; the other one of R”, or R16, R2], or ch, R3b or R3c, and R4], or R40 is, independently, a C142 alkyl (straight chain or branched); p is 1-6; q is 3-50; X2 is substituted or unsubstituted C142 alkyl; M is a metal; and each A is, independently, hydrogen or an electron withdrawing group; n said al threat agent is an anti-cholinesterase agent, a GABA-agent or a metabolic poison.

[0211] Embodiment 2. The method according to embodiment 1, n said compound has the structure of Formula (I) or Formula (II).

Embodiment 3. The method according to ment 2, wherein said compound has the structure of Formula (II).

Embodiment 4. The method according to embodiment 3, wherein said metal is manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, nickel, or zinc.

Embodiment 5. The method according to embodiment 4, wherein said metal is manganese.

Embodiment 6. The according to ment 2, wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4 are R5—N /+ N—R6 each \=/ ; and R5 and R6 are ndently unsubstituted alkyl.

Embodiment 7. The method according to embodiment 6, wherein said compound has the structure of Formula (VII) \_N/T/\NJ 1 r E: \J 2 k N4 N /—U—\ (V11).

Embodiment 8. The method according to embodiment 1, wherein said compound has the structure of one of Formulae (X)—(XV).

Embodiment 9. The method according to embodiment 8, wherein said metal is manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, nickel, or zinc.

Embodiment 10. The method according to embodiment 9, wherein said metal is manganese.

[0220] Embodiment 11. The method according to embodiment 1, wherein said nd has the structure of one of Formulae (XVI)—(XVII).

Embodiment 12. The method according to embodiment 11, n said metal is manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, nickel, or zinc. ment 13. The method according to embodiment 12, wherein said metal is manganese.

Embodiment 14. The method according to any one of ments 1 to 13, n said chemical threat agent causes seizures and neuropathology.

Embodiment 15. The method according to ment 14, wherein said chemical threat agent is a nerve agent.

[0225] ment 16. The method according to embodiment 15, wherein said nerve agent disrupts nerve signal by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase.

Embodiment 17. The method according to embodiment 14, n said chemical threat agent is sarin, parathion, rb or tetramine (TETS).

Embodiment 18. The method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 13, wherein said chemical threat agent targets the blood.

[0228] Embodiment 19. The method according to embodiment 18, wherein said chemical threat agent is cyanide, sodium acetate, arsenic trioxide or strychnine.

Embodiment 20. The method according to embodiment 1, wherein the effect of said treating a subject suffering from exposure to a chemical threat agent lasts for at least 90 minutes ing said administration.

[0230] Embodiment 21. A method for reducing brain injury in a subject in need thereof, comprising stering to said subject an effective amount of a compound selected from: a) a compound having the structure of Formula (I) or Formula (11), R4 R2 R4 R2 Rs R3 (1) (11), wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4 are each independently —CF3, -C02R8, —CORg’, JVVV‘ mm JWV‘ _ R12\N/ N/R13 / S /N+ N+ R17—N N R11 R15 R14 R16 \—J— 7 7 7 , mm W JVVV‘ mm 7 7 7 701- R24\N/ S R5, R6, R7, R8, R8’, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, R18, R19, R20, R21, R22, R23, and R24 are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —CF3, —OH, —NH2, —COOH, —COOR25, —CH2COOR25, —CH2COOH, an unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or tuted heteroalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or tuted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, or an unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; R25 is an unsubstituted alkyl; and M is a metal; b) a compound having the structure of one of Formulae (X)—(XV), wherein R13, R23, R33, and R4a are independently -(CH2)mCHZOX1 or -(CH2CHZO)nX1; m is 1-6; n is 3—50; X1 is substituted or unsubstituted €1-12 alkyl; M is a metal; and each A is, independently, hydrogen or an electron awing group; and c) a compound haVing the structure of one of Formulae (XVI)—(XVII), wherein at least one of R”, or R16, R2], or R26, R3b or R36, and R4b or R4c is, independently, —(CH2)pCHZOX2 or -(CH2CHZO)qX2; the other one of R”, or R16, R2], or ch, R3b or R3c, and R4b or R40 is, independently, a C142 alkyl (straight chain or branched); p is 1-6; q is 3-50; X2 is substituted or unsubstituted C142 alkyl; M is a metal; and each A is, independently, hydrogen or an electron awing group.

Embodiment 22. The method according to embodiment 21, wherein said brain injury results from seizure.

Embodiment 23. The method according to embodiment 22, wherein said brain injury is cognitive dysfunction. ment 24. The method according to embodiment 22, wherein said seizure results from exposure to a chemical threat agent.

Embodiment 25. The method according to any one of embodiments l or 24, wherein said chemical threat agent is an anti-cholinesterase agent.

[0235] Embodiment 26. The method according to any one of embodiments l or 24, r comprising administering to said t an anticholinergic agent.

Embodiment 27. The method according any one of embodiments l or 24, r sing administering to said subject an anti-seizure agent.

Embodiment 28. The method according to embodiment 27, wherein said anti- seizure agent is a benzodiazepine.

Embodiment 29. The method according any one of embodiments 1 or 24, further comprising administering to said t an anticholinergic agent and an anti-seizure agent.

Embodiment 30. The method according any one of ments 1 or 24, further comprising administering to said subject an acetylcholinesterase reactivating agent.

Embodiment 31. The method ing to embodiment 30, wherein said acetylcholinesterase reactivating agent is pralidoxime.

Embodiment 32. The method according any one of embodiments 1 or 24, n said administering occurs prior to said exposure to said chemical threat agent.

Embodiment 33. The method according to embodiment 32, wherein said administering occurs at least 30 minutes prior to said exposure to said chemical threat agent.

Embodiment 34. The method according to embodiment 21, wherein the effect of said reducing brain injury lasts for at least 90 minutes following said administration.

Embodiment 35. The method ing to embodiment 21, wherein said compound has the structure of Formula (I) or Formula (II).

[0245] Embodiment 36. The method ing to embodiment 35, wherein said compound has the structure of Formula (II).

Embodiment 37. The method ing to embodiment 36, wherein said metal is ese, iron, cobalt, copper, nickel, or zinc.

Embodiment 38. The method according to embodiment 37, wherein said metal is manganese.

Embodiment 39. The according to embodiment 35, wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4 are R5—N /+ N—R6 each \:/ ; and R5 and R6 are independently unsubstituted alkyl.

Embodiment 40. The method according to embodiment 39, wherein said nd \_N/_\JJr/N N + N—\ has the structure of Formula (VII) / \—J (VII).

Claims (4)

1. WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

   1 1. Use of a compound in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a

   2 subject suffering from re to a chemical threat agent, said compound selected from:

   3 a) a compound having the structure of Formula (I) or Formula (II),

   N N

   NH N

   R4 M+ R2

   R4 R2

   N N

   N HN

   4 R3 R3

   (I) (II),

   5 wherein

   6 R1, R2, R3, and R4 are each independently -CF3, -CO2R8, -COR8’,

   R5 N + N R6 O R7

   7 , OH , ,

   R12 R13

   N N

   N S N

   8 , R11 , R15 R14 ,

   S R18 N

   N+ R17 N N N S

   9 R16 , , R19 , N

   R20 R21

   R23 R24

   N N N N N S

   10 , R22 , N , or

   11 ;

   12 R5, R6, R7, R8, R8’, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, R18, R19, R20, R21, R22,

   13 R23, and R24 are each independently en,

   14 halogen, -CN, -CF3, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -COOR25, -CH2COOR25, -CH2C

   15 OOH, an unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted

   16 heteroalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or

   17 substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, or an

   18 unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl;

   19 R25 is an unsubstituted alkyl; and

   20 M is a metal;

   21 b) a compound having the ure of one of Formulae (X)-(XV),

   R1a R1a

   N+ N+

   A A A A

   A A A A

   N N NH N

   R4a N+ M+ N+ R2a R4a N+ N+ R2a

   N N N HN

   A A A A

   A A A A

   X XI

   N+ N+

   22 R3a R3a

   R1a R1a

   N+ N+

   A A A A

   A A R2a A A R2a

   N N N+ NH N N+

   N+ N N N+ N HN

   R4a A A R4a A A

   A A A

   XII A

   XIII

   N+ N+

   23 R3a R3a

   N+ N+

   R1a R1a

   A A A A

   A A

   R2a A R2a

   N N N+ NH N N+

   N+ N N N+ N HN

   R4a R4a A

   A A A

   A A A A

   R3a R3a

   N+ XV

   XIV N+

   24 ,

   25 wherein

   26 R1a, R2a, R3a, and R4a are independently -(CH2)mCH2OX1 or -(CH2CH2O)nX1;

   27 m is 1-6;

   28 n is 3-50;

   29 X1 is substituted or unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl;

   30 M is a metal; and

   31 each A is, independently, hydrogen or an on withdrawing group; and

   32 c) a nd having the structure of one of Formulae (XVII),

   N+ N

   R1c R1b N+ N

   R1c R1b

   A A A A

   A A A A

   R4b R2c R4b R2c

   N N

   N N+ NH N

   N N+

   N+ N N N N+ N HN N

   R4c R2b R4c R2b

   A A A A

   A A A A

   R3b R3c XVI R3c XVII

   N N+ R3b N N+

   33 ,

   34 wherein

   35 at least one of R1b or R1c, R2b or R2c, R3b or R3c, and R4b or R4c is,

   36 independently, -(CH2)pCH2OX2 or -(CH2CH2O)qX2;

   37 the other one of R1b or R1c, R2b or R2c, R3b or R3c, and R4b or R4c is, independently,

   38 a C1-12 alkyl (straight chain or ed);

   39 p is 1-6;

   40 q is 3-50;

   41 X2 is substituted or unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl;

   42 M is a metal; and

   43 each A is, independently, hydrogen or an electron withdrawing group;

   44 wherein said chemical threat agent is an anti-cholinesterase agent, a gent,

   45 cyanide, sodium fluoroacetate, arsenic trioxide or strychnine; and wherein said

   46 chemical threat agents contemplated herein do not include sulfur mustard,

   47 chlorine gas, phosgene, or 2-chloroethyl ethyl e (CEES).

   1 2. The use according to claim 1, wherein said compound has the structure of
2. 2 Formula (I) or Formula (II).

   1 3. The use according to claim 2, wherein said compound has the structure of

   2 Formula (II).

   1 4. The use according to claim 3, wherein said metal is manganese, iron,

   2 cobalt, copper, nickel, or zinc.

   1 5. The use according to claim 4, wherein said metal is manganese.

   1 6. The use ing to claim 2,

   2 wherein

   R5 N + N R6
3. 3 R1, R2, R3, and R4 are each ; and
4. 4 R5 and R6 are independently unsubstituted alkyl.

   1 7. The use according to claim 6, wherein said compound has the structure of

   2 Formula (VII)

   N N

   N N

   N N

   Mn+ +

   N N

   N N

   N + N

   3 (VII).

   1 8. The use according to claim 1, wherein said compound has the structure of

   2 one of Formulae (X)-(XV).

   1 9. The use according to claim 8, wherein said metal is ese, iron,

   2 cobalt, copper, nickel, or zinc.

   1 10. The use according to claim 9, wherein said metal is ese.

   1 11. The use according to claim 1, wherein said compound has the structure of

   2 one of Formulae (XVI)-(XVII).

   1 12. The use according to claim 11, wherein said metal is manganese, iron,

   2 cobalt, copper, nickel, or zinc.

   1 13. The use according to claim 12, wherein said metal is manganese.

   1 14. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein said chemical

   2 threat agent causes seizures and neuropathology.

   1 15. The use according to claim 14, wherein said chemical threat agent is a

   2 nerve agent.

   1 16. The use according to claim 15, wherein said nerve agent disrupts nerve

   2 signal by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase.

   1 17. The use ing to claim 14, wherein said chemical threat agent is sarin,

   2 parathion, aldicarb or ine (TETS).

   1 18. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein said chemical

   2 threat agent targets the blood.

   1 19. The use according to claim 18, wherein said al threat agent is

   2 cyanide, sodium fluoroacetate, arsenic trioxide or strychnine.

   1 20. The use ing to claim 1, wherein the effect of said medicament in a

   2 subject ing from exposure to a chemical threat agent lasts for at least 90 minutes following

   3 administration.

   1 21. Use of a compound in the manufacture of a medicament for reducing brain

   2 injury in a subject in need thereof, said compound selected from:

   3 a) a compound having the structure of Formula (I) or Formula (II),

   N N

   NH N

   R4 M+ R2

   R4 R2

   N N

   N HN

   4 R3 (I) (II),

   5 wherein

   6 R1, R2, R3, and R4 are each independently -CF3, -CO2R8, -COR8’,

   R5 N + N R6 O R7

   7 , OH , ,

   R12 R13

   N N

   N S N

   8 , R11 , R15 R14 ,

   S R18 N

   N+ R17 N N N S

   9 R16 , , R19 , N

   R20 R21

   R23 R24

   N N N N N S

   10 , R22 , N , or

   11 ;

   12 R5, R6, R7, R8, R8’, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, R18, R19, R20, R21, R22,

   13 R23, and R24 are each independently hydrogen,

   14 halogen, -CN, -CF3, -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -COOR25, -CH2COOR25, -CH2C

   15 OOH, an unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, tituted or substituted

   16 heteroalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or

   17 substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, or an

   18 unsubstituted or tuted heteroaryl;

   19 R25 is an unsubstituted alkyl; and

   20 M is a metal;

   21 b) a nd having the structure of one of Formulae (X)-(XV),

   R1a R1a

   N+ N+

   A A A A

   A A A A

   N N NH N

   R4a N+ M+ N+ R2a R4a N+ N+ R2a

   N N N HN

   A A A A

   A A A A

   X XI

   N+ N+

   22 R3a R3a

   R1a R1a

   N+ N+

   A A A A

   A A R2a A A R2a

   N N N+ NH N N+

   N+ N N N+ N HN

   R4a A A R4a A A

   A A A A

   XII XIII

   N+ N+

   23 R3a R3a

   N+ N+

   R1a R1a

   A A A

   A A

   R2a A R2a

   N N N+ NH N N+

   N+ N N N+ N HN

   R4a R4a A

   A A A

   A A A A

   R3a R3a

   N+ XV

   XIV N+

   24 ,

   25 wherein

   26 R1a, R2a, R3a, and R4a are independently -(CH2)mCH2OX1 or -(CH2CH2O)nX1;

   27 m is 1-6;

   28 n is 3-50;

   29 X1 is substituted or unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl;

   30 M is a metal; and

   31 each A is, independently, hydrogen or an electron withdrawing group; and

   32 c) a compound having the structure of one of Formulae (XVI)-(XVII),

   N+ N

   R1c R1b N+ N

   R1c R1b

   A A A A

   A A A A

   R4b R2c R4b R2c

   N N

   N N+ NH N

   N N+

   N+ N N N N+ N HN N

   R4c R2b R4c R2b

   A A A A

   A A A A

   R3b R3c XVI R3c XVII

   N N+ R3b N N+

   33 ,

   34 wherein

   35 at least one of R1b or R1c, R2b or R2c, R3b or R3c, and R4b or R4c is,

   36 independently, -(CH2)pCH2OX2 or -(CH2CH2O)qX2;

   37 the other one of R1b or R1c, R2b or R2c, R3b or R3c, and R4b or R4c is, independently,

   38 a C1-12 alkyl (straight chain or branched);

   39 p is 1-6;

   40 q is 3-50;

   41 X2 is substituted or unsubstituted C1-12 alkyl;

   42 M is a metal; and

   43 each A is, independently, hydrogen or an electron withdrawing group;

   44 n said brain injury results from exposure to a chemical threat agent,

   45 wherein said chemical threat agent is an anti-cholinesterase agent, a

   46 GABA-agent, e, sodium fluoroacetate, c trioxide, or

   47 strychnine, and n said chemical threat agents contemplated herein

   48 do not include sulfur mustard, chlorine gas, phosgene, or 2-chloroethyl

   49 ethyl sulfide (CEES).

   1 22. The use according to claim 21, wherein said brain injury s from

   2 seizure.

   1 23. The use according to claim 22, wherein said brain injury is cognitive

   2 dysfunction.

   1 24. The use according to claim 22, wherein said seizure results from exposure

   2 to a chemical threat agent.

   1 25. The use according to any one of claims 1 or 24, wherein said chemical

   2 threat agent is an anti-cholinesterase agent.

   1 26. The use according to any one of claims 1 or 24, wherein said treating

   2 further ses administration of an olinergic agent.

   1 27. The use according any one of claims 1 or 24, wherein said treating further

   2 comprises administration of an anti-seizure agent.

   1 28. The use according to claim 27, wherein said anti-seizure agent is a

   2 benzodiazepine.

   1 29. The use according any one of claims 1 or 24, wherein said treating r

   2 ses administration of an anticholinergic agent and an anti-seizure agent.

   1 30. The use according any one of claims 1 or 24, n said treating further

   2 comprises administration of an acetylcholinesterase reactivating agent.

   1 31. The use according to claim 30, wherein said acetylcholinesterase

   2 reactivating agent is pralidoxime.

   1 32. The use according any one of claims 1 or 24, wherein said treating occurs

   2 prior to said exposure to said chemical threat agent.

   1 33. The use according to claim 32, wherein said ng occurs at least 30

   2 minutes prior to said exposure to said chemical threat agent.

   1 34. The use according to claim 21, wherein the effect of said medicament in

   2 treating brain injury lasts for at least 90 minutes following administration.

   1 35. The use according to claim 21, wherein said compound has the structure

   2 of Formula (I) or Formula (II).

   1 36. The use according to claim 35, wherein said nd has the structure

   2 of Formula (II).

   1 37. The use according to claim 36, wherein said metal is manganese, iron,

   2 cobalt, copper, nickel, or zinc.

   1 38. The use according to claim 37, wherein said metal is manganese.

   1 39. The use according to claim 35,

   2 wherein

   R5 N + N R6

   3 R1, R2, R3, and R4 are each ; and

   4 R5 and R6 are ndently unsubstituted alkyl.

   1 40. The use according to claim 39, n said compound has the structure

   2 of Formula (VII)

   N N

   N N

   N N

   Mn+ +

   N N

   N N

   N + N

   3 (VII).

   4 41. The use according to claim 1 or claim 21 substantially as herein described.