NO20151589A1 - Method for improving mineral resorption in farmed fish and crustacean - Google Patents
Method for improving mineral resorption in farmed fish and crustacean Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO20151589A1 NO20151589A1 NO20151589A NO20151589A NO20151589A1 NO 20151589 A1 NO20151589 A1 NO 20151589A1 NO 20151589 A NO20151589 A NO 20151589A NO 20151589 A NO20151589 A NO 20151589A NO 20151589 A1 NO20151589 A1 NO 20151589A1
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- feed
- fishes
- crustaceans
- dihydroxyvitamin
- vitamin
- Prior art date
Links
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 title claims description 52
- 241000238424 Crustacea Species 0.000 title claims description 41
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 14
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 12
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 title claims description 12
- 235000019688 fish Nutrition 0.000 claims description 54
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- GMRQFYUYWCNGIN-NKMMMXOESA-N calcitriol Chemical compound C1(/[C@@H]2CC[C@@H]([C@]2(CCC1)C)[C@@H](CCCC(C)(C)O)C)=C\C=C1\C[C@@H](O)C[C@H](O)C1=C GMRQFYUYWCNGIN-NKMMMXOESA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- QYSXJUFSXHHAJI-XFEUOLMDSA-N Vitamin D3 Natural products C1(/[C@@H]2CC[C@@H]([C@]2(CCC1)C)[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)=C/C=C1\C[C@@H](O)CCC1=C QYSXJUFSXHHAJI-XFEUOLMDSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims description 13
- 235000019733 Fish meal Nutrition 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000003674 animal food additive Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000004467 fishmeal Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229930003316 Vitamin D Natural products 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000009360 aquaculture Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 244000144974 aquaculture Species 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 235000019166 vitamin D Nutrition 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011710 vitamin D Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000003710 vitamin D derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- QYSXJUFSXHHAJI-YRZJJWOYSA-N vitamin D3 Chemical class C1(/[C@@H]2CC[C@@H]([C@]2(CCC1)C)[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)=C\C=C1\C[C@@H](O)CCC1=C QYSXJUFSXHHAJI-YRZJJWOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229940046008 vitamin d Drugs 0.000 claims description 12
- 229960005084 calcitriol Drugs 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002207 metabolite Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- GMRQFYUYWCNGIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,25-Dihydroxy-vitamin D3' Natural products C1CCC2(C)C(C(CCCC(C)(C)O)C)CCC2C1=CC=C1CC(O)CC(O)C1=C GMRQFYUYWCNGIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 241000511905 Solanum glaucophyllum Species 0.000 claims description 9
- 235000005004 Solanum glaucophyllum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000021323 fish oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011647 vitamin D3 Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229940021056 vitamin d3 Drugs 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000009313 farming Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000005282 vitamin D3 Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 claims description 6
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- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 claims description 5
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000005544 vitamin D3 metabolite Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000036642 wellbeing Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 108010082495 Dietary Plant Proteins Proteins 0.000 claims description 4
- JWUBBDSIWDLEOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol Natural products C1CCC2(C)C(C(CCCC(C)(C)O)C)CCC2C1=CC=C1CC(O)CCC1=C JWUBBDSIWDLEOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- JWUBBDSIWDLEOM-DCHLRESJSA-N 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Natural products C1(/[C@@H]2CC[C@@H]([C@]2(CCC1)C)[C@@H](CCCC(C)(C)O)C)=C/C=C1\C[C@@H](O)CCC1=C JWUBBDSIWDLEOM-DCHLRESJSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- JWUBBDSIWDLEOM-NQZHSCJISA-N 25-hydroxy-3 epi cholecalciferol Chemical compound C1([C@@H]2CC[C@@H]([C@]2(CCC1)C)[C@@H](CCCC(C)(C)O)C)=CC=C1C[C@H](O)CCC1=C JWUBBDSIWDLEOM-NQZHSCJISA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ZGLHBRQAEXKACO-XJRQOBMKSA-N 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 Chemical compound C1(/[C@@H]2CC[C@@H]([C@]2(CCC1)C)[C@@H](\C=C\[C@H](C)C(C)(C)O)C)=C\C=C1\C[C@@H](O)C[C@H](O)C1=C ZGLHBRQAEXKACO-XJRQOBMKSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KJKIIUAXZGLUND-ICCVIKJNSA-N 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 Chemical compound C1(/[C@@H]2CC[C@@H]([C@]2(CCC1)C)[C@@H](\C=C\[C@H](C)C(C)(C)O)C)=C\C=C1\C[C@@H](O)CCC1=C KJKIIUAXZGLUND-ICCVIKJNSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000252073 Anguilliformes Species 0.000 claims description 2
- IMQLKJBTEOYOSI-GPIVLXJGSA-N Inositol-hexakisphosphate Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)O[C@H]1[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=O IMQLKJBTEOYOSI-GPIVLXJGSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000450407 Nierembergia veitchii Species 0.000 claims description 2
- IMQLKJBTEOYOSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phytic acid Natural products OP(O)(=O)OC1C(OP(O)(O)=O)C(OP(O)(O)=O)C(OP(O)(O)=O)C(OP(O)(O)=O)C1OP(O)(O)=O IMQLKJBTEOYOSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 241001454698 Teleostei Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000005602 Trisetum flavescens Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000004458 antinutrient Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
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- 239000000467 phytic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940068041 phytic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008213 purified water Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000726796 Cestum Species 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 20
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
- 235000005911 diet Nutrition 0.000 description 18
- 230000037213 diet Effects 0.000 description 18
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- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- -1 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 glycosides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 108010064851 Plant Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 235000010323 ascorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229960005070 ascorbic acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000011668 ascorbic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- JWUBBDSIWDLEOM-DTOXIADCSA-N calcidiol Chemical compound C1(/[C@@H]2CC[C@@H]([C@]2(CCC1)C)[C@@H](CCCC(C)(C)O)C)=C\C=C1\C[C@@H](O)CCC1=C JWUBBDSIWDLEOM-DTOXIADCSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 13-cis retinol Natural products OCC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 241000238017 Astacoidea Species 0.000 description 1
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- 241001671627 Cestrum diurnum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000252203 Clupea harengus Species 0.000 description 1
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- 241000442132 Lactarius lactarius Species 0.000 description 1
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N Lactose Natural products OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 241000276707 Tilapia Species 0.000 description 1
- FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-BOOMUCAASA-N Vitamin A Natural products OC/C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(\C)/C=C/C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-BOOMUCAASA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011612 calcitriol Substances 0.000 description 1
- MWKXCSMICWVRGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;phosphane Chemical compound P.[Ca] MWKXCSMICWVRGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 235000019512 sardine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004083 survival effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- DKVBOUDTNWVDEP-NJCHZNEYSA-N teicoplanin aglycone Chemical compound N([C@H](C(N[C@@H](C1=CC(O)=CC(O)=C1C=1C(O)=CC=C2C=1)C(O)=O)=O)[C@H](O)C1=CC=C(C(=C1)Cl)OC=1C=C3C=C(C=1O)OC1=CC=C(C=C1Cl)C[C@H](C(=O)N1)NC([C@H](N)C=4C=C(O5)C(O)=CC=4)=O)C(=O)[C@@H]2NC(=O)[C@@H]3NC(=O)[C@@H]1C1=CC5=CC(O)=C1 DKVBOUDTNWVDEP-NJCHZNEYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021195 test diet Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
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- 229940045997 vitamin a Drugs 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
- A23K10/22—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin from fish
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
- A23K20/147—Polymeric derivatives, e.g. peptides or proteins
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/174—Vitamins
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/189—Enzymes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
- Y02A40/818—Alternative feeds for fish, e.g. in aquacultures
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
- Physiology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Mycology (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Birds (AREA)
- Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)
- Fodder In General (AREA)
- Coloring Foods And Improving Nutritive Qualities (AREA)
Description
Method for improving mineral resorption in farmed fish and crustacean
Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to the field of fish and crustacean farming, in particular to specific feed components or additives suitable to feed fishes or crustaceans. More specifically the invention relates to means useful for improving mineral resorption in fishes and crustaceans.
Background of the Invention
Supplying the growing world population with food is highly challenging. One of the most valuable nutritive components is protein which comes typically from meat of land animals but also from fish. Consumption of fish and crustacean is a meat source since prehistoric times. However, in the last decades, ocean fishing came to a critical point in which over-fishing reduced catches of many marine species such as sardines, tuna and herring. Also, modern fishery practices destroy the ocean floor and this impairs hatching ground for many marine animals.
Fish farming is therefore a suitable alternative to ocean fishing. So, for example salmons have the best feed conversion ratio (FCR) of all farmed animals
However, fish and crustacean aquaculture has also its shortcomings, which needs to be overcome in order to make aquaculture sustainable:
1. Stocking density as a cause of stress and growth anomalies
2. Over fertilization of coastal areas caused by excreta and wasted feed
3. The use of fish meal and fish oil as feed components
Such draw-backs are recognized by the industry and intensive research is ongoing to improve the situation and make aquaculture more sustainable. One of the proposed strategies consists to replace the use of fish meal and oil by raw material of plant origin and to correct eventual imbalances. Another strategy is to find additives which would induce a berter use of other nutrients.
In addition, fishes and crustaceans in aquaculture do not have access to the natural feed components in marine or freshwater environment like essential nutrients e. g. vitamins from plankton. On the other hand freshwater and seawater contain some minerals in sufficient amounts but are deficient in others like e.g. phosphorus.
In contrast to calcium phosphorus is a growth-limiting nutrient for aquatic animals and must be supplemented by feed. Phosphorus is together with calcium a main component of bone and scales in fish, but also in the exoskeleton of crustaceans. In addition, phosphorus is an essential element in muscle function.
It is therefore of high interest to find methods which help to make an efficient use of such nutrients and not to waste it in the environment.
The invention obviates adequately all the obstacles still met in fish and crustacean farming and responds adequately to an obvious unmet need in aquaculture.
The present invention relates, in particular, to a method which improves calcium and phosphorus uptake in teleost fishes and crustaceans and that improves growth and animal body composition and that yields berter meat quality. This allows an easy and profitable reduction in such components in the feed whereas it still allows achieving the desired performance.
The invention is defined in the claims appearing here below.
Summary of the Invention
A first objet of the invention is a composition for use in improving or enhancing resorption of minerals in fishes and crustaceans which comprises as an active ingredient Vitamin D metabolites or any source of same.
Another object of the invention is a feed or a feed material useful for improving or enhancing resorption of minerals in fishes and crustaceans which comprises as active ingredient Vitamin D metabolites or any source of same in combination with a source of carbohydrates, a source of lipids and a source of proteins.
Still another object of the invention is a feed additive useful for improving or enhancing resorption of minerals in fishes and crustaceans which comprises as an active ingredient Vitamin D metabolites or any source of same.
Still another object of the invention is a method for reducing phosphorus pollution in aquaculture, especially in fish and crustacean farming which comprises feeding said fishes and crustaceans by means of a feed or a feed material mentioned here above.
Additional objects of the invention shall appear in the specification below.
Detailed description of the Invention
According to the invention the terms "Vitamin D metabolites" mean either 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 (Calcidiol, CAS number: 19356-17-3) , 25-Hydroxyvitamin D2; 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (Calcitriol, CAS 32222-06-3) , 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D2; 1-a-Hydroxy-cholecalciferol , 1-a-Hydroxyergosterol or 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycosides whereas the term "glycosides" defines glucoside, fructoside, galactoside units or any hexose and pentose unit bound to the aglycon. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycosides represent one of the preferred Vitamin D metabolites used within the frame of the invention.
According to the invention the terms "source of Vitamin D metabolites" comprise preparations or part of plants, and namely leaves, obtained from plants like Solarium glaucophyllum, Cestrum diurnum, Trisetum flavescens and Nierembergia veitchii. That list, however, is not limitative.
According to the invention said vitamin D metabolites can be applied alone, i.e. as unique vitamin entity or in addition to regular vitamin D whereby the addition to regular Vitamin D3 represents the preferred application.
According to the invention the term "fish" comprise any species suitable to farming or aquaculture and in particular marine fishes such as Atlantic salmon, milkfish, halibut, Atlantic cod, Pacific salmon, turbot, sole, sea bass, finfish and eels as well as freshwater fishes like trout e.g. rainbow trout, carps, tilapia, catfish, pangasius and bream.
According to the invention the term "crustaceans" comprise any species suitable to farming or aquaculture, ant in particular marine shrimps and prawns like e.g. tiger prawns and fresh water prawns, crabs and crayfish.
According to the invention the term "mineral" includes phosphorus, calcium and magnesium; phosphorus is first of all of concern within the frame of this invention as being a major source of pollution in fish farming.
According to the invention the terms "mineral resorption" means intestinal resorption or resorption through the scales (fishes) or through the shell (crustaceans).
According to the invention Solarium glaucophyllum plant material represents a preferred source of Vitamin D3 metabolites, especially of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycosides. This plant material is provided either from wild or from cultivated plants or hybrids of same like e.g. "HERVIT®" according to Plant Variety Certificate EU 25473.
As plant material one can use either dried leaves of said plant or any water extract of same, any water/alcohol extract of same or any enriched and purified water/alcohol extract of same (see examples below).
According to the invention 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycosides are provided to the fish and crustacean in their feed at a daily dose of about 0.1 ug to about 100 ug of 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycosides per kg fish feed or crustacean feed, a dose which is usually expressed analytically as ug of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
One uses preferably from about 0.2 to about 20 ug 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycosides per kg of feed material and still more preferably form about 0.5 to about 10 ug 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycosides per kg of feed material. The vitamin D metabolites can be incorporated to any feed material or component dedicated to any state of development of fish and crustacean.
Such feed or feed material can further comprise from about 25 ug to about 75 ug regular (synthetic) Vitamin D, e.g. (synthetic) Vitamin D3 per kg feed or feed material.
When applying 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycosides in accordance withthe provisions here above, and in particular when performing the application of a single dose of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycosides - e.g. provided as water soluble extract of Solarium glaucophyllum according to WO2009/129818) - or of synthetic 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 or of 1-a-hydroxyvitamin D3 to adult Atlantic salmons one observes increased blood levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. When comparing the above mentioned fishes to untreated control subjects one also observes a substantial increased uptake of calcium and phosphorus from the standard feed provided to the said fishes.
According to another series of test performed with juvenile Atlantic salmon and making use of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycosides in the form of a water soluble extract of Solarium glaucophyllum (see above) on observes, after 30 days of feeding, a definite berter growth rate, a berter feed conversion and lower bone and scales deformations or distortions. Similar results have been achieved when using Panbonis® 10 as an alternative source of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycosides.
According to another object the invention one can decrease advantageously the phosphorus content in the feed or the feed component used in aquaculture when reducing the initial standard and generally recommended proportion for a given species and stage of development by 10 to 50 % of said initial proportion while adding thereto an efficient amount of Vitamin D3 metabolites referred to here above and while still achieving the same end performance, i.e. growth rate, meat and bone quality.
For example feeding adult Atlantic salmon with different doses of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycosides - provided as an extract of Solarium glaucophyllum (see above) - to diets with graded reductions of added feed phosphorus over 60 days resulted in a berter growth rate, a berter feed conversion and less phosphorus in excreta when compared to a non-phosphorus-reduced control group. Similar results have been achieved by using a combination of Panbonis® 10 together with a feed håving reduced phosphorus content as compared to a control group where phosphorus content of their diet was not reduced.
Thus, by means of the invention, one can advantageously reduce the phosphorus pollution in aquaculture, especially in fish and crustacean farming when feeding said fishes and crustaceans by means of a feed or feed additive mentioned here above.
When feeding adult Atlantic salmon with different doses of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycosides- provided as an extract of Solarium glaucophyllum (see above) - to diets with graded reduction of added fish meal and fish oil and by replacing same with plant proteins and plant oils one observes, nevertheless, the same growth performance than that of the nonreduced control group.
Similar results have been achieved when using Panbonis® 10 as an alternative source of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycosides to a feed material in which a fraction of fish meal and of fish oil was replaced by plant proteins and vegetal oils, when compared to non-replaced control feed material.
When fishes or crustaceans are fed according to the invention one observes a definite improvement of their well-being which is reflected, in particular, in the quality of their meat and their bone and scales health and, also, in their growth rate and their feed conversion ratio.
One could also improve substantially the growth rate and reduce at the same tome the bone deformation in farmed fishes and crustaceans by means of a feed or feed material or feed additive as referred to here above.
Consequently the invention further provides a method for improving growth rate and well-being of farmed fishes and crustaceans when a part of fish meal and fish oil is replaced by vegetable proteins and oils by means of a feed or feed additive referred to here above. Following such a way one is today able to correct efficiently potential imbalances which would be caused by these feed substitutions.
The invention still further pro vides a method for improving growth rate and well-being of farmed fishes and crustaceans when a part of fish meal and fish oil is replaced by vegetable proteins and vegetal oils and supplemented at the same time with a feed or feed additive mentioned here above and in combination with the use of phytase enzymes when anti-nutrient phytic acid is present in said vegetable oils and proteins.
The incorporation of selected Vitamin D3 metabolites, especially of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 glycosides, is performed according to the techniques usually applied in this field for producing pellets or crumbles or similar feed material, namely extrusion, coating, spraying, etc. The selected metabolites are primarily mixed with the carbohydrates, a first portion of lipids and the proteins and then subjected to extrusion to afford granule or pellet cores of. A protective coating made of the second portion of selected lipids is then sprayed onto the cores to provide the ready to use pellets.
Examples
Preparation of a Solanum glaucophyllum plant extract
A selected batch of dry leaves of Solanum glaucophyllum has been macerated under agitation at 40 - 60 °C for about 24 hours with the 5 to 12 liter per kg of a water/ethanol mixture.
Previous analytical assessment of the content in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycosides of various batches of dry leaves material available in the storehouse led to prepare an 85/15 in volume water / ethanol mixture. The use of the proper mixture allows the achievement of the desired content of vitamin D3 derivative - approx. 100 ppm in this example. The liquid fraction was separated and set aside whereas maceration was repeated for a second turn of 24 hours.
The collected water / ethanol extracts were then combined and added with ascorbic acid in a ratio of 0.25 % by weight and pH of same was adjusted to 5 - 6.5 by means of a food-compatible acid, citric acid in this particular case.
The stabilized extract was then filtered and concentrated to approx. 30 to 50 % of dry matter content by means of vacuum drying technique and the resulting concentrated was poured onto a cationic exchanger resin equilibrated in its H+ form.
The collected effluent was filtered and then subjected to UHT sterilization (125° C for 1 min). After analytically assessment of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycosides content, a specific amount of excipient, preferable maltodextrin, lactose or corn starch, is added the sterilized material in order to standardize the final content of active ingredients in the plant extract - 100 ppm of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycosides.
The standardized mixture is eventually spray dried or vacuum dried in a conventional spray drier to afford the desired Solanum glaucophyllum plant extract in powder form.
Alternatively Solanum glaucophyllum plant material can be subjected to an extraction by percolation with the water / ethanol solvent mix referred to above followed by the addition of stabilizing additives like e.g. ascorbic acid and pH adjustment, before subsequent UHT treatment and drying (vacuum drying or spray drying).
Preparation of a feed component (or feed additive): Panbonis® 10
Wheat middling (excipient) is intimately milled with dried leaves of Solanum glaucophyllum and then processed until obtaining a homogeneous powdered material. The inactive excipient is added to the dried leaves in order to obtain a standardized product comprising 0.001 %
(weight) of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycosides (measured analytically as "active Vitamin D3" i.e. as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or, expressed differently, as l,25(OH)2 D3); Panbonis® 10 is more convenientlycharacterizedhere below as comprising 10 ug 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 / kg.
The analytical content of the excipient may vary according to the following range: 8 - 12 %
(weight) of crude fibers, 14-25 % (weight) of starch. The mill processing is set in order to afford a particle size distribution comprised between ca. 50 and ca. 1000 um.
Fish feeding experiments
Experiment no 1
To a total of 116 brown trout { Salmo Salar) håving each a body weight extending from 250 g to 500 g to which was periodically provided a commercial grower feed (crude protein: 46%; crude fat 12%; carbohydrate 20%; crude fibers 3%; ash 9%; calcium ".0%; P 1.5%; vitamin A 5000IU/kg; vitamin D3 2500 IU/kg) and moving in separate tanks, one gave to each of same one capsule containing 1.75 ug/kg bodyweight of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3. At different times the fishes were anesthetized and blood was withdrawn from them, serum samples were prepared and submitted to analytical quantification of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3, calcium and phosphorus.
One observes a blood serum increase of l,25(OH)2 D3 with a peak concentration at 24 hours followed by a progressive decrease down to the pretreatment level. A slight increase in calcium and phosphorus levels can only be seen 48 hours after administration.
Experiment no 2
Thirty-five juvenile rainbow trout { Oncorhynchus mykiss) håving an average body weight of 19 gram were kept per tank in 4 replicates per treatment. The duration of the feeding experiment extended over 73 days at a water temperature of 14°C. Fishes were fed once per day to apparent satiation with a diet according to Table 2. Panbonis® 10 was used as the source of l,25(OH)2 D3, in a ratio of 200 mg/kg diet, respectively of 1000 mg/kg diet.
On observes a dose-dependent increase in average weight gain as result of the addition of the 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycosides provided by the various dosages of Panbonis® 10 The increase of serum concentration in 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycosides - measured as l,25(OH)2 D3 - was also dose-dependent. The survival rate of the fishes was 100%.
Experiment no 3
Thirty-five juvenile rainbow trout { Oncorhynchus mykiss) of an average body weight of 28 gram were spread over 6 tanks during the whole treatment. Duration of the feeding experiment was 32 days at a water temperature of 14°C. Fish were fed once per day to apparent satiation with a diet as shown in Table 4. Panbonis was used as test article in a concentration of 0.1, 0.2, 1.0, 5.0 and 10 g/kg diet.
As result of this short term experiment it one observes a similar outcome than that of Experiment 2 in terms of growth performance. The trial shows an increased response for calcium & phosphor deposition in the fish.
The optimal dose was found at 1 gram Panbonis® 10 per kg of diet, what corresponds to 10 ug 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycosides per kg of fish diet.
Experiment no 4 (fish meal reduction experiment)
Forty juvenile rainbow trout { Oncorhynchus mykiss) håving an average body weight of 26 grams in average were kept per tank in 6 replicates per treatment. The feeding experiment took place over 62 days at a water temperature of 14°C. Fishes were fed once per day to apparent satiation with a diet as shown in Table 6. Panbonis® 10 was used as test article in a concentration of 1.0 g/kg diet.
One observes that a reduction in fishmeal affected the weight performance in rainbow trout. However, the addition of 1 g/kg Panbonis® 10 to the diet håving a lower content of fish meal improved the growth performance significantly although fishmeal inclusion was reduced in the feed.
As a conclusion from experiments 2, 3 and 4 shows that:
- Calcium and Phosphorus utilization can be improved
- Fishmeal replacement is possible
- Improved growth performance is real
- Improved serum levels of active vitamin D3 are attained.
A further experiment was then performed in which the initial proportion of added phosphor in the diet was reduced.
Experiment 5 (Phosphorus reduction)
Thirty juvenile rainbow trout { Oncorhynchus mykiss) of 126 grams in average were kept per tank in 4, respective 3 replicates per treatment. Duration of the feeding experiment was 63 days at a water temperature of 15°C in a recirculating system.
Fish feed to feeding table to ensure no feed wastage and optimal feed conversion ratio (FCR) and fish were fed once per day to apparent satiation with a diet as shown in Table 8. Lighting was a constant 24h light regime. Dissolved oxygen was maintained above 7mg/l.
Positive control diet used commercially used standard P level of 0.90%, whereas the test diets used a P level of 0.70% at 26% below the positive control. Phytase was used at 750FTU/g. Panbonis was included at 0.15 and 0.3 g/kg diet and in conjunction with Phytase.
As result, the addition of the 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycosides containing product Panbonis to a diet reduced in phosphorus (from normal 0.9% to 0.7%) resulted in a definite improvement of the feed conversion ratio and bone ash when the phosphorus reduced diet was supplemented with either Phytase or Panbonis® 10 or a mixture of both.
Experiment no 6
15 Japanese prawn ( Marsupenaeus japonica - average body weight around 6.5 gram in 200L polycarbonate resin tank with { 4 tanks ?) - water temperature 14°C - feeding once per day in the morning up to apparent satiation - dried Solanum glaucophyllum leaves constitute the source of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycosides.
One observes - see Table 13 - a significant improvement of shell concerning the crustaceans fed with the composition according to the invention, hardness as compared to the control population. Table 14 further shows a parallel improvement of the calcium absorption.
Claims (15)
1. A composition for use in improving or enhancing resorption of minerals in farmed fishes and crustaceans which comprises Vitamin D metabolites or any source of same as active ingredient.
2. The composition according to claim 1 wherein fishes comprise teleost fishes, finfishes and eels.
3. The composition according to any of the preceding claims wherein mineral resorption means of phosphor resorption and/or calcium resorption or magnesium resorption.
4. The composition according to any of the preceding claims wherein Vitamin D metabolites comprise 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D2, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2, 1-a-hydroxycholecalciferol and 1-a-hydroxyergosterol and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycosides.
5. The composition according to any of the preceding claims wherein the source of dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycosides comprises plants selected from Solanum glaucophyllum, Cestum diurnum, Trisetum flavescens and Nierembergia veitchii.
6. The composition according to any of the preceding claims wherein the source of dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycosides is Solanum glaucophyllum vegetal material like dried leaves of same or any water extract of same, any water/alcohol extract of same or any enriched and purified water/alcohol extract of same.
7. The composition according to any of the preceding claims where Solanum glaucophyllum vegetal material or extracts of same are provided either from wild plants or from cultivated plants or hybrids of the latter such as HERVIT® according to Plant Variety Certificate EU 25473.
8. The composition according to any of the preceding claims wherein vitamin D3 metabolites are provided to the fishes or crustaceans in their feed at a daily dose of about 0.1 ug to about 100 ug of vitamin D3 metabolite per kg fish or crustacean feed, optionally in addition to regular Vitamin D3 from other sources of same.
9. The composition according to any of the preceding claims wherein 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycosides are provided to the fishes or crustaceans in their feed at a daily dose of about 0.1 ug to about 100 ug of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycosides per kg fish or crustacean feed, optionally in addition to regular Vitamin D3 originating from other sources.
10. A feed, a feed component or a feed additive useful for improving or enhancing resorption of minerals in farmed fishes and crustaceans which comprises as an active ingredient an efficient amount of the composition of any of claims 1 to 10.
11. A method for decreasing phosphor content in feed, feed components or feed additives used for feeding fishes and crustaceans in aquaculture which comprises reducing the initial standard recommended proportion of phosphor by about 10 to about 50 % of said initial proportion while adding thereto an efficient amount of the feed, feed component or feed additive according to claim 10 while still achieving the same end performance.
12. A method for reducing phosphor pollution in aquaculture, especially fishes and crustaceans farming, which comprises feeding said fishes and crustaceans by means of an efficient amount of a feed, feed component or feed additive according to claim 10.
13. A method for improving growth rate and reducing bone deformation in farmed fishes and crustaceans which comprises feeding said fishes and crustaceans by means of an efficient amount of a feed, feed component or feed additive according to claim 10.
14. A method for improving growth rate and well-being of farmed fishes and crustaceans when part of the fish meal and fish oil is replaced by vegetable proteins and vegetal oils supplemented with an efficient amount of a feed, feed component or feed additive according to claim 10 in order to correct imbalances introduced by said replacement.
15. A method for improving growth rate and well-being of farmed fishes and crustaceans when part of fish meal and fish oil is replaced by vegetable proteins and oils supplemented with an efficient amount of a feed, feed component or feed additive according to claim 10, and further supplemented by means of phytase enzymes when anti-nutrient phytic acid is present in said vegetable oils and proteins.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP13165016 | 2013-04-23 | ||
| PCT/EP2014/058057 WO2014173862A1 (en) | 2013-04-23 | 2014-04-22 | Method for improving mineral resorption in farmed fish and crustacean |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| NO20151589A1 true NO20151589A1 (en) | 2015-11-19 |
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| AU (1) | AU2014257626B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2910568C (en) |
| CL (1) | CL2015003106A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2550100B (en) |
| NO (1) | NO20151589A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2014173862A1 (en) |
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| DE102016105369A1 (en) * | 2016-03-22 | 2017-09-28 | Bernd Büter | Product, in particular food additive, feed or animal feed additive and process for its production |
| WO2018079641A1 (en) * | 2016-10-27 | 2018-05-03 | 東レ株式会社 | Aquatic organism growth promoter |
| CN112690374A (en) * | 2020-12-25 | 2021-04-23 | 南京升鳌生物环保科技有限公司 | Water body trace element supplement for preventing shrimp and crab from soft shell and preparation method and application thereof |
| EP4465827A1 (en) * | 2022-01-21 | 2024-11-27 | DSM IP Assets B.V. | 25-hydroxyvitamin d as a feed additive for aquatic animals |
| CN115708548B (en) * | 2022-11-21 | 2024-06-25 | 成都科宏达科技有限公司 | Aquaculture calcium supplement and preparation method thereof |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| AU5305600A (en) * | 1999-08-17 | 2001-03-13 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Animal feed containing hydrolyzable calcitriol derivatives |
| CA2575905A1 (en) * | 2004-08-02 | 2006-02-09 | Universite Laval | Nutritional ingredient containing bioavailable mineral nutrients |
| CA2721566C (en) * | 2008-04-21 | 2016-04-05 | Herbonis Ag | Preparation and use of a plant extract from solanum glaucophyllum with an enriched content of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 glycosides and quercetin glycosides |
| JP5433039B2 (en) * | 2012-03-05 | 2014-03-05 | 日本配合飼料株式会社 | Fish or crustacean feed composition and method for raising fish or crustacean |
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- 2014-04-22 AU AU2014257626A patent/AU2014257626B2/en active Active
- 2014-04-22 WO PCT/EP2014/058057 patent/WO2014173862A1/en not_active Ceased
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| CL2015003106A1 (en) | 2016-08-26 |
| AU2014257626B2 (en) | 2017-03-30 |
| AU2014257626A1 (en) | 2015-11-12 |
| CA2910568C (en) | 2021-06-08 |
| GB2550100B (en) | 2020-06-03 |
| GB2550100A (en) | 2017-11-15 |
| WO2014173862A1 (en) | 2014-10-30 |
| CA2910568A1 (en) | 2014-10-30 |
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