MXPA98001529A - Structural textiles composite textile links - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to linked composite woven fabric fabrics formed from woven polymeric fibers. The textile is formed according to at least two, and preferably three or four polymer components. The first component, or load bearing member, is a single filament or multiple filament yarn of high tenacity, high modulus, and low elongation. The second component is a fusible polymer in wire form or in another form of encapsulating and bonding the adjacent load bearing yarns. The third component is an optional effect or volume thread. The fourth component is a conventional multi-filament warp knitting stitch, to form the fabric structure of the woven fabric. Woven textiles of the present invention may be formed by any conventional knitting technique, i.e., weft insertion warp knit, warp insert weave fabric, and weft and weft insertion knit. At least a portion of the extended warp and / or weft yarns is of load bearing yarns of the first component. They can create specific resistance characteristics, and if desired, periodically variables, in the finished product, by varying the number. the location, and the type of fiber component yarns. The second encapsulating and linking polymer component is used as required to improve the structural integrity, the initial modulus, the stiffness, and the durability of the finished product. The effect or volume yarns are used as warp and / or extended weft yarns, as required, to increase the volume and cross section profile of the finished product, in order to improve its effectiveness to mechanically and frictionally resist the movement when they are embedded in construction fill materials

Description

STRUCTURAL TEXTILES TEXTILE COMPOSITE TEXTILES BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to bonded composite woven fabric structures primarily designed to be used as structural load-bearing elements in land-building construction applications, such as soil retention systems (where the support element load is used to reinforce internally steep land, or construction fill materials to improve its structural stability), foundation improvement systems (where the load support element is used to support and / or reinforce the earth internally) , or foundation fill materials to improve its load bearing capacity), pavement improvement systems (where the load bearing element is used to internally reinforce flexible pavements, or to support rigid modular paving units for the purpose of to improve their structural functioning and extend their useful service lives es), or erosion protection systems (where the load bearing element is used to internally confine or reinforce the earth, or construction fill materials in structures that are subject to erosion, or that prevent erosion anywhere by dissipating the wave energy in open water). The textiles can be in the form of open mesh or conventional (closed fabric). Although the materials of this invention have many other diverse applications, they have been designed primarily to incorporate unique features that are important in the construction of engineering ground work, and a particular emphasis is placed on these uses throughout this application. 2. Description of the Prior Art Geretrethiles and geotextiles are polymeric materials used as load-bearing, separating, or filtering elements in many land-based construction applications. There are four general types of materials used in these applications: 1) integrally formed structural georrethicles; 2) conventional textiles and sides or fabrics; 3) open mesh weaves or fabrics; and 4) non-spun textiles. Geonetics and spunbond textiles or open mesh fabrics are open-mesh polymeric materials that typically have at least 50 percent open area. Conventional geotextiles are materials that typically have no more than 10 percent open area. Integrally formed structural georrethicles are formed by extruding a flat sheet of polymeric material, perforating openings in the sheet in a generally square or rectangular pattern, and then uniaxially or biaxially stretching the sheet with openings, or by extruding of an integrally formed mesh structure that constitutes a sheet with openings in a generally square or rectangular pattern, and then the uniaxial or biaxial stretching of the sheet with openings. Yarn textiles or fabrics are formed by interlacing or mechanical interlacing of polymer fibers or bundles of fibers with conventional textile spinning or weaving technologies. Open mesh spun textiles are formed in the same manner, and are usually coated in a subsequent process. The non-spun textiles are formed by mechanically overlaying and entangling polymer fibers, generally with a needle, and in some processes the entangled polymer fibers are reoriented in a biaxial stretching process, run through calender, and / or melt with heat. The integrally formed structural georrethicles are well known in the market, and are an accepted modality in many land-based construction applications. Yarn textiles or open-mesh fabrics, generally characterized and traded as textile geromaticles, they compete directly with integrally formed structural georrethicles in many applications, and have also established an accepted position in the land-based construction markets. The competition between any of these "georreticle" materials and conventional spun or woven textiles is less frequent. Yarn textiles or fabrics with a low basis weight tend to be used in separation and filtration applications. Spunbond textiles or fabrics with a high basis weight tend to be used in load-bearing applications that are tolerant of the load elongation properties of these materials, and that can beneficially utilize the ultimate high tensile strength of these materials. Textiles that are not spun are generally subject to very high elongation under load, and are not normally used in load-bearing construction work on land. The competition between non-spun textiles and any of the "georreticle" materials or spunbond textiles or high weight basis fabrics is negligible. The characteristics of integrally formed structural georrethicles, and those of spun or woven textiles, whether open mesh or conventionally, are significantly different in several aspects. The integrally formed materials exhibit high structural integrity with a high initial modulus, high bond strength, and high flexural and torsional rigidity. Their rigid structure and substantial cross-sectional profile also facilitate direct mechanical coupling with construction fillers, with contiguous sections of themselves when they are overlapped and embedded in construction fillers, and with rigid mechanical connectors such as dowels, bolts, or hooks. These characteristics of integrally formed structural georrethicles provide excellent resistance to the movement of particulate construction fillers, and of load bearing elements integrally formed relative to each other, thus preserving the structural integrity of the elements. foundation backfill materials, or preventing the load-bearing elements embedded in earth retention applications from pulling outward. The integrally formed structural georrethicles interact with the earth or with the particulate construction fillers by the process of construction or earth fill materials that penetrate the openings of the integrally formed rigid georreticle. The result is that the georeticle and the earth or the construction fill materials act together to form a continuously forced solid matrix. Both the longitudinal load bearing members and the transverse load bearing members, such as the continuity of strength between the longitudinal and transverse load bearing members of the georreticle, are essential in this continuous process of interaseguro and reinforcement in the form of a matrix. . If the junction between the longitudinal and transverse load bearing members fails, the geonettem stops functioning in this manner, and the effects of confinement and reinforcement are greatly reduced. Its rigid structure also facilitates its use on very weak or wet subgrades where it is difficult to place these load bearing materials and the subsequent placement of construction fill materials. Spun or woven fabrics, either open mesh or conventionally, exhibit a higher overall elongation under load, a lower initial modulus, a softer feel and greater flexibility. With sufficient increase in the number of fibers or bundles of fibers comprising their structure, they can achieve a higher ultimate tensile strength than is typically achieved with integrally formed structural georrethicles. Nevertheless, its lower initial modulus limits its effectiveness in structural ground work applications, where the deformation of the reinforced structure is undesirable or unacceptable. Spun textiles or fabrics also exhibit low structural integrity, which limits their effectiveness in direct mechanical coupling with construction fillers, with adjacent sections of themselves when embedded in construction fillers, or with rigid mechanical connectors. . As a result, these materials are used primarily in applications that rely on the frictional interface with construction fillers to transfer structural loads to the load-bearing element, and users of these materials also avoid applications involving supportive connections of Load with rigid mechanical connectors. When load-bearing connections are required in the use of spun or woven textiles, stitched stitches are typically employed. These stitches typically exhibit only 50 percent of the textile strength of unsewn textiles. Also, the low flexural and torsional stiffness of spun or woven textiles limits their practical utility and operation in certain ground work applications, such as construction on very weak slopes, or reinforcement of construction fill in applications of improvement. of foundations. The attributes that are most pertinent to the use of polymeric materials in structural load bearing work construction applications are: (a) the load transfer mechanism by which structural forces are transferred to the support element of load, (b) the load capacity of the load support element; (c) the structural integrity of the load bearing element when subjected to deformation forces in the installation and in use; and (d) the resistance of the load bearing element to degradation (ie, loss of key properties) when subject to long-term installation or environmental stress. The limitations exhibited by spun textiles or fabrics with respect to the first three attributes mentioned above, result primarily from a lack of stiffness and tension in the fibers or in the fiber bundles of these materials, where many separate fibers or bundles of fibers intertwine, interlock, sew, or entangle in a manner that is characteristic of a spun or woven structure, and which does not cause the load-bearing fibers or the fiber bundles to be taut or dimensionally stable; relationship with the others. The limitations that these materials exhibit with respect to the fourth attribute mentioned above, result primarily from the degradation of their coating materials, and the separation of these coating materials from the load-bearing fibers, or from the degradation of the primary polymeric material that it comprises the load support element by ultraviolet or by attack of the environment. Attempts have been made to dimensionally stabilize and protect the fibers or fiber bundles in the joining areas of spunbond textiles or open mesh fabrics. For example, these open mesh textiles are usually coated with another material, such as polyvinyl chloride, after the main textile structure is formed on a spinning or weaving loom. This technique improves the dimensional stability of the fibers or bundles of fibers in the bond zone to some degree, and also provides some protection from abrasion to the fibers throughout the textile. Other attempts have also been made to dimensionally stabilize and protect the fibers or bundles of fibers in the spun or woven fabrics. For example, special constructions with flat warps and third-thread stitch systems have been produced to reduce elongation and stabilize the fiber bundles and textile structure. This technique also improves the dimensional stability of the fiber bundles to some degree. However, none of these techniques has given sufficient bond strength or enough initial modulus to make it possible for these materials to be functionally comparable to integrally formed structural georrethicles, or to be directly competitive with structural georrethicles integrally formed in certain construction applications. working on land plaintiffs who require or benefit from load transfer by direct mechanical coupling or a high initial module or high structural integrity or rigidity in the load bearing element. Protective coatings also tend to degrade and separate from the load bearing fibers, thereby reducing their effectiveness to provide long-term resistance to environmental degradation of the load-bearing fibers, and also creating a surface of potential tear failure at the interface between the load bearing fibers and the coating material.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide an open mesh or conventionally woven fabric having a better property to be used as a structural load bearing element in the demanding land-based construction applications. It is another object of the present invention to provide a woven fabric with improvements over the prior art in one or more of the following attributes: (a) its load transfer mechanism (specifically its property in its open mesh form for direct mechanical coupling) with construction fillers, contiguous conceptions of itself when overlapping and embedded in construction fillers, and with rigid mechanical connectors such as dowels, bolts, or hooks, and in its conventional form its frictional interface with fillers of construction); (b) its load capacity (specifically its initial modulus, that is, its resistance to elongation when initially subjected to loading). (c) its structural integrity (specifically its bond strength and flexural and torsional stiffness in its open mesh form, and the tension and dimensional stability of its load bearing fibers in relation to each other, as well as its global flexural and torsional stiffness in its conventional form); and (d) its durability (specifically its resistance to degradation when subjected to installation stress and long-term environment). These and other objects of the present invention will become clearer with reference to the following specification and the claims. The linked composite woven fabric textiles according to the present invention are woven fabrics formed of at least two, and preferably three independent but complementary polymeric components. The first component, the load bearing element, is a polymer fiber or bundle of single filament fibers of multiple filaments, high tenacity, high initial modulus, and high elongation, each fiber being a homogeneous or two-component structure . Where the fibers or fiber bundles of two components are used to form these load bearing elements, it is possible to achieve a better resistance to degradation (ie, loss of key properties), when these materials are subjected to the long-term installation and environmental stress in use (ie, by using a more suitable core material to achieve the desired mechanical properties, and a different, more suitable sheath material to achieve the desired durability properties in a field of particular use). The second component, a linking element, is an independent polymeric material in the form of a single filament or of multiple filaments, and of a homogeneous or two-component structure, which is used to encapsulate and / or bind the supporting fibers of load, thereby reinforcing the composite material, increasing its resistance to elongation under load, and increasing its resistance to degradation when subjected to long-term installation or environmental stress. The third component, when used, is an effect or volume fiber that increases the cross-section of the composite fabric, woven composite fabric, thereby increasing its stiffness, and increasing its effectiveness in mechanical interlocking (coupling) and / or frictional interconnection with particulate construction fillers. The composite woven composite fabric is woven together with a plurality of extended warp and / or weft fibers (commonly referred to as yarns), with one or more threads. At least a portion of the extended warp and / or weft yarns are the load bearing yarns of the first component. The second polymer component is used as required for the binding properties required for the finished product, and especially to provide an improved bond strength in the open mesh form, or a better tension and dimensional stability of the load bearing fibers relative to each other in the conventional manner. The effect or volume yarns are used as weft and / or warp yarns, and / or woven yarns. The effect or volume yarns also increase the friction with the adjacent yarns, to provide better stability and structural integrity in the overall material. Two or more effect or volume threads that intersect each other provide the greatest stability. The yarns of effect or volume also provide the desired volume in the textile, and a relatively thick cross-sectional profile for the finished product, in order to improve its rigidity and its effectiveness in the mechanical interacure with the construction filler material in particles in the form of open mesh or frictionally interconnecting with conventional filling materials in the conventional manner. The second component can be incorporated into the textile in several ways. The second component can be provided by a fusible link yarn, either single-filament or multi-filament, which is preferably a two-component yarn having a low melting temperature sheath, and a high temperature core of fusion. In the woven fabric, the fusible link yarns can be used as warp and / or weft yarns, and / or as woven yarns, to provide the improved bond strength in the open mesh form, or the best tension and dimensional stability of the load bearing fibers in relation to each other, and the best flexural and torsional stiffness in the conventional manner. The fusible link yarns can also be used in non-woven textiles incorporated in the woven structure. Alternatively, the second component may be provided by a suitable polymer applied and bonded to the fabric by any of a number of different processes after the textile leaves the weaving machine. The second component can also be provided by a combination of a fusible link yarn and an additional polymeric material applied independently, and bonded with the textile. In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, wherein a fusible link yarn is used, the woven fabric is heated to melt the fusible polymer component, i.e., to melt the single filament and / or multiple filament link fibers. or the sheath of the two-component binding fibers. This causes the fusible polymer component to flow around and encapsulate the other components of the fabric, and protect, reinforce, and stiffen the overall structure, and particularly the joints in the open mesh form. According to another embodiment of the invention, the woven fabric is impregnated with a suitable polymer that flows around and encapsulates the other components of the textile, especially the joints in the open mesh form. The impregnated fabric is then heated to dry and / or cure the polymer to bond the yarns, which protects, reinforces and stiffens the overall structure, especially the joints in the open mesh form. In accordance with yet another embodiment of the invention, a polymeric sheet or fabric is applied to the woven fabric, and heated to melt the sheet or fabric, causing the polymer to flow around and encapsulate the yarn components of the textile, and protect , reinforce, and stiffen the global structure. The materials produced in accordance with the present invention can also be modified for different applications by selecting the type and number and location of the load bearing yarns of the first component, and the type and location number of the linking yarns. fuses of the second component, and / or other independent polymeric bonding materials, and the type and location of the volume threads of the third optional component. Therefore, the material can be tailored for particular applications. The materials produced in accordance with the present invention can also be easily designed and manufactured to achieve specific tensile properties in the longitudinal direction, or both in the longitudinal direction and in the transverse direction. This flexibility makes possible a more efficient use of the present invention in demanding land-based applications that often have widely varying and site-specific needs. The use of fusible wires and / or other polymeric bonding materials to reinforce the joints in the form of open mesh, and to increase the rigidity of the overall material and the initial module, also allows for greater flexibility in the design of engineering structures. civil, and the commercial use of these materials. Economical volume yarns can also be used in a variety of economical ways to provide bulk and a greater cross-sectional profile, without sacrificing strength or other desirable characteristics. For example, some or all of the weft threads of the weft or warp may be selected to provide a thick profile through the addition of additional yarns or reinforcement yarns. The resulting thick profile, either in all the bundles of yarns, or in certain bundles of selected yarns, for example, every sixth bundle of yarns in the weft, will provide a better frictional interface with the construction fill materials. say, resistance to pull out). The profile of the coarse yarn bundle in the already open form of the bound composite woven fabric works in a manner similar to the vertical cross-section faces of an integrally formed structural georrelet. The profile of the coarse yarn bundle in the conventional form of the bound composite woven fabric works in an analogous manner by presenting an irregular but frictionally rigid interface with the construction fillers. Finally, the materials produced in accordance with the present invention can be manufactured using conventional, economical, and widely available fabric equipment, which minimizes the cost of producing these materials. The materials produced in accordance with the present invention have a number of advantages, compared to spun or woven textiles, either open mesh or conventionally, whose collective effect is to make the materials produced in accordance with the present invention a lot. more suitable to be used in the applicants applications of construction of the ground work. The primary benefits of the inventive concepts embodied in the materials produced in accordance with the present invention are described below: Feature Benefit 1. Improved integrity is the structural forces (stability in the aplidimensional applicators of the fibers of the support load construction, some in land-based work are transferred with the others). the load bearing members of the present invention, by means of a positive mechanical interacide with the construction fillers, and / or by a greater frictional interface with those construction fillers; it also makes possible the use of the open mesh form of the present invention in applications that require or favor the use of rigid mechanical connectors, such as dowels, bolts, or hooks, in the case of open mesh textiles. 2. Improved profile of the load-bearing cross-sectional elements are oriented transversely in relation to the structural forces, in the demanding applications of construction work on the ground, to present a greater butt and / or frictional interface for the materials of particulate construction filler, thereby substantially increasing its resistance to movement in relation to those particulate construction fillers (commonly referred to as pull-out resistance). 3. Initial module Makes structurally improved forces in the demanding applications of ground work, transferred to the load bearing elements of the present invention at very low stress levels, thereby substantially reducing deformation in the structure of the work on land, and substantially increasing the efficiency of use of these load support elements in the demanding land-based construction applications. 4. Better flexural stiffness Makes the matrix of transversely oriented load bearing elements of the present invention resist a deviation from the plane, thus increasing its ease of installation, particularly on very weak or wet slopes, and increasing its ability to support the construction fill materials initially placed on top of these slopes. 5. Better torsional stiffness - Makes the cross-oriented load bearing element matrix of the present invention resist the flat or rotating movement of particulate construction fillers when subjected to dynamic loads such as those that a moving vehicle causes in an aggregate foundation for a road, thereby increasing the load-bearing capacity of particulate construction fill materials, and increasing the efficiency of use of these load-bearing elements in the applicants construction applications of ground work. 6. Improved resistance to degradation makes the present invention a better property to be used in land-based construction applications involving exposure to significant mechanical stress in installation or use, and / or involving exposure to stress of significant long-term environmental (ie biological or chemical) use. 7. Better flexibility in It makes it possible to incorporate design and manufacture of properties widely difproduct. and complementary elements in the present invention, by means of the independent polymeric materials selected for use in each of the three components of the present invention (the load bearing element, the link element, and the volume element) , or selected for use in the separate polymeric materials comprising the core or sheath components of any of these three elements, and also makes possible that the type and number and location of all these components of the The present invention is economically varied without substantially modifying manufacturing equipment. 8. Better efficiency in the It makes it possible for users of use of the product. The present invention exploits the different characteristics of the product and the flexibility in the selection and use of variants of these characteristics. features, all as described above, to achieve operational and productivity gains in a wide variety of applications work construction on land. 9. Better property for making the present invention, used in the claimant by virtue of the construction characteristics of the work in and collective benefits descritierra. Previously, it has a greater opportunity to be used in markets that involve the applicants land-based construction applications of what has been enjoyed so far by spun or woven textiles, either in the form of open or conventional mesh.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is an overlapping diagram with dotted paper annotations (the needle heads being represented as dots) of a portion of a composite woven structural fabric bonded in the open maya shape in accordance with the present invention . Figure 2 is a schematic plan view separated in parts of the technical backing of a portion of the composite woven fabric structurally bonded in the open mesh form of Figure 1.

Figure 3 is a schematic plan view separated in parts of the knitting yarn of Figures 1 and 2, showing one turn of the open chain stitch. Figure 4 is an overlapping diagram with paper annotations of dots of a portion of a composite woven structural fabric bonded in the open mesh form according to the invention, showing another woven pattern. Figure 5 is a schematic plan view separated in parts of the technical backing of a portion of the composite woven fabric structurally bonded in the open mesh form of Figure 4. Figure 6 is an overlapped diagram with paper annotations of dots of a portion of a composite woven fabric structurally bonded in the open mesh form according to the invention, which still shows another woven pattern. Figure 7 is a schematic plan view separated in parts of the technical backing of a portion of the knitted composite fabric structural fabric of Figure 6. Figure 8 is an overlapping paper dotted diagram of a portion of a woven structural textile compound bonded in the open mesh form according to the invention, showing an additional woven pattern.

Figure 9 is a schematic plan view separated in parts of the technical backing of a portion of the knitted composite fabric structural fabric of Figure 8. Figure 10 is an overlapping dotted paper diagram of a portion of a woven structural textile compound bonded in the open mesh form according to the invention, which still shows an additional woven pattern. Figure 11 is a schematic plan view separated in parts of the technical backing of a portion of the linked composite woven fabric of Figure 10. Figure 12 is an overlapping paper dotted diagram of a portion of a woven structural textile. compound bonded in the open mesh form according to the invention, which still shows an additional woven pattern. Figure 13 is a schematic plan view separated in parts of the technical backing of a portion of the bound composite woven fabric of Figure 12. Figure 14 is an overlapping diagram with paper annotations of overlapping patterned points suitable for use in a non-run floor structure of a composite fabric woven composite fabric in accordance with the invention. Figure 15 is an overlapped diagram with dotted paper annotations, integrating the overlapping patterns in Figure 14. Figure 16 is a schematic plan view separated in parts of the technical backing of a portion of a linked composite woven fabric showing another woven pattern. Figure 17 is a schematic plan view separated in parts of the technical backing of a portion of a linked composite woven fabric showing another woven pattern. Figure 18 is a schematic plan view separated in parts of the technical backing of a portion of a bound composite woven fabric showing another woven pattern. Figure 19 is a schematic plan view separated in parts of the technical face of the bound composite woven fabric portion of Figure 8. Figure 20 is a schematic plan view separated in parts of the technical backing of a portion of a structural textile composite fabric showing a woven pattern that includes a non-spun fabric. Figure 21 is a schematic plan view separated in parts of the technical face of the bound composite woven textile fabric portion of Figure 20, where the extended warp threads are not visible.

Figure 22 is a schematic sectional view separated in portions of a portion of the bound composite woven fabric, which shows another woven pattern including a non-spun fabric. Figure 23 is a schematic plan view separated in parts of the technical backing of a portion of a linked composite woven fabric, which still shows another woven pattern. Figure 24 is a schematic plan view separated in parts of the technical backing of a portion of the bound composite woven fabric, which still shows another woven pattern. Figure 25 is a schematic sectional view of a retaining wall formed using the composite woven fabric fabrics linked in accordance with the present invention. Figure 26 is a schematic sectional view of an embankment constructed on weak foundation floors, using the composite woven fabric fabrics linked in accordance with the present invention. Figure 27 is a schematic sectional view of reinforced inclined slopes, which increase the sludge containment capacity of a mud containment pond, using the linked composite woven fabric textiles in accordance with the present invention.

Figure 28 is a schematic sectional view of a filler land liner support provided by a composite woven composite fabric in accordance with the present invention. Figure 29 is a schematic sectional view of a floor covering stabilized on an inclined facing provided by a composite woven composite fabric in accordance with the present invention. Figure 30 is a perspective view of a sand or gravel mattress formed of a composite woven composite fabric in accordance with the present invention. Figure 31 is a cross-sectional view taken along lines 31-31 of Figure 30. Figure 32 is a schematic sectional view of a front guard for an inclined wall box structure provided by the sand mattress. or gravel of Figure 30.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS With reference to Figures 1 to 3, the warp knitted fabric inserted in bi-directional warp 10 is formed in a structure with open working openings or in an open mesh fabric 12 of the present invention. The textile 10 is formed of a plurality of separate warp yarn bundles 14. Each warp yarn bundle is formed of a plurality of extended warp yarns 16 (16a-d). Each beam 14 of warp yarns 16 includes edge warp yarns 16a and 16d. The warp yarn bundles 14 are woven together with a plurality of separate weft yarn bundles 18. Each of the weft yarn bundles 18 is formed of a plurality of weft or fill yarns 20 (20a- d). Each beam 18 of weft yarns 20 includes edge weft yarns 20a and 20d. In the joints 22 of the open mesh fabric 12, the warp yarns 16 overlap the weft yarns 20. The warp yarns 16 and the weft yarns 20 are joined at the links 22 by the woven yarns 24. Woven yarns 24 comprise an open chain stitch (0 / 0-1 //), one turn of which is illustrated in Figure 3, omitting the warp threads 16 and the weft threads 20. Repetition of the width of the stitch the open chain is a stitch, and the repetition of height is with stitches. Referring to Figure 1, it should be understood that the time of the front guide bar ("FGB") associated with the woven yarns 24 in relation to the rear guide bar ("FGB") associated with the warp yarns 16 illustrated in Figure 1, one can advance or delay by one turn, compared to the illustrated configuration. The woven yarns 24 are the securing members (threads) that secure the warp and weft yarns 16 and 20each other. The denier or the strength of the fabric yarns 24, therefore, is directly related to the delamination resistance between the warp and weft yarn layers. The woven fabric of the present invention can be formed in any conventional weft insertion warp knitting machine, such as a machine produced by Liba, Mayer, Malimo or Basfuss. As illustrated in Figures 1 and 2, each warp yarn bundle 14 has four warp yarns 16a-d, and each weft yarn bundle 18 has four weft yarns 20a-d. The weaving machine will typically insert eight empty frames for a complete cycle of 12 turns. The maximum total turns per centimeter will typically be from about 5 to 14. The number of warp ends per centimeter will typically be from about 2 to 7. The open-mesh fabric 12 has lateral or transverse members to the machine 28 (bundles of yarn). 18), and longitudinal members or in the machine direction 26 (warp yarn bundles 14), which are interconnected at the joints 22 to define relatively large openings 30 through which the earth can pass, the water , or other material, when placing open mesh textile 12 on the ground. The openings 30 will typically be from about 1.9 to 2.54 centimeters, although the openings 30 are illustrated square, the openings may be rectangular. If desired, the openings 30 may be up to 30.48 centimeters or more in the direction of the warp. There could be as few as 6 to 10 weft threads (in a cross member) per 30.48 centimeters of warp, which would produce an unbalanced structure analogous to a integrally formed uniaxially oriented structural georrethicle. The shape and size of the openings 30 will depend on the performance requirements of the open mesh textile; however, the shape and size of the openings can be selected by adjusting the relative placement of the warp yarn bundles 14 and the weft yarn bundles 18. The open-mesh fabric 12 has a first side 32 and a second side 34. Figures 4 to 13 show further woven textile constructions in accordance with the present invention, wherein the same reference numerals are used as in Figures 1 to 3 for the same components or elements, with the exception of which are in the series of "100", "200", "300", "400", and "500", respectively. More specifically, Figures 4 and 5 show a woven textile construction 100 which is similar to the woven fabric 10 of Figures 1 to 3, with the exception that the textile 100 also includes additional extended warp yarns 136, which extend through the middle guide bar ("MGB"). The fabric yarns 124 are again associated with the front guide bar, and in this embodiment, the warp yarns 116 extend through the rear guide bar ("MGB"). The warp yarns 136 extend over two needles and through of the open chain stitches of the adjacent fabric threads 124. Each of the warp threads 136 pulls the adjacent warp threads 116 (e.g., 116a and 116b) tightly from each other. The three warp yarns 136 associated with each warp yarn bundle 114, act together to form the tight bundles 114 of warp yarns 116. This maximizes the openings 130. It should be understood that the warp yarns 136 could be spread over four. needles, in which case, only one warp yarn 136 would be required to tightly tie a bundle of warp yarns 114 together. Figures 6 and 7 show another woven textile construction 200. In this construction, the secondary fabric yarns 238 are associated with the middle guide bar. The primary knitting yarns 224 are again associated with the front guide bar, and in this embodiment, the warp yarns 216 (load bearing members in the machine direction) extend through the rear guide bar. The primary weave yarns 224 and the secondary weave yarns 238 are formed with an overlapping movement in opposition at each turn of each of the links 222. Accordingly, the yarns of secondary fabrics 238 form an open chain stitch (0). -1 / 1-0 //) in the joints 222, but simply extend parallel to the warp yarns 216 between the joints 222 (ie, in the turns 5-12). Secondary fabric threads 238 may be threads of a heavy denier for better resistance to warp / fill delamination. Figures 8 and 9 show a textile construction 300 including additional extended warp yarns 340 extending through the middle guide bar. The fabric threads 324 are again associated with the front guide bar, and in this embodiment, the warp threads 316 extend through the back guide bar. The warp yarns 340 extend over nine needles in the joints 322 to link the bundles of adjacent warp yarns 314 with each other, and to provide a high resistance to the warp yarns 316 that change (from side to side). However, it should be understood that the warp yarns 340 could extend over 10, 11, or 12 needles in the joints 322, to meet the structural needs of the textile. As will be clear from the illustration, the warp yarns 340 simply extend between the links 222 (ie, at turns 5 to 12) parallel to the warp yarns 316.

Figures 10 and 11 show a textile construction 400 that combines the characteristics of the modality illustrated in Figures 6 and 7, with the modality illustrated in the Figures 8 and 9. More specifically, this textile construction uses a secondary fabric yarn 438 as in Figures 6 and 7 (reference number 238), and additional extended warp yarns 440 as in Figures 8 and 9 ( reference number 340). The time of the guide bar, for the guide bar associated with the extended warp yarns 440, could be advanced or delayed by one turn to provide the same desired effect. Also, the extension could be used on the extended warp yarns 440 on 10, 11, or 12 needles at the junctions 422. Figures 12 and 13 show a textile construction 500 including additional warp yarns 542 and 544. The yarns of warp 542 (e.g., 542A, 542B, and 542C) extended by the first medium guide bar (guide bar 2) join the bundles of individual warp yarns 514 together, and the warp yarns 544 (544A, 544B, and 544C) extended by the second middle guide bar (guide bar 3), link the bundles of adjacent warp yarns 514 with each other. Figures 2, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 are schematic plan views separated in parts. However, it should be understood that the joints 22, 122, 222, 322, 422, and 522 of Figures 2, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13, respectively, are tightly woven together in actual practice. Referring to Figures 14 and 15, these Figures illustrate the floor structure for a warp knitted fabric that is intended to have extended weft and / or warp yarns. The fabric threads 600 associated with the FGB are completely threaded, and comprise either an open chain stitch (1-0 / 0-1 //) 600a, or a tricot stitch (1-0 / 1-2 //) 600b, the chain stitch 600a being illustrated in Figure 15. The woven threads 602 are associated with the BGB, and are threaded 1 in and 1 out (3-4 / 3-2 / 1-0 / 1-2 / 1). ). This type of floor structure with two consecutive stitches that are formed in one wave by a guide bar (1 thread / stitch), and the following two stitches are consecutive that are formed by two guide bars (2 threads / stitch) It is more difficult to intentionally or unintentionally make a warp knit fabric run or fray. Figure 16 shows a warp knitted fabric inserted in weft 610 made using two fabric guide rods and weft yarns 612 spread over alternate turns. The fabric threads 614 are associated with the FGB (1-0 / 2-3 //), and the fabric threads 616 are associated with the BGB (1-2 / 1-0 //). This is a fabric dimensionally stable in the weft (in the cross machine direction), due to the weft threads of a heavy denier of high tenacity and low elongation 612. Figure 17 shows another warp knitted fabric inserted in weft 620 that has a horizontal / width reinforcement only, and there is no vertical / length reinforcement. The weft threads 622 extend at each turn. The fabric threads 624 are associated with the FGB (1-0 / 0-1 //) and the fabric threads 626 are associated with the BGB (2-3 / 1-0 //). Referring to Figures 18 and 19, the warp knitted fabric inserted in the weft 630 includes straight extended warp yarns 632 (BGB = 0-0 //), and weft yarns 634 in each turn, which provide biaxial reinforcement without ripples in the support yarns of cargo. The two systems of load bearing wires are each in their own plane without being secured between the two wires. The third thread system, the woven / stitch 636 yarns (FGB = 1-0 / 1-2 //), surrounds the two extended yarn systems, and keeps them in a uniform structure. Figures 20 and 21 show a warp knitted fabric inserted in weft 640 with the extended warp yarns 642 (BGB = 0-0 / 1-1 //) and the weft yarns extended 644 in each turn. A non-spun filter fabric 646 is spread between the warp yarns 642 and the weft yarns 644. The woven yarns 648 are associated with the FGB and comprise a chain stitch (1-0 / 0-1 //).

Figure 22 shows a warp knitted fabric inserted in weft 650 with the extended warp yarns 652 (BGB = 0-0 / 1-1 // as shown, or 1-1 / 0-0 //), and weft threads extended 654 in each round. A non-spun filter fabric 656 extends below the weft yarns 654. The fabric yarns 658 are associated with the FGB (1-0 / 0-1 //). Referring to Figure 23, the warp knitted fabric inserted in quadriaxial 660 multi-axis weft has the following layers from the technical backing: weave yarns 662 associated with the FGB (0-1 / 2-1 //), extended warp yarns 664 (0 °) associated with the BGB (0-0 / 0-0 //), extended weft yarns 666 (-45 °) in each turn, forced weft yarns extended 668 (+ 45 °) ) at each turn, horizontal weft yarns extended 669 (90 °) in each turn, and weave yarns 662. Figure 24 shows another warp knitted fabric inserted in quadriaxial forced multi-axis weft 670, having the following layers from the technical backing: 672 woven threads associated with the FGB (1-0 / 0-1 //), extended weft threads 674 (-45 °) at each turn and needle, extended weft threads 676 (+45 °) on each turn and needle, warp threads extended 678 (0 °) in each needle space, weft threads extended 679 (90 °) in each turn, and woven threads 672.

Referring to Figures 18 to 24, this fabric could be improved by the addition of a second fabric yarn, resulting in a fabric more resistant to scuffing / fraying. The second thread of tissue would be threaded 1 in 1 out. The stitches of each turn should be formed in a pattern configuration, some stitches being formed by a thread or guide bar, and other stitches being formed by two threads or guide bars. Preferably, the guide bars for the structure of the floor will have different overlapping movements. It is also preferred that the lower overlaps of the second fabric yarn have different lengths, and / or that the second fabric yarn forms a combination of closed overlap and open overlap stitches. An example of a typical fabric construction of this type is illustrated in Figures 14 and 15. With reference to Figures 16 and 17, these textiles could be improved by the addition of a third fabric yarn having the characteristics of the second yarn of tissue, as described. A majority of the extended weft and / or warp yarns are preferably the load-bearing members, ie, single-filament or multi-filament yarns of high tenacity, low modulus, and low elongation. Suitable single filament single filament yarns are formed of polyester, polyvinyl alcohol, nylon, aramid, glass fiber, and polyethylene naphthalate. The yarn fibers can be of a homogeneous structure or of two components. The load bearing member must have a strength of at least about 5 grams per denier, and preferably at least about 9 to 10 grams per denier. The initial Young's modulus of the load bearing member should be about 100 grams / denier, preferably about 150 to 400 grams / denier. The elongation of the load support member should be less than about 18 percent, preferably less than about 10 percent. The load support member will typically have a denier of about 1,000 to 2,000, preferably from about 2,000 to 18,000. The textiles can be produced with strength and / or friction characteristics approximately equal in the longitudinal or machine direction, and in the lateral or transverse direction to the machine. Alternatively, textiles can be produced with greater strength and / or frictional characteristics either in the longitudinal direction or in the lateral direction. The selection of the strength characteristics of the textiles will be determined based on the design requirements of the application.

The fusible link yarns, if incorporated into the woven structure, are used as extended warp and / or weft yarns, and / or as woven yarns, as required for the desired bonding properties, and especially the properties of necessary link to form the necessary resistance of textiles. When the textile is heated to melt the fusible polymer component, the fusible polymer component flows around and encapsulates other components of the textile bond, and stabilizes the textile structure and protects the load bearing yarns from abrasion and chemical attack. The fusible threads will secure the textile in a stable structure without being affected by the yarn change when the hydrostatic pressure on the textile is increased in use. Also, the fusible threads will further improve and ensure the stability of the woven structure, securing the threads in a fixed position, so that the subsequent handling and soil dynamics under high pressure situations, do not move the geometry of the yarn / fabric on the site, and substantially modify the characteristics of the textile produced. The fusible yarn may be a single-filament or multi-filament yarn form, and a homogeneous or two-component composition. The preferred fusible link yarn is a two component yarn, such as one having a low melting point sheath of polyethylene, polyisophthalic acid, or the like, and a high melting point core of polyester, polyvinyl alcohol, or the like . The two-component yarn can also be a side-by-side yarn, where two different components (one of low melting point, and one of high melting point) are fused along the axis, and having an asymmetric cross section , or a yarn of two constituents having one component dispersed in a matrix of the other component, the two components having different melting points. The low and high melting point components can also be polyethylene and polypropylene, respectively, polyesters of different melting point, or polyamide and polyester, respectively. The two component yarn will typically be comprised of 30 to 70 weight percent of the low melting point component, and 70 to 30 weight percent of the high melting point component. The fusible yarn may also be an extrusion coated yarn having a low melting point coating, or a low melting point yarn (eg, polyethylene) used in the textile structure side by side with other yarns. As an alternative to the use of fusible link wires, or in addition to the use of fusible link wires, the fabric is impregnated with a suitable polymer after it leaves the weaving machine. The textile can be passed through a polymeric bath, or it can be sprayed with a polymer. The impregnation material typically comprises an aqueous dispersion of the polymer. In the impregnation process, the polymer flows around and encapsulates other components of the textile. The impregnated fabric is then heated to dry and / or cure the polymer to bond the yarns. The polymer can be a urethane, acrylic, vinyl, rubber, or other suitable polymer that forms a bond with the yarns used in the textile. The urethane polymer can be, for example, an aqueous dispersible aliphatic polyurethane, such as a polycarbonate polyurethane, which can be crosslinked to optimize its film properties, such as with an aziridine crosslinker. Suitable polymer polymers and crosslinkers are commercially available from Stahl USA, Peabody, Massachusetts (e.g., aqueous polyurethane UE-41-503, and aziridine crosslinker KM-10-1703), and Sanncore Industries, Inc., Leominster, Massachusetts (eg. example, SANCURER polyurethane dispersions 815 and 2720). The acrylic polymer can be, for example, an acrylic copolymer latex that reacts with heat, such as a carboxylated acrylic copolymer latex which reacts by heat. Suitable acrylic latexes are available from BF Goodrich, Cleveland, Ohio (eg, HYCAR® latex 26138, latex, HYCAR® 26091, and HYCAR latex 26171). The vinyl polymer can be a polyvinyl chloride polymer. The rubber polymer may be neoprene, butyl, or a styrene-butadiene polymer. As another alternative for the use of fusible link wires, or in addition to the use of fusible link wires, a polymeric sheet or fabric is applied to the fabric after the loom comes out, and the textile / sheet or polymeric fabric is it heats to melt the sheet or polymeric fabric, causing the polymer to flow around and encapsulate other components of the fabric. The polymeric sheet or fabric typically is in a non-spun form. The sheet or polymeric fabric may be a sheet or fabric of polyester, polyamide, polyolefin, or polyurethane. Suitable polymeric films are commercially available from Bemis Associates Inc., Shirley, Massachusetts, as heat seal adhesive films. Suitable polymeric fabrics are commercially available from Bostik Inc., Middleton, Massachusetts (eg, PE 65 fabric weave adhesive). The bonding process results in chemical and / or mechanical bonds throughout the textile structure. The effect or volume yarns are used as warp and / or weft yarns, and / or as woven yarns. The effect or volume yarns increase the friction with the adjacent yarns, to provide better stability (fiber cohesion with fiber). Two or more effect or volume threads that intersect with each other provide the highest stability and highest resistance. The effect or volume yarns also provide the desired volume in the textile, and a relatively thick profile of the finished product. The volume yarns can be broken down into two main categories: (1) continuous multi-filament textured yarns, and (2) spun yarns of cut fibers. Textured yarns are produced from conventional yarns by a known air texture process. The texturing process in air uses compressed air to change the texture of a thread, disarranging and linking the filaments or fibers that make up the thread bundle. The texturing process merely reconfigures the structure of the yarn bundle with little change in the basic properties of individual filaments or fibers. However, the higher the volume, the higher the loss of strength and elongation. Textured air jet volume yarns are generally made of partially oriented, low cost polyester, polyethylene, or polypropylene yarns, or the like. The individual volume wire components will typically have a denier of about 150 to 300, preferably about 300 to about 1,000. Other types of volume yarns can be used based on cut fibers, particularly polyester cut fibers. The two main types of cut fiber yarns are conventional ring spun yarns, and yarns spun by friction. The friction spun yarns are produced by a new technology known as friction spinning, which is more suitable for large diameter bulky yarns. The friction spinning machines are made by Dr. Ernst Fehrer AG of Linz, Austria, and are commonly known as DREF type 2 and DREF type 3 friction spinning machines. Both conventional ring friction and DREF spinning machines can produce the 100 percent of cut fiber yarns, as well as core yarns. The core spun yarns are made by feeding a high tenacity multi-filament yarn and heavy denier thread into the core of the yarn, and spinning a trimmed fiber yarn (polyester), cotton, acrylic, polypropylene, etc.) around the core thread. The cut fiber covering (outer or sheath material) could be conventional polyester or a low melting point material (homogeneous or two component) of cut fiber, to produce a composite structure of multiple filaments, volume and fusion, all in one thread. Another compound can be formed using air jet texturing, wherein the load bearing yarn comprises the core, and the fusible link yarn or the volume yarn is textured. The core is fed with minimal overfeeding and with an excessive amount of fusible or bulk wire with a substantially higher supercharging. The compressed air reconfigures and bonds the filaments or fibers of the fusible wire or the volume wire to increase the volume of the composite yarn. The composite yarns incorporating the load bearing yarn can also be made by known techniques, such as twisting or wiring. The fusible yarn, especially of the single filament type, can also be combined with the yarn of volume prior to the formation of the textile, such as by spinning of parallel ends, or by twisting, wiring, or covering (single helix cover or double). Referring to FIGS. 1 to 24 again, the fusible link yarn would typically be used as the woven yarn of the woven fabric. However, the fusible link yarn could be incorporated into the woven textiles illustrated in Figures 1 through 24 in many other ways. The weaving yarns should have a minimum denier of about 300, preferably from about 500 to 1,000. The fabric threads would typically be uncoated multifilaments, or multifilaments coated by extrusion. The non-spun textiles that can be incorporated into the woven structures are typically formed of polyesters or polyolefins. The non-spunbond textiles may also be formed of 100 percent fusible link fibers having the same composition as the two-component yarn used as the fusible link yarn, or a combination of fusible fibers with conventional non-fusible fibers, such as a uniform mixture of these fibers. The improved mechanical coupling of the woven fabric can be realized by using a number of different yarns / fibers (geometry, type, cross section, and combinations thereof), as well as textile structures. Substantial cross-sectional thicknesses can be selectively designed in the textile structure in the machine direction and / or in the cross-machine direction, preferably in the machine-transverse direction, by feeding multiple types and sizes of the machine. threads. For example, a weft thread of relatively thin profile can be woven in the direction transverse to the machine by several centimeters (from 10.16 to 15.24 centimeters), and then the weaving machine can be programmed to change to a non-flexible weft yarn, of a relatively thick profile, such as a thick multi-compound yarn of a filament / fiber cut combination of large diameter spun yarn / core spin up to 4,000 tex (ce 0.15) which is rigid, round, and non-compressible, that offers the textile the maximum increase in the cross-sectional area. The diameter of the non-flexible yarn of relatively thick profile will typically be about 130 to 300 percent or more of the diameter of the flexible yarn of relatively thin profile. Correspondingly, in the machine direction, variable yarn types and diameters can be configured across the width of the textile, to satisfy the end use requirements. The designed placement of radically different yarn types and diameters, and woven textile structures, directly facilitates better mechanical coupling of textile reinforcement in the soil, changing the surface topography of the textile. Horizontal, vertical, diagonal, or other multiple levels can be designed on the surface of the textile to provide different degrees of resistance to the movement of the load-bearing element. The improved cross-section profile can be improved by using highly twisted multi-strand folded yarns, highly twisted multi-strand yarns, friction-spun composite yarns, as well as Hamel twisted spun and twisted spun yarns, together with yarns Extruded and single-filament large diameter. The improved initial module of the structure can be optimized by Hamel composite yarns and by friction yarns / core yarns, with and without fusible fibers in the sheath. Also, the use of hard aqueous dispersible polyurethanes, particularly polycarbonate polyurethanes, with crosslinking agents, will further increase the modulus. The correct selection of the crosslinkers will also improve the flexural and torsional stiffness, the adhesion, the ultraviolet and hydrolytic stability, and the cross-sectional profile of the textile. The friction spun yarns can be designed to provide unique combinations of fibers / properties for load bearing yarns, bulk fibers, and fusible fibers, and to provide better strength by protecting the load bearing core yarns of high modulus of tearing, friction, and degradation forces. Textured air jet yarns are flexible and are not suitable for areas with a larger profile, but are ideally suited for areas with a smaller profile inside the textile. Textured air jet yarns could be used only for areas of higher profile if folded and twisted heavily to produce large diameter, high profile, non-flexible, round yarns. In a twisted state, the highly bonded fiber structure of the textured yarn in air jet, would provide stability to the textile and mechanical coupling with the soil environment, due to fiber loops that offer greater surface contact. The porosity / permeability of a woven fabric having a single type of floor structure, as illustrated in Figures 14 and 15, can only be controlled by the selection of the yarns and the geometry of the fabric. In other words, the porosity / permeability of the textile depends on the size, the thickness, and the composition of the yarns in combination with the textile structure, that is, the closedness of the yarns and the density of the stitches, plus the effect of the yarns. finishing processes. In order to improve and control the porosity / permeability of the textile, the woven fabric can include different patterns of partial threading selectively placed on the textile, to improve and control the porosity / permeability of the textile, and to provide relatively volume flow points high in previously determined places of the textile. For example, the warp yarns may be partially threaded to create bundles of warp yarns laterally spaced apart. As a result, the warp yarn bundles are separated by relatively open longitudinal strips containing only weft yarns. In this construction, the edge weft threads of each warp yarn bundle will be held in place by an additional fabric yarn controlled by its own guide bar. The weft threads are normally completely threaded, but could be partially threaded in a manner similar to the warp threads. Filtering textiles not spun with the suitable textiles can be used for use as georreticles, as well as with textiles suitable for use as geotextiles, as illustrated in Figures 20 to 22. The non-spun filter textiles are used for the control of fine particulate matter (soil). Non-spun filter textiles should have good soil particle retention properties, while allowing a relatively high water flow. In the case of geotextiles, non-spun filter textiles should allow a high water flow, especially at high volume flow points. The woven fabric of the present invention may also include electrically conductive components such as warp and / or weft yarns. The electrically conductive components may be metal threads or strips (eg, copper), polymeric threads, either single-filament or multi-filament, made electrically conductive by the addition of fillers (e.g., carbon black, copper, aluminum) in the polymer during extrusion, an electrically conductive filament of a multi-filament yarn, or a polymeric yarn having an electrically conductive coating. The electrically conductive components allow the cuts to be detected in the woven fabric in a known manner. The electrically conductive components also allow faults to be detected in other components of a composite civil engineering structure. The electrically conductive components also allow the woven fabric to be used in electrokinetic applications and related applications. The woven fabric of the present invention can be terminated by applying heat energy (eg, calender, radiofrequency energy, microwave energy, infrared energy, and tension) to the textile, to soften the fusible yarn (e.g. sheath of a two-component yarn), drying and / or curing the polymer that impregnates the textile, or melting the polymeric sheet or fabric to secure the yarns and the textile material in place. The results of the heating or finishing process are: (a) the textile is protected against impact and abrasion; (b) the textile is reinforced with a better resistance to elongation, and with a lower final elongation; (c) the textile is frozen in a fixed volume for a better interaction of the textile with the floor; and (d) the textile is protected, reinforced, and made rigid. In accordance with the present invention, a whole range of woven fabrics can be designed from a tensile strength of about 8.93 kg / cm to over 893 kg / cm. These textiles will possess high strength, low elongation, and high structural stability over the entire tensile strength range of operation. Figure 25 shows a retaining wall 700 formed using the bonded composite fabric structural fabric 702 of the present invention. The foundation or substrate 704 is inclined to a desired height and inclination. The retaining wall 706 is formed of a plurality of retaining wall elements 706a. A plurality of linked composite woven fabric fabrics 702 are attached to the retaining wall 706 at 708. The linked composite woven fabric textiles 702 are separated by a plurality of fill layers 710. Using this construction, the random fill 712 is retained and keeps it in place. The retaining wall 706 is illustrated generally by comprising a plurality of turns of modular wall elements 706a, such as conventional modular cement wall blocks. It should be understood, however, that similar wall structures can be formed using modular wall blocks formed of other materials, including plastic. In the same way, the retaining walls incorporating the linked composite woven fabric textiles of this invention, can be constructed with emptied wall panels or other conventional face materials. Although no detail is shown for the connection of the composite woven textile fabrics bonded to the retaining wall elements, various techniques are conventionally employed, including connections of dowels, bolts, staples, hooks, or the like, all of which can be easily adapted by those of ordinary experience in the field, for use with the linked composite fabric structural fabrics of this invention. When embankments are built on weak foundation soils, the pressure created by the embankment can cause the soft soil to tear and move in a lateral direction. This movement and loss of support will cause the filling material of the embankment to tear, which results in a failure of the embankment. This type of failure can be prevented by the inclusion of bonded composite fabric fabrics 720 of the present invention, in the lower portions of the embankment 722, as shown in Figure 26. The linked composite woven fabric textiles 720 provide strength to the traction, which prevents the embankment from failing. Reinforced earth structures can be constructed to very steep angles, which are greater than the natural angle of repose of the filling material, through the inclusion of bonded composite woven structural textiles. Steep slopes can be used in many applications to decrease the amount of fill required for a given earth structure, increase the amount of usable space on the top of the slope, decrease the intrusion of the forward part of the slope in wet lands, etc. In Figure 27, an inclined dependent dike addition is shown. By using inclined slopes 730, the amount of fill required to raise the elevation of the dam is reduced, and the load placed on both the existing retaining dam 732 and the soft mud 734 is also reduced. dramatic increase in containment capacity through the use of inclined slopes 730 reinforced with linked composite fabric structural fabrics 736 of the present invention. When the bound composite woven fabric fabrics of this invention are embedded in a particulate material, such as soil or the like, the particles of the aggregate are coupled with the upper and lower surfaces of the textile. Accordingly, these textile materials are effective to provide a separation or filtration function when embedded in the earth or the like. In addition to their soil reinforcement applications, the bonded composite fabric structural textiles of this invention are especially useful in landfill and in industrial waste containment construction. The regulations require that the base and side slopes of the fill lands be covered with an impermeable layer, to prevent the leachate from leaking into the natural soil water below the fill soil. When landfill sites are located on land that can be compressed or collapsed, as in the case of Karst terrain, the synthetic coating will deviate into the depression. This deviation results in additional stresses being induced in the coating, which can lead to coating failure, and leaching of the leachate into the water of the underlying soil, thus causing contamination. Through the use of the high tensile strength of the textile 740 of the present invention, as shown in Figure 28, a backing of the liner 742 can be provided by placing the textile 740 immediately below the lining 742. If any depression occurs 744, the high tensile capacity of the bonded composite textile fabric 740, provides a "bridge" effect, to bypass the depression, and to minimize the induced stress in the liner 742, thereby helping to protect the system from land filling faults. The construction of landfill requires that the geomembrane linings be placed through the bottom of the land fill, and up the side slopes of the land fill also. In order to protect this coating, a layer of cover soil, known as a sheet metal, is normally placed which has a dual purpose of protecting the coating against perforations by the placement of the waste material, and the collection of the waste is normally placed. leached over the coating. Since the cladding surface is smooth, the deck floor can fail by simply sliding down the slope, since the friction between the floor and the cladding is too small to support the weight of the floor layer. This type of failure can be prevented by placing a fabric 750 of the present invention as shown in Figure 29, anchored on top and extending down to the front of the slope 752. The fabric 750 provides the tensile force required to maintain this floor block in place, thereby eliminating slipping on liner 756. In addition to earth reinforcement applications, and landfill and industrial waste containment applications, the textiles of this invention can be used to produce bags, mats, tubes, and the like, which can be used for the construction of coatings when they are filled with either sand, lean concrete, lean sand asphalt, clay granules, and so on. The bags can be placed directly on a slope in a single layer, or they can be stacked in a multiple layer that runs up the slope. A bag cover consists of one or two layers of bags placed directly on a slope. A lining of piled bags consists of bags that are stacked in a pyramid shape at the base of a slope. Mattresses are designed to be placed directly on a prepared slope. These extend into place when they are empty, join together, and then pumped to fill with sand or gravel. This results in a mass of units in the form of pillows. The tubes are filled with sand or with clay granules. The highly stabilized textiles of the present invention are ideally suited for use as bags, mats, tubes, and the like. The advantages of the present invention for these applications include lighter weight, lower cost, easier handling, and superior (more consistent) hydraulic operation. Figures 30, 31, and 32 illustrate one of the above applications in the form of a mattress. Referring to Figures 30 and 31, the mattress 760 comprises a plurality of continuously spun parallel tubes 762 filled with sand or gravel 764. The tubes 762 are interconnected and separated by plates 766. The tubes 762 typically have a diameter of approximately 25.4 centimeters, and a length of several meters (for example, from 762 to 15.24 meters). The plates 766 between the adjacent tubes 762 may vary from about 1.27 centimeters to several meters (eg, 3,048 meters). The plates 766 on the sides of the mattress 760 may only be a few centimeters in length (eg, 12.7 centimeters). The mattress 760 is typically placed on a 768 filter fabric, as illustrated in Figure 30. As shown in Figure 32, the mattress 760 can be used as a front protection for a 770 inclined-wall drawer structure. on a gravel berm 772 on a sea floor 774 for protection from the sea 776. The bonded composite fabric structural textiles of the present invention can also be used in other applications to reinforce soil or ground structures, such as reinforcement of base for roads (eg, dirt, gravel, or other particulate materials, base applications, or for reinforcing bituminous materials such as asphalt) and airport runways. Additionally, these textiles can be used in the construction of geocells or retaining walls for marine use, in order to control the erosion of the land adjacent to waterways, such as rivers, streams, lakes, and oceans. As indicated, although the textile materials of this invention have particular utility in land-based construction applications, they are also adapted for many applications where textile products have hitherto been used. For example, the novel textiles described herein have excellent strength and related characteristics for use in the gabion formulation. Additionally, they can be easily adapted for use as industrial bands, restriction systems, and the like. Having described the invention, those skilled in the art will be able to think of many modifications thereto, without deviating from the spirit of the invention as defined by the scope of the appended claims.

Claims (79)

1. A composite woven composite fabric, which comprises: a woven structure of open mesh or in the form of a closed fabric, including woven yarn associated with a plurality of extended weft and warp yarns; a portion of the warp and / or weft threads comprising load bearing yarns, the load bearing yarns being high tenacity, high modulus, and low elongation yarns; and the composite fabric composite fabric comprising at least one polymeric component that encapsulates and bonds adjacent threads in the joints of the extended warp and weft yarns, to improve the structural integrity, initial modulus, stiffness, and durability of the composite fabric. textile. The bonded composite fabric structural fabric of claim 1, wherein the woven structure comprises a woven weft insertion warp structure. The bonded composite fabric structural textile in claim 1, wherein the woven structure comprises a woven warp insertion weft structure. 4. The composite woven composite textile fabric of claim 1, wherein the woven structure comprises a woven warp and weft insertion structure. The bonded composite fabric structural fabric of claim 1, wherein the polymer component is formed by a meltable polymer component of a fusible link yarn that melts when heated and flows around the adjacent yarns. The bonded composite fabric structural fabric of claim 5, wherein the fusible link yarn is a two component yarn, having a low melting temperature fusible component, and a high melting temperature component. The bonded composite fabric structural fabric of claim 6, wherein the two component yarn is composed of 30 to 70 weight percent of the low melting temperature fusible component, and 70 to 30 weight percent of the component high melting temperature. The bonded composite fabric structural fabric of claim 5, wherein the fusible link yarn comprises at least a portion of a non-spun filter fabric incorporated in the woven structure. The bonded composite fabric structural fabric of claim 5, wherein the fusible link yarn comprises a portion of warp and / or weft yarns, and / or woven yarn. The bonded composite fabric structural fabric of claim 1, wherein the polymeric component is formed by a polymer that impregnates the yarns, which is dried and / or cured when heated, or by a polymeric sheet or fabric that is melted when heated. The composite woven composite fabric of claim 10, wherein the polymer impregnated with the yarns is a urethane, acrylic, vinyl, or rubber, and the polymeric sheet or fabric is a sheet or fabric of polyester, polyamide, polyolefin, or polyurethane. The bonded composite fabric structural fabric of claim 1, wherein a portion of the warp and weft yarns comprise yarns of bulk, to provide a relatively thick profile for the woven fabric. The bonded composite fabric structural fabric of claim 12, wherein the bulk yarns are produced from partially oriented polyester, polyethylene, or polypropylene yarns. The bonded composite fabric structural fabric of claim 1, wherein the load bearing yarns are composite yarns, wherein the load bearing yarn is combined with a fusible link yarn or a yarn of volume. 15. The composite woven composite fabric of claim 14, wherein the composite yarns are formed by air jet texturing. 16. The composite woven composite fabric of claim 14, wherein the composite yarns are formed by twisting, wiring, covering, or core spinning. The bonded composite fabric structural fabric of claim 1, wherein the load bearing yarns have a strength of at least about 5 grams per denier, a modulus of at least about 100 grams per denier, and an elongation of less than about 18 percent. The bonded composite fabric structural fabric of claim 1, wherein the load bearing yarns have a strength of at least about 9 to 10 grams per denier, a modulus of at least about 100 grams per denier, and a smaller elongation of about 18 percent. 19. The bonded composite fabric structural fabric of claim 1, wherein the load bearing yarns have a denier of about 1,000 to 18,000, and the woven yarn has a denier of at least about 300. 20. The composite fabric structural fabric The tie of claim 1, wherein the load bearing yarns are formed of polyester, polyvinyl alcohol, nylon, aramid, glass fiber, or polyethylene naphthalate. The bonded composite fabric structural fabric of claim 1, wherein the knitting yarn further comprises a second knitting yarn, the second knitting yarn being threaded 1 in 1 out. 2

2. The linked composite woven fabric of claim 21, wherein the stitches of each loop are formed in a patterned pattern, stitches selected by a thread are formed, and other stitches are formed by two threads. 2

3. The knitted composite fabric structural fabric of claim 22, wherein the lower overlaps of the second knitting yarn have different lengths. The knitted composite fabric structural fabric of claim 22, wherein the second knitting yarn forms a combination of closed overlap stitches and open overlap. 25. The linked composite woven fabric of claim 1, wherein the textile has a high initial modulus. 26. The bonded composite fabric structural fabric of claim 1, wherein the textile has a selectively designed substantial cross-sectional thickness in the textile, to improve the mechanical coupling and / or the frictional interface when embedded in fiber fill materials. construction or similar. The bonded composite fabric structural fabric of claim 26, wherein the fabric includes non-flexible yarns of relatively thick profile, and flexible yarns of relatively thin profile, to form substantial thicknesses of cross-section. The bonded composite fabric structural fabric of claim 26, wherein the diameter of the non-flexible yarns of relatively thick profile is about 130 to 300 percent or more of the diameter of the flexible yarns of relatively thin profile. The bonded composite fabric structural fabric of claim 26, wherein the non-flexible yarns of relatively thick profile are core spun yarns, friction yarns, or ring spun yarns, twisted Hamel covered yarns, or yarns covered with a single helix or double helix, and flexible threads of relatively thin profile are single or twisted and normal folded threads. 30. The linked composite woven fabric of claim 1, wherein the textile is used as a geotextile. The bonded composite fabric structural fabric of claim 30, wherein the fabric contains up to about 10 percent open area in a pattern regularly distributed over the fabric. 32. The knitted composite textile fabric of claim 30, wherein the textile has areas of improved permeability. 33. The linked composite woven fabric of claim 30, wherein the textile has high volume flow points regularly distributed throughout the textile at predetermined points. 3

4. The bonded composite fabric structural textile of claim 33, wherein the textile is associated with a non-spun filter fabric for the control of fine particulate matter, while allowing a high flow of water through the entire fabric, particularly at the high volume flow points. 3

5. The linked composite woven fabric of claim 1, wherein the textile is used as a georreticle. 3

6. The bonded composite fabric structural fabric of claim 32, wherein the georeticle contains at least 50 percent open area. 3

7. The linked composite woven fabric of claim 32, wherein the georeticle is associated with a non-spun filter fabric for control of fine particulate matter, while allowing a high water flow. 3

8. A composite civil engineering structure comprising a mass of particulate material, and at least one reinforcement element embedded therein, wherein the reinforcement element is a composite fabric woven composite fabric according to claim 1, portions of the mass of low particulate material of this reinforcing fabric, and portions of the mass of particulate material above this reinforcing fabric. 3

9. The composite civil engineering structure of claim 38, wherein portions of the mass of the reinforcing material are inside the openings defined between the bundles of adjacent warp and weft yarns. 40. The composite civil engineering structure of claim 38, which further includes a retaining wall, portions of the reinforcing fabric being secured to said retaining wall, defining the mass of particulate material, the reinforcing fabric, and the retaining wall together, a reinforced retaining wall. 41. The composite civil engineering structure of claim 40, which comprises a plurality of reinforcing textiles in a vertically separated relationship. 42. The composite civil engineering structure of claim 38, wherein the mass of particulate material and the reinforcing fabric together define a stabilized embankment. 43. The composite civil engineering structure of claim 42, which comprises a plurality of reinforcing textiles in a vertically separate relationship. 44. The composite civil engineering structure of claim 38, wherein the mass of particulate material and the reinforcing fabric together constitute an internally reinforced inclined earth slope. 45. The composite civil engineering structure of claim 44, which comprises a plurality of reinforcing textiles in a vertically separate relationship. 46. The composite civil engineering structure of claim 44, wherein the inclined earth slope is a dike addition, for raising the elevation of a dam dike. 47. The composite civil engineering structure of claim 38, wherein the mass of particulate material and the reinforcing network, together with a coating, define a land fill. 48. The composite civil engineering structure of claim 47, wherein the landfill is for land that can be compressed or collapsed, and the reinforcement fabric is placed immediately beneath this lining. 49. The composite civil engineering structure of claim 47, wherein the landfill includes a side slope, and the reinforcement fabric is anchored at the top of the slope, and extends down a slope front, standing the reinforcing textile above the lining. 50. A method for constructing a composite civil engineering structure, which comprises: providing a mass of particulate material, providing at least one composite fabric, woven composite fabric according to claim 1, and embedding the reinforcing fabric in the mass of particulate material, portions of this mass of particulate material being beneath the reinforcing fabric, and portions of this mass of particulate material being above the reinforcing fabric. 51. The method for constructing a composite civil engineering structure of claim 50, wherein portions of the mass of particulate material are inside the openings defined between the bundles of adjacent warp and weft yarns. 52. The method for constructing a composite civil engineering structure of claim 50, which further includes providing a retaining wall, the securing portions of the reinforcing fabric defining the retaining wall, the mass of particulate material, the reinforcing fabric, and said retaining wall, together, a reinforced retaining wall. 53. The method for constructing a composite civil engineering structure of claim 52, which comprises embedding a plurality of reinforcing textiles in the mass of particulate material, in a vertically separate relationship. 54. The method for constructing a civil engineering structure comprised of claim 50, wherein the mass of particulate material and the reinforcing fabric together define a stabilized embankment. 55. The method for constructing a composite civil engineering structure of claim 54, which comprises embedding a plurality of reinforcing textiles in the mass of particulate material, in a vertically separate relationship. 56. The method for constructing a composite civil engineering structure of claim 50, wherein the mass of particulate material and the reinforcing fabric together define an inclined slope. 57. The method for constructing a composite civil engineering structure of claim 56, which comprises embedding a plurality of reinforcing textiles in the mass of particulate material, in a vertically separate relationship. 58. The method for constructing a civil engineering structure comprised of claim 56, wherein the inclined slope is a dike addition to lift the dike elevation of a containment dike. 59. The method for constructing a composite civil engineering structure of claim 50, wherein the mass of particulate material and the reinforcing fabric, together with a coating, define a fill land. 60. The method for constructing a composite civil engineering structure of claim 59, wherein the landfill is for land that can be compressed or collapsed, and the reinforcement fabric is embedded in the mass of particulate material immediately below the soil. coating . 61. The method for constructing a composite civil engineering structure of claim 59, wherein the fill land includes a side slope, and the reinforced textile is anchored at the top of the slope, and extends down to the front of the slope. the slope, the reinforcement fabric being embedded in the mass of particulate material on top of the coating. 62. A knitted composite fabric structural fabric, which comprises: a plurality of separate woven structures in open mesh form, including woven yarn associated with a plurality of extended warp and weft yarns; intersecting the plurality of weft and warp yarns extended in a plurality of joints to define openings therebetween; comprising a portion of the warp and / or weft yarns, and load bearing yarns, the load bearing yarns being yarns of high tenacity, high modulus, and low elongation; and comprising the joints of the extended weft and warp yarns of the bound composite woven fabric, at least one polymeric component that encapsulates and bonds the yarns in the joints, to improve the structural integrity, the initial modulus, the stiffness, and the durability of the textile. 63. The bonded composite fabric structural fabric of claim 62, wherein the woven structures comprise woven warp structures of insertion into the weft. 64. The bonded composite fabric structural fabric of claim 62, wherein the woven structures comprise warp insertion weft woven structures. 65. The bonded composite fabric structural fabric of claim 62, wherein the woven structures comprise woven structures of warp and weft inserts. 66. The bonded composite fabric structure of claim 62, wherein the polymer component is formed by a meltable polymer component of a fusible link yarn that melts when heated and flows around the adjacent yarns. 67. The bonded composite fabric structural fabric of claim 66, wherein the fusible link yarn is a two component yarn having a melting temperature low melting component, and a high melting temperature component. 68. The bonded composite fabric structural fabric of claim 67, wherein the two component yarn is composed of 30 to 70 weight percent of the high melting temperature component. 69. The knitted composite fabric structural fabric of claim 62, wherein the fusible link yarn comprises the woven yarn. 70. The bonded composite fabric structural fabric of claim 62, wherein the fusible link yarn comprises a portion of the warp and / or weft yarns. 71. The bonded composite fabric structural fabric of claim 62, wherein the polymer component is formed by a polymer that impregnates the yarns, which is dried and / or cured when heated, and by a polymeric sheet or fabric that is melted when heated. 72. In a bound composite woven fabric having a woven structure of open mesh or in the form of a closed fabric, the improvement comprising: load bearing yarns defining at least a portion of the textile, these load bearing yarns being high tenacity, high modulus, and low elongation threads; and at least one fusible link yarn having link fiber, and a fusible polymer component that melts when heated to flow around, encapsulate, and bond the adjacent wires, to improve the structural integrity, the initial modulus, the stiffness and the durability of the textile. 73. The bonded composite fabric structural fabric of claim 72, wherein the fusible yarn is a two-component yarn, having a fused component of low melting temperature, and a high melting temperature component. 74. The bonded composite fabric structural fabric of claim 72, wherein the load bearing yarns have a strength of at least about 5 grams per denier, a modulus of at least about 100 grams per denier, and an elongation of less than approximately 18 percent. 75. The bonded composite fabric structural fabric of claim 72, wherein the load bearing yarns have a strength of at least about 9 to 10 grams per denier, a modulus of at least about 100 grams per denier, and a smaller elongation of about 18 percent. 76. The bonded composite fabric structural textile of claim 72, where the load support yarns have a denier of approximately 1,000 to 18,000. 77. The bonded woven composite fabric of claim 72, wherein the load bearing yarns are formed from polyester, polyvinyl alcohol, nylon, aramid, glass fiber, or polyethylene naphthalate. 78. A knitted composite fabric structural fabric, which comprises: a knitted net including woven yarn associated with a plurality of extended weft and / or warp yarns; comprising a portion of the warp and / or weft yarns, and load bearing yarns, the load bearing yarns being yarns of high tenacity, high modulus, and low elongation; and the composite fabric composite fabric comprising at least one fusible polymer component, said fusible polymer component having been derived from a fusible polymer component containing link fiber which encapsulates and bonds to the adjacent strands at the junctions of the lattice, to reinforce the textile. 79. A linked composite woven fabric structural, which comprises: a lattice having a plurality of woven structures intersecting in a plurality of joints, to define openings therebetween; the plurality of woven structures intersecting in a plurality of joints, to define openings therebetween; comprising a portion of the warp and / or weft yarns, load bearing yarns, the load bearing yarns being high tenacity, high modulus, and low elongation yarns; and the joints of the bound composite woven fabric comprising at least one fusible polymer component, said meltable polymer component having been derived from a fusible polymer component containing link fiber which encapsulates and bonds the yarns at the links of the lattice, strengthen the textile. SUMMARY The linked composite woven fabric textiles are formed of woven polymer fibers. The textile is formed of at least two, and preferably three or four polymer components. The first component, or load bearing member, is a single filament or multiple filament yarn of high tenacity, high modulus, and low elongation. The second component is a fusible polymer in the form of a wire or in another form that encapsulates and links the adjacent load bearing wires. The third component is an optional effect or volume thread. The fourth component is a conventional multi-filament warp knitting stitch, to form the fabric structure of the woven fabric. Woven textiles of the present invention can be formed by any conventional weaving technique, i.e., weft insertion warp weft, warp insert weave fabric, and weft and weft insertion weave. At least a portion of the extended warp and / or weft yarns is load bearing yarns of the first component. Specific resistance characteristics can be created, and if desired, periodically variables, in the finished product, by varying the number, location, and type of fibers of the fiber component. The second encapsulating and linking polymer component is used as required to improve the structural integrity, the initial modulus, the stiffness, and the durability of the finished product. The effect or volume yarns are used as extended warp and / or weft yarns, as required, to increase the volume and cross section profile of the finished product, in order to improve its effectiveness to mechanically and frictionally resist the movement when they are embedded in construction fill materials. * * * * *