Divine right of kings

Divine right of kings
doctrine (en)

A addinin Kiristanci na Turawa, haƙƙin Sarki na sarakuna, haƙƙin Sarki, ko wajabcin Sarki, koyarwa ce ta siyasa da addini na halaccin siyasa na sarauta . Ana kuma santa da ka'idar hakkin Allah ta sarauta .

Haƙƙin allahntaka na sarakuna, ko ka'idar dama-dama ta allahntaka na sarauta, koyarwa ce ta siyasa da addini ta halaccin sarauta da siyasa. Ya nuna cewa sarki ba shi da iko a duniya, yana samun ikonsa na yin sarauta kai tsaye daga nufin Allah. Saboda haka sarkin ba ya ƙarƙashin nufin mutanensa, manyan sarakuna, ko wani yanki na daular, ciki har da (a ganin wasu, musamman a ƙasashen Furotesta) coci.

A cikin cikakkiyar siffarsa, Haƙƙin Allahntaka na Sarakuna yana da alaƙa da Henry VIII na Ingila (da Ayyukan Mulki ), James VI da I na Scotland da Ingila, Louis XIV na Faransa, da magajin su.

Akasin haka, tunanin yancin ɗan adam ya fara tasowa ne a tsakiyar zamanai ta hanyar masana irin su St. Thomas Aquinas (duba Dokar Halitta ) kuma masu tunani na Zamanin Hayewa, misali John Locke ne suka tsara su. 'Yanci, mutunci, 'yanci da daidaito misalai ne na muhimman haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam.

Haƙƙin Allah ya kasance maɓalli na haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka na manyan masarautu da yawa, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ikonsu da yancin yin mulki. Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa amma daban-daban sun haɗa da Caesaropapism (cikakken ƙarƙashin bishops da dai sauransu zuwa ikon duniya), Supremacy (mulkin shari'a na dokokin farar hula akan dokokin Ikilisiya), Absolutism (wani nau'i na mulkin mallaka ko mulkin mallaka wanda ba shi da iyaka. duk sauran cibiyoyi, irin su majami'u, majalisu, ko jiga-jigan jama'a) ko Azzalumi (cikakkiyar shugaba wanda ba shi da kamun kai ko da ta hanyar ɗabi'a ).

A tarihi, ra'ayoyi da yawa na haƙƙoƙi sun kasance masu iko da matsayi, tare da ba wa mutane daban-daban haƙƙoƙi wasu kuma suna da haƙƙi fiye da sauran. Alal misali, hakkin uba na girmama ɗansa bai nuna hakkin ɗan ya sami komowa daga wannan darajar ba. Hakazalika, haƙƙin Allah na sarakuna, wanda ya ba da cikakken iko a kan batutuwa, ya ba da haƙƙoƙi kaɗan ga waɗanda su kansu.

Wani lokaci ana nuna ta da kalmar " ta wurin alherin Allah " ko kuma makamancinta na Latin, Dei Gratia, wanda tarihi ya danganta da laƙabi na wasu sarakuna masu mulki. Ka lura, duk da haka, irin wannan lissafin ga Allah ba zai sa sarki ya zama sarki mai tsarki ba.

Les rois règnent par moi, dit la Sagesse éternelle: 'Per me reges regnant'; et de là nous devons conclure non seulement que les droits de la royauté sont établis par ses lois, mais que le choix des personnes est un effet de sa providence.

Khvarenah (kuma an rubuta khwarenah ko xwarra(h) : Avestan </link> xᵛarənah ; Persian </link> ) ra'ayi ne na Iran da Zoroastrian, wanda a zahiri yana nufin ɗaukaka, game da haƙƙin Allah na sarakuna. Wannan na iya samo asali ne daga al'adun Mesopotamiya na farko, inda ake ɗaukar sarakuna a matsayin alloli bayan mutuwarsu. Shulgi na Ur yana cikin sarakunan Mesofotamiya na farko da suka bayyana kansa a matsayin allahntaka. A mahangar Iran, sarakuna ba za su taba yin mulki ba, sai dai idan Khvarenah na tare da su, kuma ba za su taba fada ba har sai Khvarenah ya bar su. Misali, a cewar Kar-namag na Ardashir , a lokacin da Ardashir na Farisa da Artabanus na Biyar na Parthia suka yi yakin neman sarautar Iran, a kan hanya Artabanus da tawagarsa wani katon rago ya riske shi, wanda shi ma yana bin Ardashir. Masu ba da shawara kan harkokin addini na Artabanus sun bayyana masa cewa, ragon shi ne bayyanar khwarrah na tsoffin sarakunan Iran, wanda ke barin Artabanus zuwa Ardashir.

Ƙungiyoyin Imperial na zamanin d Roma sun gano sarakunan Romawa da wasu daga cikin iyalansu da ikon "ƙaddamar da Allah" ( auctoritas ) na ƙasar Roma . Bayar da al'adun gargajiya ga wani sarki mai rai ya yarda da ofishinsa da mulkinsa a matsayin wanda Allah ya yarda da shi kuma yana da tsarin mulki: Don haka ya kamata shugabansa ya nuna girmamawa ga gumaka na gargajiya na Republican da sauran abubuwa . Yawancin ibadodi, ayyuka da bambance-bambancen matsayi waɗanda ke nuna ɗabi'a ga sarakuna sun kasance a cikin tauhidi da siyasar Daular Kiristanci. ^[1]

Yayin da nassosin farko game da sarauta a Isra’ila suna shelar cewa “14 “Sa’ad da kuka zo ƙasar da Ubangiji Allahnku yake ba ku, kuka mallake ta, kuka zauna a cikinta, sa’an nan ku ce, ‘Zan naɗa mini sarki kamar Dukan al'umman da suke kewaye da ni,’ 15 “Kuna iya naɗa muku sarki wanda Ubangiji Allahnku zai zaɓa. Za ku naɗa ɗaya daga cikin 'yan'uwanku ya zama sarkinku. Kada ku naɗa muku baƙo, wanda ba ɗan'uwanku ba. "(K. Sha 17:14-15), Muhawara mai mahimmanci a kan halaccin sarauta ta ci gaba a cikin addinin Yahudanci na Rabin har sai Maimonides, ko da yake yawancin raƙuman ruwa sun ci gaba da yin watsi da ra'ayin.

An nuna gardama ta hanyar umarnin da aka ba Isra’ilawa a cikin nassin da aka ambata a sama, da kuma nassosin da ke cikin 1 Sama’ila 8 da 12, game da gardama kan sarauta; da Perashat Shoftim. ^[2] Daga 1 Sama’ila sura 8 ne Yahudawa suka karɓi mishpat ha-melek, the ius regium, ko kuma dokar sarauta, kuma daga wannan nassin Maimonides ya kammala cewa addinin Yahudanci yana goyon bayan tsarin sarauta, yana faɗin cewa an ba Isra’ilawa dokoki uku. Sa'ad da suka shiga ƙasar Isra'ila, su naɗa wa kansu sarki, su shafe Amalekawa, da gina Haikali. ^[3]

Muhawarar dai ta ta’allaka ne a kan matsalar da aka ce a nada sarki, wanda wasu majiyoyin malamai suka ce kira ne na adawa da hakki na Allah na sarakuna, da kuma kira na a zabi shugaba, sabanin ra’ayi na Ubangiji. dama. Wasu gardama na malamai sun gabatar da wani ra’ayi cewa ta wurin shawarar gama-garin mutane ne nufin Allah ya bayyana, don haka sarkin yana da hakki na Allah – da zarar al’umma ta nada shi, manzon Allah ne.

Dokar Yahudawa ta bukaci mutum ya karanta albarka ta musamman sa’ad da ya ga sarki: “Albarka tā tabbata gare ka, Ubangijinmu, Sarkin dukan halitta, wanda ya ba da jiki da jini daga ɗaukakarsa.” ^[4]

Tare da haɓakar bindigogi, ƙasashe-ƙasa da sauye-sauye na Furotesta a ƙarshen karni na 16, ka'idar hakkin allahntaka ta tabbatar da cikakken ikon sarki a cikin al'amuran siyasa da na ruhaniya. Henry na VIII na Ingila ya ayyana kansa a matsayin Babban Shugaban Cocin Ingila kuma ya yi amfani da ikon sarauta fiye da kowane magabata.

A matsayin ka'idar siyasa, James VI na Scotland (1567-1625) ya haɓaka ta kuma ya zo kan gaba a Ingila a ƙarƙashin mulkinsa a matsayin James I na Ingila (1603-1625). Louis XIV na Faransa (1643-1715) ya inganta ka'idar sosai.

Masanin tarihi JP Sommerville ya jaddada ka'idar ta kasance mai ma'ana: "Masu bin ka'idar Absolutists sun daukaka ikon sarauta. Sun yi haka ne don kare jihar daga rashin zaman lafiya da kuma karyata ra'ayoyin masu ra'ayin juriya", wadanda suke a Biritaniya Katolika da na Presbyterian theorists. ^[5]

Ma’anar haƙƙin Allah ta ƙunshi, amma ta ƙaru, tsohuwar ra’ayin Kiristanci na “haƙƙin da Allah ya ba sarki”, wanda ke koyar da cewa “Allah ya shafe ‘yancin yin mulki”, [ana buƙatar hujja]</link>Ko da yake ana samun wannan ra'ayin a cikin wasu , ciki har da al'adun Aryan da Masarawa .

A cikin addinan arna, sau da yawa ana ganin sarki a matsayin Allah cikin jiki, haka nan ya kasance mai ɗorewa da ba za a iya kalubalantarsa ba. Tsohuwar al'adar Roman Katolika ta ci nasara da wannan ra'ayin tare da koyaswar takuba biyu don haka an samu, a karon farko, daidaitaccen tsarin mulki na jihohi. Zuwan Furotesta ya ga wani abu na komawa ga ra'ayin ɓatanci kawai wanda ba za a iya kalubalantarsa ba.

Ra’ayin Kirista na haƙƙin Allah na sarakuna ya biyo bayan labarin da aka samu a 1 Sama’ila, inda annabi Sama’ila ya naɗa Saul kuma Dauda ^[6] a matsayin Almasihu (“shafaffe”)—sarkin Isra’ila. A cikin al’adun Yahudawa, rashin shugabanci na Allah da shafaffe yake wakilta, ya soma jim kaɗan bayan mutuwar Joshua, ya sa mutanen Isra’ila su kasance masu rauni, kuma alkawarin “ƙasar alkawari” bai cika cika ba har sai an naɗa sarki. da annabi a madadin Allah.

An ga tasirin shafewa shi ne cewa sarkin ya zama wanda ba shi da ƙarfi, don ko da Saul ya nemi ya kashe Dauda, Dauda ba zai ɗaga hannunsa a kansa ba domin “Shi keɓaɓɓen Ubangiji ne”. Don haka ana ɗaukan ɗaga hannu ga sarki a matsayin abin tsarki kamar ɗaga hannu gāba da Allah da tsayawa kan ƙafa ɗaya kamar saɓo. Haƙiƙa, sarkin ya tsaya a madadin Allah kuma ba za a taɓa ƙalubalantarsa ba “ba tare da an zarge shi da yin saɓo ba” - sai da annabi, wanda a ƙarƙashin Kiristanci aka maye gurbinsa da coci.

Kodayake daular Romawa ta ƙarshe ta haɓaka ra'ayin Turawa na wani sarki na Allahntaka a Late Antiquity, Adomnan na Iona ya ba da ɗaya daga cikin rubutaccen misalan rubuce-rubucen farko na ra'ayin sarakuna na yamma na mulki da haƙƙin Allah. Ya rubuta game da kisan gillar da Sarkin Irish Diarmait mac Cerbail ya yi kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa azabar Allah ta sauka a kan wanda ya kashe shi saboda laifin cin zarafin sarki.

Adomnan kuma ya rubuta wani labari game da Saint Columba da ake zaton mala'ika ne dauke da littafin gilashi ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya gaya masa ya nada Aedan mac Gabrain a matsayin Sarkin Dal Riata . Da farko Columba ya ki, sai mala’ikan ya amsa ta hanyar yi masa bulala da bukatar ya yi nadin domin Allah ne ya umarce ta. Mala'ikan guda ya ziyarci Columba a cikin dare uku a jere. A ƙarshe Columba ya yarda, kuma Aedan ya zo don karɓar nadi. A wajen nadin, Columba ya shaida wa Aedan cewa muddin ya bi dokokin Allah, to babu wani makiyinsa da zai yi galaba a kansa, amma da zarar ya karya su, wannan kariyar za ta kare, kuma bulalar da aka yi wa Columba da ita za ta kasance. ya juya wa sarki.

Koyaya, layin rarraba don iko da iko ya kasance batun muhawara akai-akai: musamman a Ingila tare da kisan Archbishop Thomas Beckett (1170). Alal misali, Richard I na Ingila ya bayyana a lokacin gwajinsa a lokacin cin abinci a Speyer a shekara ta 1193: " An haife ni a matsayi wanda ba shi da wani maɗaukaki sai Allah, wanda ni kaɗai ke da alhakin ayyukana ", kuma Richard ne ya fara. yayi amfani da taken " Dieu et mon droit</link> "("Allah da hakkina") wanda har yanzu shi ne taken Sarkin Burtaniya .

Thomas Aquinas ya yarda da karin zalunci na doka a cikin mafi munin yanayi:

Kings reign by Me, says Eternal Wisdom: "Per me reges regnant" [in Latin]; and from that we must conclude not only that the rights of royalty are established by its laws, but also that the choice of persons [to occupy the throne] is an effect of its providence.

A gefe guda kuma, Aquinas ya hana hambarar da duk wani halaltaccen sarki na ɗabi'a, Kiristanci da ruhaniya ta talakawansa. Ikon ’yan Adam kawai da zai iya tsige sarkin shi ne Paparoma. Dalili kuwa shi ne, idan wani batu zai iya hambarar da na gaba da shi saboda wata muguwar doka, wa zai yi hukunci a kan ko doka ba ta da kyau? Idan batun zai iya yin hukunci a kan nasa, to, duk wani iko na halal zai iya rushe shi bisa ka'ida ta hanyar yanke hukunci na na baya, don haka duk doka ta kasance cikin barazana akai-akai.

A cewar John na Paris, sarakuna suna da hukunce-hukuncen su kuma bishops (da Paparoma) suna da nasu, amma sarakunan sun sami mafi girman ikon su na wucin gadi daga amincewar jama'a. ^[7]

A ƙarshen Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar masana falsafa da yawa, irin su Nicholas na Cusa da Francisco Suárez, sun ba da ra'ayoyi iri ɗaya.

Ikilisiya ita ce mai ba da tabbaci na ƙarshe cewa sarakunan Kirista za su bi dokoki da al'adun tsarin mulki na kakanninsu da dokokin Allah da na adalci. ^[8]

Masanin tauhidin Ingilishi mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na John Wycliffe na Dominium yana nufin cewa raunin da sarki ya yi wa wani da kansa ya kamata su haifa ta hanyar biyayya, ra'ayi na al'ada, amma cewa raunin da sarki ya yi wa Allah ya kamata a yi haƙuri har ya mutu; Sarakuna masu zunubi da fafaroma sun ɓata hakkinsu (allahntaka) na biyayya da ikon mallakarsu, kodayake ya kamata a kiyaye tsarin siyasa. Lollards da Husites sun ɗauki ƙarin juzu'in wannan tashin hankali.

Ga Erasmus na Rotterdam shi ne yardar mutane wanda ke ba da kuma cire "purple", ^{[9] :95}ba wani umarni na Allah wanda ba ya canzawa.

Yiwuwar tsarin sarauta na raguwar ɗabi'a, ruguza dokokin halitta, da ɓarke zuwa cikin zalunci na zalunci na gama-gari an amsa ta tauhidi tare da ra'ayin Katolika na fifikon ruhaniya na Paparoma (babu "ra'ayin Katolika na karin zalunci na shari'a", kamar yadda yake. wasu suna ɗaukan ƙarya, irin wanda St Thomas Aquinas ya la'anta a babi na 7 na De Regno ).

Tunanin Katolika ya ba da hujjar ƙayyadaddun biyayya ga masarauta ta hanyar la'akari da masu zuwa:

1. Tsohon Alkawari, wanda Allah ya zaɓi sarakuna a cikinsa don su yi sarauta bisa Isra’ila, tun daga Saul wanda Allah ya ƙi shi ya goyi bayan Dauda, wanda zuriyarsa ta ci gaba (aƙalla a mulkin kudancin ) har zuwa bauta a Babila .
2. Sabon Alkawari, wanda Paparoma na farko, Bitrus, ya ba da umarni cewa dukan Kiristoci su girmama Sarkin Roma, ^[10] ko da yake, a lokacin, shi har yanzu sarki arna ne. Bulus ya yarda da Bitrus cewa talakawa su kasance masu biyayya ga masu iko domin Allah ne ya naɗa su, kamar yadda ya rubuta a cikin Wasiƙarsa zuwa ga Romawa. ^[11] Haka nan, Yesu Kristi ya yi shelar a cikin Linjilar Matta cewa mutum ya “ba wa Kaisar abubuwan da ke na Kaisar”; wato da farko, a zahiri, biyan haraji a matsayin ɗaure waɗanda ke amfani da kuɗin daular. ^[12] Yesu ya gaya wa Fontius Bilatus cewa ikonsa na gwamnan Roma na Yahudiya ya fito daga sama bisa ga Yohanna 19:10-11.
3. Amincewar da Fafaroma da Ikilisiya na layin sarakuna suka fara da sarakuna Constantine da Theodosius, daga baya sarakunan Romawa na Gabas, kuma a ƙarshe Sarkin Roma na Yamma, Charlemagne da magajinsa, sarakunan Roman Katolika masu tsarki .

  Haƙƙin allahntaka na sarakuna, ko ka'idar dama-dama ta allahntaka na sarauta, koyarwa ce ta siyasa da addini ta halaccin sarauta da siyasa. Ya nuna cewa sarki ba shi da iko a duniya, yana samun ikonsa na yin sarauta kai tsaye daga nufin Allah. Saboda haka sarkin ba ya ƙarƙashin nufin mutanensa, manyan sarakuna, ko wani yanki na daular, ciki har da (a ganin wasu, musamman a ƙasashen Furotesta) coci.

Mafi rauni ko mafi matsakaicin nau'i na wannan ka'idar siyasa ya ɗauka, duk da haka, cewa sarki yana ƙarƙashin Ikilisiya da Paparoma, ko da yake ba za a iya zarginsa ba ta wasu hanyoyi; amma bisa ga wannan koyarwar a cikin ƙaƙƙarfan siffarta, Allah ne kaɗai zai iya hukunta sarki azzalumi.

Koyarwar tana nuna cewa duk wani ƙoƙari na tsige sarki ko taƙawa ikonsa ya saba wa nufin Allah kuma yana iya zama aikin ibada.

Ponet's treatise comes first in a new wave of anti-monarchical writings ... It has never been assessed at its true importance, for it antedates by several years those more brilliantly expressed but less radical Huguenot writings which have usually been taken to represent the Tyrannicide-theories of the Reformation.

— A.G. Dickens^[13]

James VI na Scotland ne ya rubuta litattafan koyarwa na ikon allahntaka na sarakuna a cikin 1597-1598. Basilikon Doron, littafin jagora kan ikon sarki, an rubuta shi don gina ɗansa Henry Frederick ɗan shekara huɗu cewa sarki “ya yarda da kansa ya naɗa wa jama’arsa, bayan da ya karɓi nauyin mulki daga wurin Allah, wanda dole ne ya kasance da shi. kirga".

Tunanin naɗawa ya zo da daidaici maras magana da cocin Anglican da Katolika, amma mafi girman kwatance a cikin ' Basilikon Doron ' na James VI na dangantakar uba da 'ya'yansa ne. "Kamar yadda babu wani rashin da'a na uba da zai 'yantar da 'ya'yansa daga biyayya ga doka ta biyar ." ^[14]

James, bayan ya zama James I na Ingila, shima ya buga Defence of Right of Sarakuna a gaban ka'idodin Ingilishi na haƙƙin shahara da na malamai.

Ya kafa ka'idodinsa a wani bangare bisa fahimtarsa na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin jawabin da aka yi wa majalisa a 1610 a matsayin James I na Ingila:

Maganar Yakubu ga “mahukuntan Allah” a bayyane yake nuni ne ga nassi a Romawa 13 inda Bulus ya yi nuni ga “masu hidima na Allah”.

A Ingila, ba tare da mahimmanci ba cewa riguna na sacerdotal, wanda malamai suka yi watsi da su - dalmatic, alb da sata - sun ci gaba da kasancewa cikin alamun sarki (duba Coronation of the British monarch ). Bugu da ƙari, wannan ɗabi'a mai tsarki da ya samu ba ta wurin “tsarki” ba, amma ta haƙƙin gado; nadin sarauta, shafewa da sutura ba su ne kawai na zahiri da bayyane alama ce ta alherin Allah wanda ke manne da mai mulki ta hanyar laƙabinsa. Hatta sarakunan Katolika na Roman Katolika, kamar Louis XIV, ba za su taɓa yarda cewa naɗin da babban Bishop ɗin ya yi ya ƙunshi wani ɓangare na takensu na sarauta ba; bai wuce tsarkake sunan su ba. ^[15]

Limamin Faransa Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet ya yi magana ta yau da kullun na koyarwar hakkin Allah a cikin wa'azin da aka yi a gaban Sarki Louis XIV: ^[16]

Hakiman Huguenot na Faransa da limamai, da suka ƙi Paparoma da Cocin Katolika, an bar su ne kawai da iko mafi girma na sarki wanda, kamar yadda suke koyarwa, kowa ba zai iya cin nasara ko yanke hukunci ba. Tun da yake babu sauran ikon da zai iya jurewa sarautar Paparoma kuma tun da Cocin Ingila wata halitta ce ta kasa kuma ta kasance mai biyayya gare ta, wannan yana nufin cewa babu wani abin da zai daidaita ikon sarki, kuma ya zama cikakken iko. . A ra'ayi, dokokin Allah, na halitta, na al'ada, da tsarin mulki har yanzu suna da iko a kan sarki, amma, rashin ikon ruhaniya mafi girma, yana da wuya a ga yadda za a iya aiwatar da su tun da sarki ba zai iya fuskantar shari'a ta kowane kotu nasa ba. .

Wani sashe a cikin nassi mai goyan bayan ra'ayin ikon allahntaka na sarakuna Martin Luther yayi amfani da shi, lokacin da yake roƙon hukumomin duniya su murkushe Tawayen Baƙi na 1525 a Jamus a cikin Against the Murderous, Barawo Hordes of Peasants, yana kafa hujjarsa akan wasiƙar Bulus. ga Romawa. ^[17]

Yana da alaƙa da falsafancin Katolika na dā game da sarauta, wanda sarki ne mataimakin Allah a duniya kuma saboda haka ba shi da iko kaɗan.

Kafin gyarawa sarki shafaffu ya kasance, a cikin mulkinsa, mataimaki na Allah don dalilai na duniya (duba Rigimar Investiture ); bayan gyare-gyare ya (ko ita idan sarauniya tayi murabus ) ya zama wannan a cikin jihohin Furotesta don dalilai na addini kuma.

A karni na goma sha shida, masu ra'ayin siyasa na Katolika da na Furotesta duka sun kalubalanci ra'ayin "yancin allahntaka" na sarki.

Masanin tarihin Katolika na Spain Juan de Mariana ya gabatar da hujjar a cikin littafinsa De rege et regis institutione (1598) cewa tun da aka kafa al'umma ta hanyar "yarjejeniya" a tsakanin dukkan membobinta, "babu shakka za su iya kira a matsayin "yarjejeniya". king to account". Don haka Mariana ta ƙalubalanci ra'ayoyin Allah na gaskiya ta wurin cewa a wasu yanayi, zalunci zai iya zama barata.

Cardinal Robert Bellarmine kuma "bai yarda cewa cibiyar daular tana da wani izini na Allah ba" kuma ya yi imani da Mariana cewa akwai lokutan da Katolika za su iya cire wani sarki bisa doka.

A cikin 1553, Mary I, ’yar Katolika ta Roman, ta gaji ɗan’uwanta na Furotesta, Edward VI, zuwa kursiyin Ingilishi. Maryamu ta fara ƙoƙarin maido da Roman Katolika ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa: An soke dokokin addini na Edward a cikin Dokar Sake Kashe (1553); an soke dokokin addinin Furotesta da aka yi a zamanin Henry na VIII ; da kuma Farfado da Ayyukan Bidi'a an zartar a ƙarshen 1554.

Lokacin da Thomas Wyatt ƙarami ya haifar da abin da aka fi sani da tawayen Wyatt a farkon 1554, John Ponet, babban malamin coci a cikin ƙaura, da ake zargin ya shiga cikin tawaye. Ya tsere zuwa Strasbourg bayan Tawaye ta shan kashi, kuma, a shekara ta gaba, ya buga A Shorte Treatise of Politike Power, a cikin abin da ya gabatar da ka'idar baratar adawa ga masu mulkin duniya.

1. ↑ Allen Brent, The Imperial Cult and the Development of Church Order: Concepts and Images of Authority in Paganism and Early Christianity before the Age of Cyprian (Brill, 1999)
2. ↑ Polish, David (1991). "RABBINIC VIEWS ON KINGSHIP — A STUDY IN JEWISH SOVEREIGNTY". Jewish Political Studies Review. 3 (1/2): 67–90. ISSN 0792-335X. JSTOR 25834198.
3. ↑ Polish, David (Spring 1991). "RABBINIC VIEWS ON KINGSHIP — A STUDY IN JEWISH SOVEREIGNTY". Jewish Political Studies Review. Jerusalem: Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. 3 (1/2): 67–90. ISSN 0792-335X. JSTOR 25834198.
4. ↑ Shurpin, Yehuda. "Rabbi, Is There a Blessing for the Czar? How about the president?". Chabad.
5. ↑ Burgess, Glenn (1992). "The Divine Right of Kings Reconsidered". The English Historical Review. 107 (425): 837–861. doi:10.1093/ehr/CVII.CCCCXXV.837. ISSN 0013-8266. JSTOR 574219.
6. ↑ "1 Samuel 16". Biblegateway. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
7. ↑ Werbos, Chris; Latham, Andrew (6 April 2020). "The Medieval Foundations of the Theory of Sovereignty". E-International Relations. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
8. ↑ Similarly, the Chinese concept of Mandate of Heaven required that the emperor properly carry out the proper rituals and consult his ministers; however, this concept made it extremely difficult to undo any acts carried out by an ancestor.
9. ↑ Kloss, Waldemar (1907). "Erasmus's Place in the History of Philosophy". The Monist. 17 (1): 84–101. doi:10.5840/monist190717138. ISSN 0026-9662. JSTOR 27900019.
10. ↑ 1 Peter 2:13–20
11. ↑ Romans 13:1–7
12. ↑ See Matthew 22:15–22
13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Dickens391
14. ↑ that is, the commandment: "Honor your father ..." etc.,... but to be according to the law, yet is he not bound thereto but of his goodwill ..."
15. ↑ Phillip 1911. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPhillip1911 (help)
16. ↑ Empty citation (help)
17. ↑ Romans 13:1–7
18. ↑ Passional Christi und Antichristi Full view on Google Books