Without optical sense there is another way of conveying spatial information in an accessible way by providing a tactile experience. Usually, these are 'offline' methods by using swell papers or embossers to generate a surface representing graphics.

I wanted to make a "display" that can provide such tactile surface directly from the computer. Of course, it would be a huge effort (and pretty heavy) to build a surface with tens of thousands of actuators to poke out little dots, so instead let's just strap a small amount of actuated dots just covering the fingertip under the finger and actuate them depending on where the finger is in the image. A display for the blind, let's call it blisplay.

I have to apologize to visually impaired readers of this README as it contains are a couple of pictures in here which make it less accessible. But these hopefully help your sighted peers to get them started building the device. To make up for it, there are some explanations that might sound lengthy and detailed to sighted readers - these are part of the proverbial thousand words describing the pictures.

There is a simple direct way to do it: mount a camera under the set of tactile pixels, watching the optical image underneath, directly translating optical to tactile information; while moving the finger over the surface, the image underneath will be translated to tactile information, allowing the user to experience the full image by following the lines on the surface. This is the first implementation as it is straightforward.

So the first prototype is sitting on a stand-off to be able to watch the surface underneath.

| -----------------------------------|-------------------------| Blisplay assembly rendering | Photo of the actual unit|

Another way is to show a picture directly from a computer by having it watch the position of the finger and present the pixels representing the current covered area. There are various ways doing it, e.g. with a graphic tablet encoding the absolute position. Or, these days, it should be easy with the ubiquitous smart-phones: load an image on the phone and point its camera to the surface the hand is moving over; with simple image processing, we can follow the finger relative to the background and send the right tactile pattern to the device.

The design goal of this project is to make it simple to build by some technically inclined person for their blind peers.

Right now, I am working on hashing out the most practical way to do so. The first prototype is already pretty simple, but some more simplification needs to be done (in particular for the coil wiring, see below).

I would hope for build parties in the future in which hacker-spaces build devices for their local blind community and improve on the design based on the feedback.

The first prototype is assembled and shows desirable functionality and force of the actuators. The ADNS-3050 chip used as camera is connected but has yet to be debugged to get some reading of the frame; also the lens-assembly for getting an image on the sensor has to be worked on.

The current device is a little bit bulky (about 45mmx90mm), but ideas lined-up for a second prototype will reduce that. Current resolution is about 2mm in a 4x6 grid (8mm x 12mm). This is already pretty close to the spacial resolution of finger-tips, but future iterations will hopefully improve that more.

What motivated all this ? I have a blind friend for whom I made tactile maps by gluing thread on paper or transferring graphics using swell-paper as well as other means to make graphical things accessible. But in particular I wanted to directly provide images from a computer without these detours.

In about 2006, I made the very first prototype of this project of a location aware pixel actuator, using a modified relay solenoid strapped to a pen of a graphics tablet. The single pixels was not very intuitive though as it requires a lot of scanning by finger. Fast forward do 2018, time to revisit this project and use 3D printing and hobbyist-affordable PCB making that came up in the meantime to make this much more useful.

There are several ways we could think of actuating raising dots to get the tactile experience. One of the most important constraints though will be size: we need to have these pixels reasonably dense and a few of them to be able to be useful. In the first prototype, these are 4x6 pixels in a 2mm grid (somewhat diagonal grid as we see later). Also, ideally we can modulate the force of the pixels to emulate different elevations.

The modulation constraint means that we can't use a bi-stable solenoid but need to go with a moving coil or moving magnet approach.

The density constraint means that we need to optimize the use of the available volume for the moving parts and keep supporting structure (magnets, wiring, ...) out of the way.

So let's just do the first and simplest thing that comes to mind: use a conductor in a magnetic field, generating a Lorentz force. The conductor is made out of a PCB coil, essentially a square area with a protruding bit on one side (the tactile dot) and a fulcrum in the center other side.

To visualize (sighted readers also see this in the images): Let's imagine your left hand facing you with the thumb up. The hand represents the flat coil with a conductor going across the index finger towards your wrist, then down, and out again towards the pinkie.

The thumb is extended out and represents the little dot that will poke. This coil/hand is hinged at the tip of the middle finger. The magnetic field is going through the flat hand coming from the back of your hand at the top and at the bottom into your hand pointing towards the back.

With a current through the conductor, the top conductor will move up and so will the reversed bottom conductor through the reversed magnetic field. This coil will hinge and move the thumb up and down.

With a stack of these coils, we can have a lot of actuators in a pretty dense space. A stack of 12 coils are grouped in four stacks of three. In each triplet, the first coil has the protruding dot the furthest away from the fulcrum, the next 2mm in (as if the thumb was mounted more towards your index finger), the next 4mm in. That way, we can have three independently controlled pixels in that direction. The coils are made of 0.4mm thick PCB, so the stack can be made 2mm thick with some wiggle room to spare. With four of these triplets, we have 4x3 pixels with a 2 mm distance between adjacent pixels (but slightly diagonal due to the stacking).

In the following demonstration, the current direction is shown in the traditional plus to minus direction to align with the common Lorentz right-hand rule.

| | -----------------------------------------------|---------------------| Moving coil in magnetic field. Red arrow: varying current; Blue: static magnetic field; Green: resulting force | A triplet of coils with offset dots, stacked.

If we hinge two stacks right and left with the poky bits meeting at the center we have a 6x4 pixel arrangement.

| -----------------------------------------------|---------------------| View of all actuator blade coils. Hinged at opposite ends of the assembly, they allow 6x4 pixels in the center. | Closeup of pixels in prototype (here, only 22 pixels)

With each blade coil mounted, they can be individually controlled.

The coils need to be driven in the low hundreds of milliampere; for this simple transistor drivers are used (maybe in the future half-bridges ?).

The driving circuit for the coils are currently two identical boards with a shift register and ULN2803 open collector driver chips. The two chained boards are presenting itself as a 32 bit shift register to the microcontroller and has two LEDs and allow to connect up to 30 coils. The latch input is latching on the positive edge, so it can be used as an SPI client.

The component choice was based on what I had lying around at home, but a future iteration of this board will be more compact, e.g. by using NCV7751 chips that contain 12 drivers and an SPI interface in one package (or maybe TLE94112 with half-bridges).

| --------------------------------------|-----------------------------------| 15 Transistor serial driver board | ... for realz |

The controlling circuit right now is a simple ATTINY85 using SPI to communicate with the driver circuit and the ADNS-3050. Two pins are used as Chip Select for either the camera or the coil drivers.

This prototype is mounted on a raster board. The camera does not yet have an optical lens assembly as the readout still needs to be debugged.

A future version will likely use a Microcontroller with more pins (ATTINY44) to be able to also drive an additional 0.96" OLED display to help visualize while debugging.

Right now, the prototype design is still somewhat in flux, but you can already build a prototype. Mail me directly if you have specific questions while doing so.

You need to have OpenSCAD installed, then, in the top-level directory, type

 make

This will generate the following files inside a fab/ directory:

• print_yokes_magnetic_filament.stl yokes to be printed with magnetic filament (I found that magnetic filament is actually not that good. I ended up printing them hollow and fill with iron powder. The next prototype will just use simple iron parts from the hardware store).
• print_yoke_spacers.stl The spacers, to be printed with regular, non-magnetic filament.
• lasercut_sidewall.dxf the side-wall to elevate the assembly to have a free view below. These dimensions are super rough right now and will change once there is a lens-assembly on the camera.
• finger_cradle.stl is a hollow shape keeping the finger in place over the actuators. You might need to adapt parameters to your finger-diameter. (currently does not lock into the rest of the assembly, you might need some double-sided tape).
• The assembly_tool_spacer_holder.stl is not technically part of the blisplay, but a useful tool holding the parts while assembling.
• In the top-level directory, there is also a PostScript file coil-shape.ps describing the coil shape, which is converted to a DXF file by the Makefile. That is used for the PCBs, but are also imported in the OpenSCAD model. Don't worry about these, the generated DXF file is also checked in.
• For the assembly I am using magnets of size 38.1mm x 6.35mm x 6.35mm.

Right now, there are two printed circuit boards.

• The driver boards. These are in the driver-pcb/ directory. These are likely to change to be more compact. You can order them from OshPark (not affiliated).
• The coils: In the directory coil-pcb/, you find the program to generate the coil footprint and a simple KiCAD project putting the coil shape and the coil footprint together. Future versions will have a slightly different shape (wedge form) and different connecting pads. Unfortunately, OshPark does not do 0.4mm thick PCBs, so you have to use some other PCB service to make these.
• There is no microcontroller board yet, right now this is on a raster board. Once the optics is figured out, this (and possibly together with different driver chips) will be part of the next iteration.

Wiring up the coils is the most time-consuming currently. The coil-PCBs have solder points to solder wires to, but just soldering on even a 0.1mm thick enameled wire already makes them too thick to work well in the assembly.

So in the first iteration, I scratched a tiny groove with a scalpel into the PCB, then embedded the enameled wire into that grove and soldered it flat into there. Then insulation covered that with transformer lacquer. Future experiments certainly will attempt to make this less tedious, e.g. hot-bar flexible PCB on top of the board instead.

The coil PCB has pokey-bits for all three positions; once the coil is ready to mount, remove the unused ones with a side-cutter.

The coil PCB. Unused pokey bits are to be clipped off. Note the different lengths to accommodate the finger curvature.	Placing a wire in groove prepared with scalpel to keep wiring as flat as possible.

The wiring to the driver boards is currently via soldering, but that makes it a pain to assemble and hard to maintain. Thus future versions will use flat-flex connectors.

Finished coils, ready to mount.	Wiring of coils to driver board.

The code is in the src/ sub-directory. Build with the makefile there, then flash using an Atmel programmer via avrdude (make flash).

Any PCBs and 3D printed parts are Open Source Hardware licensed with CC-BY-SA license. Any code is licensed with the GPL v3.