Shown here is an example of a 1:2 planar balun. The red and blue represent two unique metal layers and the cyan represents their via. A complete balun might require additional capacitors to 'tune' the balun to the intended frequency. There will be no additional discussion on the electrical behavior of the balun. Other then that the turn ratios mentioned here are only to account for the physical turns, and will not always give the same expected electrical effect.
The balun shown above can be decomposed into a primary winding and a secondary winding. These are shown respectively from left to right.
Just so we are on the same page, the naming convention used for the various parts of the balun is shown here. In all the balun figures, only the secondary center-tap is shown.
| Tracks | Ports |
| Crossovers | Secondary Center-tap |
The various crossover structures are further broken down below, along with their naming convention. To preserve balun symmetry, only symmetrical crossovers such as -, X, XX, and Asterisk can be placed along the y-axis or the axis of the ports. This here, is definitely not an exhaustive collection of crossovers.
| Jumper or - | X | XX |
| unnamed | XI | *Asterisk |
Care is needed for the expansion of connections of this structure.
As more connections are added, more metal layers are needed, and the structure approaches the following:
So far, we have only dealt with the physical layout of the balun. We can represent the balun in graph form with vertices and edges to ease their analysis and synthesis. We start by replacing the tracks with vertices and the crossovers with edges. Then we utilize the symmetry and fold the vertices and edges about the y-axis. These steps are illustrated below.
| Balun with vertices and edges superimposed | Graph representation |
Some somewhat obvious observations/rules are listed below.
| Graph with emphasized portion in red | Notes |
|---|---|
| These vertices with a single edge are the ports. | |
| These vertices with a self loop are the center-tap locations. | |
| The upper row and lower row form two sets. With the exception of the port vertices, each vertex has exactly one edge to each set. | |
| These connected vertices form a path that is the secondary winding. The number of vertices in a set along a path is the number of turns in that winding. |
Believe it or not, this graph representation simplifies analysis and synthesis of planar baluns.
This class of balun is generally used as a 1:1 balun. Although ratios such as 1:2 can be realized, the distribution of the tracks may not result in a good electrical 1:2. The center-tap location is at the inner most winding, this may be inconvenient to access. Some examples are shown below:
| 1 Turn 1:1 Layout | 1 Turn 1:1 Graph |
| 2 Turn 1:1 Layout | 2 Turn 1:1 Graph |
| 3 Turn 1:1 Layout | 3 Turn 1:1 Graph |
| 3:5 Turn Layout | 3:5 Turn Graph |
This class of balun is probably best used as a 1:1 balun. Although ratios such as 1:2 can be realized, the distribution of the tracks may not result in a good electrical 1:2.
The center-tap location can be chosen on the second outermost winding. This is a convenient location and can be accessed without vias.
The minimum turns is 2. Also, for non 1:1 ratios, the turns on each winding must be even.
| 2 Turn 1:1 Layout | 2 Turn 1:1 Graph |
| 3 Turn 1:1 Layout | 3 Turn 1:1 Graph |
| 4 Turn 1:1 Layout | 4 Turn 1:1 Graph |
| 4:6 Turn Layout | 4:6 Turn Graph |
This class of balun is probably best used as a 1:2 balun. Although ratios such as 1:1 can be realized, the distribution of the tracks may not result in a good electrical 1:1.
The center-tap location for one winding can be chosen on the second outermost winding.
See the docstring in Balun_XI_Example for turn ratio limitations.
| 1:2 Turn Layout | 1:2 Turn Graph |
| 2:4 Turn Layout | 2:4 Turn Graph |
| 2:4 Turn Non-Expandable Layout | 2:4 Turn Non-Expandable Graph |
| 4 Turn 1:1 Layout | 4 Turn 1:1 Graph |
The motivation for these scripts is to simplify the generation of these complex structures for electromagnetic simulations. There are probably infinite ways to realize these types of baluns. Three of which are explicated with the example scripts.
python3 Balun_X_Example.pypython3 Balun_XX_Example.pypython3 Balun_XI_Example.py