A Python library for integrating model-based and judgmental forecasting

Quickstart | Docs | Examples

Note: We're no longer actively developing Ergo.

We'll relate three questions on the Metaculus crowd prediction platform using a generative model:

# Log into Metaculus
metaculus = ergo.Metaculus(username="ought", password="")

# Load three questions
q_infections = metaculus.get_question(3529, name="Covid-19 infections in 2020")
q_deaths = metaculus.get_question(3530, name="Covid-19 deaths in 2020")
q_ratio = metaculus.get_question(3755, name="Covid-19 ratio of fatalities to infections")

# Relate the three questions using a generative model
def deaths_from_infections():
    infections = q_infections.sample_community()
    ratio = q_ratio.sample_community()
    deaths = infections * ratio
    ergo.tag(deaths, "Covid-19 deaths in 2020")
    return deaths

# Compute model predictions for the `deaths` question
samples = ergo.run(deaths_from_infections, num_samples=5000)

# Submit model predictions to Metaculus
q_deaths.submit_from_samples(samples)

You can run the model here.

1. Open this Colab
2. Select "Runtime > Run all" in the menu
3. Edit the code to load other questions, improve the model, etc., and rerun

This notebook is closest to a tutorial right now:

• El Paso workflow
  • This notebook shows multi-level decomposition, Metaculus community distributions, ensembling, and beta-binomial and log-normal distributions using part of the El Paso Covid-19 model.

The notebooks below have been created at different points in time and use Ergo in inconsistent ways. Most are rough scratchpads of work-in-progress and haven't been cleaned up for public consumption:

1. Relating Metaculus community distributions: Infections, Deaths, and IFR

   • A notebook for the model shown above that uses a model to update Metaculus community distributions towards consistency

2. Model-based predictions of Covid-19 spread

   • End-to-end example:
     1. Load multiple questions from Metaculus
     2. Compute model predictions based on assumptions and external data
     3. Submit predictions to Metaculus

3. Model-based predictions of Covid-19 spread using inference from observed cases

   • A version of the previous notebook that infers growth rates before and after lockdown decisions

4. Metaculus questions data

   • Get rich metadata on open Metaculus questions

5. Prediction dashboard

   • Show Metaculus prediction results as a dataframe
   • Filter Metaculus questions by date and status.

6. El Paso questions

   • Illustrates how to load all questions for a Metaculus category (in this case for the El Paso series)

Outdated Ergo notebooks:

1. Generative models in Ergo

2. Predicting how long lockdowns will last in multiple locations

3. Estimating the number of active Covid-19 infections in each country using multiple sources

4. How long will the average American spend under lockdown?

5. Assorted COVID predictions

To install Ergo and its dependencies, we recommend PyEnv and Poetry:

1. Install PyEnv for managing Python versions
2. Install the Poetry package manager

Then:

mkdir my-ergo-project && cd my-ergo-project
pyenv install 3.6.9 && pyenv local 3.6.9
poetry init -n
# Edit pyproject.toml to set python = "~3.6.9"
poetry add git+https://github.com/oughtinc/ergo.git
poetry install

Now Ergo is available in your project:

poetry run python
>>> import ergo
>>> ergo.flip(.5)
DeviceArray(True, dtype=bool)

Ergo is an open source project and we love contributions!

See our instructions for contributors for more.

The theory behind Ergo:

1. Many of the pieces necessary for good forecasting work are out there:
   • Prediction platforms
   • Probabilistic programming languages
   • Superforecasters + qualitative human judgments
   • Data science tools like numpy and pandas
   • Deep neural nets as expressive function approximators
2. But they haven't been connected yet in a productive workflow:
   • It's difficult to get data in and out of prediction platforms
   • Submitting questions to these platforms takes a long time
   • The questions on prediction platforms aren't connected to decisions, or even to other questions on the same platform
   • Human judgments don't scale
   • Models often can't take into account all relevant considerations
   • Workflows aren't made explicit so they can't be automated
3. This limits their potential:
   • Few people build models
   • Few people submit questions to prediction platforms, or predict on these platforms
   • Improvements to forecasting accrue slowly
   • Most decisions are not informed by systematic forecasts
4. Better infrastructure for forecasting can connect the pieces and help realize the potential of scalable high-quality forecasting

Ergo is still at an early stage. Pre-alpha, or whatever the earliest possible stage is. Functionality and API are in flux.

Here's what Ergo provides right now:

• Express generative models in a probabilistic programming language
  • Ergo provides lightweight wrappers around Pyro functions to make the models more readable
  • Specify distributions using 90% confidence intervals, e.g. ergo.lognormal_from_interval(10, 100)
  • For Bayesian inference, Ergo provides a wrapper around Pyro's variational inference algorithm
  • Get model results as Pandas dataframes
• Interact with the Metaculus and Foretold prediction platforms
  • Load question data given question ids
  • Use community distributions as variables in generative models
  • Submit model predictions to these platforms
    • For Metaculus, we automatically fit a mixture of logistic distributions for continuous-valued questions
  • Plot community distributions

WIP:

• Documentation
• Clearer modeling API

Planned:

• Interfaces for all prediction platforms
  • Search questions on prediction platforms
  • Use distributions from any platform
  • Programmatically submit questions to platforms
  • Track community distribution changes
• Common model components
  • Index/ensemble models that summarize fuzzy large questions like "What's going to happen with the economy next year?"
  • Model components for integrating qualitative adjustments into quantitative models
  • Simple probability decomposition models
  • E.g. see The Model Thinker (Scott Page)
• Better tools for integrating models and platforms
  • Compute model-based predictions by constraining model variables to be close to the community distributions
• Push/pull to and from repositories for generative models
  • Think Forest + Github

If there's something you want Ergo to do, let us know!