This is the official implementation of the paper Multi-Spectral Remote Sensing Image Retrieval using Geospatial Foundation Models. The experiments are explained in our paper, and you find more information about Prithvi on Hugging Face.

GeoFM embeddings enable simple but accurate content-based image retrieval of remote sensing images. Optionally, the embeddings are compressed into smaller binary vectors to speed up the process and reduce memory usage. For each query image, similar images from the database are returned and sorted based on their distance to the query embedding.

The table presents the mAP@20 results for all evaluated models and datasets. We highlight the best-performing method in bold and underline the second-best one. LSH is reported with a 95% confidence interval based on five seeds as this method uses random hyperplanes.

The figure displays examples from two datasets with query images (left), their labels, and retrieved images (right) using Prithvi and the trivial hash method. Images with green frames indicate positive matches, while those with red frames have different labels. Orange shows partial correct matches, where the number represents the number of label matches within the multi-labels.

Create an environment and install the required packages with:

# create env
conda create -n "rsir" python=3.10
# activate env
conda activate rsir
# install pytorch (e.g., with CUDA 12.1, see https://pytorch.org for other versions)
pip install torch==2.1.1 torchvision==0.16.1 torchaudio==2.1.1 --index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cu121
# install requirements
pip install -r requirements.txt

We provide bash script for downloading the datasets. Run the following script from the project root:

# optionally specific the data directory (default: 'data/')
export DATA_DIR=data

# Download BigEarthNet (~66 Gb, ~1h)
sh datasets/bigearthnet_download.sh

# Download ForestNet (3 Gb, ~5 min)
sh datasets/forestnet_download.sh

You can download the model weights for Prithvi-100M from Hugging Face with the following commands.

mkdir weights
cd weights && wget https://huggingface.co/ibm-nasa-geospatial/Prithvi-100M/resolve/main/Prithvi_100M.pt

The weights are saved at weights/Prithvi_100M.pt but you can also update the path in the config file configs/prithvi_vit_us.yaml.

The weights for the vanilla ViT with RGB channels are downloaded automatically.

You can save the embeddings of a dataset with:

# Save embeddings
python inference.py -c configs/prithvi_vit.yaml --dataset ForestNet --split val
python inference.py -c configs/prithvi_vit.yaml --dataset ForestNet --split test

If you want to save the embeddings of all evaluated models and dataset versions, you can run:

bash inference.sh

Evaluate all saved embeddings with given

# Run experiments
python experiments.py --match any --distance_function hamming --hash_method trivial --hash_length 32
# You can also combine multiple methods
python experiments.py --match any --distance_function hamming --hash_method trivial,lsh,none --hash_length 32,768

You need a running Milvus instance for these experiments.

With saved BigEarthNet embeddings, run the experiments with:

python speed_test_milvus.py

If you want to run the experiments on another machine, connect to Milvus via ssh.

ssh <server> -L19530:localhost:19530

@article{RSIR2024,
  title={{Multi-Spectral Remote Sensing Image Retrieval using Geospatial Foundation Models}},
  author={Blumenstiel, Benedikt and Moor, Viktoria and Kienzler, Romeo and Brunschwiler, Thomas},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.02059},
  year={2024}
}