Lady Six Monkey (Mixtec: Ñuñuu Dzico-Coo-Yodzo; born before 1073 – died 1101) was a queen of the Mixtec city-state of Huachino ("Red and White Bundle" or "Bundle of Xipe") from approximately 1089 to 1101 in present-day Mexico. She controlled Huachino as its co-ruler alongside her husband, Lord Eleven Wind. Lady Six Monkey was also the heir to the throne of the city state of Jaltepec ("Belching Mountain"), through her descent from queen regnant Lady Nine Wind.
| Lady 6 Monkey | |
|---|---|
| Iyadzehe | |
 Depiction of the ruler in the Codex Zouche-Nuttall | |
| Queen of Jaltepec | |
| Reign | 1090 – 1101 |
| Predecessor | Lady Nine Wind 'Stone Quechquemitl', with Lord Ten Eagle 'Stone Jaguar' |
| Successor | Lord One Alligator 'Ballcourt Eagle' |
| Queen consort of Huachino | |
| Tenure | 1089–1101 |
| Born | Before 1073 Jaltepec |
| Died | 1101 Huachino |
| Spouse | Lord Eleven Wind 'Blood Jaguar' (from Huachino) |
| Issue |
|
| Mixtec | Ñuñuu 'Dzico-Coo-Yodzo' |
| Father | Lord Ten Eagle 'Stone Jaguar', King consort of Jaltepec |
| Mother | Lady Nine Wind 'Stone Quechquemitl', Queen regnant of Jaltepec |
Lady Six Monkey's career is described in many contemporary documents, particularly the Codex Selden. She is best known for her conflict against Eight Deer Jaguar Claw, a struggle that John M. D. Pohl of the Fowler Museum has described as "an Iliad of the Mixtec people".[1]
Life
editSix Monkey was born to Lady Nine Wind and Lord Ten Eagle, the rulers of Jaltepec, at some point before 1073.[2][3] She was the oldest surviving child of the family; she had three older brothers, but according to the Codex Selden, all three were sacrificed at Chalcatongo after being defeated in battle.[4][3][5] During her childhood, Six Monkey appears to have been tutored by a priest known as Lord Ten Lizard.[2][6] Codices also describe Six Monkey as traveling to a location called Skull Temple in 1083, where she consulted the oracle Lady Nine Grass for advice.[7][3]
Six Monkey married Lord Eleven Wind, the ruler of Huachino, in 1089.[8] She went on to have two children: Lord Four Wind, born in 1092, and Lord One Alligator, born in 1095.[9] After her marriage, Six Monkey aimed to consolidate her power. During this period, Six Monkey's ambassadors were insulted by the Lords Six Lizard and Two Alligator, leading her to consult Nine Grass again for assistance and military support. Once Nine Grass' support was secured, Six Monkey defeated both lords in battle and burned their towns.[5] Two Alligator was subsequently sacrificed at Jaltepec, while Six Lizard was sacrificed at Huachino.[8] Six Monkey changed her sobriquet after this victory; previously nicknamed "Serpent Quechquemitl", she instead adopted the name "War Quechquemitl".[5]
The most significant conflict of Six Monkey's reign was her war against Lord Eight Deer. Jansen and Perez Jimenez argue that Eight Deer was seeking to stamp out the descendants of his father's first wife; these descendants included Six Monkey's husband, Eleven Wind, thus entangling her in the conflict.[9] During this war, Eight Deer conquered Huachino in approximately 1101, and sacrificed both Eleven Wind and Six Monkey in the aftermath of his victory.[10] Some contemporary documents about Six Monkey's reign, such as the Codex Selden and Codex Añute, omit mention of her downfall and death.[8][9]
Six Monkey's eldest son, Four Wind, survived the conquest of Huachino. Four Wind would later go on to marry Eight Deer's daughter, Ten Flower, a marriage that was notable for uniting the royal dynasties of Jaltepec, Huachino, and Tilantongo.[11] Four Wind also went on to orchestrate the assassination of Eight Deer in 1115.[9][12] The strife between the families of Six Monkey and Eight Deer was reported in multiple codices, suggesting that Six Monkey's rise and fall was a well-known narrative in the region.[9]
References
edit- ^ Williams, p. 16.
- ^ a b Williams, p. 179.
- ^ a b c Jansen et al., 374.
- ^ Williams, pp. 179–180, 183.
- ^ a b c Marcus, Joyce (2001). "Breaking the Glass Ceiling: The Strategies of Royal Women in Ancient States" (PDF). Gender in Pre-Hispanic America. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2010.
- ^ Jansen et al., 440.
- ^ Williams, p. 183.
- ^ a b c Williams, p. 184.
- ^ a b c d e Jansen et al., p. 445.
- ^ Williams, p. 23.
- ^ Williams, p. 186.
- ^ Hermann Lejarazu, Manuel A. (2013). "Histories & Genealogies Through Images: Pre-Hispanic Mixtec Codices". Artes de Mexico. 109. JSTOR 24319038.
Bibliography
edit- Jansen, Maarten; Lladó-Buisán, Virginia M.; Snijders, Ludo, eds. (2019). Mesoamerican Manuscripts: New Scientific Approaches and Interpretations. Leiden: Brill.
- Williams, Robert Lloyd (2009). Lord Eight Wind of Suchixtlan and the Heroes of Ancient Oaxaca: Reading History in the Codex Zouche-Nuttall. Austin: University of Texas Press.