The Egyptian dog Abuwtiyuw,[1] also transcribed as Abutiu (died before 2280 BC),[2] was one of the earliest documented domestic animals whose name is known. He is believed to have been a royal guard dog who lived in the Sixth Dynasty (2345–2181 BC), and received an elaborate ceremonial burial in the Giza Necropolis at the behest of a pharaoh whose name is unknown.
| Abuwtiyuw in hieroglyphs | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ꜥbwtjw Name and transliteration following Reisner | |||||||
An inscribed stone listing the gifts donated by the pharaoh for Abuwtiyuw's funeral was discovered by Egyptologist George A. Reisner in October 1935. It was apparently part of the spoil material incorporated into the structure of a Sixth Dynasty mastaba (pharaonic-era tomb) after the demolition of the funerary chapel belonging to Abuwtiyuw's owner, where the stone likely had originally been installed. The white limestone tablet measures 54.2 × 28.2 × 23.2 cm (21.3 × 11.1 × 9.1 in). The inscription is composed of ten vertical rows of hieroglyphs, separated by vertical lines.
Abuwtiyuw appears to have been a sighthound, a lightly built hunting dog similar to a greyhound, with erect ears and a curly tail. The tomb in which his tablet was discovered is in Cemetery G 2100 in Giza West Field, close to the western side of the Great Pyramid of Giza (Pyramid of Khufu/Kheops).
Background
editHerodotus documents that in ancient Persia dogs were protected animals,[3] held in the highest esteem during their lifetime.[4] According to the ancient Greeks, dogs in ancient Egypt were treated with the same respect as they were in Persia, and were commonly mummified after death before being buried in family tombs.[4][5][6] The ancient Egyptians and others of the Near East believed that dogs were spiritual beings, similar to humans, and they were "often associated with particular deities and the powers they wield".[7] A number of the early dynastic royal burial grounds contain the graves of dogs, along with women and servants of the royal household.[8] Ashkelon cemetery in the Southern District of Israel is perhaps the best-documented dog cemetery in the ancient world, but dog mummies have been unearthed en masse in sites across Egypt including Rhoda in Upper Egypt,[9] Thebes, Abydos, and near Maghagha.[7]
The ancient Egyptians mummified many animal species, from cats and gazelles to crocodiles, baboons, and birds.[10][11][12] Typically, many animal species were consumed as meat after death, but it is highly unlikely that dogs would have been eaten.[13] Radiographs of exhumed dogs in the ancient world have revealed that the mummification process involved wrapping the embalmed bones together with bandages and placing them within a wooden statue of Anubis, the jackal-headed deity associated with mummification and the afterlife in ancient Egyptian religion.[13]
Discovery
editThe only source from which Abuwtiyuw is known is a stone inscription tablet that may have come from the funerary chapel of the dog's owner.[14] The tablet was apparently among spolia used to build another grave in approximately 2280 BC, a sixth-Dynasty mastaba, after the chapel's demolition.[1][2] It was discovered on 13 October 1935 by Egyptologist George A. Reisner during a joint Harvard University-Boston Museum of Fine Arts expedition, and removed from the site four days later.[15][16][17][18]
The find was recorded by the main expedition photographer, Mohammedani Ibrahim, who took more than 9,321 large-format glass-plate images on Reisner's expeditions.[19][20] The tablet is now held by the Egyptian Museum in Cairo (inventory number JE 67573).[21]
Neither the dog's grave nor mummy have been recovered.[22] The tomb in which the tablet was unearthed is in Cemetery G 2100 in Giza West Field, close to the western side of the Great Pyramid of Giza (Pyramid of Khufu/Kheops).[23][24] The white limestone tablet measures 54.2 × 28.2 × 23.2 cm (21.3 × 11.1 × 9.1 in) and is inscribed with ten vertical rows of hieroglyphs, separated from each other by vertical lines. Part of a leash is visible on the upper-right corner, suggesting that the tablet displayed an image of Abuwtiyuw with his owner.[22] Abuwtiyuw appears to have been a sighthound, a lightly built hunting dog similar to a greyhound, with erect ears and a curly tail.[25]
The text of the inscription translated by Reisner describes the gifts offered by the pharaoh in tribute at Abuwtiyuw's funeral:[26]
"The dog which was the guard of His Majesty, Abuwtiyuw is his name. His Majesty ordered that he be buried (ceremonially), that he be given a coffin from the royal treasury, fine linen in great quantity, (and) incense. His Majesty (also) gave perfumed ointment, and (ordered) that a tomb be built for him by the gangs of masons. His Majesty did this for him in order that he (the dog) might be Honoured (before the great god, Anubis)."[26]
Interpretation
editAlthough it was common to bury dogs in ancient Egypt, the funeral of Abuwtiyuw was unusually elaborate, an honour normally reserved for upper-class humans.[1] The pharaoh's gifts suggest that the corpse was mummified, as was commonly done with humans at the time, in the belief that the Ka (Egyptian soul) of the dead would enter into its afterlife through the ceremonial burial.[25]
Although no images of Abuwtiyuw have been found, the text characterizes him as ṯzm (Tesem), a lightly built hunting dog similar to a greyhound, with erect ears and a curly tail. The Tesem dog features in predynastic depictions, making it one of the oldest known breeds of dog, and images of it are common throughout Ancient Egyptian history.[25] According to Reisner, the name Abuwtiyuw is not fully translatable, but he surmised that ꜥbw ("abuw") is an onomatopoeic representation of a dog's bark, as this component often is found in Ancient Egyptian dog names.[25] Edward C. Martin Jr. claims that the name means 'With Pointed Ears', which would fit the description of the Tesem.[2]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ a b c Reisner 1936, p. 96.
- ^ a b c Martin 1997, p. 104.
- ^ Cavendish 2010, p. 138.
- ^ a b Hastings 2001, p. 512.
- ^ Teeter 2011, p. 8.
- ^ Hinkler 2006, p. 33.
- ^ a b Morey 2010, p. 182.
- ^ Spence 2008, p. 23.
- ^ Gardner Wilkinson 1837, p. 33.
- ^ Velde & Dijk 1997, p. 56.
- ^ Detweiler 2004, p. 170.
- ^ Lucas 2003, p. 349.
- ^ a b Ikram 2005, p. 24.
- ^ Reisner 1936, pp. 97–98.
- ^ Hayes 1990, p. 65.
- ^ Zahradnik 2009, p. 207.
- ^ G2188 Y.
- ^ G2188.
- ^ Photos: Abutiu.
- ^ Ragovin 2007.
- ^ "Ancient History Basics". Telemachus Ancient History Mentor Program, Department of Ancient History, Faculty of Arts, Macquarie University. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
- ^ a b Reisner 1936, pp. 96–97.
- ^ Miller 2012, p. 154.
- ^ Leach 1961, p. 283.
- ^ a b c d Reisner 1936, p. 99.
- ^ a b Reisner 1936, p. 97.
References
edit- Cavendish (2010). Ancient Egypt and the Near East: An Illustrated History. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-0-7614-7934-5.
- Detweiler, Laurie (January 2004). Old Testament and Ancient Egypt Teacher's Manual. Veritas Press. ISBN 978-1-932168-28-0.
- "G 2188 Y". Giza Diary, 1935. 13 October 1935. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
- "G 2188". Giza Diary, 1935. 17 October 1935. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
- Gardner Wilkinson, Sir John (1837). Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians. John Murray, Albemarle Street. p. 33.
- Hastings, James (October 2001). Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics: Algonquins-Art. Elibron.com. ISBN 978-1-4021-9433-7.
- Hayes, William Christopher (1990). The Scepter of Egypt: From the Earliest Times to the End of the Middle Kingdom. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-87099-190-5.
- Hinkler (1 February 2006). Discover Ancient Egypt. Hinkler Books, Penton Overseas, Inc. ISBN 978-1-74157-524-8.
- Ikram, Salima (2005). Divine Creatures: Animal Mummies In Ancient Egypt. American Univ in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-977-424-858-0.
- Leach, Maria (1961). God Had A Dog: Folklore of the Dog. Rutgers University Press. p. 283.
- Lucas, A. (1 April 2003). Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7661-5141-3.
- Martin, Edward C. Jr. (1997). Dr. Johnson's Apple Orchard: The Story of America's First Pet Cemetery. Hartsdale Canine Cemetery. ISBN 978-0-9659266-0-7.
- Miller, Steven (17 February 2012). Dogs in Australian Art. Wakefield Press. ISBN 978-1-74305-017-0.
- Morey, Darcy F. (12 April 2010). Dogs: Domestication and the Development of a Social Bond. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76006-5.
- "Photos: Abutiu". The Giza Archives. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
- Ragovin, Helene (Spring 2007). "Finding the Pharaohs". Tufts Magazine. Archived from the original on 26 July 2009. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
- Reisner, George Andrew (December 1936). "The Dog Which Was Honored by the King of Upper and Lower Egypt". Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts. 34 (206): 96–99. JSTOR 4170605.
- Spence, Lewis (August 2008) [1915]. Myths & Legends of Ancient Egypt. Wildside Press. ISBN 978-1-4344-7391-2.
- Teeter, Emily (13 June 2011). Religion and Ritual in Ancient Egypt. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84855-8.
- Velde, Herman te; Dijk, Jacobus van (1997). Essays on Ancient Egypt in Honour of Herman Te Velde. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-5693-014-1.
- Zahradnik, Eveline (2009). Der Hund als geliebtes Haustier im Alten Ägypten anhand von bildlichen, schriftlichen und archäologischen Quellen: Altes und Mittleres Reich (in German). Pro Business. ISBN 978-3-86805-408-8.
External links
edit- "Philology". Contains a photograph of the stone
- "Sketch of the inscribed stone found in Oct.17 of G 2188 Y". Giza Diary, 1935. Archived from the original on 2013-01-13. Retrieved 2012-10-14. Sketch of the stone showing interpretation of the hieroglyphs