Upper Kuskokwim language
| Upper Kuskokwim | |
|---|---|
| Dinakʼi | |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | Alaska (middle Yukon River, Koyukuk River) |
| Ethnicity | 160 Upper Kuskokwim (2007)[1] |
Native speakers | <5 (2020)[2] |
Dené–Yeniseian?
| |
| Latin (Northern Athabaskan alphabet) | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Alaska[3] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | kuu |
| Glottolog | uppe1438 |
| ELP | Upper Kuskokwim |
 Upper Kuskokwim is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
The Upper Kuskokwim language (also called Kolchan or Goltsan or Dinak'i) is an Athabaskan language of the Na-Dené language family. It is spoken by the Upper Kuskokwim people in the Upper Kuskokwim River villages of Nikolai, Telida, and McGrath, Alaska. About 40 of a total of 160 Upper Kuskokwim people (Dichinanek’ Hwt’ana) still speak the language.
A practical orthography of the language was established by Raymond Collins, who in 1964 began linguistic work at Nikolai.
Since 1990s, the language has also been documented by a Russian linguist Andrej Kibrik.[4][5]
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]| Labial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sibilant | lateral | ||||||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
plain | t ⟨d⟩ | ts ⟨dz⟩ | tɬ ⟨dl⟩ | tʃ ⟨j⟩ | ʈʂ ⟨dr⟩ | k ⟨g⟩ | ʔ ⟨ʼ⟩ | ||
| aspirated | tʰ ⟨t⟩ | tsʰ ⟨ts⟩ | tɬʰ ⟨tł⟩ | tʃʰ ⟨ch⟩ | ʈʂʰ ⟨tr⟩ | kʰ ⟨k⟩ | ||||
| ejective | tʼ ⟨tʼ⟩ | tsʼ ⟨tsʼ⟩ | tɬʼ ⟨tłʼ⟩ | tʃʼ ⟨chʼ⟩ | ʈʂʼ ⟨trʼ⟩ | kʼ ⟨kʼ⟩ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | s ⟨s⟩ | ɬ ⟨ł⟩ | ʃ ⟨sh⟩ | ʂ ⟨sr⟩ | x ⟨h⟩ | ||||
| voiced | z ⟨z⟩ | ɮ ⟨l⟩ | ʐ ⟨zr⟩ | ɣ ⟨gh⟩ | ||||||
| Sonorant | voiceless | n̥ ⟨ṉ⟩ | ||||||||
| voiced | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | j ⟨y⟩ | |||||||
| glottalized | nˀ ⟨n'⟩ | jˀ ⟨y'⟩ | ||||||||
Vowels
[edit]| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i ⟨e⟩ | u ⟨u⟩ |
| Near-close | ɪ ⟨i⟩ | ʊ ⟨w⟩ |
| Open | æ ⟨a⟩ | ɒ ⟨o⟩ |
/ɪ/ may range to either [ɪ] or mid as [ə].[6]
Morphology
[edit]Nouns
[edit]Nouns are divided into two classes: those which can be possessed, but do not have to be (such as clothing, animals and lake names) and those which are always possessed (such as body parts).
For the former group, some nouns that are possessed have a change in spelling and pronunciation when they are possessed. For example, the prefix "si-" indicates "my".[6]
| Upper Kuskokwim | English |
|---|---|
| tameł | fishnet |
| sitamela' | my fishnet |
| nitamela' | your fishnet |
| mitamela' | his/her fishnet |
However, other nouns that may be possessed do not undergo any sound changes, and instead the possession is indicated either by the separate possessive word sich'i, or by the prefix si-. For example, k'esh (birch tree) becomes sich'i k'esh (my birch tree) and tin (trail) becomes sitin ('my trail').[6]
Verbs can be changed into nouns with the suffix -e. This also causes sound changes in some verbs.[6]
Adjectives
[edit]There are few adjectives that modify nouns in Upper Kuskokwim. Adjectives are added after nouns, e.g. nilane gwṉ ('dried meat').[6]
| Upper Kuskokwim | English |
|---|---|
| chwh | big |
| goya | small |
| gwṉ | dried |
| hwts'aka | narrow |
Syntax
[edit]Upper Kuskokwim uses SOV word order. It is a partially inflectional and partially agglutinative language, and a pro-drop language.[6]
Dina
man
dineje
moose
izdlan.
he/she-caught
'The man caught a moose.'
Dineje
moose
izdlan.
he/she-caught
'He caught a moose.'
Yizdlan.
it-he/she-caught
'He caught it.'
Bibliography
[edit]- Alaska Native Language Center. Retrieved on 2007-03-14.
- Collins, Raymond; Collins, Sally Jo (January 2004). Dichinanek' Hwt'ana: A History of the people of the Upper Kuskokwim who live in Nikolai and Telida, Alaska. McGrath, AK. UK964C2004.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
References
[edit]- ^ Upper Kuskokwim language at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ The Alaska Native Language Preservation & Advisory Council (January 1, 2020). 2020 Biennial Report to the Government and Legislature (PDF). alaska.gov (Report).
- ^ Chappell, Bill (April 21, 2014). "Alaska OKs Bill Making Native Languages Official". The Two-Way. NPR.
- ^ "Kibrik Papers". Archived from the original on December 10, 2013.
- ^ "List of resources with contributor: Kibrik, Andrej A." Alaska Native Language Archive. Archived from the original on April 23, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g Petruska, Betty Esai; Collins, Raymond (1979). Upper Kuskokwim Athabaskan Junior Dictionary. Alaska Native Language Archive. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
Links
[edit]- Upper Kuskokwim Language and Culture Preservation (website in development)
- Dinak'i | Upper Kuskokwim Dictionary iOS app
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