Taxaceae

Taxaceae Temporal range: Early Jurassic–Present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N (possible Late Triassic records)
Foliage and mature arils of a yew plant
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Gymnospermae
Division:	Pinophyta
Class:	Pinopsida
Order:	Cupressales
Family:	Taxaceae S.F.Gray
Genera
Amentotaxus Austrotaxus Cephalotaxus †Diploporus Pseudotaxus Taxus Torreya Taxaceoxylon (fossil wood)
Synonyms
Austrotaxaceae Neger 1907 Cephalotaxaceae Kudo & Yamamoto 1931

Taxaceae (/tækˈseɪsi.iː, -ˌaɪ/), commonly called the yew family, is a coniferous family which includes six extant and two extinct genera, and about 30 species of plants, or in older interpretations three genera and 7 to 12 species.

They are many-branched, small trees and shrubs. The leaves are evergreen, spirally arranged, often twisted at the base to appear 2-ranked. They are linear to lanceolate, and have pale green or white stomatal bands on the undersides.^[1]

The plants are dioecious, or rarely monoecious. The catkin like male cones are 2–5 millimetres (0.079–0.197 in) long, and shed pollen in the early spring. They are sometimes externally only slightly differentiated from the branches. The fertile bracts have 2-8 pollen sacs.^[1][2]

The female 'cones' are highly reduced.^[1] Only the upper or uppermost bracts are fertile and bear one or rarely two seeds.^[2] The ovule usually exceeds the scale, although ovules are sometimes rarely enclosed by it. They may be found on the ends of branches or on the branches. They may grow singly or in tufts or clumps.^[2]

As the seed matures, a fleshy aril partly encloses it. The developmental origin of the aril is unclear, but it may represent a fused pair of swollen leaves.^[1] The mature aril is brightly coloured, soft, juicy and sweet, and is eaten by birds which then disperse the hard seed undamaged in their droppings. However, the seeds are highly poisonous to humans, containing the poisons taxine and taxol.^[3]

Species are mostly found in the tropics and temperate zones in the northern temperate. There are only a few species in the southern hemisphere.^[2]

Taxaceae is now generally included with all other conifers in the order Pinales, as DNA analysis has shown that the yews are phylogenetically nested in the Pinales,^[4] a conclusion supported by micromorphology studies.^[5] Formerly they were often treated as distinct from other conifers by placing them in a separate order Taxales. Ernest Henry Wilson referred to Taxaceae as "taxads" in his 1916 book.^[6] Taxaceae is thought to be the sister group to Cupressaceae, from which it diverged during the early-mid Triassic. The clade comprising both is sister to Sciadopityaceae, which diverged from them during the early-mid Permian.^[7] The oldest confirmed member of Taxaceae is Palaeotaxus rediviva from the earliest Jurassic (Hettangian) of Sweden. Fossils belonging to the living genus Amentotaxus from the Middle Jurassic of China indicate that Taxaceae had already substantially diversified during the Jurassic.^[8]

The broadly defined Taxaceae (including Cephalotaxus) comprises six extant genera and about 30 species overall. Cephalotaxus is now included in Taxaceae, rather than being recognized as the core of its own family, Cephalotaxaceae. Phylogenetic evidence strongly supports a very close relationship between Cephalotaxus and other members of Taxaceae,^[9][10][11] and morphological differences between them are not substantial. Previous recognition of two distinct families, Taxaceae and Cephalotaxaceae (e.g.,^[12]), was based on relatively minor morphological details: Taxaceae (excluding Cephalotaxus) has smaller mature seeds growing to 5–8 millimetres (0.20–0.31 in) in 6–8 months, that are not fully enclosed by the aril; in contrast, Cephalotaxus seeds have a longer maturation period (from 18–20 months), and larger mature seeds (12–40 millimetres (0.47–1.57 in)) fully enclosed by the aril. However, there are also very clear morphological connections between Cephalotaxus and other members of Taxaceae,^[13][14] and considered in tandem with the phylogenetic evidence, there is no compelling need to recognize Cephalotaxus (or other genera in Taxaceae) as a distinct family,.^[9][10]

Phylogeny of Taxaceae.^[15][16]

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