Sipunculus nudus

Sipunculus nudus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Annelida
Class:	Sipuncula
Order:	Golfingiida
Family:	Sipunculidae
Genus:	Sipunculus
Species:	S. nudus
Binomial name
	Sipunculus nudus; Linnaeus, 1766

Sipunculus nudus is a cosmopolitan species of unsegmented marine worm of the class Sipuncula, also known as peanut worms.

Description

As in all peanut worms, the body of S. nudus consists of a sac-like portion called the trunk and an eversible proboscis called the introvert. The mouth is located at the anterior end of the introvert and is surrounded by a group of tentacles. The body of the adult worm is around 15 centimetres (5.9 in) in length but can reach up to 25 cm (9.8 in) in some cases, of which about 3.5 centimetres (1.4 in) to 6 centimetres (2.4 in) correspond to the introvert.^[1]

The epidermis contains a series of longitudinal coelomic canals that are connected to the main coelomic cavity by pores. Below the epidermis there are circular muscles surrounding the body which, as the coelomic canals, are marked on the surface, making the animal's surface be marked by rectangular ridges.^[1]

Sipunculus nudus in Pula, Croatia.
Sipunculus nudus (front end) in Pula, Croatia.
Sipunculus nudus (body texture) in Pula, Croatia.

Distribution

Sipunculus nudus is commonly found on subtidal zones of sandy shores to seabeds 900 metres (3,000 ft) deep in temperate or tropical waters worldwide. The worm hides in sand burrows which it makes by itself during the day and may extend its tentacles out of the burrow to feed at night. Its diet consists of plant or animal tissue fragments and any surrounding sand it may ingest with it.

Recent research indicates that it is a complex of similar species around the world rather than one species, with at least "five distinct lineages identified by phylogenetic analyses".^[2]

Uses

Worm aspic (土笋凍 tǔsǔndòng), a specialty of Xiamen

The species is collected and sold as a model organism for various fields of science, as fish bait, or for human consumption. It is also sold and exported as a dried seafood product.

In particular, S. nudus is collected, cleaned of its innards, and eaten as a delicacy in the South Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, and Fujian. The worms are local delicacies in Beihai, Guangxi, where Běihǎi shāchóng (北海沙虫, lit. "Beihai sandworm") and sold in dried form to be fried as a snack or braised as an ingredient for a soup stock. In Xiamen, Fujian, the species is called tǔsǔn (土笋, lit. "earth bamboo shoot") and is braised and allow to gel in the liquid as eaten as aspic (t 土笋凍, s 土笋冻, tǔsǔndòng) in local restaurants.

Sipunculus nudus is also collected on islands in the northern Vietnamese province of Quang Ninh where sá sùng (local pronunciation of 沙虫) is used as an ingredient for pho stock.

References

^ ^a ^b Trueman, E. R.; Foster-Smith, R. L. (2009). "The mechanism of burrowing of Sipunculus nudus". Journal of Zoology. 179 (3): 373–386. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1976.tb02301.x. ISSN 0952-8369.
^ Kawauchi, Gisele Y.; Gonzalo Giribet (November 2013). "Sipunculus nudus Linnaeus, 1766 (Sipuncula): cosmopolitan or a group of pseudo-cryptic species? An integrated molecular and morphological approach". Marine Ecology. early online (4): 478. doi:10.1111/maec.12104.

External links

Friday Fellow: Common Peanut Worm at Earthling Nature.
Introduction to Sipuncula

[Trueman2009-1] Trueman, E. R.; Foster-Smith, R. L. (2009). "The mechanism of burrowing of Sipunculus nudus". Journal of Zoology. 179 (3): 373–386. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1976.tb02301.x. ISSN 0952-8369.

[Kawauchi-2] Kawauchi, Gisele Y.; Gonzalo Giribet (November 2013). "Sipunculus nudus Linnaeus, 1766 (Sipuncula): cosmopolitan or a group of pseudo-cryptic species? An integrated molecular and morphological approach". Marine Ecology. early online (4): 478. doi:10.1111/maec.12104.

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