Lorica (biology)

Part of a series related to
Biomineralization
General Mineralized tissues Remineralisation Biocrystallization Biointerface Biofilm
Exoskeletons (shells) Arthropod exoskeleton cuticle Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone gladius Lorica Choanoflagellate lorica Protist shell coccosphere coccolith diatom frustule foraminifera test testate amoebae Seashell echinoderm stereom mollusc shell nacre chiton shell gastropod shell small shelly fauna scaly-foot snail shell estuary shells Sponge spicule Test
Endoskeletons (bones) Vertebrate skeleton Bone mineral Ossification
Teeth, scales, tusks etc Limpet teeth Otolith otolithic membrane Scale microfossils Tusk
Calcification amorphous calcium carbonate marine biogenic calcification calcareous nannofossils Aragonite oolitic aragonite sand aragonite sea Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt
Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth
Other forms Bone bed Kerogen alginite oil shale Phosphate phosphorite Pyrena
Related Mineral evolution In soil mineralization immobilization Ballast minerals Magnetofossil Magnetosome Magnetotactic bacteria Magnetoreception Microfossils engrailed gene Druse Cupriavidus metallidurans Biomineralising polychaetes Mineral nutrients Microbial mat Fossilization permineralization petrifaction Burgess Shale preservation
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In biology, a lorica is a shell-like protective outer covering, often reinforced with sand grains and other particles that some protozoans and loriciferan animals secrete.^[1] Usually it is tubular or conical in shape, with a loose case that is closed at one end.^[2] An example is the protozoan genus Stentor, in which the lorica is trumpet-shaped. In the tintinnids, the lorica is frequently transparent and is used as a domicile.^[3] Halofolliculina corallasia has a lorica that is attached as an outer structure, and into which it retracts when disturbed.^[4]

There are three phases in the formation of lorica: agglomeration in a natural cast; helical extension; and stabilization.^[5]

During agglomeration, the organism collects and assembles particles from its environment. These particles are then used to construct the initial framework of the lorica.

In the helical extension phase, the lorica is extended and shaped, often with a helical or spiral growth pattern. This phase involves the secretion of materials by the organism to reinforce the structure.

The final phase, stabilization, involves the hardening and completion of the lorica. This process ensures that the lorica is durable and capable of providing effective protection.

The lorica serves several ecological roles:

• **Protection**: It offers physical protection against predators and environmental stresses.
• **Buoyancy**: For some planktonic organisms, the lorica can aid in maintaining buoyancy in the water column.
• **Habitat**: It provides a stable habitat for the organism, allowing it to carry out its life processes in a secure environment.

The original meaning of the word "lorica" is cuirass, a type of chest armor, originally made of leather, afterward of plates of metal or horn sewn on linen or the like.^[6]

Research on loricae has provided insights into the evolutionary adaptations and ecological strategies of microorganisms. Studies have focused on the structural diversity, material composition, and the genetic mechanisms underlying lorica formation.^[7]

• Chitin
• Periostracum
• Tectin

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