地震

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地震

1. earthquake (Classifier: 場／场 m; 次 m c)

   地震活動／地震活动  ―  dìzhèn huódòng  ―  seismic activity

   臺灣發生地震了。 [MSC, trad.]
   台湾发生地震了。 [MSC, simp.]

   Táiwān fāshēng dìzhèn le. [Pinyin]

   There was an earthquake in Taiwan.

   發生了大地震，大陸及港、澳、台三地藝人為了救災共襄盛舉，舉辦了多場演唱會。 [MSC, trad.]
   发生了大地震，大陆及港、澳、台三地艺人为了救灾共襄盛举，举办了多场演唱会。 [MSC, simp.]

   Fāshēng le dà dìzhèn, Dàlù jí Gǎng, Ào, Tái sān dì yìrén wèile jiùzāi gòngxiāngshèngjǔ, jǔbàn le duō chǎng yǎnchànghuì. [Pinyin]

   After the major earthquake, artists from the Mainland, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan all worked together to perform several concerts to collect funds for disaster relief.

   • 陽伏而不能出，陰迫而不能烝，於是有地震。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     阳伏而不能出，阴迫而不能烝，于是有地震。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Guoyu, circa 4^th century BCE

     Yáng fú ér bùnéng chū, yīn pò ér bùnéng zhēng, yúshì yǒu dìzhèn. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

2. (figuratively, usually in politics or business) shifting or shuffling of posts

   官場大地震／官场大地震  ―  guānchǎng dàdìzhèn  ―  a major change in government officials

• (literary, or in compounds) 震 (zhèn)

地震

1. (impersonal) to have an earthquake

   臺灣地震了。／台湾地震了。  ―  Táiwān dìzhèn le.  ―  There was an earthquake in Taiwan.

   • 後數日驛至，果地震隴西，於是皆服其妙。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
     后数日驿至，果地震陇西，于是皆服其妙。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Book of the Later Han, circa 5^th century CE

     Hòu shùrì yì zhì, guǒ dìzhèn lǒngxī, yúshì jiē fú qí miào. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Others:

• → Zhuang: dicin

• 餘震／余震 (yúzhèn, “aftershock”)

• (Mitsune) IPA^(key): [d͡ʑiɕiɴ]
• (Okago, Kashitate) IPA^(key): [d͡ʑiɕiɴ]
• (Nakanogo) IPA^(key): [d͡ʑiɕin]
• (Sueyoshi) IPA^(key): [ʑiɕin]

地震(じしん) (jishin) 

1. earthquake

/di t͡ɕin/ → /d͡ʑiɕiɴ/

From Old Japanese, in turn from Middle Chinese compound 地震 (MC dijH tsyinH). First cited to a text from 734.^[1]

• (Tokyo) じしん [jìshíń] (Heiban – [0])^[1][2][3]
• IPA^(key): [d͡ʑiɕĩɴ]

• (Kyoto) じ​しん [jíꜜshìn] (Kōki)^[1]

地(じ)震(しん) • (jishin) ^{←ぢしん (disin)?}

1. [from 734] an earthquake

• (archaic or dialect) 地震(ない) (nai), 地震(なえ) (nae)

• 地震(じしん)雷(かみなり)火事(かじ)親父(おやじ) (jishin kaminari kaji oyaji, “earthquake, thunder, fire, father → terms in order of fright”)

• 震源地(しんげんち) (shingenchi, “epicenter”)
• 前震(ぜんしん) (zenshin, “foreshock”)
• 余震(よしん) (yoshin, “aftershock”)

/nawi/ → */nawʲi/ → /naji/ → /nai/

From Old Japanese. First cited to 720 in the Nihon Shoki.^[4]

Apparently this term semantically first referred to the ground, and was used most in constructions like ないふる (naifuru, “the ground shakes”). Over time, this shifted via metonymy to refer to the shaking itself.^[4]

May be a compound of 土(な) (na, “ground”, possibly an apophonic form of ni, "earth, soil") + 居(ゐ) (i, “being”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of 居(ゐ)る (iru, “to be”, in a location; in modern Japanese, used of animate objects)).^[4][2]

The kanji spelling is jukujikun (熟字訓).

• (Tokyo) ない [náꜜì] (Atamadaka – [1])^[4]
• IPA^(key): [na̠i]

• (Kyoto) な​い [náꜜì] (Kōki)^[4]

地震(ない) • (nai) ^{←なゐ (nawi)?}

1. [720–???] (archaic, possibly obsolete or dialect) an earthquake
   • 720, Nihon Shoki (poem 94)

     於弥能姑能耶賦能之魔柯枳始陀騰余瀰(おみのこのやふのしばかきしたとよみ)那為(なゐ)我與釐拠魔耶黎夢之魔柯枳(がよりこばやれむしばかき) [Man'yōgana]

     臣(おみ)の子(こ)の八符(やふ)の柴垣(しばかき)下動(したとよ)み地(なゐ)が震(よ)り来(こ)ば破(や)れむ柴垣(しばかき) [Modern spelling]

     omi no ko no yafu no shibakaki shita-toyomi nai ga yorikoba yaremu shibakaki

     (please add an English translation of this example)

   • 1212, Hōjōki^[5]

     また、同(おな)じころかとよ、おびたゝしく大(おほ)地震(なゐ)ふること侍(さぶら)き。[...]　恐(おそ)れのなかに恐(おそ)るべかりけるは、只(ただ)地震(なゐ)なりけりとこそ覺(おぼ)え侍(じ)しか。[...]　よのつね、驚(おどろ)くほどの地震(なゐ)、二(に)三(さん)十(じふ)度(ど)ふらぬ日(ひ)はなし。

     Mata, onaji koro ka to yo, obi-tatashiku ō-nai furu koto saburaki. ...osore no naka ni osoru-bekarikeru wa, tada nai narikeri to koso oboe-ji shi ka. ...yo no tsune, odoroku-hodo no nai, ni-san-jūdo furanu hi wa nashi.

     (please add an English translation of this example)

/nawi/ → */nawʲi/ → /naji/ → /naje/ → /nae/

Appears in the Nippo Jisho.

Shift from nai, historical nawi (see above).^[6][2] First cited to the late 1400s.^[6]

The kanji spelling is jukujikun (熟字訓).

• IPA^(key): [na̠e̞]

• (Gokayama (Toyama)) なえ [nàé]^[7]

• (Notsu (Oita)) な​いぇ [náyè]^[7]

• (Kagoshima) なえ [nàé]^[7]

• (Kamikoshiki) なえ [nàé]^[7]

地震(なえ) • (nae) 

1. [from late 1400s] (archaic, possibly obsolete or dialect) an earthquake

   大(お)きななえが来(く)れば、恐(おそ)ろしいよ。

   Okina nae ga kureba, osoroshii yo.

   If a big earthquake occurs, it will be terrifying.

   • 1603, Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam (Nippo Jisho) [Vocabulary of the Language of Japan] (in Portuguese), Nagasaki, page 455:
     ^[8]

     Naye. ナエ(地震) 地震.Nayega yuru. (地震が揺る) 地震がする.

Compound of 地 (ji, “ground”) +‎ 震い (furui, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of classical Japanese verb 震ふ (furufu, “to tremble; to roar”), modern 震える (furueru)).^[9] The furui changes to burui as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

• (Tokyo) じぶるい [jìbúrúꜜì] (Nakadaka – [3])^[9]
• IPA^(key): [d͡ʑibɯ̟ɾɯ̟i]

地(じ)震(ぶるい) • (jiburui) ^{←ぢぶるひ (diburufi)?}

1. (dated, possibly obsolete) a shaking or trembling ground or earth

地震 • (jijin) (hangeul 지진)

1. hanja form^? of 지진 (“earthquake”)

地震

1. chữ Hán form of địa chấn (“earthquake”).