Reconstruction:Proto-Cariban/apina

This Proto-Cariban entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

*apina

1. the first-person exclusive dual pronoun; he and I, she and I, it and I
2. the first-person exclusive collective pronoun; they and I, we (exclusive)

It is unclear whether the full form *apina should be reconstructed for all descendants; some could equally well be reflexes of a simpler form *ina, in which case *ap- could be merely an additional element that appears in some branches only.

• Guianan:
  • Apalaí: yna
  • Kari'na: àna, ⇒ nàna
  • Proto-Taranoan: *anja
    • Akurio: anja
    • Carijona: aña
    • Trió: anja
  • Wayana: epna, emna
• Parukotoan:
  • Hixkaryana: amna
  • Kaxuyana: amna
  • Waiwai: amna
• Pekodian:
  • Bakairí: ina, ⇒ xina
  • ⇒ Ikpeng: tximna
  • ⇒ Pará Arára: tximna
• Venezuelan Cariban:
  • Chaima: amna
  • Mapoyan:
    • Yabarana: ehnë
  • Panare: ana
  • Pemongan:
    • Akawaio: ina, ña
    • Macushi: anna
    • Pemon: inna, ina
  • ⇒ Tamanaku: jumna
• Waimiri-Atroari: a'a
• Ye'kwana: nña
• Yukpan:
  • ⇒ Yukpa: nana

• Meira, Sérgio (2002) “A first comparison of pronominal and demonstrative systems in the Cariban language family”, in Mily Crevels, Simon van de Kerke, Sergio Meira and Hein van der Voort, editors, Current Studies on South American Languages‎^[1], Leiden: Research School of Asian, African, and American Studies (CNWS), Leiden University, →ISBN, pages 255–275
• Gildea, Spike, Doris Payne (2007) “Is Greenberg’s ‘Macro-Carib’ viable?”, in Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi: Ciências Humanas, volume 2, number 2, Belém, pages 19–72
• Meira, Sérgio, Bruna Franchetto (2005) “The southern Cariban languages and the Cariban family”, in International Journal of American Linguistics, volume 71, pages 127–192
• Florian Matter, editor (2021), “*(ap)ina”, in Comparative Cariban Database‎^[2], Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, retrieved 2024-02-01
• Meira, Sérgio (1998) A Reconstruction of Proto-Taranoan: Phonology and Inflectional Morphology‎^[3], Houston: Rice University, page 189
• Courtz, Hendrik (2008) A Carib grammar and dictionary‎^[4], Toronto: Magoria Books, →ISBN, page 323
• Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “nña”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[5], Lyon