Increase certificate creation throughput using CA pools

This page describes how you can increase the certificate creation rate using a certificate authority (CA) pool. For information about CA pools, see Overview of CA pools.

Overview

The certificate creation throughput is measured in queries per second (QPS). In a service mesh, the certificate creation throughput can be approximated using the following formula:

THROUGHPUT = (ACTIVE_WORKLOADS × ROTATION_FREQUENCY) + NEW_WORKLOADS_PER_SECOND

Replace the following:

  • ACTIVE_WORKLOADS: the total number of workloads that are running at any given time
  • ROTATION_FREQUENCY: the frequency at which the certificates are rotated per second
  • NEW_WORKLOADS_PER_SECOND: the rate at which new workloads are created

You can find the values for ACTIVE_WORKLOADS and NEW_WORKLOADS_PER_SECOND, in the Google Kubernetes Engine dashboards in the Google Cloud console. To determine the ROTATION_FREQUENCY for a service mesh, you must refer to the service mesh product's documentation. The ROTATION_FREQUENCY for Cloud Service Mesh defaults to once every 12 hours, which is 1/(12×60×60) or 1/43200 when converted into rotation frequency per second.

Example

Consider the example of a relatively stable cluster with long-lived workloads and few ephemeral workloads.

Variable name Value Description
ACTIVE_WORKLOADS 10000 10,000 workloads are expected to be running at any given time.
NEW_WORKLOADS_PER_SECOND 1 1 new workload is created every second.
ROTATION_FREQUENCY 1/43200 The certificates rotate every 12 hours.

Substituting these values in the formula for calculating certificate-creation rate gives a QPS value of 1.23.

Throughput = (10,000 / 43,200) + 1 = 1.23 QPS

A different cluster with more ephemeral workloads and shorter-lived workloads might have a higher value for NEW_WORKLOADS_PER_SECOND. A high value of ROTATION_FREQUENCY makes the value of the fraction (ACTIVE_WORKLOADS / ROTATION_FREQUENCY) quite small, making NEW_WORKLOADS_PER_SECOND the most important variable in the formula.

Before you begin

Set up a CA pool in your required location. For the complete list of locations, see Locations.

If you're expecting to issue certificates at a consistently high throughput, we recommend that you create the CA pool in the DevOps tier, which allows for improved performance and incurs lower costs. There is a maximum throughput for each individual CA within a CA Pool, and there is a maximum achievable effective throughput for any given project. For example, if the maximum throughput for the DevOps tier is 25 QPS for a CA and 100 QPS for a project, then you must create 4 CAs within the CA pool to reach a total effective throughput of up to 100 QPS. For specific QPS numbers and more information about quotas, see Quotas and limits.

Procedure

  1. Create enough CAs within your CA pool to achieve the required QPS. The required number of CAs is 4 for CA pools in the DevOps tiers, and 15 for CA pools in the Enterprise tier. The following set of instructions is for a CA pool in the DevOps tier:

    1. To create a root CA with the name root-1 in your CA pool, use the following gcloud command.

       gcloud privateca roots create root-1 \
     --location LOCATION \
     --pool POOL_NAME \
     --subject="CN=root-1,O=google"

      The total effective QPS of the CA pool at this stage is 25 QPS. To increase the total effective QPS of the CA pool to 100 QPS, you must create 3 more CAs in your CA pool.

    2. To create a root CA with the name root-2, use the following gcloud command.

        gcloud privateca roots create root-2 \
      --location LOCATION \
      --pool POOL_NAME \
      --subject="CN=root-2,O=google"

    3. To create a root CA with the name root-3, use the following gcloud command.

        gcloud privateca roots create root-3 \
      --location LOCATION \
      --pool POOL_NAME \
      --subject="CN=root-3,O=google"

    4. To create a root CA with the name root-4, use the following gcloud command.

        gcloud privateca roots create root-4 \
      --location LOCATION \
      --pool POOL_NAME \
      --subject="CN=root-4,O=google"

      At this stage, the total effective QPS of your CA pool is 100 QPS.

  2. While CAs are in the STAGED state, create and test certificates. Once that is done, enable the CAs. For information on enabling CAs, see Enable a CA. For information on testing CAs, see Test a CA.

  3. Verify the health of your CA pool by getting audit reports on load-balancing across CAs. Ideally, there should be uniformity in the number of certificates issued by each CA.

    You can use Cloud Monitoring to monitor your CA pool's load-balancing metrics, such as the number of certificates issued per CA in a given time period. For more information, see Monitor resources using Cloud Monitoring.

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