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US20040233222A1 - Method and system for scaling control in 3D displays ("zoom slider") - Google Patents

Method and system for scaling control in 3D displays ("zoom slider") Download PDF

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Publication number
US20040233222A1
US20040233222A1 US10/725,773 US72577303A US2004233222A1 US 20040233222 A1 US20040233222 A1 US 20040233222A1 US 72577303 A US72577303 A US 72577303A US 2004233222 A1 US2004233222 A1 US 2004233222A1
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Prior art keywords
point
model
zoom
user
display
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US10/725,773
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English (en)
Inventor
Jerome Lee
Luis Serra
Ralf Kockro
Timothy Poston
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Volume Interactions Pte Ltd
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Volume Interactions Pte Ltd
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Priority to US10/725,773 priority Critical patent/US20040233222A1/en
Publication of US20040233222A1 publication Critical patent/US20040233222A1/en
Assigned to VOLUME INTERACTIONS PTE. LTD. reassignment VOLUME INTERACTIONS PTE. LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: POSTON, TIMOTHY, LEE, JEROME CHAN, KOCKRO, RALF ALFONS, SERRA, LUIS
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
    • G06F3/048—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI]
    • G06F3/0481—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI] based on specific properties of the displayed interaction object or a metaphor-based environment, e.g. interaction with desktop elements like windows or icons, or assisted by a cursor's changing behaviour or appearance
    • G06F3/04812—Interaction techniques based on cursor appearance or behaviour, e.g. being affected by the presence of displayed objects
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
    • G06F3/048—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI]
    • G06F3/0481—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI] based on specific properties of the displayed interaction object or a metaphor-based environment, e.g. interaction with desktop elements like windows or icons, or assisted by a cursor's changing behaviour or appearance
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
    • G06F3/048—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI]
    • G06F3/0481—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI] based on specific properties of the displayed interaction object or a metaphor-based environment, e.g. interaction with desktop elements like windows or icons, or assisted by a cursor's changing behaviour or appearance
    • G06F3/04815—Interaction with a metaphor-based environment or interaction object displayed as three-dimensional, e.g. changing the user viewpoint with respect to the environment or object
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
    • G06F3/048—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI]
    • G06F3/0484—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI] for the control of specific functions or operations, e.g. selecting or manipulating an object, an image or a displayed text element, setting a parameter value or selecting a range
    • G06F3/04845—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI] for the control of specific functions or operations, e.g. selecting or manipulating an object, an image or a displayed text element, setting a parameter value or selecting a range for image manipulation, e.g. dragging, rotation, expansion or change of colour
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T19/00—Manipulating 3D models or images for computer graphics
    • G06T19/20—Editing of 3D images, e.g. changing shapes or colours, aligning objects or positioning parts
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to G06F3/00 - G06F3/048
    • G06F2203/048—Indexing scheme relating to G06F3/048
    • G06F2203/04806—Zoom, i.e. interaction techniques or interactors for controlling the zooming operation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T2219/00—Indexing scheme for manipulating 3D models or images for computer graphics
    • G06T2219/20—Indexing scheme for editing of 3D models
    • G06T2219/2016—Rotation, translation, scaling

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of computer graphics, and more particularly to user interaction with computer-generated displays of three-dimensional (3D) data structures.
  • Image viewing software may also support a directed magnification function whereby a user can specify a point in the original image which is used by the system as the center of a magnified or enlarged image. Sometimes this center is set by the position of a mouse controlled cursor. In such contexts, clicking on the mouse causes the view to jump to an enlarged one with its center at the selected point, or “jump to zoom.”
  • a desirable feature in image viewing is smooth zooming. Unlike the jump to zoom function described above, in smooth zooming a point in the image stays fixed in the display and other points in the image move outwards from it. However, this is not supported in conventional image viewing software. Thus, users simply tolerate the need to manually slide the view vertically and horizontally after sizing jumps.
  • a 3D display generally includes more empty space than a 2D image.
  • a 2D image can contain image content or detail at every point in the image. Since a 3D display must be looked at from a particular point in space, any detail between that spatial viewpoint and the object of interest obscures the view. As a result, empty space may be required in 3D displays. When a 3D image is enlarged, however, this otherwise useful empty space tends to fill the display volume with such vast expanses of empty space that a user may have no clue whether to slide left or right, up or down, or forward or back to orient herself and find a particular area of interest.
  • a point in 3D presents user interfacing complexities.
  • a user can move a stylus, pointer or other selector in three directions—horizontally across the display, vertically up and down the display, as well as along the direction into and out of the screen—and select a point. While this facilitates the “zoom from here” or close up mode, it is tedious to have to continually switch between overview and close up modes.
  • the more common mouse or other 2D interface only two factors can be changed at a time.
  • the interface can be set such that sideways motion of the interface produces a sideways motion of the cursor, and a vertical interface motion moves the cursor vertically, or, to adapt to 3D display control, the interface can be set (for example by depressing a mouse button) such that a sideways or vertical motion can be associated with the direction into/out of the screen (i.e., the depth dimension of a 3D display), or some fixed combination of these.
  • a two dimensional interface can control all three independent directions without added mode switching.
  • a further complexity of 3D displays is that it is common (in order to see past features not currently of interest) to set a crop box outside which nothing is shown. This is effectively a smaller display box within the volume of space visible in the display window. A user must therefore be able to switch between moving the displayed data—and with it the crop box—and moving the crop box across it. Distinct from the crop box, which is defined relative to the displayed model, is a clipping box which may exist in the same interface, and which typically has its size and location defined directly with reference to the display region, which, analogously to defining a subwindow in a 2D interface (usually done with its sides parallel to those of the main window) defines a subvolume within the viewing box.
  • a system and method for controlling the scaling of a 3D computer model in a 3D display system include activating a zoom mode, selecting a model zoom point and setting a zoom scale factor are presented.
  • a system in response to the selected model zoom point and the set scale factor, can implements a zoom operation and automatically move a model zoom point from its original position towards an optimum viewing point.
  • a system upon a user's activating a zoom mode, selecting a model zoom point and setting a zoom scale factor, a system can simultaneously move a model zoom point to an optimum viewing point.
  • a system can automatically identify a model zoom point by applying defined rules to visible points of a displayed model that lie in a central viewing area. If no such visible points are available the system can prompt a user to move the model until such points become available, or can select a model and a zoom point on that model by an automatic scheme.
  • FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary system of coordinates used in describing a three dimensional display space according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention
  • FIGS. 2A-2B illustrate the effects of scaling an exemplary 3D object from different points according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the exemplary use of a crop box to display only a selected part of an object according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention
  • FIGS. 4A-4B illustrate the exemplary effects of scaling a 3D object from points near to and distant from the boundary of a current display region or clipping box according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 5 illustrates various exemplary options for the selection of a Model Zoom Point with reference to a current crop box as opposed to with reference to a model according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary Magnification Region defined by a planar Context Structure according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention
  • FIGS. 7A-7D depict exemplary icons for a Model Zoom Point indicator according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 8 depicts an exemplary slider control object used for zoom control according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary coordination of scaling with movement of the Model Zoom Point toward the Optimum Viewing Point according to a according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 10 depicts an exemplary process flow according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 11 is an exemplary modular software diagram according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 12-18 depict an exemplary zooming in on an aneurysm according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • the present invention comprises a user-controlled visual control interface that allows a user to manipulate scaling (either by jumps or smooth expansion) with an easily-learned sense of what will happen when particular adjustments are made, and without becoming lost in data regions where nothing is displayed.
  • an Optimum Viewing Point is fixed near the center of the screen, at a central depth in the display.
  • zooming control When zooming control is active, a visual display of a cross or other icon around the zoom center marks this point.
  • there is a larger contextual structure around the Optimum Viewing Point indicating to a user a Magnification Region in which a Model Zoom Point will be selected.
  • User controlled motion of the visible part of the model(s) in the display brings such model(s) into contact with the z-axis or the Magnification Region, and triggers the selection of a Model Zoom Point.
  • this fixed zoom center is not in line (from the user's viewpoint) with any point of the current crop box, the user is prompted to move the box together with its contents toward the center of the field of view.
  • the model space moves in the display such that the Model Zoom Point approaches the Optimum Viewing Point.
  • the system searches for and selects the model to be scaled and a candidate Model Zoom Point. This requires less effort from the user but correspondingly offers less detailed control.
  • 3D data display a system capable of displaying images of 3D objects which present one or more cues as to the depth (distance from the viewer) of points, such as but not restricted to perspective, occlusion of one element by another, parallax, stereopsis, and focus.
  • a preferred exemplary embodiment uses a computer monitor with shutter glasses that enable stereo depth perception, but the invention is equally applicable in the case of other display systems, such as, for example, a monitor without stereo, a head mounted display providing a screen for each eye, or a display screen emitting different views in different directions by means of prisms, aligned filters, holography or otherwise, as may be known in the art.
  • Display Space the 3D space whose origin is at the center of the display screen, used to orient points in the display screen. Points in Display space are denoted by co-ordinates (x, y, z).
  • Magnification Region a preferred 3D region displayed to a user by the system once zoom functionality is activated. Used by system to select a center of scaling point.
  • Model Space the 3D space used to describe the model or models displayed by the 3D display system. Points in Model space are denoted by co-ordinates (u, v, w), which related to display space by a co-ordinate transformation of the form specified in Equation 1. Model space is fixed relative to the model; display space is fixed relative to the display device.
  • Model Zoom Point the point on a model that remains fixed in a zoom operation, about which all other points are scaled.
  • Optimum Viewing Point the center or near center point of a display screen at the apparent depth of the display screen. For simplicity of discussion we assume that this point is also chosen as the origin (0, 0, 0) of the display coordinates (x, y, z), though this may be changed with trivial modifications to the algebra by one skilled in the art.
  • Scaling multiplying the size of an object by a given number. A number greater than one effects a “zoom in” or magnification operation, while a number less than one effects a “zoom out” or reduction operation.
  • Stereoscopic relating to a display system used to impart a three-dimensional effect by projecting two versions of a displayed scene or image from slightly different angles. There is a preferred viewing position relative to the display screen from where the stereoscopic effect is most correct, where the eye locations assumed in generating the separate visual signals coincide with actual locations of the user's eyes. (At other positions the stereoscopic effect is equally strong, but the perceived form is distorted relative to the intended form.)
  • volume rendering system allows for the visualization of volumetric data.
  • Volumetric data is digitized data obtained from some process or application, such as MR and CT scanners, ultrasound machines, seismic acquisition devices, high energy industrial CT scanners, radar and sonar systems, and other types of data input sources.
  • 3D display system is what is referred to herein as a fully functional 3D display environment (such as, e.g., that of the DextroscopeTM system of Volume Interactions Pte Ltd of Singapore, the assignee of the present application).
  • a fully functional 3D display environment such as, e.g., that of the DextroscopeTM system of Volume Interactions Pte Ltd of Singapore, the assignee of the present application.
  • Such systems allow for three-dimensional interactivity with the display.
  • a user generally holds in one hand, or in each hand, a device whose position is sensed by a computer or other data processing device.
  • the computer monitors the status of at least one control input, such as, e.g., a button, which the user may click, hold down, or release, etc.
  • Such devices may not be directly visible to the user, being hidden by a mirror; rather, in such exemplary systems, the user sees a virtual tool (a computer generated image drawn according to the needs of the application) co-located with the sensed device.
  • a virtual tool a computer generated image drawn according to the needs of the application
  • FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary co-ordinate system for 3D displays.
  • a plane 103 which represents the apparent physical display window at a preferred central depth in the display.
  • Display window 103 is generally a computer screen, which may be moved to a different apparent position by means of lenses or mirrors.
  • the referent of plane 103 is a pair of screens occupying similar apparent positions relative to the user's left and right eyes, via a lens or lenses that allow comfortable focus of the eyes.
  • the preferred central depth is at or near the distance at which the user sees the physical surface of the monitor, in some cases via a mirror. Around this distance the two depth cues of stereopsis and eye accommodation are most in agreement, thus leading to greater comfort in viewing.
  • an origin 102 of an orthogonal co-ordinate system having axes 107 , 108 and 109 respectively.
  • a schematic head and eye 115 are shown, representing the point from which the display is viewed by a user.
  • the following conventions will be used given the location of such user 115 : the x-axis, or horizontal axis, is 107 , the y-axis, or vertical axis, is 108 , and the z-axis, or depth axis, is 109 .
  • Positive directions along these axes are designated as rightward, upward and toward the user, respectively. ‘Greater depth’ thus refers to a greater value of ( ⁇ z).
  • the origin 102 as so defined has display space around it on all sides, rather than being near a boundary of the display device. Furthermore, for many users the agreement of optical accommodation with depth cues such as stereopsis (and in certain exemplary display systems parallax) causes an object at this depth to be most comfortably examined. Such an origin, therefore, is termed the Optimum Viewing Point.
  • control interfaces such as buttons, sliders, etc.
  • control system behavior typically retain their apparent size and position unless separately moved by the user
  • actual 3D models generated from some external process or application such as, e.g., computerized tomography, magnetic resonance, seismography, or other sensing modalities
  • the 3D models are equipped with attributes, such as, for example, colors as well as other necessary data, such as, for example, normal vectors, specularity, and transparency, as may be required or desirable to enable the system to render them visually in ways that have positions and orientations in a shared model space.
  • attributes such as, for example, colors as well as other necessary data, such as, for example, normal vectors, specularity, and transparency, as may be required or desirable to enable the system to render them visually in ways that have positions and orientations in a shared model space.
  • FIGS. 2A and 2B show two choices 201 of such an unmoving or fixed point denoted by a “+” icon, with the different effects of scaling an object 202 to be three times larger 203 along all three axes (and hence in all directions).
  • Optimal Viewing Point 201 is chosen to remain fixed. Thus, all points on the expanded object 203 remain centered about that point.
  • a point somewhat translated from (0, 0, 0) was chosen as the center of scaling.
  • the center of expanded object 203 has moved within the display space.
  • a model center of scaling is also known as a “zoom point” or “Model Zoom Point.”
  • the correspondence between display space coordinates and model space coordinates may also be modified by rotation, reflection and other geometric operations by multiplying the matrix [a i j ] by other appropriate matrices as may be known in the art.
  • the positions of models within the model space can be modifiable in an application.
  • the present description of the invention addresses primarily the common scaling of objects in a shared model space, the extension to the case of one or more such objects, each in a separate model space that is itself related to the main model space will be evident to one skilled in the art.
  • FIGS. 4 illustrate the effect of a zoom point near the boundary of the available display region (or current clipping box).
  • zoom point 401 is chosen.
  • Point 401 being centered with respect to the crop box boundary 450 , causes minimal loss of the enlarged object 405 from view.
  • FIG. 4A zoom point 401 is chosen.
  • Point 401 being centered with respect to the crop box boundary 450 , causes minimal loss of the enlarged object 405 from view.
  • zoom point 412 located near the left boundary of the crop box 450 , is chosen, upon magnification of the object 411 to the enlarged object 413 , large portions are lost from view.
  • This choice of zoom point makes more of model 411 move out of view and become undisplayable than occurs for the same model 410 using model zoom point 401 which is in a more central location.
  • a user desires to zoom an object using a model zoom point that is near a boundary (either crop box or viewing box).
  • the reduction of the resulting inconvenience to the user is a major aim of the present invention. (Note that a similar effect occurs if the model zoom point is near the surface of the current crop box, but since the user frequently manipulates the crop box this is less often a problem).
  • the present invention may be implemented in various display system environments. For illustration purposes its implementation is described herein in two such exemplary environments.
  • An exemplary preferred embodiment of the invention is in a DextroscopeTM-like environment, but the invention is understood to be fully capable of implementation using, for example, a standard mouse-equipped computer, or an interface using hardware not otherwise mentioned here such as a joystick or trackball, or using a head-mounted display, or any functional equivalent.
  • a standard mouse-equipped computer or an interface using hardware not otherwise mentioned here such as a joystick or trackball, or using a head-mounted display, or any functional equivalent.
  • Sections 1-4 below describe the successive steps of user interaction with a display according to the present invention.
  • a user signals that the system should enter a state (‘zoom mode’) in which signals are interpreted by the system as directed to the control of magnification rather than other features.
  • This may be done through, for example, a voice interface (speaking a command such as ‘engage zoom mode’ which is recognized by the system), by clicking on a 2D button with the mouse or on a 2D button with a DextroscopeTM-type stylus, by touching a button, or in a preferred exemplary embodiment, by merely touching (as opposed to clicking) a zoom slider interface object as described below (in connection with FIG. 8).
  • Model Zoom Point a point in the model space
  • Examples of such a Model Zoom Point are the points 201 shown in FIGS. 2.
  • This selection may be done in a number of ways. For example, in a mouse interface, the user may click on a point of the screen, and the Model Zoom Point selected will be the nearest visible (non-transparent) point on the model that is in line with that point from the user's viewpoint.
  • a moving “currently selected” point can be displayed that the user may select with some input interaction, such as, e.g., an additional click.
  • some input interaction such as, e.g., an additional click.
  • the user may click on a three dimensional point (on or off of the visible surface of the displayed object) which then becomes the Model Zoom Point.
  • Other such selection means may be utilized as may be known in the art.
  • the system uses a centering method for assisting a user in selecting the Model Zoom Point.
  • the system examines the z-axis of the display coordinate system (x, y, z) to find the nearest point in display space (0, 0, Z 0 ) at which the current display includes a visible point of some model in model space, in the current position of model space relative to the display coordinates. If such a point exists, by being visible it is necessarily inside the current crop box (if such a crop box is available and enabled, as is typical for, e.g., volume imaging but less so for, e.g., rendering a complex machine design or virtual film set.).
  • the reader is then prompted to move the crop box (with its contents, so that the change is of the transformation type quantified in Equation (1), as discussed above) until the crop box does meet the z-axis.
  • This may be accomplished, for example, in a DextroscopeTM-like display system by the user grasping the box with the workpiece hand, moving the sensor device, the tool (visible or logical) attached to the sensor device, and the box in coordination with the tool, until the box is sufficiently centered in the display for such a passing through of the z-axis to occur.
  • the screen position of the box may be dragged across the display in a standard ‘drag and drop’ action, since the z-component of the motion is not impacted in such an operation, and the object may be maintained through this step at constant z.
  • the system may determine Z 0 by a default rule involving box geometry as is illustrated in FIG. 5. For example, it may define (0,0, Z 0 ) as (a) the point nearest the user 501 (in FIG.
  • the user 500 views from the far left of the Figure) at which the z-axis 510 meets the crop box 520 ; (b) the point farthest from the user 502 at which the z-axis meets the box; (c) the mid-point 503 of the latter two points 501 , 502 ; (d) the point on the z-axis nearest the centroid of the box, (e) the z-value of the (x, y, z) position of the centroid of the box; or (f) such other rules as may be desirable or useful in a given design context. Alternatively, it may determine Z 0 by a default rule involving the crop box contents.
  • Z 0 may, as above, set Z 0 at the z value of the (x, y, z) position of the nearest point to the z-axis at which a visible point on a model exists, or it may define Z 0 as the z value of the (x, y, z) position of the centroid of the points in the box that are currently treated as visible rather than transparent.
  • Numerous other alternatives as may be known in the art may be implemented in various alternative exemplary embodiments.
  • the system may, in an exemplary embodiment, set the Model Zoom Point to be the center of the currently selected model, the origin of internal model coordinates (distinct from general model space coordinates (u, v, w)) which may or may not coincide with such a center, the center of the bounding box of the current model, the Optimum Viewing Point or the origin (0, 0, 0).
  • a second centering method for selecting the Model Zoom Point can be utilized, as illustrated in FIG. 6.
  • this method utilizes the concept of a Magnification Region 603 .
  • a Magnification Region is a central region (fixed by the system or adjusted by the user, and made visible to the user) of display space, within which a visible point of the model or its crop box may be selected.
  • this region is shown by displaying a translucent Context Plane 602 .
  • a Context Plane covers much of the screen, leaving a hole 601 (circular in the example depicted in FIG. 6, but other shapes, such as, for example, square, rectangle, ellipse, hexagon, etc.
  • Such a Context Plane 602 may preferably be drawn after all other rendering and with the depth buffer of the graphics rendering system turned off, so that the colors of images at all apparent depths are modified by it to thus highlight the hole.
  • Such color modification may, for example, comprise blending all pixels with gray, so that the modified parts are de-emphasized, and the parts within the hole 601 are emphasized.
  • the plane is physically rendered for each eye, so that it has an apparent depth. If this depth is set at that at which the user perceives the display screen to be (for example, through mirrors, lenses or other devices, such that it need not be the physical location of the display surface), it is rendered identically to each eye.
  • the apparent depth of the display screen is often most preferred for detailed examination, but other depths may be used as well.
  • a structure rendered translucently without reference to the depth buffer after other stereo elements have been rendered can be of use for any 3D-located feature of a display, not only as an icon marking a Model Zoom Point.
  • such translucency is utilized only for a context structure, such as the Context Plane 602 , to call attention to an opaquely rendered point marker.
  • the location of an object rendered in such translucent manner may appear very definite to the user, making this a useful technique for placing one object within another. It permits the user's visual system to construct (perceive) a consistent model of what is being seen.
  • two opaque objects are rendered, the first of which geometrically occludes the second by having parts which block lines of sight to parts of the second, but the second is rendered after the first, opaquely replacing it in the display. The user is faced with conflicting depth cues.
  • Stereopsis (plus parallax and perspective if available) indicate the second as more distant, while occlusion indicates that it is nearer.
  • the visual system can resolve the conflict by perceiving that the second is visible through the first, as though the first were translucent to light from (and only from) the second object. While this is not common with physical, non-virtual objects, the mental transfer of transparency to an object that was in fact opaquely rendered appears to be automatic and comfortable to users. Such technique is thus referred to as apparent transferred translucency.
  • the hole 601 in the Context Plane 602 defines the Magnification Region 603 (or, more precisely, the cross-section of the Magnification Region at the z-value of the Context Plane).
  • this region is the half-cone (or analogous geometric descriptor for a non-circular shape used for the hole 601 ) consisting of all points lying on straight lines that begin at the viewpoint of a user 610 (element 610 is a stylized circular “face” with an embedded eye, intended to schematically denote a user's viewpoint) and that pass through the hole 601 in the Context Plane 602 .
  • the Magnification Region may be defined in a variety of ways, such as, for example, the corresponding cone for the right eye's viewpoint, the cone for the left eye's viewpoint, the set of points that are in the cones for both eyes' viewpoints (i.e., the intersection of the two cones), or as the set of points that are in the cone for either eye's viewpoint (i.e., the union of the two cones), or any contextually reasonable alternative.
  • such regions are further truncated by a near and a far plane, such that points respectively nearer to or farther from the user are not included.
  • the system selects the nearest such point as a Model Zoom Point.
  • the system may select the nearest visible point of the model (or alternatively, of the crop box) within the Magnification Region which lies at a greater depth than the Context Structure. (In most 3D display environments it is unnecessary to examine all of the points in the model to find this point, inasmuch as a depth buffer generally records the depth of the nearest visible point along each line of sight).
  • the system may select the nearest such point, which lies on the viewer's line of sight through the center of the Context Structure (and this choice may also be subject to the condition that the point be at a greater depth than the Context Structure).
  • the system may select a point by minimizing the sum of squared depth beyond the Context Structure and squared distance from the viewer's line of sight through the center of the Context Structure, multiplied by some chosen coefficients to emphasize depth proximity or centrality respectively.
  • Many alternative selection rules can be implemented as desired in various embodiments of the invention.
  • the system may, in an exemplary embodiment, thus optionally provide for the user to identify one or more of the displayed models (by, for example, clicking on their images with a 3D stylus or 2D mouse, by calling out their names, or otherwise), and may then optionally select the center of a single or first-chosen or last-chosen model, the centroid of all chosen models, or other point selections as may be known in the art.
  • the system may prompt the user to select a Model Zoom Point by whatever means of 3D point selection is standard in the application, or may offer the opportunity to select such a point in replacement of the automatic selection just described.
  • these selections of model and Model Zoom Point can be, for example, automated and integrated, as described in the following pseudocode. It is noted that the system begins by testing whether the user has aligned a model with the z-axis or Magnification Region as described above, but if she has not the preferred exemplary embodiment defaults to an automatic scheme rather than prompting her to do so. In what follows the convention that text following a // is a comment descriptive of the active code is followed, though the ‘code’ itself is simplified for clarity. “Widget” refers to some interactive display object.
  • class ScalingControl ⁇ // defines the Control Widget for Scaling: typically a slider public: // functions callable by other parts of the program, described more fully below bool Contain (Point); // test for containing a given point void Update ( ); // modify graphics according to the scale value read from the widget void Active ( ); // use the fact that the user touches the widget (without depressing // a button, to drag and change its scale value) to engage zoom mode void Update_Model_Zoom_Point ( ); // modify Model zoom Point according to the state // of the widget void Render_Context_Plane ( ); // add Context Plane, appropriately placed, to display void Render_Model_Zoom_Point ( );// add Zoom Point icon to display private: Point mModelZoomPoint; // data accessible only to the functions of ScalingControl ⁇ ; // the following pseudodefintions describe the functions performed // by the functions introduced above.
  • model.size Get_Scale_Factor ( ); if (model.size > size_threshold) Show_Clipping_Box ( ); else Hide_Clipping_Box ( ); Draw_Model_Zoom_Point ( ); ⁇ bool ScalingControl::Update_Model_Zoom_Point ( ) ⁇ // Search for a Model Zoom Point using four methods: // Method 1 - select user-nearest point visible (if any along) z-axis.
  • Program Entry Point pseudocode illustrates the way in which the above exemplary functionality can be, for example, called by a functioning application.
  • void main ( ) // Set up variables and states, create objects Initialization ( ); Tool tool; // Create one 3D tool ScalingControl scalingControl; // Create one control widget while (true) ⁇ Render_Model ( ); if (scalingControl.Contain (tool.GetPosition ( )) // If 3D tool is inside control widget ⁇ if (tool.IsButtonPressed ( )) // If the 3D tool button is pressed scalingControl.Active ( ); // Bring Model Zoom Point to Optimum Viewing Point else scalingControl.Update ( ); // Update value of Model Zoom Point ⁇ UpdateSystem( ); // Update all display and system variables ⁇ ⁇
  • the Model Zoom Point is automatically selected, according to defined rules, as described above.
  • the user's control over this process consists of what she places within the Magnification Box, or what part of what model she was viewing prior to activating the zoom function, or what model is nearest the Optimum Viewing Point.
  • Such automatic selection of the Model Zoom Point relieves the user of ‘logistical’ concerns, thus allowing her to focus on the work at hand.
  • an exemplary embodiment may allow the user at any point to invoke the procedure described above, at the beginning of the current Section 2, ‘Selection Of Model Zoom Point’, to choose a different point and override the automatic selection.
  • the system displays an icon, such as for example, a cross, at the Model Zoom Point.
  • an icon such as for example, a cross
  • an everted cross 700 of four triangles 710 each pointing inward toward the Model Zoom Point 711 is utilized.
  • Any desirable icon form or design may be substituted, such as, for example, other flat patterns of polygons 715 , a flat cross 705 , or a three-dimensional surface structure 720 as depicted in FIGS. 7C, 7A and 7 D, respectively.
  • the icon is drawn at the depth of the Model Zoom Point, rather than as simply a marker on the display screen.
  • a stereo display it is drawn such that a user whose visual system is capable of stereo fusion will perceive it to be at the intended depth, and that it is drawn as an opaque object capable of hiding objects behind it and of being hidden by objects between it and the user's eye or eyes.
  • These different depth cues strengthen the user's sense of its three-dimensional location.
  • the displayed Context Plane is moved to lie at the same depth, with its hole centered on the Model Zoom Point.
  • the icon can be rendered with apparent transferred translucency, as discussed above.
  • Alternative exemplary implementations of the invention could function without context cues in locating the Model Zoom Point, or could use other cues such as, for example, a system of axes or other lines through it, with or without apparent transferred translucency.
  • zooming is enabled.
  • Zooming can be controlled in a variety of ways, such as, for example, (1) voice control (with the system recognizing commands such as (a) “Larger” or “Smaller” and responding with a step change in size, (b) “Reset” and restoring the previous size, (c) “Quit zoom mode”, etc.); or (2) step response to key strokes, mouse or tool clicks on an icon, or clicks on a particular sensor button, etc.
  • voice control with the system recognizing commands such as (a) “Larger” or “Smaller” and responding with a step change in size, (b) “Reset” and restoring the previous size, (c) “Quit zoom mode”, etc.
  • a middle mouse button click might automatically mean “Larger” while a right click is interpreted as “Smaller.”
  • a slider such as depicted in FIG. 8 is utilized.
  • Such a slider may also be used as a zoom mode trigger, when, for example, a user uses a stylus to touch its body 801 without clicking.
  • a user places the point of the 3D stylus in or near the slider bead 802 and holds down the sensor button while moving the sensor, this moves the stylus and drags the slider bead 802 along the slider bar 801 .
  • the distance moved is mapped by the system to a magnification factor, by an appropriate algorithm.
  • the algorithm assigns the minimum allowed value for the zoom factor ⁇ to the left end of the slider 810 , the maximum allowed value to the right end of the slider 811 , and interpolates linearly between such assignments.
  • Alternative exemplary embodiments include an exponential or logarithmic relation, or a function defined by assigning ⁇ values at certain positions for the slider bead 802 and interpolating in a piecewise linear, polynomial or rational B-spline manner between them, or a variety of other options as may be known in the art.
  • Other exemplary alternatives for the control of ⁇ include the use of a standard mouse-controlled slider, a control wheel dragged around by a DextroscopeTM-like system stylus, a physical scrolling wheel such as is known in certain mouse designs, etc.
  • the value range of ⁇ may run from some minimum value less than unity (maximum reduction factor) to some maximum value greater than unity (maximum magnification factor). The range need not be symmetric about unity, however, inasmuch as some embodiments utilize magnification to a greater extent than reduction, and vice versa.
  • the model space is moved in a manner intended to add to a user's comfort and convenience in examining a model, while avoiding the perceptive disjunction that would follow from large shifts. If the position in display coordinates (x, y, z) of the Model Zoom Point is (x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) before zooming begins, depicted as the point 901 in FIG.
  • This will typically produce the most comfortable location of the zoomed model for detailed viewing and manipulation, while not losing the original layout of the larger context.
  • the Model Zoom Point moves back toward its original location 901 .
  • a load estimation function is attached to the crop box (such as, for example, a computation of the volume it currently occupies in the display space, which can be multiplied or otherwise modified by one or more factors specifying (a) the density of the rendering used: (b) the spacing of 3D texture slices; (c) the spacing of sample points within a 3D texture slice, where permitted by the hardware; (d) the spacing of the rays used (in embodiments utilizing a ray-casting rendering system); or such other quantities that can modify the quality and speed of rendering in a given exemplary system).
  • the system automatically activates the clipping box at a default or user-specified size and position values, without requiring any affirmative user intervention.
  • factors such as (a) to (d) just described may be automatically modified to reduce the load.
  • the system in an exemplary embodiment, may enlarge or remove the clipping box, or so modify the factors such as (a) to (d) as to improve the quality of the rendering while increasing the load within supportable limits.
  • FIG. 10 is a flowchart depicting process flow in an exemplary preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • process flow begins when a user indicates to the system that she desires to scale an object in a model.
  • the user may indicate such directive by, for example, moving an input device such that the tip of a displayed virtual tool is inside the bead 802 of a displayed control object, such as, for example, the zoom slider 801 depicted in FIG. 8.
  • numerous alternative embodiments may have numerous alternative methods of signaling the system that a zoom or scaling function is desired.
  • the system determines whether a visible object is inside the Magnification Region. If there is such a visible object, process flow moves to 1004 and selects the center of magnification/reduction as in the First or Second Method above. If there is no such object, then according to the method chosen from those described above the system shall, in an exemplary preferred embodiment, enter an automatic selection process such as that illustrated by the pseudocode above. Alternatively, as shown in this diagram 1003 , it prompts the user to move the object until the determination gives a positive result, upon which it can proceed to 1004 .
  • Model Zoom Point As described above, either these or numerous alternative methods support the selection of a Model Zoom Point, depending upon the type of display environment used in a particular embodiment of the invention, as well as whether a crop box and/or Magnification Region is utilized, etc.
  • process flow moves to 1005 where the system, given a user input as to ⁇ , as described above, magnifies or reduces the object or objects, optionally changes the level of detail as described above in the Section entitled “Automatic Activation Of Measures to Preserve Performance”, and automatically moves the objects closer to or farther from the center of the viewing area, as described above.
  • Process flow then passess to 1006 .
  • the system activates the clipping box so as to preserve a high level of display performance.
  • the system will deactivate the clipping box and allow for full viewing of the model by the user.
  • other methods of modifying the load on the system may be applied, as described, for example, in Section 6 above.
  • the system determines whether the user wishes to terminate the zoom operation. If “YES,” process flow moves to 1008 , and zoom operation stops. If “NO,” then process flow returns to 1005 and further magnifications and/or reductions, with the appropriate translations of objects, are implemented.
  • FIG. 11 depicts an exemplary modular software program of instructions which may be executed by an appropriate data processor, as is known in the art, to implement an preferred exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • the exemplary software program may be stored, for example, on a hard drive, flash memory, memory stick, optical storage medium, or other data storage devices as are known or may be known in the art.
  • the program When the program is accessed by the CPU of an appropriate data processor and run, it performs, according to a preferred exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a method for controlling the scaling of a 3D computer model in a 3D display system.
  • the exemplary software program has four modules, corresponding to four functionalities associated with a preferred exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • the first module is, for example, a Input Data Access Module 1101 , which can accept user inputs via a user interface as may be known in the art, such as, for example, a zoom function activation signal, a zoom scaling factor, and current crop box and clipping box settings, all as described above.
  • a second module is, for example, a Magnification Region Generation Module 1102 , which, once signalled by the Input Data Access Module that a zoom function has been activated, displays a Magnification Region around the Optimum Viewing Point in the display. If no model(s) are visible within the Magnification Region the module prompts a user to move model(s) within the Magnification Region.
  • a third module receives inputs from the Input Data Access Module 1101 and the Magnification Region Generation Module regarding what model(s) are currently located in the Magnification Region, and applies the defined rules, as described above, to select a Model Zoom Point to be used as the center of scaling.
  • a fourth module is, for example, a Scaling and Translation Module 1104 , which takes data inputs from, for example, the three other modules 1101 , 1102 , and 1103 , and implements the scaling operation and translates the Model Zoom Point towards or away from the Optimum Viewing Point as determined by defined rules and the value of the scaling factor chosen by a user.
  • FIGS. 12-18 To illustrate the functionalities available in exemplary embodiments of the present invention, an exemplary zoom operation to view an aneurysm in a brain will be next described with refernce to FIGS. 12-18.
  • the screen shots were acquired using an exemplary implementation of the present invention on a DextroscopeTM 3D data set display system, from Volume Interactions Pte Ltd of Singapore. Exemplary embodiments of the present invention can be implemented on this device. Visible in the figures are a 3D object and a virtual control palette which appears below it.
  • FIG. 12 depicts an exemplary original object from a CT data set, positioned somewhere in 3D space.
  • a user intends to zoom into a large aneurysm in the CT data set, in this example a bubble-like object (aneurysm) in the vascular system of a brain pointed to by the arrow.
  • FIG. 13 depicts an activation of zoom mode wherein a user can, for example, move a virtual pen to a virtual “zoom slider” bead.
  • a system can then, for example, automatically select a Zoom Point, here indicated by the four triangle cross, which here appears buried inside the data.
  • the Zoom Point is selected in this exemplary case at the nearest point in data that intersects an Optimum Viewing Point.
  • a Contextual Structure (the circular area surrounding the four triangle cross) is also displayed to focus a user's attention on the Zoom Point.
  • FIG. 15 depicts how once the Zoom Point coincides with the aneurysm (as here, an exemplary system can adjust the depth of the Zoom Point as a user moves a 3D object towards it) a user can press a button on the zoom slider.
  • the Contextual Structure being no longer needed, thus disappears.
  • a zoom Box can, for example, be activated, which can crop the 3D data set to obtain an optimal rendering time. In systems with very high rendering speeds this functionality can be, for example, implemented at higher magnifications, or not at all.
  • a zoom slider can display an amount of magnification, which in these figures is displayed behind the virtual pen, but nonetheless, partially visible.

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AU2003303111A8 (en) 2004-07-29
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WO2004066137A2 (fr) 2004-08-05
WO2004061775A2 (fr) 2004-07-22
WO2004066137A3 (fr) 2004-12-16
US20040249303A1 (en) 2004-12-09
US20040246269A1 (en) 2004-12-09
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