TW200412918A - Minimally invasive joint implant with 3-dimensional geometry matching the articular surfaces - Google Patents
Minimally invasive joint implant with 3-dimensional geometry matching the articular surfaces Download PDFInfo
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- TW200412918A TW200412918A TW092127826A TW92127826A TW200412918A TW 200412918 A TW200412918 A TW 200412918A TW 092127826 A TW092127826 A TW 092127826A TW 92127826 A TW92127826 A TW 92127826A TW 200412918 A TW200412918 A TW 200412918A
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Landscapes
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Description
200412918 玫、發明說明: 【發明所屬之技術領域】 相關申請案之交互參照 本案請求下列美國臨時專利申請案之優先權,美國臨 5時專利申請案60/416,601,申請人Philipp Lang,申請日2002 年1 〇月7日’名稱「具有三維幾何形狀匹配關節面之最小侵 襲性關節植入物」,以及美國臨時專利申請案6〇/467,686, 申請人Philipp Lang、Daniel Steines、Hacene Bouadi、David
Miller Barry J. Linder及 Cecily Anne Snyder,中請日 2003 10年5月2日,名稱「關節植入物」。 發明領域 15 20 本發明係關於骨科植入物及系統。該植入物為關節植 入物及/或_關節植入物。本發明亦係關於植入物設 計、製造、模組化及植入方法,以及用於該等方法之手術 工具及套倾。本發__於適合藉關節鏡插入之可自 _脹之骨科植人物及其麵變化。最後本糾係關 _入物’該《節植人物係成形為植人物可重建 接近正常的三維關節幾何形狀或對正,且可 : 超過關節正常移動範圍之6g%i9h 。㈣夕 間施加於關節高達100%的正常剪力。° Π心於移動期 L· 21 發明背景 〜-心%釈耳及纖維斂晋 透明軟骨出現於例如關節的關 月曲透明敕骨負責提>1 6 勺順利滑動特徵。 6 骼,於人月牛固附著於下方骨 頭關即,關節軟骨典型黑声} 關節的不同 又小於5耄米,厚度依據
Ji特別依據於關節Μ# 化。此外,關L人 在位置而有顯著變 關即軟骨不含神經、 的軟骨係藉雙重捩私4 4 血&且無淋巴。成人 重擴放糸統獲得營養, 由滑膜以及經由軟骨的緊密 :又重擴政糸統係經 胞出現於軟骨結締組織。a 纽骨細胞,軟骨細 成人軟骨的修補能力有限; 因類風濕性關節炎A ’ 1人月因病而受損例如 嚴重的肉二r關節炎或外傷而受損,可能導致 ===弱無力。此外隨著人__老 拉強度=:;變。如此成人軟骨之抗拉挺度及抗 老化私結果,隨著時___著下降。 例如’膝關節軟骨的表淺區段之拉力強度的增加至三 十歲為止’隨後隨著年齡而顯著下降,於關節面出現可偵 測的第二型膠原損傷。深部區段軟骨隨著年齡的老化,抗 拉強度也逐漸降低,但膠原含量未見減少。此項觀察指示 軟骨的機械組織以及因而軟骨的結構組織隨著老化改變, 若充分决變之後可能造成軟骨容易受到創傷的損壞。 通系嚴重的車人骨損&或損失係使用例如整形修補用的 聚石夕氧或適當金屬合金荨贗復材料來置換關節。例如參考 2002年5月7日核發給Schmotzer之美國專利第6,383,228 號;2001年3月20日核發給Afriat等人之美國專利第 6,203,576號;2000年1〇月3日核發給Ateshian等人之美國專 利第6,126,690號。此等贗復材料的植入通常也造成下方組 織及骨質的流失而未能回復原先軟骨所允許的完整功能。 使用某些裝置,隨著組織及骨質的大量流失可能導致嚴重 長期併發症,包括感染、骨質溶解,以及植入物的鬆脫。 如一般了解,關節成形術有高度侵襲性,需要手術切 5開整個或大部分需要修補的一或多個骨骼的關節面。典型 地’採用此等手術,鰱腔被相當徹底地鑽空來將贗復物的 莖部齧合於骨骼内部。鑽空結果導致病人骨質存量的流 失’隨著時間的經過,骨質溶解經常導致贗復物的鬆脫。 此外,植入物與骨骼緊密齧合區隨著時間的經過而劣化, 結果最終導致需要更換贗復物。由於病人骨質的存量有 限’關節成形術可進行更換手術的次數也有限。簡言之, 經過15至20年時間,某些病例時間甚至更短,病人已經沒 有任何可從事的治療選項,結果只能留下疼痛且無功能的 關節。 15 使用基體、組織支架或其它植入有細胞(例如軟骨細 胞、軟骨親代細胞、基質細胞、間葉幹細胞等)之載架也描 述為軟骨修補的可能治療之道。例如參考1999年10月14曰 公告之Fofonoff之國際公告案WO 99/51719 ; 2001年12月6 日公告之Simon等人之W0 01/91672;以及2001年3月15日 20 公告之Mansmann之WO 01/17463 ;以及2001年9月4日核發 給Vibe-Hansen等人之美國專利第6,283,980號;1998年12月 1日核發給Naughton等人之5,842,477 ; 1998年6月23日核發 給Schwartz之5,769,899; 1986年9月2日核發給Caplan等人之 4,609,551 ; 1991 年8月 20 日核發給Vacanti等人之5,041,138 ; 8 1993年3月3〇日核發給Caplan等人之5,197,985 ; 1993年7月 13曰核發給Caplan等人之5,226,914 ; 2001年12月U日核發 給Haniwick等人之6,328,765;2〇01年8月28日核發給^辦 等人之6,281,195;以及1989年7月11日核發給Grande之 4,846,835。但使用生物置換材料例如同種異體移植物系統 及自體移植物系統及組織支架之臨床結果不確定,原因在 於大部分此等置換材料無法達成類似預期修補的人類组 於正常無病狀況下的形狀排列或結構。此外此^二 材料的機械耐用性仍未確定。 、 2〇〇 1年3月2 i日核發紐„等人之美國 ^ Ά Ο/ΊΑΟ A- ^ ^ ^ °5^06?927 03年5月6日核發給Fell等人之美國專利 號揭示-種無需骨愁切開的可手術植入膝屬復物。,558,421 设物的形狀被描述為橢圓形有一或多個 此種贗 等裝置並未設計成實質上隨形於活體内^如此,此 狀(輪廊)及/或潛在她嫩。如此由於病實際形 :株,下祕與贗復_的厚度差異及 果導致植人物的整合_體極端困難。 差異a 如此仍然需要有一種使用一或多種植 關節天然幾何形狀之系統及方法,該植入物;;=而複製 性技術植入’以及製造此等修補物及植入物小侵襲 介於關節之二關節面間重新形成天然或接近天夕、’以及 何形狀關係之方法。 …、、的二維幾 【發明内容】 發明概要 412918 、、,明提供修補關節之方法及組成物,特別可用於修 =即軟骨以及辅助多種軟骨及骨絡修補材料整合於個體 之裝置及植人物。此處所述技術允許製造實質隨形於或完 =形:特定個體下方軟骨及/或骨絡及/或其它關節面之 :二二:…該裝置較佳實質順形於或完全順形於 或曲率論當關節軟骨面之形狀(例如尺寸、厚度及/ 軟骨、及/或剖餐ί或接近解剖餐合未受損軟骨、個體原先 $下方骨骼時,修補的成功率提升。 10 15 20 影像,植入厨成形,此種成形例如可基於電子 '讀提供有關環繞患病軟骨缺損或區域之任何 方或:圍度:_患咖^^ 之骨路及/或軟骨資訊、/ 包含關節之兩相對匹配面 本么明提供取小侵襲性之部分關節置 將導致手術造成骨質存量之流失極小或無流 = 說明方法經由達成棺入榀rt •«此此慝 骨赂間之解剖齧合或接_^或鄰近軟骨及/或軟骨下 性。 接近解剖齧合來回復關節面的完整 大邛刀病例’修補後關節的關節活動性係在正常活動 騰魏,最繼85_99.9%,更佳改善 簡.9%。 善至95_99.9%,理想上係改善至 此外,植入本發明裝置所需要的切開典型 物植入日寸而要的切開小50%。例如全膝置換典型係採用切 10 開6-12吋(15-30厘米),而單腔膝置換只需要切開^寸^厘 米)。設計用來修補脛骨面之本發明植入物只須切開3厘米 (約1.5吋),而用來修補脛骨面及股骨髁二者的植入物組: 只須切開3吋(7厘米)。舉另一例,傳統髖骨置換手術需要。。 一切開6至12吋(15-30厘来),或侵襲性較低的手術需要作= 個1.5-4吋(3-9.5厘米)的切開。根據本發明設計用來恪補兩 臼的植入物,依據單次表面矯正或雙重表面矯正而定,口 須單一切開1 ·5吋(3厘米)至6忖(30厘米)。 ” 本發明之優點包括(但非限制性)(1)依據個別病人量 訂製關節修補(例如依據病人之特殊設計或解決之道),=身 提高修補手術之後之功效及舒適程度;⑼免料術醫^ 某些具體貫施例需要在手術中測量欲修補的缺損的需长: (111)免除手術醫生於植人手術過程中成形材料的需求; 提t、基於月絡、軟骨或組織影像、或基於手術中探查技雜· :提供評估修補材料曲率或形狀之方法;⑺提供使^極: =質存量流失(或某些情況下毫無骨詩量流失)之修補關 即方法;以及(Vi)改良手術後關節的一致性。 如此此處說明可更精準齧合缺損(例如植人部位),因而 提供改良之關節修補之關節修補材料之設計及使用。 Μ如通清技藝人士已知,說明一種植入物其為散置式關 2植入物、軟骨缺損隨形植入物、軟骨投影植入物及/或軟 月下月路隨形植人物。植人物有_上表面及—下表面。上 表面係與關節的第一關節面相對,而下表面係於關節的第 二關節面相對;此外其中上表面或下表面中之至少一者具 200412918 有三維形狀,其可實質上匹配第一關節面及第二關節面之 一的形狀。植入物適合安放於任何關節,包括膝、體、肩、 肘、腕、指、趾及踝。植入物之上表面及下表面典型具有 三維形狀,其實質上匹配至少一關節面的形狀,植入物毗 5 鄰上表面、以及植入物毗鄰關節面之下表面。植入物係設 計成具有病人軟骨缺損之厚度或其部分厚度,典型為65% 至99.9%。 植入物可由多種適當材料製造,該等材料包括生物相 容材料、金屬、金屬合金、生物活性材料、聚合物等。此 10 外植入物可由多種材料製造,包括塗層。 此外植入物具有附著於關節的機構。適當附著機構包 括脊、栓、銷、橫桿、齒及凸部。其它穩定關節的機構例 如脊、胥、及增厚件等也可設置於全部周面或部分周面。 植入物也可設計成有兩個或兩個以上的組成元件。此 15 等組成元件依據預定功能決定,可一體成形、不可分割成 形、互連成形以及獨立成形。於多重組成元件之情況下, 接觸關節之組成元件可設計成以滑動或旋轉或二者的組合 結合關節。另外,接觸關節之組成元件可固定於關節。任 何其它組成元件可與該元件所接合的任何其它組成元件一 20 體成形、不可分割成形、互連成形以及獨立成形。 植入物之各個組成元件或植入物本身沿其周邊或周長 形成之形狀為圓形、橢圓形、卵形、腎臟形、實質圓形、 實質橢圓形、實質卵形及實質腎臟形。此外,植入物之各 個組成元件或植入物本身具有之截面形狀可為球形、半球 12 5 形、非球形、凸面、㈣、實質 楂入物之設計為可使用1〇厘米:汽貝凹面形狀。 入。此外’植入物係設計成可回復::下的切開進行植 關節移動範圍之80,.9%。 即的移動範圍至正常 闕節或其任何組就件可 比植入物中部厚度較厚。 4’讓植人物周邊 可設計成植入物中部之厚度大於二任-馳成元件 硯植入物,例如前部、後部 予又。由夕個方向觀 10 或其任何组成元件具_置=部及中部觀視,植入物 入物之外側部、中部及前部中至;:等於=於植 入物或其任何組成元件具有_後=4二? 於植入物„中部曼叫度係4於或小 ρ及則部中至少-者之厚度。但另 15 :”知例中’植入物或其任何組成元件具有沿裝置中 少-H、等於或小於植入物之前部、後部及外側部中至 ::之厚度。另—具體實施例中,植入物或其任何組成 =具有料置中部之厚度係等於或大於植人物 後部及外側部中至少_者之厚度。 20 節鏡物:=關節之程序包括下述步驟’藉關 Α 。亥植入物具有一上表面及一下表面, ί而該上表面或下表面中之至少-者具有實質上匹配該關. 為麻狀之—維㈣。可於植人之前分析影像。典型影像 為咖、CT、X光或其組合。 根據树明之植人物之製造方法包括 :測定一或多個 即之關節面之三維形狀;以及製造一植入物其具有一上 13 表面及一下表面,其中該上 -M ^ u表面及該下表面係與關節的第 對,以及進一步其中該上表面或 卜表面中之至少一者係實質匹 一 配°亥關郎面之二維形狀。 此外,本發明提供以植 ^ ^ 材料置換部分(例如患病區面 、及/或略大於患病區面積 穎奘 、關即(例如軟骨及/或骨骼)之新 賴衣置及方法,此處該植人‘ 一而、植入物可與周圍結構及組織之至少 達成解剖齧合或接近解叫
SiJ M ^左卜 备合,且回復關節活動性達 則關即正常活動範圍之6〇、99 ·9/°。此外,該植入物可忍受 义矛夕動過程施加於關節上哀 10 白紅扣 呵達100%剪力。當裝置及/或方法 可_聯下方關^^件時,本發明也提供骨關聯元件 /、幸人骨下骨達搞剖對正錢近解剖對正。本發明可以 早一切口準備植入位置。卜 ow 此專衣置可為嵌置式。裝置可為 早-元件、雙重元件或具有複數個元件。 15 20 、本^月方法包含下列步驟:⑷測量預期植人位置之一 =或多維(例如厚度及/或曲率及/或尺寸),或測量環繞該期 望位置之區域維度;以及(b)提供軟骨置換或材料其係隨形 於步驟(a)所得測量值。就某些方面而言,步驟(a)包含測定 環繞期望植场置之軟f厚度H収職期望植入位 置之軟月曲率。另外步驟(a)可包含測量期望植入位置之尺 寸及測里環繞期望植入位置之軟骨曲率;或測量環繞期 望位置之軟骨厚度,測量期望植入位置尺寸,以及測量環 、v〇期望植人位置之軟骨曲率;或重建於期望植人位置之健 康軟骨表面形狀;或測量期望植入位置尺寸,及/或測量於 期望植入位置或期望植入位置周圍之軟骨下骨曲率或幾何 14 200412918 幾:狀可測量於植人位置之剩餘軟骨厚度、曲率或 狀作比=二:軟骨之厚度曲率或表面幾何形 形狀。 lx可絲更準確導錢骨置換或材料的 5 置換材料維度可於手術中測量後選擇,例如可使用超 二技=;广描、χ光染料所得χ光影像及螢光影像等 機械探頭(具有或不具有造影能力何用於 凹口探頭以及可變形材料。 子.木頭 10 15 物=多種可植入裝置包括三維本體。於膝關節,植入 ^用於-崎峨錄(蝴。陶節植人物 =擴圓,反而係遵循關節軟骨、軟骨下骨及/或關節内社 構^維幾何形狀。植人物具有—對相對表面。植入物二 植=輪抑配或實質上匹配下方軟骨及/或骨輪廊 ^物之相對表面輪廊形成匹配關節面之表面。例如相 可使用模組化凸起來最佳化該表面供與關節匹 古卜’相對表面可使關化界面連結。界面也 =出關節面。树㈣順自輪間合藉關節鏡 20 裝置之各表面尺寸無須均勾。於任何指定點所取跨— 軸長度⑽該轴為可變。同理,跨第二轴(垂直於第-軸)長 度扣也沿該轴為可變。沿第—轴之任仙長度與沿第二轴 的任何D長度之比可具有適合欲續正的肉體幾何之任何比 值,此比值為熟諳技藝人士所了解。 15 10 如热邊技藝人士已知,此處所述任何可植入的關節屑 復物包含複數個(例如兩片或兩片以上)本體組成元件,各元 *可接口(例如滑動式接合)及/或可分開而未恃離本發明之 執圍:例如兩片式元件可裝設於各元件,該元件有一面之 ^靡係隨形於(部分或實質隨形於)下方軟骨及/或骨。若干 :體a施例中’可接合之元件相對面為彎曲。曲率經選擇 皇類似該關節至少—關節面之曲率或為該關節面之鏡像曲 复。其它具體實施例中,可接合之元件之相對面為平坦。 具體實施例中,可接合之元件之相對面為平坦與彎曲 —設下’ &所述任—種方法中,置換材料可 :::r:r如此修_可於手術前手:: 15 也二界:適::::r種方法,材料 手術後成形。成形技手術中或 =機_,包括研磨、t射二= 形; 射出、模製壓縮成形紹、“, 耵从蝕、擠壓、 20 可包含-或多種=:::等成形。最後,植入物 藥理作用劑、生物作用劑等。*物細胞、非*^胞材料、 本發明包括於個體# 物根據此處所述任—二::二方法包含植入 植入物典型係藉關節鏡植人 包 16 200412918 含下述步驟,於手術中使用機械探頭或手術機械導航系統 測量關節面曲率。關節面包含軟骨及/或軟骨下骨。機械探 頭(具有或不具有造影能力)包括例如超音波探頭、雷射、機 械臂(例如鈦FARO臂)、光學探頭及/或可變形材料或裝置。 5 多種工具用來辅助裝置的植入。工具為導件,及輔助 相對於關節面以最佳方式定位裝置。用於該裝置之工具及 導件之設計係由適合特定關節之裝置設計中導出。工具可 包括試驗植入物或手術工具其部分或實質隨形於植入部位 或關節腔。 1〇 此處所述任一種修補系統或贗復物(例如外表面)可包 含聚合物料或液態金屬。聚合物料可附著於金屬或金屬合 金。聚合物料可射出成形,且可自我硬化,或當暴露於化 學印、能束、光源、超音波及其它時硬化。此外,此處所 述任種系統或贗復物適合經由軟骨置換材料外表面的開 口進仃 >主射(例如外表面之一開口止於骨表面之複數個開 )月水’尼、治療物質及/或其它生物活性物質可經開口注 射。右干具體實施例中,需要加壓注射骨水泥至關節面或 車人月下骨或骨髓,俾達成骨水泥穿透部分植入部位。此外, 2 斤迷任一種修補系統或贗復物可固定於骨驗或固定於 月本身。一或多種固定延伸件(例如栓等)可延伸貫穿 骨及/或骨髓。 干具體實施例中,軟骨置換系統可被植入,而未侵 #单月下骨’或只有少數栓或錨延伸入或延伸貫穿軟骨下 、技術之優點為可避免未來植入物的「移居」以及 17 200412918 骨質溶解,結果導致關節不一致、或植入物鬆脫、或其它 併發症。 如熟諳技藝人士已知,適當關節包括膝、肩、髖、脊 椎、椎肩盤、肘、踝、腕、指、腕骨與掌骨間關節、中腳 5 關節及前腳關節等。此處所述技術同樣非僅限於人類關 節,也可延伸至任何哺乳動物關節。 此等及其它本發明之具體實施例對熟諳技藝人士鑑於 此處揭示將顯然自明。 圖式簡單說明 10 第1A圖為根據本發明,評估需要修補之關節之方法之 方塊圖,其中於接納選用之植入物之前,既有關節面未經 改變或實質未經改變。第1B圖為根據本發明,評估需要修 補之關節之方法之方塊圖,其中於設計適合達成修補之植 入物之前,既有關節面未經改變或實質未經改變。 15 第2圖為遠端股骨關節軟骨之三維厚度圖之再現。三維 厚度圖例如可有超音波、CT或MRI資料產生。軟骨内部之 深色孔指示全厚度軟骨流失區。 第3A圖顯示同心設置光圈之帕西多圓盤範例。第3B圖 顯示投影於具有固定曲率表面之帕西多圓盤範例。 20 第4圖顯示同心光圈(帕西多圓盤)投影於各個股骨髁所 得之反射,驗證表面輪廓變化對反射圓之影響。 第5圖顯示不規則彎曲面之二維加色碼之地形圖範例。 第6圖顯示不規則彎曲面之三維加色碼之地形圖範例。 第7A-B圖為根據本發明,評估需要置換關節之方法之 18 200412918 方塊圖,其中原有關節面於接納植入物之前經改變。 第8A圖為適合植入膝關節之脛骨岡之本發明關節植入 物之透視圖。第8B圖為第8A圖植入物之頂視圖。第8C圖為 第8B圖之植入物沿第8B圖之視線C-C所取之剖面圖。第8D 5 圖為第8B圖沿視線D-D所取之剖面圖。第8E圖為第8B圖沿 視線E-E所取之剖面圖。第8F圖為第8A圖之植入物之側視 圖。第8G圖為第8A圖之植入物顯示植入後沿平行於矢狀平 面之平面所取之剖面圖。第8H圖為第8A圖之植入物顯示植 入後沿平行於冠狀平面之平面所取之剖面圖。第81圖為第 10 8A圖之植入物顯示植入後沿平行於軸向平面之平面所取之 剖面圖。第8J圖顯示於正中(朝向脛骨岡邊緣)及向前及向後 延伸接近骨之略大的植入物。第8K圖為第8A圖之關節植入 物之另一具體實施例之側視圖,顯示一錨。第8L圖為第8A 圖之關節植入物之另一具體實施例之底視圖,顯示一錨。 15 第9A及9B圖為適合用於股骨髁之關節植入物由下表 面及上表面觀視分別所得之透視圖。第9C圖為第9A圖植入 物之側視圖。第9D圖為植入物之下表面視圖;第9E圖為植 入物之上表面視圖,以及第9F圖為植入物之剖面圖。第9G 圖為適合用於二股骨髁之關節植入物上表面之視圖。第9H 20 圖為第9G圖之植入物之透視側視圖。 第10A圖為髖臼之侧視圖。第10B圖為近端股骨之旋轉 視圖。第10C圖為髖關節植入物之剖面圖,顯示實質上恆定 半徑。 第10D圖為類似第10C圖之植入物之剖面圖,具有圓化 19 200412918 邊緣及非對稱半徑。 第11A圖為具有元件延伸入股骨頭小窩之植入物之剖 面圖。其它平面圖顯示其它平面圖,第11B圖顯示植入物為 半球形,第11C圖顯示為部分半球形及第11D圖顯示為軌 5 形。第11E圖為具有輪輻配置之植入物之具體實施例。 第12A圖為植入物之剖面圖,有一元件延伸入髖臼小 窩。第12B-E圖顯示多種透視圖,其中該植入物為半球形、 部分半球形、執形及輪輻狀。 第13A圖為雙元件式「活動軸承」植入物之剖面圖,顯 10 示二件式組成及光滑匹配面。第13B-F圖為平面圖,顯示具 有二半球之二元件,單一半球有一軌或軌狀外部元件(亦即 於一維為半球形,但其它各維並非半球形),單一半球具有 執形内部結構,單一半球具有輪輻狀内部元件,以及單一 半球具有輪輻狀外部元件。 15 第13G-J圖為雙元件式植入物之另一具體實施例,此處 外部元件之内表面有一結節其接合内部元件外表面之凹 部。也顯示其它變化。 第14A圖為植入物之另一具體實施例,植入物有一元件 延伸入股骨頭小窩。第14B圖及第14C圖顯示剖面圖具體實 20 施例,此處元件之一形成一半球,而第二元件則否。 第15A圖為雙元件式「活動軸承」植入物之剖面圖,具 有一元件延伸入髖臼小窩。第15B及15C圖顯示剖面圖,此 處元件之一形成半球,而第二元件則否。 第16A圖為雙元件式「活動軸承」植入物之剖面圖。第 20 200412918 16B-D圖為三元件式「活動軸承」植入物之剖面圖,其具有 一或多個元件形成半球,而至少另一元件則否。 第17A圖為雙元件式「活動軸承」植入物之剖面圖,具 有一元件延伸入髖臼小窩。第17B及17C圖顯示剖面圖,此 5 處元件之一形成半球,而第二元件則否。 第18A圖為雙元件式「活動軸承」植入物之剖面圖,具 有一元件延伸入髖臼小窩。第18B圖為頂視圖,顯示第18A 圖所示元件頂端四翅片延伸入髖臼小窩内部於髖臼元件頂 部° 10 第19A圖為雙元件式「活動軸承」植入物之剖面圖,具 有一元件延伸入股骨頭小窩。第19B圖為雙元件式固定植入 物之剖面圖。 第20A圖為具有不等半徑及厚度之供髖關節用之植入 物之剖面圖。第20B圖為具有不等半徑及厚度之供髖關節用 15 之植入物之剖面圖。第20C圖為具有不等半徑及厚度之供髖 關節用之植入物之剖面圖。第20D圖為髖關節用之植入物之 剖面圖,具有胥向下及向上延伸。 第21A圖為肩關節之骨質結構之前視圖,例如鎖骨、肩 胛、關節窩、肩峰、喙突及肱骨。第21B圖為置放於肱骨頭 20 與關節窩間之關節成形裝置之視圖。第21C圖為關節成形裝 置之斜向前視剖面圖,具有肱骨面實質隨形於肱骨頭形 狀,以及關節窩面實質隨形於關節窩形狀。第21D圖為關節 成形裝置之軸向剖面圖,具有肢骨面實質隨形於肱骨頭形 狀,以及關節窩面實質隨形於關節窩形狀。第21E圖肩關節 21 之斜向則視圖’顯示關節軟骨及上下關節窩胥。第21F圖為 肩關即之軸向視圖,顯示關節軟骨及前後關節窩胥。第21G θ為關節成形裝置之斜向前視剖面圖,具有肱骨面實質隨 5形=骨頭形狀,以及關節窩面實質隨形於關節窩及關節 σ月升/狀帛21Η圖為關節成形裝置之軸向剖面圖,具有肢 1面貫質隨形於肢骨頭形狀,以及關節窩面實質隨形於關 ^窩及關節窩胥形狀。第211圖為關節成形裝置之斜向前視 剖=圖,具有肱骨面實質隨形於肢骨頭形狀,以及關節寫 面實質隨形於關節窩形狀。顯示一胥其係向上及/或向下延 10伸且提供關節窩的穩定。第21J圖為關節成形裝置之轴向剖 面圖,具杨骨面實質隨形於肢骨頭形狀,以及關節寓面 實料形於關節窩形狀。赫—I其係向前及/或向後延伸 ^提供關節窩的敎。第21K圖為雙元件式「活動軸承」關 2成形裝置之斜向前視剖面圖,具錢骨面實質隨形於胜 15骨頭形狀,以及關節窩面實f隨形於關節离形狀。 第21L圖為雙元件式「活動軸承」關節成形裝置之轴向 剖面圖,具有肱骨面實質隨形於胜骨頭形狀,以及關節寓 面實質隨形於關節窩形狀。第讀圖為雙元件式「活動轴 ^關節成开置之另—視圖,具有胜骨面實質隨形於肢 20 Θ碩形狀,以及關節窩面實質隨形於關節窩形狀。該裝置 於第-元件表面上有個結節,其匹配第二元件表面之凹部 俾促進關節的移動。 一第2!_為雙元件式「活動軸承」關節成形裝置之斜向 兩視剖面圖。第21嶋雙元件式「活動轴承」關節成形裝 22 200412918 5 10 15 20 置之斜向前視剖面圖。第21P及Q圖為第210圖所示雙重活 動軸承裝置之另一具體實施例之剖面圖。 弟22圖為通過肘關節之斜向縱視圖,顯示遠端胜骨、 鷹嗔犬及橈骨頭。也顯示軟骨表面。 第23A圖為通過腕關節之縱視圖,顯示遠端橈骨、尺 骨、以及若干腕骨其有一關節成形系統就位。第23B圖為通 過腕關節之縱視圖,顯示遠端橈骨、尺骨、以及若干腕骨 其有一關節成形系統就位。第23C圖為通過腕關節之縱視 圖’顯示遠端㈣、尺骨、以及若干崎其有1節;^ 糸統就位。第23D圖為適合用於腕骨之雙元件式「活動軸承y 關即成形裝置之縱剖面圖。第23E圖為另一雙元件式關節: 形裝置之縱剖面圖,本例不含脣。第23F圖為雙元成 動轴承」關節成形裝置之縱剖面圖。 工 第24圖為通過手指之矢狀視圖。關節成形 、 插置於掌骨頭與近端指骨基部間。, & ,下為 第25Α圖為通過踩關節之矢狀視 骨月叩#u ^ 口顯不延端脛骨、鞋 月及跟月及其它骨,其有一關節成 ii ift m - 見就位。第 25B®| A 通過踝關即之冠狀視圖,顯示遠端、 4 顯示一關節成y堤碥腓骨及距骨。 “成开/衣置插置於运端脛 圖為通過躁關節之矢狀視圖,顯示遠·⑼ 5C 及其它骨。也顯示軟骨面。—關節成形距月及跟骨 遠端腔骨與距骨圓頂間。第25_為„ 如為插置於 圖,顯示遠端腔骨、遠端腓骨及距骨。龜果關節之冠狀胡 置插置於遠端时與距骨圓頂間。、卜關即成形装
鲁 23 200412918 第26圖為通過腳趾之矢狀視圖。關節成形裝置顯示為 插置於掌骨頭與近端趾骨基部間。, 第27A-D圖為將本發明裝置植入目標關節採用之各方 法步驟之方塊圖。 5 第28圖為植入第8L圖所示裝置時適合使用之植入導件 工具之平面圖。 第29A及29B圖為植入第9B圖所示裝置時適合使用之 植入導件工具之平面圖。 〔實施方式】 10 較佳實施例之詳細說明 後文說明係讓熟諳技藝人士可了解及利用本發明。此 處所述具體實施例之多項修改對熟諳技藝人士顯然易知, 此處所述概略原理可未悖離如隨附之申請專利範圍界定之 本發明之精髓及範圍,此處所述概略原理可應用至其它具 15 體實施例與應用用途。如此,本發明絕非意圖囿限於所示 具體實施例,反而係符合此處揭示原理及特色之最廣義範 圍。至完整了解此處揭示之本發明需要的程度,本案引述 之全部已核發的專利案、專利公告案及專利申請案之說明 書及附圖以引用方式併入此處。 20 如業界人士已知,除非另行指示,否則本發明係採用 於業界技巧範圍内之X光造影與處理、X光斷層合成、超音 波包括A掃描、B掃描及C掃描、電腦斷層術(CT掃描)、磁 振造影(MRI)、光内聚斷層掃描術、單光子發射斷層掃描術 (SPECT)及正子發射斷層掃描術(PET)等習知技術。此等技 24 200412918 術於參考文獻有完整解說,在此無需說明。例如參考X光結 構測定··使用指南,第2版,Stout及Jensen編輯,1989年, 約輪威力父子公司出版;身體CT :使用辦法,Slone編輯, 1999年,麥克羅西爾出版;X光診斷:醫師辦法,Lam編輯, 1998年史賓基凡雷(Springer-Verlag)出版;以及牙科放射 學··了解X光影像,LaetitiaBrocklebank編輯,1997年,牛 孝大學出版社出版。 I·關節之雙重或多重表面評估 10 本發明允許醫師評估且治療關節缺損,該關節缺損係 來自於例如關節病、軟骨退化、骨關節炎、血清陽性及血 清陰性關節炎、骨受傷、軟骨受傷、創傷及/或由於使用過 度或老化造成的退化。感興趣之區域尺寸、容積及形狀可 15 只包括缺損的軟骨區,但較佳也包括包圍軟骨缺損之軟骨 2續部分。此外’感興趣區域之尺寸、容積及形狀包括軟 月下骨、骨髓及其它關節結構例如半月板,帶及肌鍵。 一 * * I口 4〆!、Ή cj'j 首先’醫師獲得目標關節1G之測量值。獲得測量值之步為 20 L Γ由拍攝關㈣料成。若有所需該步驟可重複11來3 仔娘數個影像,俾更進—步精緻化關節評估過程。一旦】 師已經取得需要_量值,該資訊 ^ 標關節的模式表示3G 接又°平估之1 式。關、式表不可呈地形圖或影像f 包括[維、二維或三維。模式呈現、 匕括$體杈式。若有所雲 原妒槿有^刊心於―_式3丨。無論』 。拉式或隨後形成的模式< — 俣八^ 一者0可使用。於產生關雀 25 200412918 5 之 10 15 20 之模式呈現30後,醫師可於修正後的條件選擇性產生 關節之投影模式呈⑽。再度若有所需或若屬期望,此二 驟也可重複41。使用關節之地形條件與關節投影影像間^ 差異丄醫:隨後選擇—種關節植人物5q其適合達成續正後 之關節解剖。如業界人+了 g, 妙,來達成預定結果 ^過程5G可於需要時重 呈現==人士已知,醫師可由產生目標關節之模式 主現^_直接前進至襲適當關節置 5〇,如箭頭32指*。此外,於選接物之步驟 後,可以〜擇適當關節置換植入物5〇 產生目二式或並列方式重複獲得目標關節測量值 、目^_之模式呈現30、以及產生投影模式 如机程24、25、26所示。 ΙΓ圖:圖’顯示醫師評估關節時採行的步 称可利用拍攝關節影像達成。若有所需此里值之步 獲传複數個影像,俾進—步精緻關節評估奸2硬11來 已經取得需㈣測量值,該資期來衫料旦醫師 關節的模弋〇 ,目土丧又5平估之目標 額。此龍式 式。關節之模式呈現可為一維、二維 K象形 若屬期望可重複處㈣。模式呈現包括料=有所需或 關節之模式呈現3G後,醫師可選擇性產生、=於評估 ::之條件下之投影模式呈,若有所需 :::r。使__件與關節投影二^ 西則灸以出適合達成矯正後關節解剖之關節植入 10 步 驟 26 200412918 物52,可視需要而經常性重複設計過程53來達成預定之植 入物設計。醫師也可評估是否提供額外結構例如脣、栓或 錨來提升植入物於目標關節的效能。 如熟諳技藝人士已知,醫師可由產生目標關節模式呈 5 現步驟30直接跳至設計適當關節置換植入物步驟52,如箭 頭38所示。類似於上示流程,於設計適當關節置換植入物 52之後,可串列或並列重複獲得目標關節測量值步驟10、 產生目標關節模式呈現步驟30、以及產生投影模式步驟 40,如流程42、43、44戶斤示。 10 選用之或設計之關節植入物可達成與原有關節面之解 剖齧合或接近解剖齧合,同時呈現匹配面給相對關節面來 再現天然關節解剖。此種情況下,關節面可經評估,預定 所得關節面也可經評估。此項技術特別可用於未固定於骨 之植入物。 15 第2圖說明遠端股骨之關節軟骨之三維厚度圖的彩色 再現。三維厚度圖例如可由超音波、CT或MRI資料產生。 軟骨物質内部的暗孔指示喪失全厚度軟骨區。由三維厚度 圖可測定軟骨損傷大小及形狀。 如熟諳技藝人士已知,可使用任一種適當技術獲得尺 20 寸、曲率及/或厚度測量值。例如利用下列技術可獲得一 維、二維及/或三維測量值,使用適當機械手段、雷射裝置、 電磁或光學追蹤系統、模具、施用於關節面上可硬化及/或 「記憶表面輪廓」之材料及/或一或多種造影技術。測量值 可以非侵襲性方式及/或於手術中(例如使用探頭或其它手 27 200412918 術裝置)得知。如熟諳技藝人士已知,依據於關節面上任何 特定位置,欲矯正的軟骨及/或骨損傷深度而定,修補裝置 厚度可於任一點改變。 A.造影技術 5 如熟諳技藝人士已知,適合用於測量患病軟骨或軟骨 流失區域厚度及/或曲率(如軟骨曲率及/或骨曲率)或尺寸 之造影技術包括X光、磁振造影(MRI)、電腦斷層掃描(〇τ, 也稱作電腦軸向斷層術或CAT)、光學内聚斷層術、SPECT、 PET、超音波造影技術、及光學造影技術。(也參考2〇〇2年3 10 月21曰公告之Alexander等人之國際專利公告案w〇 02/22014 ; 2002年4月16日核發給Tsoref等人之美國專利 6,373,250 ;以及 Vaiideberg 等人(2002 年)放射學 222: 430-436)。對比劑或其它對比加強劑也可使用任何投藥途徑 例如靜脈注射、關節内注射等使用。 15 某些具體實施例中,CT或MRI用來評估任何組織骨軟 骨及其中之任何缺損,例如關節病變或患病關節區來獲得 有關权骨下骨或軟骨退化資訊,以及提供有關損傷區域的 形態或生化或生物機械資訊。特別例如裂開等變化、軟骨 部分厚度或全部厚度流失,以及殘餘軟骨内部信號改變可 20使用一或多種此等方法偵測。有關基本NR原理與技術的討 論,參考MRI基本原理與應用,第2版,Mark九Br〇wn&
Richard C· Semelka ’威力里斯公司(1999年)。有關MRI之討 論包括習知T1及T2加權旋轉回波造影、梯度回應回波(GRE) 造影、磁化移轉對比(MTC)造影、快速旋轉回波(FSE)造影、 28 200412918 對比增強造影、快速獲得鬆弛增強(RARE)造影、梯度回波 獲得穩態(GRASS)造影,以及驅動平衡傅立葉轉換(deft)
造影來獲得有關軟骨資訊請參考Alexander等人之WO 02/22014。如此於較佳具體實施例中,所得測量值係基於 5 如Alexander等人之WO 〇2/22〇14所述於關節獲得之三維 影像、或二維影像集合最終獲得三維資訊。可獲得單獨軟 骨、或組合軟骨移動類型例如屈曲-伸展、平移及/或旋轉之 二維、三維影像或映射圖。三維影像包括移動類型、二面 或多面相對關節面之接觸點、接觸區段、以及關節移動期 10間該接觸點及接觸區段之移動資訊。二維及三維影像包括 關即权骨之生物組成資訊。此外,造影技術可隨著時間的 經過比對’來提供所需修補材料之形狀及類型之更新資訊。 此處所述任-種造影裝置也可於手術中使用(例如也 參見下文)’例如使用手持超音波及/或光學探頭來於手術中 15 拍攝關節面影像。 B.手術中測量 另卜或此外可於關節鏡手術或開放性關節切開術 術期間獲得患錄骨以㈣流μ之尺相量值、軟骨 20 厚度及/或軟骨或骨㈣«值。手術中之測量並未涉及實 際接觸關節面之一或多區。 久貝 適合獲紐骨或以其它關節結構之手射測量值之 裝置,以及產生表面地 /nl 圮圖之裝置包括(但非限制性)帕西多 (Placido)圓盤及雷射 ^ 卞涉叶及/或可變形材料或裝置(例如 餐考2〇〇2年5月π n仏 曰核發給Wooh等人之美國專利 29 200412918 6,382,028,2000年5月2日核發給Levesque等人之 6,057,927,1996年6月 4 日核發給Yamane等人之5,523,843 ; 1998年12月8日核發給Sarver等人之5,847,804以及1997年11 月4日核發給Fujeda之5,684,562)。 5 第3A圖說明具有同心排列光圈之帕西多圓盤。帕西多 圓盤同心陣列投射有明確界限的而具有不等半徑的光圈, 可以雷射或透過光纖輸送的白光產生。帕西多圓盤可附接 至内視鏡裝置(或附接至任何探頭例如手持式探頭),讓光圈 可投射於關節面上。第3B圖顯示帕西多圓盤投影於固定曲 10率表面範例。可使用一或多部造影攝影機(例如附接至裝置 上)來捕捉光圈的反射。使用數學分析來測定表面曲率。而 曲率可於I視态上呈現出軟骨表面標有色碼的地形圖。此 外,地形圖之數學模式可用來測定理想表面地形,置換該 分析區域的任何軟骨缺損。然後此種經過運算後的理想表 I5面也王現在監視器上,例如第2圖所示之三維厚度圖,該圖 用來選擇置換材料或再生材料的表面曲率。 第4圖顯不由同心光圈(帕西多圓盤)投射至各個股骨髁 所知的反射,驗證表面輪靡變化對反射光圈的影響。 同理’雷射干涉計也可_於内視鏡裝置末端。此外, j尘感心可附接於内視鏡裝置,俾使用相移干涉計量術 來測定軟骨表面或骨曲率,產生軟骨表面可目測之邊帶圖 2分析相圖(波前)。然後曲率於監視器上呈現為軟骨表面之 I有色碼的地形圖。此外,地形圖數學模式可絲決定於 斤品置換任何軟骨缺損或骨缺損的理想表面地形。此種 30 200412918 經過運算的理想表面可於監視器上觀視,且可用來選擇置 換軟骨的曲率。 熟諳技藝人士了解可採用其它軟骨表面曲率之光學測 量技術,而未悻離本發明之範圍。例如可產生2_或3維 5 圖’如第5圖及第6圖所示。 也可使錢械裝置(例如探頭)來作手術巾測量,例如可 變形材料如凝膠、模具、任何硬化材料(例如可維持變形直 到被加熱、冷卻或以其它方式操控為止之材料)。例如參考 2〇〇2年5月2日頒予Dickson等人之w〇 〇2/3侧。例如可變 H)形凝膠施用於股骨鍊。凝膠之朝向股骨課該側可獲得股骨 髁表面輪麼之負像凹刻。然後該負像凹刻用來決定缺損尺 寸、缺損深度、以及缺損或田比鄰缺損的關節面曲率。此項 資訊用來選擇治療,例如關節面修補系統。另—例中,可 施用硬化材料至關節面,例如股骨課或脛骨岡。硬化材料 留在關節面上直到硬化為止。然後由關節面移開硬化材 料。硬化材料的面對關節面該側可獲得關節面的負像凹 刻。然後該負像凹刻用來決定缺損尺寸、缺損深度、以及 缺損位置及鄰近缺損之關節面曲率。然後此項資訊用於治 療例如關節面修補系統。若干具體實施例中,硬化系統可 2〇留在原位,且構成實際關節面修補系統。 若干具體實施例中,可變形材料包含複數個活動機械 兀件。當朝向感興趣的表面加壓時,各個元件可朝兩相反 方向推進,而其推進(變形)程度係對應於感興趣表面之曲 率"玄裝置包括煞車機構’因此該等元件可維持於隨形於 31 軟骨及/或骨表面位置。然後由病人身體移開該裝置且分析 曲率。另外,個別活動元件包括記號,指系於指定點的變 化里及/或、又形私度。使用攝影機於手術中造影裝置,影像 t存用來刀析曲率資。適當標記包括(但#限制性)實際線 5性測$(公制或英制)、不同色彩對應於不同變形量,及/或 相同色Α的不同色度或色調對應不同變形量。活動元件的 位移也可使用電子裝置測定。 立其它於手術中測量軟骨及軟骨下骨之裝置包括例如超 曰波4木頭超音波探碩較佳為手持式,可施用於軟骨,而 10測量軟骨及/或軟骨下骨曲率。此外,可評估敕骨缺損尺 寸’以及敎關節軟骨厚度。此種超音波測量可以續、B 核或C权獲得。若獲得蝴測量值,則操作員典型係以不同 的奴頭方向作測量’例如中間偏側方向及前後方向,俾 出尺寸、曲率及厚度之三維評估。 15 麟技藝人士使用光學探頭、雷射干涉計量術、機械 及超音波探頭了解不同的探頭設計皆屬可能。探頭較佳為 手持式。某些具體實施例巾,探頭絲彡部分探則典型為 接觸組織部分)可為無菌。無菌性可使用無菌蓋達成,例如 類似1999年2月25日公告之LangiW〇 99/〇8598ai揭示之 20 無菌蓋。 使用造影試驗及/或手術中測量對關節軟骨或軟骨下 月曲率分析’可用來測定患病軟、或軟骨流失大 小。例如該曲率可能於軟骨流失區遽然改變。此種曲率的 遽改k或犬然改變可用來偵測患病軟骨邊界或軟骨缺損 32 200412918 邊界。 Η·關節之單一表面評估 現在參考第7Α圖,提供方塊圖,顯示進行關節之單一 表面評估之各步驟。如同第1Α及1Β圖,獲得目標關節之影 5 像或測量值60。隨後以該測量值來輔助選擇適當裝置來矯 正缺損70。測量步驟或造影步驟可視需要重複來輔助辨識 修補缺損的最適當裝置80。一旦完成測量,選用一種裝置 來矯正缺損90。本例中,只複製關節之一表面。此項技術 特別可用於植入物包括可將植入物固定於骨之機構之例。 10 如此’植入物至少有一表面其複製關節面,植入物至少有 弟一表面係與欲修補的受損關節之關節面或骨之部分或全 部連通。 如熟请技藝人士已知,醫師可由測量關節缺損步驟70 直接别進至選擇修補缺損的適當裝置步驟9〇,如箭頭%指 15示。此外若有所需獲得目標關節測量值60、測量關節缺損 70、識別適合修補缺損之裝置8〇、選擇修補缺損之裝置9〇 等任一步驟或全部步驟皆可重複一或多次61、71、81、91。 類似上示流程,於選定修補缺損的裝置90後,可串列 或並列重複獲得目標關節測量值6〇、測量關節缺損、識 20別適合修補缺損之裝置8〇等步驟,如流程65、66、67所示。 第7Β圖顯示另一種方法,提供方塊圖顯示對關節進行 单-表面評估之各步驟。如同第认及比圖,獲得目標關節 之影像或測量值60。隨後進行測量來輔助選擇矯正缺損之 適當裝置70。測量步驟或造影步驟可視需要重複η,俾輔 33 200412918 助識別修補缺損之最適 造出矯正缺損用之装置%。 —旦已經作測置,則製 如熟諳技藝人士已 較 直接前進至製造@ ° 測量關節缺損步领7〇 若有所需卿曰二缺損之裝置92,如箭頭39指示。此外 方!所而獲传目標關節此外 適合修補缺損之裝置8〇::=、測量關節缺損〜
驟或全部步驟皆可重複—:Γ:補缺損之裝置92等S 或夕次61、71、81、93。 類似上示流程’ ίο 或並列重複獲得目__旦叫的裝置92後,可串列 心“ 關即測里值6〇、測量關節缺損7〇、i 別適,修細員之如附驟,如細6、77、78所八織 有多種方法可用來輔助於單—表面評估期間將關二 :化。例如使錄骨厚纽”資訊,可對任—點^ 即权月及/或軟骨下骨表面模式。關節之模式呈現可為〜 15 維、二維或三維。可包括實體模式。實體模式可表示關節 内部的有限區域、或模式可涵蓋整個關節。 特別於膝關節,實體模式可只涵蓋正中或外側股骨 髁、二股骨髁及凹口區、正中脛骨岡、外側脛骨岡、整個 腔骨岡、正中髌骨、外側髂骨、整個髌骨或整個關節。軟 骨患病區所在位置例如可使用三維座標系或三維歐幾里得 20 距離轉換(如Alexander等人於WO 02/22014所述)或LaPlace 轉換測定。 藉此方式,可準確測定欲修補的缺損尺寸。顯然部分 但非全部缺損包括小於整個軟骨。測量正常軟骨厚度,或 測量環繞一或多處軟骨缺損而只有輕度患病軟骨厚度。厚 34 200412918 度測量值可於單點或多點獲得。取愈多測量值,則可命精 緻且愈準箱作測定。如此,例如可於2點、*你、7_1〇 點、夕於10點或於整個其餘軟骨長度作測量。可獲得二維 及三維測量值。此外—旦測定缺損大小,則可選擇適當治 5療(例如植入物或植入物置換區等於或略大於覆蓋_或多 關節面之患病軟骨),讓儘可能保留健康的周圍組織。 另外’可測量關節面或下方修曲率來設計及/或成形 修補材料。此種情況下可測量剩餘軟骨厚度以及關節面曲 率來設計及/或成形修補材料。另外可測量軟骨下骨曲率, 10所付測里值用來設計、製造、選擇及/或成形軟骨置換材料。 III·關節裝置 本裝置為贗復物。贗復物形式或裝置形式係經由將現 有軟骨及/或骨雜廓投影來有效模擬自然 關節結構之各 15 20 方面孩置可貫質上回復關節的正常對正狀態,及/或對 二配之相對關即面至原先或正常關節面提供一致或實質 的表φ。此外由於農置之_表面提供解娜合或接 步:剖餐合既有的關節面’因此可實質上免除關節的進— 進^匕。裝置的插入係透過小型(例如3厘米至5厘米)的切開 藝二且無需作裝置的骨絡切除或機械固定。但如熟諸技 角錐γ瞭解’可提供額外結構例如橫桿、翅片、栓、齒(如 構可形’㈣或圓錐形凸起)朗,此等額外結 干擾更有效座落於關節面上的能力。骨贅或其它 接近解^放的結齡易被切。裝置經“ _齧合或 ^合占據_腔,裝置可改善關節穩定性,回復 35 200412918 關節的正常或接近正常的機械對正狀態。 此處所示裝置之精確尺寸可藉下述方式測定,獲得且 分析特定個體之影像,設計一種裝置,其實質上係隨形於 該個體的關節解剖(軟骨及/或骨),同時如前述考慮既有的 5 關節面幾何。如此可對各別個體量身訂製本裝置之實際形 狀。 本發明之贗復裝置可為適合用於最小侵襲性之手術植 入且無需骨骼切開之裝置。該裝置可固定於骨,但非必要。 例如於膝關節,該裝置可為單一腔室,換言之置放於天然 10 半月板尋常所在腔室。天然半月板可維持於原位,或可全 部去除或部分去除,視情況而定。於尋常情況下,已經被 撕開的天然半月板被去除,若有所需受損區可經修整。另 外,也可去除全部剩餘半月板。此項去除也可經由用來插 入裝置的該切口進行。對多種植入物而言切除可藉關節鏡 15 手術進行,所作切開長1-15厘米,但較佳長1-8厘米且更佳 長1-4厘米。 此處所述裝置於同一平面(例如前後平面或正中外側 平面或上下平面或斜向平面)或於多個平面可有各種曲率 及半徑。藉此方式可成形關節面修補系統,來達成植入物 20 與植入部位間的解剖對正或接近解剖對正。此項設計不僅 允許不同程度的凹凸,同時也允許於主要為凸面形狀具有 凹部,反之亦然。匹配欲修補關節之植入物表面具有各種 幾何形狀,該幾何形狀係隨欲修補關節面之實體損傷而改 變。但熟諳技藝人士可基於典型損傷類型製作植入物。也 36 可基於預期損傷發生前關 此外,植入物也可^ "攝之正常輪廓製作植入物。 變製作。如此植入物考:據關節移動期間對側面形狀的改 :轉,、a 此處所述裳置較佳 於正常關節的關節動作 邊緣平移且可自我取中。如此 位置來配合關節 允許裝置略為移動或適當改變其 、 」目然移動。 l〇 漂浮。此外關節移動# ,。值裝置不會於關節内部自由 時,當關節的移動逆轉,=由第一位置平移至第二位置 達先前位置。結果事 T ’袭置容易返回其原先位置而到 變」朝向腔室_側 不會於裝置所在腔室内側漸進「蠕 為非對稱形狀,可 Γ變幾何形狀連同植入物之略 裝置可於^ 植入物的自我取中行為。 is 」於~關節面上 ^ 可維持取中於脛骨, 、、隹持穩定。例如於膝關節,裝置 物之略為非對_^^骨髁係於裝置上自由移動。植入 種於一關節面上的稱二&匹配下方關節面,可輔助達成此 此處所述裴置於 2〇 即屈曲、伸展、外展、内收、 間一或多個關節面形狀的改 附著機構限制。此 P邻之移動若有所需可選擇性藉 種機構也允許裳置於,構例如允許裝置旋轉而非平移。此 向平移。該機構進二—方向平移,而版止裝置於另〆方 許褒置傾斜。心4將裝置固定於關節㈣,同時允 , §附著機構包括脊、拴、鋁^ 灰及 凸部。此等機構之紿π 麵、橫桿、齒及 構可為角錐形、一^狀態可彼此平行或彼此非平行。機 -角形、類球形、圓錐形或任何可達成其 37 200412918 效果之形狀。可裝設一或多個附著機構。夕 機構,則該機構可覆蓋裝置之全部表面或二广個 =卜穩定機構,例如脊、胥及增厚件二心:: 5 植入物形狀也結合其所在關節形狀,例 ::二:與脛骨棘的隨形,例如於_朿基:: 助於相對於脛骨岡來穩定植入物。 小有 10 負r =之植入物高度或輪庵可改變植入物相對於關節之 結:能力。此外’可調整植入物高度而考慮骨或關r 二一之解剖上的未對正。此外對此處教示之任―種: 而各,當有韌帶鬆弛情況時, 物 其它尺寸來允許㈣替 两度、輪廟或 並未干擾骨之軸向對二、而改良關即功能。如此較佳實質 15 中關節之高達麵剪力:典型地,關節可忍受施加於移動 天然關^植人物典型可回復關節的移動性達該特定個體 了㈤移動性之99.9%。例如以Μ節為例,整個_活 =於0C至14GC之範圍。目前之解決之道典型達成關節 20 内動的回復小於99.9%,而本發明之植入物典型可將移動範 回復至該病人正常移動範圍之95_99.9%。 得自國家標準與技術協會⑽p://〇vrt nist· —夕健康 男性手及臂關節移動範圍說明於表!。 ‘ 38 200412918 表1 手關節及臂關節之移動範圍 關節移動 範圍(度)平均值 範圍(度)標準差 腕屈曲 90 12 腕伸展 90 13 腕内收 27 9 腕外展 47 7 前臂後旋 113 22 前臂前旋 77 24 肘屈曲 142 10 肩屈曲 188 12 肩伸展 61 14 肩内收 48 9 肩外展 134 17 得自國家標準與技術協會(http://ovrt.nist.gov)之健康 5 男性腳及腿關節移動範圍說明於表2。 39 200412918 表2 腳關節及腿關節之移動範圍 關節移動 範圍(度)平均值 範圍(度)標準差 踝屈曲 35 7 踝伸展 38 12 踝内收 24 9 踝外展 23 7 膝屈曲-站 113 13 膝屈曲-跪 159 9 膝屈曲-俯 125 10 膝旋轉-正中 35 12 膝旋轉-外側 43 12 髖屈曲 113 13 髖内收 31 12 髖外展 53 12 髖旋轉-坐(正中) 31 9 髖旋轉-坐(外側) 30 9 髖旋轉-俯(正中) 39 10 髖旋轉-俯(外側) 34 10 本發明植入物典型可對任何關節之表1及2所示之一或 5 多項測量值之移動範圍回復至該病人之該項測量值正常移 動範圍之95-99.9%。 容後詳述,此處教示之任一種裝置可以任一種方式製 造,因此該裝置於嵌入之後可膨脹。膨脹可為自動膨脹、 半自動膨脹或使用者調整時膨脹。 10 現在說明根據本發明之範圍及教示之關節植入物之說 明例。 40 200412918 A.膝 第8A圖顯示適合植入膝關節之脛骨岡之本發明之關節 植入物100之透視圖。如第8A圖所示,.植入物係使用雙重表 面評估產生,如前文就第1A及1B圖說明。 5 植入物100有個上表面102及下表面104及周緣106。上 表面102係成形為其形成可供接納對侧關節面之匹配面;於 本例為部分凹面來接納股骨。凹面可為可變之凹面,因而 對對侧關節面提供近似其矯正關節之匹配面的表面。下表 面104具有凸面,該凸面匹配或接近匹配關節之脛骨岡,因 10 而形成於脛骨岡的解剖齧合或接近解剖齧合。依據脛骨岡 形狀而定,下表面可為部分凸面。如此下表面104呈現一表 面給脛骨岡,該表面齧合於原有表面内部。如熟諳技藝人 士已知,下表面104之凸面無需為完美凸面。反而下表面104 可能由凸件以及凹件組成來齧合脛骨岡之原有表面。如此 15 該表面為大致多變化之凹凸面。 第8B圖顯示第8A圖之關節植入物之頂視圖。如第8B圖 所示,植入物外形108可細長。細長形狀可呈多種形狀,包 括橢圓、準橢圓、跑道等形狀。但須了解外部尺寸典型為 不規則因而無法形成真正的幾何橢圓。如熟諳技藝人士已 20 知,植入物之真正外形係依據欲橋正的關節缺陷本質而改 變。如此長度L對寬度W之比例如可於0.5至1.5間變化,更 特別由0.25變化至2.0。如第8B圖進一步顯示,當沿植入物 寬度之各點,跨植入物100軸向長度可改變。例如如第8B 圖所示L!关L2妾L3。 41 200412918 現在參考第8C-E圖,顯示第8B圖所示植入物沿線 C-C、D-D及E-E之剖面圖。植入物分別具有厚度^、t2&t3。 如該剖面圖所示,植入物厚度順著其長度L而改變。於植入 物1〇〇任何特定點的實際厚度係依據欲置換之軟骨及/或骨 又乂及名人複製的關郎匹配面之函數而改變。此外,於植 入物100長度或寬度之任一點之輪廓係依據欲置換之軟骨 及/或骨之函數而改變。 第8F圖為第8A圖植入物100之側視圖。本例中,植入 物100於第_端高度hi係與植人物於第二端高度匕不同。此 外上、、彖1 〇8具有總斜率於向下方向。但如圖所示,上緣1 〇8 之貝際斜率係順著其長度而改變,某些情況下可為正斜 率此外下緣110具有總斜率於向下方向 。但如圖所示,下 、、彖110之貝際斜率係順著其長度而改變,某些情況下可為正 斜率。 15 第8G圖為沿身體矢狀平面所取之剖面圖,顯示植入物 植入膝關郎12〇内部,植入物1⑻係位於脛骨岡122上, 月又月I24係停靠於植入物1〇〇之上表面1〇2上。第8^圖為沿身 體冠狀平面所取之剖面圖,顯示植入物100植入膝關節 120由本視圖顯然易知,植人物⑽係定位成齧合於上關 2〇節面124内部。如熟諳技藝人士已知,視需要,關節面可為 正中小面或外側小面。 第8A圖為沿身體軸向平面所取之剖面圖,顯示植入物 1㈣入_節120’顯示由上方所取之頂視圖。第8頂為 另,、體只;^例之剖面圖,此處植入物略大故植入物延伸 42 200412918 而較為接近正中骨,換言之朝向脛骨岡邊緣接近,以及向 前及向後延伸。 第8K圖為本發明植入物100之另一具體實施例之剖面 圖。本具體實施例中,下表面104包括關節錨112。如本具 5 體實施例所示,關節錨成形為凸部、龍骨或直立件,其由 植入物100下表面104延伸,凸進例如關節骨内。此外如第 8L圖所示,關節錨112具有橫桿114,由底部透視,關節錨 112具有十字或「X」形外觀。如熟諳技藝人士已知,關節 錨112可呈多種其它形式,同時仍然達成可於關節提供植入 10 物100之較高穩定性之目的。此等形式包括(但非限制性) 銷、泡、珠等。此外若有所需可設置一或多個關節錨112。 關節成形術可有兩個或兩個以上的組成元件,一元件 匹配脛骨面,而另一元件實質上匹配股骨元件。二元件具 有平坦相對面。另外,相對面可彎曲。曲率可反映於關節 15 活動期間的脛骨形狀、股骨形狀、及半月板形狀及其組合。 現在參照第9A-F圖,顯示適合提供第8A圖之植入物之 相對關節面之植入物。此種植入物可橋正股骨内面(亦即股 骨匹配例如脛骨岡部分)的缺陷,且可單獨使用,換言之於 股骨單獨使用,或組合另一關節修補裝置使用。第9A圖顯 20 示具有彎曲匹配面152以及凸面關節©比鄰面154之植入物 150。關節毗鄰面154無需成形為解剖齧合或接近解剖齧合 股骨,原因在於設置錨156來輔助植入物與骨的連結。此種 情況下,錨156顯示為帶有凹口頭之栓。凹口可輔助固定於 骨之過程。但不含凹口之栓也可使用,以及栓可具有其它 43 200412918 組配狀態來輔助固定過程。栓及植入物其它部分可具有多 孔塗層。植入物可插入而未使用骨水泥、或使用骨水泥。 植入物可設計成毗鄰軟骨下骨,換言之實質上遵循軟骨下 骨的輪廓。其優點為除了安置栓孔之外,無需去除任何骨, 5 因而可顯著保留骨質存量。 第9G及9H圖說明適合提供第8A圖植入物之相對面之 植入物151,其中該植入物意圖覆蓋股骨髁,可選擇性地與 第8A圖之一或多個植入物相對。 關節成形系統可設計成反映出脛骨形狀及/或股骨形 10 狀之各方面。脛骨形狀及股骨形狀包括軟骨及骨或任一 者。此外,植入物形狀也包括其它關節結構部分或全部組 成元件,例如半月板。半月板可壓縮特別於走路或荷重時 可壓縮。因此理由故,植入物可設計成考慮荷重時或肉體 活動時半月板的壓縮而結合半月板形狀之各方面。例如, 15 植入物下表面可設計成匹配脛骨岡形狀包括軟骨或骨或二 者形狀。植入物上表面可為脛骨關節面(特別為未被半月板 覆蓋區)及半月板之複合形狀。如此裝置之其它各方面可反 映半月板高度。考慮壓縮,此高度例如為未經壓縮之半月 板高度之20%、40%、60%或80%。 20 若干具體實施例中,反映半月板形狀之裝置外側可由 另一種材料且較佳為可壓縮材料製成。若選用可壓縮材 料,則較佳設計成實質匹配半月板之壓縮性及生物機械表 現。整個裝置通常可由此種材料或非金屬材料製成。 半月板高度及形狀可於造影試驗直接測定。若部分或 44 200412918 全部半月板為陽性元件,則半月板高度及形狀可由對側關 節測量值導出,或使用其它可對半月板尺寸提供估值的關 節結構測量值導出。 另一具體實施例中,植入物上表面可根據股骨成形。 5 該形狀較佳係由股骨相對於脛骨岡之移動類型導出,因而 考慮當股骨踩於腔骨及半月板上屈曲、伸展、旋轉、平移 及滑動時,股骨形狀及脛骨股骨接觸區之各項變化。 移動類型可使用任一種業界已知之目前測試或未來測 試方法測定,例如螢光鏡、MRI、步態分析或其組合。 10 B.髖 第10A圖為髖之髖臼200之側視圖。軟骨覆蓋區2〇2具有 倒U字形。三放射狀軟骨區或髖臼小窩204係位在軟骨覆蓋 區内部。第10B圖為近端股骨210之旋轉視圖。也顯示軟骨 覆蓋區202及股骨頭小窩206。 15 現在說明適合用於髖關節之植入物,第1GC11為用於體 關郎植入物220之剖面圖。此植入物之半徑長产之任 點實質上為恒定。植入物半徑經選擇為近似植入物欲端正 的股骨頭半徑’植入物半徑可測量至接合股骨頭之植二物 細内®。另夕卜’植人物半徑係狀為近似鑛臼半徑或盆租 川合。植人物内面222半徑面對股t,也匹配股骨半徑、或類 似體臼半徑;植入物面對髖臼表面之半後也匹配髖臼半徑 224或類似股骨半徑。 , ,熟諳技藝人士了解髖白之天然幾何形狀典型為非球 形,由真球形形狀略為改變。視需要,植入物半徑可調整 45 200412918 為體白之變化半徑而提供最佳餐合。如此植入物於上表面 及/或下表面或二表面可為球形或非球形半巧。 第卿為類似第呢圖所示,適合用㈣關節之植入 物之剖面圖’其特徵為具有圓化邊緣226。圓化邊緣m為 5純’原因在於當其使用時可避免植入物的鎖定,同時也 可最小化植入物可能造成的疼痛。 第11A圖為類似第10C圖所示,適合用於髖之植入物 220之剖面目,植入物具有_結節23〇,結節23〇延伸入股骨 頭小窩24〇於其内表面222。結節MO可由植入物Μ。之糊 φ 1〇材料或與植入物其餘部分不同材料製成。具有結節23〇供接 合股骨頭小窩之植入物之優點為,結節23〇可用來約束植入 物220相對於股骨頭之移動(顯示於第10B圖)。如熟諳技藝 人士已知,結節230有多種組配狀態’當植入而接合股骨頭 小窩日守仍然可達成相同效果。顯示多種平面圖,提供植入 15物為半球形、部分半球形或執形之平面圖。其它形狀為業 界人士顯然易知。此外,植入物邊緣可為圓化、可傾斜、 或任何可輔助植入物操作之尺寸。第11B侧顯示第UA圖 · 所示植入物之另一具體實施例,其中植入物為半球形、部 分半球形、軌形及輪輻形。 - 第12A圖為適合用於髖之植入物220之剖面圖,該植入 物有一凸部232延伸入髖臼小窩2〇4内於其外表面224。凸部 232可由植入物220其餘部分之相同材料或不同材料製成。 凸部232可用來約束植入物相對於髖臼小窩之移動。如熟諳 技藝人士已知,凸部232可呈多種組配狀態,而當接合髖臼 46 200412918 小窩時仍然達成相同效果。顯示多個平面圖,其提供半球 形、部分半球形或軌形或四岔帽形植入物。其它形狀為熟 諳技藝人士顯然易明。此外,植入物邊緣可為圓化、傾斜 或其它可輔助植入物操作之尺寸。第12B-E圖顯示第12A圖 5 所示之另一具體實施例,其中該植入物為半球形、部分半 球形、軌形及輪輻形。 第13A圖為具有多種不同平面圖之雙元件「活動軸承」 植入物221之剖面圖。該植入物具有第一元件230及第二元 件231。第一元件齧合於第二元件内部且有二平滑面。第二 10 元件齧合第一元件之外表面,也具有二平滑面。未悖離本 發明之範圍,於平面圖之多種組配狀態皆屬可能。例如各 個元件可為半球形。一元件可為半球形,另一元件可為部 分半球形、較短半球形、軌形或四岔圓頂形。第13B-F圖顯 示第13A圖所示植入物之多種其它具體實施例,其中該植入 15 物至少有一元件為半球形、部分半球形、軌形及輪輻形。 第13G-J圖為雙組成元件式「活動軸承」植入物之剖面 圖。植入物具有一第一元件及一第二元件。第一元件齧合 於第二元件内部。第二元件齧合於第一元件外表面。如此 處所示,一結節設置於第二元件上,其係齧合於第一元件 20 之凹部。如熟諳技藝人士已知,雖然於圖中未顯示,但結 節可位於第一元件上,且齧合於第二元件之一孔内,而未 悖離本發明之範圍。如所示其它固定機構於第一元件、第 二元件或二元件上亦屬可能。多種平面圖之組配狀態皆屬 可能(雖然圖中未顯示)且未悖離本發明之範圍。例如各元件 47 :為半球形。-個元件、㈣形,而另—元件為部分半 崠形、較短半球形、軌 ^ 軌肜或四岔圓頂形。 第八圖為另雙711件式「活動軸承」植入物240之剖 面圖’該植入物有一結節246延伸入股骨頭小窩206内部。 5雙兀件式植入物24〇具有第—元件犯及第二元件2料。結節 246係設置於第二元件244。如前文就第nc圖所示,結節冰 用來約束植入物240之第二元件244相對於股骨頭之移動。 面對髖臼之第-元件242可相對於面對股骨頭之第二元件 244自由移動。如熟諳技藝人士 了解,雙元件式植入物可組 K)配成接合第二元件245表面之第—元件243表面具有相等長 度,或貫質上相等長度。如此形成匹配之組成元件其實質 上彼此齧合。另外,元件可組配成讓一元件比另一元件更 短,如第14B圖及第14C圖所示。第15A圖為另一雙元件式 「活動軸承」植入物240之剖面圖,有一凸部248延伸入髖 15臼小窩内部。雙元件式植入物240具有第一元件242及第二 元件244。凸部248設置於第一元件242上。凸部248可用來 約束植入物240之第一元件242相對於髖臼之移動。面對股 骨頭之第二元件244可相對於面對髖臼之第一元件242自由 移動。如前文就第13A圖說明,第15A圖所示植入物也可組 20 配成一元件比另一元件更短,如第15B及15C圖所示。 第16A圖為三元件式「活動軸承」植入物250之剖面圖。 面對髖臼之第一元件2S2有一結節2S3延伸入髖臼小窩2〇4 内部。如前文討論’結節253可用來約束植入物25〇相對於 髖臼之移動。面對股骨頭之第二元件254有一凸部255延伸 48 200412918 入股骨頭小窩206内部。如前文就單元件及雙元件式植入物 討論’凸部255可用來侷限植入物25〇第二元件254相對於股 骨頭之移動。第三元件256係插置於另二元件間,可介於二 元件間自由移動。如熟諳技藝人士已知,第三元件256可插 5置於第一元件252與第二元件254間,故其長度比第一元件 252或第二元件254更短(如第16B圖所示),或比第一元件 252或第二元件254更長(如第16C及16D圖所示)。同理,第 三元件長度可比第一元件252或第二元件254更長。 弟17 A圖為類似上示之另一雙元件式「活動軸承」植入 10物240之剖面圖。本具體實施例中,裝設錨來固定第一元件 242於體臼小窩204。所示4苗係呈一或多個銷262形式。面對 體臼之元件係使用一貫質平行之检而固定至鑛臼。面對股 骨頭之第二元件244可於面對髖臼之第一元件242上自由移 動。如同先前具體實施例,第一元件242相對於第二元件244 15 之長度可改變。第17B及HC圖顯示其它剖面圖,此處第一 元件比弟二元件更大’以及相反情況。如同先前各具體5 施例’未悖離本發明之範圍於平面圖之多種組配狀態皆屬 可能。例如各個元件可為半球形。一元件可為半球带,而 另一元件可為部分半球形、較短半球形、軌形或四岔圓頂 20 形。 第18A圖為另一雙元件式「活動軸承」植入物24〇之剖 面圖,其具有一錨延伸入髖臼小窩204内部。面對體白之金+ 係呈凸起形式且有一或多個翅片264。面對股骨頭之第一一 件244可於面對髖臼之第一元件242上自由移動。第18B圖為 49 200412918 第18A圖植入物之頂視圖,顯示於該元件頂端有四翅片 (264、264’、264”、264’’’)延伸入髖臼元件頂端之髖臼小窩 内。翅片可為銳利或實質上銳利(如圖所示),或可具有圓化 緣。 5 第19A圖為另一種雙元件式「活動軸承」植入物240之 剖面圖,具有錨266可延伸入股骨頭小窩206内。所示具體 實施例中,面對股骨頭之第二元件244係使用一或多個實質 平行之栓(顯示為268、268’)而固定至股骨頭。第一元件242 面對髖臼,如前一具體實施例所示,且可於面對股骨頭之 10 該元件上自由移動。 第19B圖為另一雙元件式「活動軸承」植入物240之剖 面圖。本具體實施例中,雙重元件240為固定。如此處所示, 股骨元件使用三個栓266或其它附著機構而附著於股骨 頭。若有所需栓數目可大於3或小於3。較佳使用此種設計, 15 軟骨下骨維持完好,只有栓之進入點除外。髖臼元件使用 翅片264或類似之附著裝置如栓(如第17A圖所示)而附著於 髖臼。附著機構可成形為有元件可延伸入髖臼小窩之骨。 軟骨下骨較佳維持完好,只有附著裝置之進入點除外。 第20A圖為用於髖關節之具有不同半徑(η、r2、r3)及厚 20 度(t!、t2、t3)之植入物470之剖面圖;此處半徑ri^r2关r3以 及厚度ti^t2关t3。如熟諳技藝人士已知,可取半徑及厚度 之三個測量值來說明該點,但可未悖離本發明之範圍使用 或多或少之測量值。此外,其它半徑及厚度的組合也可使 用,例如及。其它組 50 一為…"曰技藝人士顯然易知。如第2〇A圖所示,中部C之厚 度1,比一或多周邊部P1、P2更厚。 第20B圖為用於髖關節具有不同半徑及厚度之另一種 f入物470之剖面圖。本具體實施例中,中部c具有厚度1 尽度^比周邊部(Ρι,Ρ2)之-或多個厚度^、t2更薄。 10 第20C圖為用於髖關節具有不同半徑及厚度之另一種 物470之剖面圖。本具體實施例中,中部c具有厚度tc, '二、比周邊部之第一周邊端P1之厚度t]更薄,而比周邊部 之第二周邊端P2之厚度t2更厚。 、第2〇D圖為髖關節用另一植入物470之剖面圖,其具有 、或多胥或11定延伸件延伸於下方^及/或上方IS。胥可設計 成L伸超出關節面,例如延伸人非軟骨區。實質上可隨形 15 =周圍關節解剖。脣可提供麟穩定。此項設計組合雙元 及二TL件以及「活動軸承」設計。 …日技藝人士顯然易知’第1㈣圖所示植入物之三 :形狀於:或多維可為半圓形(例如180度), 但非必要如 個坐此處城人物於各維度皆為半圓形,雌人物形成一 20 植人通過球心之平面切割所得之半球)。若 物 15刀半圓形’而非全部維度皆為半圓形,則植入 非為半球形。.其形狀可於上表面或下表面之任_者 或一表面為非球形來配 則可採用三維形狀料人 例如若有㈣一個元件, 件非為半球等。、…。例如第1件為半球,第二元 此外雖然此等元件顯示為有一至三個元件,但須了 51 200412918 解各個元件可進一步修改成為複數個彼此接合元件,而未 十 孛離本發明之範圍。 熟諳技藝人士進一步了解第10-20圖教示之設計考慮 可用於設計其它關節如膝、踝、肩、肘及腕使用之植入物。 5為了避免混淆本發明,並未顯示此處教示植入物之全部可 能組配狀態。 C.肩 第21A圖為肩關節300之骨質結構之前視圖,例如鎖骨 302、肩胛304、關節窩3〇6、肩峰308、喙突310及肱骨312。 10軟骨覆蓋區314、316以斜線表示。 第21B圖為置於肱骨頭313與關節窩306間之關節成形 袭置320之視圖。關節成形裝置320可具有類似第4A-4R圖所 不設計特徵之一,例如複數個元件、活動軸承設計、附著 以及非附著設計、不同厚度及曲率設計、隨形於肱骨頭313 15或關節窩306或二者之設計、隨形於關節軟骨及/或軟骨下 骨之設計、具有脣或穩定用元件之設計。 第21C圖為關節成形裝置320斜向前視剖面圖,裝置320 具有肱骨接觸面322,其至少部分隨形於肱骨頭313及具有 關節窩接觸面324其至少部分隨形於關節窩3〇6。 2〇 第2lD圖為關節成形裝置520之軸向剖面圖,裝置320 有肱骨接觸面322,其至少部分隨形於肱骨頭313及具有 關節窩接觸面324其至少部分隨形於關節窩3〇6。 第21E圖為肩關節之斜向前視圖,顯示關節軟骨316以 及上及内關節窩胥306,、306,,。第21F圖為肩關節之軸向視 52 200412918 圖’顯不關節軟骨316及前及後關節窩胥307,、3〇7”。 第21G圖為關節成形裝置320斜向前視剖面圖,裝置32〇 具^骨接觸面322,其至少部分隨形於胜骨頭313及具有 $關即窩接觸面3 2 4其至少部分隨形於關節寓3 〇 6及關節寓胥 (306 306 )之形狀。第2m圖為第21(}圖所示關節成形裝 置320之軸向剖面圖。如上示,提供肢骨接觸面322,其係 隨形於胜骨頭313形狀;以及提供關節窩接觸面324,其係 隨形於關節窩3 06及關節窩脣之形狀。 第2Π圖為關節成形裝置34〇斜向前視剖面圖,裝置34〇 10具有胲骨接觸面342,其至少部分隨形於肱骨頭313及具有 關節窩接觸面344其至少部分隨形於關節窩3〇6。可設置一 或多個凸部或胥346、346,其係於上方及/或下方延伸。脣可 組配成提供於關節窩上的穩定。第21J圖為第211圖所示關節 成形裝置340之軸向剖面圖,裝置34〇具有肱骨接觸面342, 15其至少部分隨形於肱骨頭313及具有關節窩接觸面344其至 少部分隨形於關節窩306。可設置一或多脣346,,、346,”, 其係向前及/或向後延伸來提供於關節窩3〇6之穩定。 第21K圖為雙元件式「活動軸承」關節成形裝 置350之 斜向前視剖面圖,裝置350具有第一元件351之肱骨接觸面 20 354,其係隨形於至少部分肱骨頭;以及第二元件353之關 節窩接觸面354,其係隨形於至少部分關節窩形狀。如熟諳 技藝人士已知,二關節植入面之半徑可選擇為匹配或實質 上四配肱骨半徑或關郎窩半徑或二者。此外,植入物可具 有接觸面,其貫質上或視需要儘可能隨形於肱骨或關節 53 200412918 窩,俾達成預定矯正效果及功能效果。此外,二關節植入 物表面356、358之旋轉中心可選擇為實質上匹配肱骨頭旋 轉中心。如熟諳技藝人士已知,二關節植入物表面356、358 具有包括平坦面之任一種形狀。 5 第21L圖為第21K圖所示雙元件式「活動軸承」關節成 形裝置之軸向剖面圖。肱骨接觸面352係組配成如本具體實 施例所示,讓其實質隨形於肱骨頭313形狀;具體實施例之 關節窩接觸面3 5 4係組配成實質上隨形於關節窩3 06形狀。 二關節植入物表面半徑係選擇為匹配肱骨、關節窩或二者 10 表面。此外,二關節植入物表面之旋轉中心可選擇為實質 上匹配肱骨頭旋轉中心。第21M圖為另一具體實施例,顯 示植入物具有一凹部於一元件、以及一珠於第二元件。凹 部及珠之組配狀態可顛倒,讓其位在相反表面上,而未悖 離本發明之範圍。如眾所周知,所示珠及承窩配置可輔助 15 植入物各元件相對於彼此之移動,但也可輔助防止各元件 於操作時非期望的移動。 第21N圖為雙元件式「活動軸承」關節成形植入物36〇 之另一具體實施例之斜向前視剖面圖。植入物36〇具有第一 元件362以及第二元件364。關節窩元件364組配成有二表 2〇 〇 结 。弟一表面363係組配成可相對於第一元件362作關節活 動。第二表面363係組配成匹配關節窩306。第二元件或關 即窩兀件364係使用一或多個錨365而附著於關節窩。錨365 係王拴或翅片形式或其它適當組配形式,俾達成將關節窩 元件364固定於關節窩之預定效果。栓或翅片可經膠黏、經 54 200412918 多孔塗覆或二者。同理,元件362之關節窩接觸面⑹可經 朦黏^孔主復或者。較佳只有4苗365係延伸入軟骨下骨。 第2^圖為雙元件式「活動軸承」關節成形裝置37〇之 另〆具體貝把例之斜向前視剖面圖。肢骨接觸元件m係使 5用附著诚構(如权或翅片或如本例所示使用銷釘373)附著於 肱贵頭312一此等检、翅片、啬或銷釘可經勝黏經多孔塗覆 成〆者同理駐骨元件下表面也可經膠黏或經多孔塗覆 或二者。較佳只有附著機構的本身(例如栓、翅片或銷釘) <延伸 月下月。銷、翅片、齒或銷釘可為角錐形、圓 1〇錐开y 角^球形、管形或任一種凸起形狀,且可呈隨 機組配形式於有級織的組配形式(例如成列)表面上 。如此處 戶斤系;胃節之關節窩側有關節軟骨374。植入物370設計
成随形於關節軟骨州或軟骨下骨或二者。 如第21P及21Q 圖所7Γ _片或鱗封可有交錯長度,且可組配成各翅片彼 15 此平行。 /、 貫施例中,植入物適合用於軟組織損傷。例 如當旋轉機環帶如 $撕裂時,植入物可具有延伸部覆蓋部分或 全部胲骨頭上大 典頭的向 々。藉此方式,因旋轉機環帶撕裂,造成肱 20 、°上遷移不會導致肱骨頭與尖峰鎖骨關節的關節病 變’因而造成波卜 X冬痛及病廢失能。反而肱骨頭上表面可與植 入物延伸件开 ^ 性。 乂戍關節,藉此避免尖峰鎖骨關節的象牙質變 〇·肘 第22圖為財關 節600之斜向縱視圖 顯不遠端胜骨 55 200412918 602、鷹嘴突604、及橈骨頭606。軟骨面分別顯示於603、 605、607。關節成形裝置620顯示為插置於遠端肱骨與尺骨 608及橈骨610之關節面間。關節成形裝置620具有就第 10-20圖所示裝置之類似設計特色,例如單一元件、雙重元 5件、三重元件;活動軸承設計;附著及非附著設計;各種 厚度及曲率設計;隨形於肱骨或尺骨或橈骨或其組合設 計;隨形於關節軟骨及/或軟骨下骨設計;具有脣或元件供 穩定用之設計。但為了避免混淆本發明,對本關節並未顯 示本案教示之各項可能設計考慮變化。 10 E.腕 第23A圖為貫穿腕關節700之縱視圖,顯示遠端橈骨 702、尺骨704以及數個腕骨其形成腕列706(例如舟狀骨、 新月骨、三角骨、錘狀骨及鉤骨)。關節成形裝置72〇顯示 插置於遠端橈骨702、遠端尺骨704、及近端腕骨列之關節 15面706,、706,,、7〇6,,,間。關節成形裝置720隨形於遠端橈 骨7〇2、近端腕骨列706以及於本例中,隨形於三角形纖維 軟骨(虛線)708之形狀。 如熟諳技藝人士已知,關節成形裝置72〇具有就第 10-20圖所示裝置之類似設計特色,例如單一元件、雙重元 2〇件、二重元件,活動軸承設計;附著(例如附著於遠端橈骨) 及非附著設計;各種厚度及曲率設計;隨形於肢骨或尺骨 或橈骨或其組合設計;關節軟骨及/或軟骨下骨設計也隨形 於其它關節結構例如三角形纖維軟骨;具有脣或元件供穩 定用之設計。 56 200412918 第23B圖為貫穿腕關節700之縱視圖,顯示遠端橈骨 702、尺骨7〇4及若干腕骨706。關節成形裝置720顯示插置 於遠端橈骨7〇2、遠端尺骨704及近端腕骨列706之關節面 706,、706”、706”’間。關節成形裝置720係組配成其係隨 5 形於至少部分遠端橈骨7〇2、遠端尺骨704及近端腕骨列7〇6 之形狀。 第23C圖為貫穿腕關節700之縱視圖,再度顯示遠端棱 骨702、尺骨704及若干腕骨706。關節成形裝置730顯示插 置於遠端橈骨702、遠端尺骨704及近端腕骨列706之關節面 10 706’、706’’、706’”間。關節成形裝置730係顯示為實質隨 形於遠端橈骨702、近端腕骨列706及遠端尺骨704包括尺骨 莖710之形狀。脣732係沿遠端橈骨之正中以及遠端尺骨7〇4 包括尺骨莖710之外側方向延伸;如此提供植入物相對於此 等骨為固定。一或多個脣732或其它適當組態之凸部可朝向 15 關節任一骨之背側或掌側方向延伸。 第23D圖為雙元件式「活動軸承」關節成形裝置mo之 縱視圖。裝置740具有第一元件742及第二元件744。各個元 件有一表面其與其它元件743、745之表面形成關節。二關 節植入物表面半徑經選擇為匹配橈骨7〇2或尺骨7〇4或腕骨 20 706或其組合半徑。此外,二關節植入物表面之旋轉中心可 遥擇為匹配或近似關節7〇〇之旋轉中心。如熟諳技藝人士已 知,二關節植入物表面743、745具有任一種可輔助關節功 能之表面形狀,包括平坦面。注意近端元件之脣746、748 係沿正中以及沿外側延伸。脣也可朝向背側及掌侧方向延 57 200412918 伸0 第23E圖為另—雙元件以活動料」關節成縣置750 之縱視圖’本例不含胥。裝置75G具有第—元件752及第二 元件754 °各個元件有—表面’其與其它it件753、755之: 5面形錢節。由該剖面關μ知,第—元件關節面7批 長度比第二元件關節面755之長度更長。 第23F圖為雙元件式「活動軸承」關節成形裝置彻之 縱視圖。如所示,面·骨及尺骨之第-元件762係使用附 著機構或錦766而附著於此等骨。適當錯鳩包括检,如本 Η)例所示包括銷釘及/或翅片(僅舉出數例)。如熟諸技藝人士 已知,裝置760之附著可限於只附著於一骨(例如附著於尺 骨或橈骨)。 F.手指 第24圖為通過手指_之矢狀面視圖。顯示關節成形裝 15置820,其係插置於掌骨頭8〇2與近端指骨·基部間。關節 成形裝置82〇之-侧822係隨形於掌骨頭斯之形狀,於相對 側824係隨形於近端指骨綱基部形狀。關節成形裝置82〇具 有類似第10-20圖所示之設計特色,例如單一元件、雙重元 件、二重7L件;活動軸承設計;附著(例如附著於掌骨頭或 20指骨基部)及非附著設計;各種厚度及曲率設計;隨形於近 端或遠端關節面或其組合設計;關節軟骨及/或軟骨下骨設 计也隨形於其它關節結構例如三角形纖維軟骨;具有脣或 元件供穩定用之設計。類似之設計也可用於後腳、中腳及 前腳包括足趾。 58 200412918 G·踝 第25A圖為貫穿踝關節900之矢狀面視圖,顯 〜卜遂端脛 骨902、距骨904及跟骨906及其它骨。也顯示軟骨面。關^ 成形裝置920顯示為插置於遠端脛骨902與距骨圓了員9〇4, 間。本例中,關節成形系統920係隨形於距骨9〇4形狀。士 熟諳技藝人士已知且如前文討論,裝置可隨形於敕骨或^ 骨下骨或二者形狀。關節成形裝置920可具有類似第1〇 2〇 圖所示及前文討論之設計特色,例如單一、雙重、= 10 件活動軸承設計、附著及非附著設計、可變厚度及曲率μ 計、隨形於脛骨或距骨或腓骨或其組合形狀設計、隨形於 關節軟骨及/或軟骨下骨設計、具有胥或穩定目的元件之設 計0 第25Β圖為通過踝關節900之冠狀面視圖,顯示遠端月兩 骨902、遠端腓骨908、及距骨904。關節成形裝置93〇顯示 15 插置於遠端脛骨902與距骨圓頂904,間。本例中,關節成带 系統930顯示隨形於距骨904之形狀。 第25C圖為通過踝關節900之矢狀面視圖,顯示遠端妒 骨902、距骨904及跟骨906及其它骨。也顯示軟骨面。關節 成形裝置940顯示插置於遠端脛骨902與距骨圓頂904,間。 20本例中,關節成形系統942之下表面實質隨形於距骨9〇4步 狀。上表面944實質隨形於遠端脛骨902及腓骨(908,圖中 未顯示)之形狀。脣946顯示於下表面942且接合距骨9〇4。 第25D圖為通過踝關節900之冠狀面視圖,顯示遠端輕 骨902、遠端腓骨908、及距骨904。關節成形裝置95〇顯示 59 200412918 插置於遠端腔骨902與距骨圓頂9〇4’間。本例中,關節成形 系統之下表面952係隨形於距骨904之形狀。上表面954係隨 形於遠端脛骨902及腓骨908之形狀。 H.趾 5 第26圖為通過趾1000之矢狀面視圖。關節成形裝置 1020顯示插置於跛骨頭1002與近端趾骨1〇〇4基部間。關節 成形裝置1020顯示於第一面1022係隨形於跛骨頭之形狀, 於第二面1024係隨形於近端趾骨基部形狀。如熟諳技藝人 士已知,關節成形裝置具有類似第10-20圖所示之設計特 10 色,例如單一元件、雙重元件、三重元件;活動軸承設計; 附著(例如附著於腋骨頭或趾骨基部)及非附著設計;各種厚 度及曲率設計;隨形於近端或遠端關節面或其組合設計; 關節軟骨及/或軟骨下骨設計也隨形於其它關節結構例如 三角形纖維軟骨;具有脣或元件供穩定用之設計。類似之 15 設計也可用於後腳、中腳及前腳。 D·裝置之製造、組成及性質 前述裝置或任一種根據本發明之教不製造之裝置可由 多種業界已知之適當材料製備。 寬廣多種可用於本發明之實施例之材料包括(但非限 2〇制性)塑膠、金屬、陶瓷、生物材料(例如膠原或其它胞外基 質材料)、羥基磷灰石、細胞(例如幹細胞、軟骨細胞等)、 戒其組合。基於有關缺損及/或關節面及/或軟骨下骨所得資 訊(例如測量值),可選用適當材料。此外使用一或多種此處 戶斤述技術,可製造具有曲率可齧合特定軟月缺損之敕骨置 60 換材料或衫㈣可遵侧節面的輪廓及做,a可瓜配 =圍,骨厚度。此外,使用此處所述—或多項技術,《成 2節裝置,其可齧合關節形狀,且可遵循關節面或其它 1 °構之輪廟及形狀。該材料包括任-種材料的組合, 且車父佳包括至少-種實質非撓曲性材料。 此外,材料可具有硬度梯度。如此例如硬度梯度可由 、置中:朝向外緣遞減。如此製造—種有整體勒性之裝 1可〜σ卩分或全部外側表面隨形於該表面。獲得一種 由材料製成的外表面,其可增進植人物匹配關節的能力。 另外丄於某些情況下可製造裝置,此處外表面之蕭耳硬度 值係高於内剖面之蕭耳硬度值。 ^裝置之外部硬度適合植入物於關節内部發揮功能。適 當硬度為熟諳技藝人士顯然易知,包含_^範圍硬度。典 型更度係就蕭耳硬度尺標作討論,可於卫程等級塑膠至硬 化鋼及鈦之範圍,較佳係於鋼、硬塑膠及喊等材料之典 3L洛克威爾硬度尺標。由裝置期望具有高硬度,顯然易知 裝置之功能係與先前技術裝置之功能完全不同。本發明裝 置之目的係達成跨距效果來架橋二缺陷區。此外於複合變 化例’任何單一元件(例如後述之生物活性材料元件)可比支 承材料柔軟。 同¥合併使用之修補系統包括裝置可採用金屬及/或 聚合物材料。例如參考2〇〇1年3月2〇日頒予Afriat等人之美 國專利第6,203,576號’· 2001年3月27曰頒予FeU等人之 6,206,927 ;及2001 年 11 月 27 日頒予Ogle等人之6,322,588及 200412918 其中引述之參考文獻。同理,發現多種金屬可用於本發明 之實施例,且可基於任一種標準選擇,例如基於提供預定 剛硬程度之彈性作選擇。適當金屬之非限制例包括銀、金、 翻、把、銀、銅、錫、錯、銻、叙、鋅、鈦、钻、不鏽鋼、 5 鎳、鐵合金、始合金如衣吉羅伊(Elgiloy)、始-鉻-鎳合金及 MP3 5N為一種鎳-鈷-鉻-鉬合金、及尼提諾(Nitinol)為一種鎳 鈦合金、紹、锰、鐵、组、其它可形成多價金屬離子之金 屬,例如用來抑制植入基材接觸體液或身體組織時的鈣 化、及其組合。 10 適當合成聚合物包括(但非限制性)聚醯胺類(如尼 龍)、聚酯類、聚苯乙烯類、聚丙烯酸酯類、乙烯基聚合物 類(如聚乙烯、聚四氟乙烯、聚丙烯及聚氯乙烯)、聚碳酸酯 類、聚胺基曱酸酯類、聚二曱基矽氧烷類、乙酸纖維素、 聚曱基丙烯酸甲酯、聚醚醚酮類、聚醚酮酮、乙烯乙酸乙 15 烯酯類、聚颯類、硝基纖維素類、類似之共聚物及其混合 物。也可使用生物可吸收之合成聚合物例如葡萄聚糖、經 基乙基澱粉、明膠衍生物、聚乙烯基吡咯啶酮、聚乙烯醇、 聚[N-(2-羥基丙基)曱基丙烯醯胺]、聚(羥基酸類)、聚(ε -己内酯)、聚乳酸、聚乙醇酸、聚(二曱基乙醇酸)、聚(羥基 20 丁酸酯)及類似之共聚物。 共聚物可經由多種辦法之任一種製備,包括習知聚合 物加工方法。較佳辦法包括習知射出成形其適合用於製造 有顯著結構特色之聚合物元件;以及包括快速原型辦法例 如反應射出成形及立體印刷術。基質可藉物理磨蝕或化學 62 改變製作成為多孔來輔助金屬塗層之結合。 聚合物可注入模具内,該模狀Γ出關節面或其它關 節結構之各方面。 多於一種金屬及/或聚合物可彼此組合使用。也可使用 5液態金屬。例如-或多種含液體基材可於—區或多區塗覆 以聚合物;或另外,-或多種含聚合物基材可於一或多區 塗覆以一或多種金屬。 裝置或其零組件可為多孔或經過多孔塗覆。多孔表面 元件可由多種材料包括金屬、陶纽聚合物等材料製成。 10表面元件又可藉多種手段牢固固定於由各種金屬製成的多 種結構中心。適當多孔塗層包括(但非限制性)金屬、陶瓷、 聚合物(例如生物中性彈性體如矽膠、聚對苯二甲酸伸乙酯 及/或其組合)或其組合。例如參考1971年9月2〇曰核發給 Hahn之美國專利第3,605,123號;1974年4月μ曰核發給 15 Tronzo之美國專利第3,808,606號;1974年1〇月29日核發給 Tronzo之美國專利弟3,843,975破,核發給之美國專利 第3,314,420號’ 1976年10月26曰核發給Scharchach之美國專 利第3,987,49,9號;及德國專利說明書2,3〇6,552。可有多於 一層塗覆層,各層可具有相同或相異之孔隙度。例如參考 20 1976年2月17日核發給Kahn等人之美國專利第3,938,198號。 塗層可使用粉狀聚合物包裹中心,加熱至硬化來形成 具有互連孔隙之内部網路之塗層。孔隙之蜿蜒(例如通過孔 隙路徑之長度對直徑測量值)對於評估此種塗層用於贗復 裝置是否可成功相當重要。例如參考1980年7月22曰核發給 63 200412918
Morris之美國專利第4,213,816號。多孔塗層可以粉末形式 施用’物件整體置於升高溫度,讓粉末黏合至基材。適當 聚合物塗層及/或粉末塗層之選擇可鑑於此處之教示及引 用之參考文獻,例如基於個別之熔體指數決定。 5 此處所述任一種裝置皆可包括一或多種生物材料,可 單獨或組合非生物材料使用。生物材料之非限制性實施例 包括細胞(例如胎兒軟骨細胞)、生物聚合物(例如膠原、彈 性蛋白、絲、角質、明膠、聚胺基酸、貓腸縫合線、多醣 類如纖維素及澱粉)、自體移植物、同種異體移植物、異種 10移植物等。參考丨995年12月26日核發給Siivka等人之美國專 利第5,478,739號;1998年12月1日核發給Naught〇n等人之 5,842,477 ; 2001年9月4日核發給vibe_Hansen等人之 6,283,980,以及2002年2月4日核發給salzmann等人之 6,365,405。 15 某些具體實施例中,裝置包括一或多個分開(但較佳可 接合)元件。例如二件式裝置包括二元件,此處各個元件包 括一匹配面。二元件可互鎖。當彼此匹配時,有外廓之參 面彼此相對,且形成一裝置其齧合於欲矯正之缺損内部 來提供模擬或複製天然關節面之關節面。任何適當互鎖’ 20構皆可使用,包括可滑動(例如鍵槽)系統;互鎖鉑·& t ^ 、,禾與鍵 槽互鎖系統;凹槽與凸緣系統等。若干具體實施例中 接合之元件表面為彎曲。曲率可反映出一或多個關節結構 其它具體實施例中,裝置之組配狀態於部署 飞v關郎内 部時改變。如此裝置可於初步組配狀態設計。當部署時 64 200412918 裝置獲得與最初組配狀態不同的隨後組配狀態。例如裝置 可為多元件式裝置’於第一組態具有小型外廓或小型三維 形狀。而當部署時’外科醫生允許(或造成)裝置形成第二種 組態,該第二組態具有較大外廓或整體三維形狀。裝置可 5自動成形為其二次組態,或另外,可經操控例如藉機械手 段變成二次組態(例如展開裝置,或裝置之各元件相對於彼 此滑動,讓其獲得較大之第二組態)。此種具體實施例之優 點為只需要小型切口。裝置例如可以關節鏡方式部署。如 此獲得隨後組態可為自動、半自動或人工。 10 此處所述方法及組成物可只用來置換部分關節面,例 如關節面之患病軟骨區或喪失軟骨區。此等系統中,關節 面修補系統可設計成只置換患病軟骨或流失之軟骨區,或 可延伸超出患病軟骨或流失軟骨區,例如進入正常鄰近軟 骨3或5毫米。若干具體實施例中,贗復物只置換關節面(例 15如任何指定關節面,例如單一股骨髁等)小於約70%至 80%(或介於其間之任何數值),較佳小於約5〇%至7〇%(或介 於其間之任何數值),更佳小於約3〇%至5〇%(或介於其間之 任何數值)’更佳小於約2〇%至3〇%(或介於其間之任何數 值),又更佳小於關節面之約2〇〇/〇。 2〇 E·另一種附著機構 如熟諸技藝人士已知,可裝設多種附著機構來附著植 入物於目標關節内部。例如附著機構為設置於植入物底面 之錐形°卩。錐體安置於裝置底面,故其位於脛骨軟骨凹部 之底部。錐體可類似球形,錐體也可與植入物下表面例如 65 =圓柱形元件分開。其它適合供附著之幾何形狀為熟諸技 藝人士顯然易知。 10 半固疋式附著機構之又另一範例為磁鐵,磁鐵置於下 方軟月下肖層例如置於脛骨。另—磁鐵或磁性材料則埋設 於或附著於I置下表面,錢裝置_第—磁鐵而維持= 位。如熟諸技藝人士已知,可使用複數個關聯各表面之磁 鐵。此外’可使用磁鐵的組合,因而各表面有—或多個磁 鐵其具有第_雜,以及—❹個磁鐵其具有第二磁極, 而接合位於相對表狀具有相反磁極之磁鐵。此種配置可 用於需要防止裝置於關節内部旋轉,同時確保二表面間連 通之情況。 此種附著機構之又另一範例為螺絲或銷,其可插入位 於脛骨軟骨凹部底部的脛骨軟骨下骨内。裝置可固定至螺 絲或錨,或有半固定設計,例如結合開槽,開槽於螺絲或 15 錯上方滑動。 植入物高度可經調整來橋正關節的未對正或轴向偏 差。例如於膝關節,關節高度可經調整來矮正内翻足或外 翻足畸形。此種橋正可使用關節及鄰近關節之轴向測量值 決定。例如四肢之CT或讓掃描或载重放射性照片可用於 20 此項目的。 ^物厚度也可經選擇或經調整來構正勒帶的鬆他。 例如於膝關節,可選用略為較厚的植入物來考慮-或多個 十字動帶或附屬勤帶的鬆他或撕裂。植入物厚度的增加可 為均勾或非均勾,例如主要位於周緣。外科醫師^手術 66 200412918 中使甩一或多個試驗性贗復物或實際植入物來測試何種植 入物厚度就關節及植入物的鬆弛可獲得最佳結果。 ν·植入 此處所述裝置典型係植入關節缺損區。植入可以軟骨 5置換材料或再生材料仍然附著於底材或由底材去除進行。 任一種適當方法及裝置皆可用於植入,例如下列專利案所 述之裝置· 2002年4月23日頒予Hangody等人之美國專利第 6,375,658號,2002年3 月 19 日頒予Torrie等人之6,358,253 ; 2001年12月11日頒予Hardwick等人之6,328,765 ;以及2001 10年3月22日公告至Cummings等人之國際公告案w〇 01/19254 。 植入物可使用關節鏡的輔助而插入。該裝置無需某些 單腔室及全膝關節成形術所採用的15厘米至30厘米切開。 手術係於局部麻醉典型為硬膜外麻醉進行。可綁止血帶於 15四肢之較為近端部。含有欲修補之關節區使用無菌技術準 備且遮蓋簾部。例如以膝關節為例,使用通管針,採用傳 統關節鏡技術,於關節之前中方向及前外側方向形成兩個2 耄米小孔。關節鏡經由外側該孔插入。關節鏡儀器經由中 孔插入。軟骨缺損可使用關節鏡觀察。軟骨缺損定位器裝 2〇置置於患病軟骨内部。探頭具有u字形,第一臂接觸關節内 部患病軟骨區中心、,U字形的第二臂留在M節外側。u字形 之第二臂指示軟骨相對於皮膚位置。手術醫師於皮膚上標 記軟骨缺損*置。於缺損位置作出3厘米切開。插入組織牵 開器,觀察缺損。 67 200412918 然後將植入物插入關節。植入物前方位置及後方位置 可加色碼。例如前栓標紅色及小字母「A」,後栓標綠色及 小字母「P」。同理,植入物正中方向標黃色及小字母「M」, 植入物外側方向標示小字母「L」。 5 軟骨各區可如此處所述造影來偵測軟骨流失區及/或 患病軟骨區。可測定毗鄰患病區之軟骨及軟骨下骨邊緣及 I狀。可決疋軟骨厚度。可決定半月板或其它關節結構形 狀。裝置之尺寸及形狀係基於前述一或多項測量值決定。 特別修補系統可(基於最佳匹配)選自一類具有不同尺寸及 1〇曲率範圍之既有預製植入物、或使用CAD/CAM技術依據客 戶需求或對病人量身訂製。依據客戶需求設計之植入物可 使用一或多種病人相依性參數而產生。病人相依性參數可 使用欲修補的病人關節之一或多項測量值獲得。此外,既 有的形狀存庫約有30種尺寸。如熟諳技藝人士已知,若有 15所需,存庫含有多於30種形狀或少於30種形狀,而未悖離 本發明之範圍。 特別欲將裝置植入髖關節,手術醫師可如前述作出小 切開。組織牽開器及其它常用於髖關節手術之手術器材可 用來暴露出髖關節。隨後開啟關節囊。第二手術醫師拉起 2〇股骨或脛骨,俾便開啟股骨頭與體白間之空間。進行手術 之主要醫師將關節成形裝置插入關節内部。若有所需,手 術醫師可切開股骨頭拿刃帶,清創部分關節空間,俾去除凸 起的辱組織及軟骨襟翼。手術醫師也可選擇去除位於塾狀 隆起區的脂肪。 68 200412918 另外,若關節成形系統係由可自行膨脹之材料(例如尼 提諾)製成,則外科醫師可藉標準或經修改之關節鏡辦法進 入髖關節。然後將植入物經由同一開口或第二開口或另外 經由小切口輸送。植入物一旦位於關節内部則可膨脹而獲 5得其最終形狀。為了輔助可膨脹之植入物定位,可使用導 件或模具。導件或模具適合股骨關節面或髖臼關節面之三 維輪廓,且可置於植入物之預定位置。然後植入物順著導 件前進,或另外位於導件或模具内部之中空腔室前進。一 旦植入物已經到達其預定位置,則可移出導件或模具,留 10 下植入物於原位。 ^ VI·裝置模具
本發明之另一具體實施例中,容器或孔可成形為選定 之規格,例如匹配特定個體所需材料,或形成多種尺寸2 修補備料及/或材料。容器尺寸及大小可使用得自關節以2 15得自軟骨缺損之厚度及曲率資訊設計。特別容器内側可遵 照選定之測量值成形,例如得自特定個體之軟骨缺損測量 值。容器(模具)以置換材料填補來形成欲植入之裴置。J 模具可使用任-種適當技術形成,例如電腦裳置及自 動化技術形成,例如電腦辅助設計(CAD)及例如電腦補助“ 2〇式化(CAM)。由於所得材料通常係遵循容器内側輪廓,^ 所得裝置最佳齧合缺損本身,因而有助於整合。 VII·植入導件及手術工具 前述模具也用來設計手術植入導件及工具,其至小有 一外表面係匹配或接近匹配下方關節面(骨及/或軟骨)= 69 5 f且 具體實施例中,二或多個外表面匹配對應關節面。 :體形狀可為圓化、圓形、印形、橢 =軟::::r匹配_患病_、或略 之面積。另外,工具可設計成略大於患病 二广具可設計成涵蓋整個關節面。 關節面彡縣提供物4鋪,該座標界定 MRI〜5 '形狀。例如也可使用造影試驗如CT或 轴。:等:二立載重放射性攝影來界定關節之生物機械 10 15 合病人幾何,·或另外選用預製裝置,其具有 狀可匹5病人的關節幾何。如前文說明,卫具之表面及形 入配,或部分關節面或骨面及形狀,例如類似欲植 2之鏡像」。工具也可包括孔口、開槽及/或孔洞來 =讀儀器例如鑽及料。工具驗部分關節置換以及 =郎置換。例如於全膝關節成形術,4可用來準確定 物插人所需要的_平面。藉此方式可達成更可再 現之植入物位置,俾改進臨床結果以及獻物之長期使用 壽命。 20 典型地選用一種位置,其可獲得解剖上滿意的切割面 或鑽孔方向供隨後定純人物。❹卜,導件裝置可設計成, 可控制鑽或鋸之深度,例如鑽或鑛不可前進至組織内比裝 置厚度界定之深度更深;以及該區塊之孔口大小可設計成 大致上匹配植入物尺寸。有關其它關節或轴之資訊以及關 節或四肢之對正資訊於選擇此等開槽或孔時可含括於該項 70 200412918 l擇對本發明之任一植入物可製備導件。 =參考第28以第17_轉人導件制,此等實 也歹J僅供舉例說明之用。 、 ..„ 乐Μ圖顯不適合用於第8L圖所示 植入物之植入導件11〇 5 〇之千面圖。提供關節隨形本體 關郎Ρ通形本體經組配成小 配欲使用之植人物刚之抑面外表面之㈣係匹 卜表面組怨。裝配手柄1112讓使用 者可放置導件於關節内之欲访 、 p門之奴放置植入物100位置。此外,提 Γ錯導件1114。此種情況下,料件⑴锡於本體·内 10 心十字形之開^如熟諳技藝人士已知,鱗件1114可 具有多種形狀,俾讓導件發揮預定功能。本例中,十字形 讓=用者可朗欲放置船12(如第3L圖所示)於關節之該 關即面。-旦導件麗定位於目標關節面,則錐導件⑴4 可用來標記鋪近關節位置;證實錯接近關節位置;準備 欲定位錯之關節面位置;或其組合。 15 現在參照第29A-B圖所示導件12〇〇,顯示適合用於第 9A-C圖之導件平面圖。提供—本體121()。該本體係組配成 至少有一外表面係匹配或接近匹配欲植入之植入物外表面 級配狀恶。裝配手柄1212讓使用者可放置導件於植入物15〇 20 欲放置位置。此外,可設置一或多個錨導件1214。本例中, 錨導件1214(1214,、1214,,、1214,,,)為圓形、或實質圓形開 口於本體1210,該開口直徑夠大而可接納鑽,供對骨内鑽 孔,於該孔内將放置植入物150之錨156之銷。如熟諸技获 人士已知,錨導件1214可有多種適當形狀來讓導件發揮其 預定功能。可設置額外導件1216。額外導件可發揮主導件 71 200412918 Γ二姉魏,或可發揮次要功能。本财,料件叫 :二戠別鎘156(顯不於第肌。圖)定位於關節之關節 二^導件謂置於目標關節面,則料件⑵4可 錨接近關節位置; _面位置,·或其組:=關:位置;準備欲定位 於目標關“_導件^ ¥件1216可用來定位 二田接近關即位置,準備欲定_之㈣面位置,·或其組 ίο =^1實_中可應用支架於患財或軟骨以外區 月或軟骨。/架包括手術器材的夾具及導件。支架可 附者於一點或較佳附著於多 1 、 外,,衫之㈣參考點。另 木可使用造影試驗,例如於 個螢光鏡影像來相對於 了^于或夕 15 正。可獲得-或多個電子1 Ί解剖記號交互對 面及/或骨面及形狀。此二;^供物件座標,界定關節 例如以人工或以電子方=件^可載入或轉入裝置内, 式载或轉人,該資则來移動-或多個手術H材之失具料件 1 ^…一鮮札“的切割面或鑽孔方向性,供 20 =:—個植入物’包括半腔、單腔或全部關 開措或孔位置時可含括有關其它關節或 肘之*++叹_“狀對正資訊。 由於導件係解剖上對正 工具可形成科件、化下方關節面’故於適當 向性。於手術中,輔=導件之較佳定位及方 手付工具應用於關節面上,藉此達 72 200412918 成近完美或元美之解剖齧合。然後手術醫師經由導件導入 鑛(或其它工具)’準備關節(軟骨或骨)接受手術。經由順著 解刹界定平面切開軟骨及/或骨,可達成更加可再現之定 位,因而取終藉最佳化生物機械應力而獲得改良之術後結 5 果。 此處所述解剖矯正工具可由多種方法製成,可由多種 材料製造,杈佳為半透明材料如塑膠、魯塞(Lucite)、西拉 斯丁(S1lastu〇、SLA等且典型於成形之前為塊狀形狀。此 外,也可形成及採用可再度使用之材料。由非及其它可變 10形材料(例如可調整之緊密間隙銷陣列,其組配成匹配關節 面之地形起伏)。此等具體實施例中,模具可於手術期間直 接由關節製造,或另外,模具可由關節影像製造,例如使 用一或多種電腦程式來決定界定關節表面輪廓之物件座 標,且傳送(例如撥號傳入)座標給工具。隨後工具準確對正 15於關節上,如此鑽孔及植入物可更準確定位於關節面内部 及關節面上。 於可單次使用以及可再度使用之具體實施例,工具係 設計成塊狀物深度控制鑽或鋸深度,亦即鑽或鋸不可比塊 狀物深度更加深入組織,塊狀物之孔尺寸係設計成大致上 20 匹配植入物尺寸之各方面。工具用來作一般性贗復物植 入,包括(但非限制性)此處所述關節修補植入物以及於半腔 室、單腔室或全關節成形術或其它關節系統包括生物修補 情況下用來挖空骨髓。 此等手術工具也可用來移除患病軟骨區或略大於患病 73 軟骨區之面積。 植入部位的辨識及準備、以及植入物的插入可藉影像 ‘引手術系統(手術導航系統)支援。此種系統中,手術儀器 相對於病人解剖之定位及方向性係於一或多個二維或三維 5影像以即時方式追縱。&等二維或三維影像可由手術前之 影像例如MR或CT影像求出。手術器材之定位及方向性係由 附於手術上的標記器決定。此等標記器可由偵測器使用例 如光信號、聲信號及電磁信號定位。 又有其它具體實施例中,此處所述手術工具包括一或 1〇多種可硬化而形成關節面模具之材料。多種可於現場硬化 之材料包括可被觸發而進行相變化之聚合物,例如液態或 半液態聚合物,而當暴露於空氣、施加紫外光、可見光暴 露於血液、水或其它離子變化時可硬化成為固體或凝膠。 (例如參考美國專利第6,443,988號及其中引用之文獻)。適當 15 可硬化材料及硬化材料之非限制性實施例包括聚胺基曱酸 酯材料(例如2002年9月3日核發給Felt等人之美國專利第 6,443,988號;1994年2月22日核發給Khalil等人之 5,288,797 ; 1978年7月 4 日核發給Graham等人之4,098,626 ; 及1986年6月10日核發給Chapin等人之4,594,380 ;以及Lu 20 等人(2000)生物化學21(15):1595-1605說明多孔聚(L-丙交 酯酸泡沫體);親水聚合物例如揭示於1992年11月10日核發 給Rhee之美國專利第5,162,430號;水凝膠材料例如述於 Wake 等人(1995)細胞移植 4(3):275-279,Wiese 等人(2001) 生醫材料研究期刊54(2): 179-188及Marler等人(2000)塑膠 74 200412918 重建手術105(6):2049-2058 ;玻尿酸材料(例如Duranti等人 (1998)皮膚科手術24(12):1317-1325);可膨脹珠例如幾丁質 珠(例如Yusof等人(2001)生醫材料研究期刊54⑴:59-68);及 /或牙科應用材料(例如參考Brauer及Antonucci,「牙科應用」 5 257-258頁於「聚合物科學工程簡明百科」及”们年丨月u 曰核發給Weissman之美國專利第4,3685040號)。任一種生物 相容性材料其具有足夠流動性可允許其輸送入關節,以及 於生理可接受之條件下於原位進行完整硬化之材料皆可使 用。該材料也可為生物可分解。 10 15 20 叉1匕何料可、、Ό a此處所述手術工具使用。例如手術 工具包括-或多個適合接、人之孔口,可硬化材料通過 孔口注入。於原位固化之前,材料可隨形於面對手術工具 之關節面,如此於硬化時形成表面凹部,因而重新形成正 常或接近正常的關節面。此外,可硬化材料或手術工具也 可結合此處料任—卿倾驗及f彡像分析使用,例如基 於關節影像而成形此等材料或手術工具。 現在參考第27Α·_,顯示本發明教示之植入裝置方 Γ6=Γ驟。首先使用者作切開來接近目標關節 ㈣★錢難人物導件準備_面262 備例如包括辨識植入物將駐在關節何處、標上= =轉:Γ面來接納植人物。若有所需可重複此 =:=:_置,然後藉標記關節面或移除 丰備關郎面。一旦關節面準備妥,安裝植入物 75 200412918 2640。植入物之安裝可藉將植入物置於表面,或使用此處 所述技術將植入物黏著於表面。植入物已經安裝於關節 後’封閉傷口 2650。 現在苓考第27B圖所示步驟,使用者作切開來接近目標 5關節2610。隨後附著支架至關節2660。雖然未顯示於本流 程圖,可進行第27A圖所示之關節準備步驟。然後植入物安 裝於支架上2665。植入物安裝於關節後,封閉傷口265〇。 現在參考第27C圖步驟,使用者作切開來接近目標關節 2610。隨後由關節移除患病軟骨267〇。雖然未顯示於本流 1〇程圖,但第27A圖所示之準備關節之其它步驟也可施行而未 f子離本赉明之範圍。然後安裝植入物2675。植入物安裝於 關節後,關閉傷口 2650。 現在參照第27D圖所示各步驟,使用者作切開來接近目 標關節2610。雖然未顯示於本流程圖,但未悖離本發明之 15範圍,也可進行第27A圖所示準備關節之其它步驟。隨後插 入植入物2680。然後選擇性調整植入物位置2682。植入物 已經插入且定位之後,調整植入物之輪廓2684。於植入物 已經安裝於關節内部且調整之後,關閉傷口 2650。選用之 植入物高度及外廓可選定用來變更相對於關節的荷重能 20力。此外,可調整植入物高度而考慮骨骼以及關節結構之 解剖上對正錯誤等問題。 VII.套件組 此處也說明包含一或多種此處所述方法、系統及/或組 成物之套件組。特別,一種套件組包括下列一或多者:獲 76 200412918 得電子影像之指示(方法);評估電子影像之祕或指示;一 或多種可分析或處理電子影像之電财置;及/或—或多種 植入植入物之手術工具。套件組包括其它材料例如指令、 试劑、容器及/或造影助劑(例如薄膜、夾具、數位化器等)。 5 純下列實_供更完整舉例說明本發明。此外此等 實施例提供本發明之較佳具體實施例而非意圖限制本發明 之範圍。 引文本毛月具體只施例之詳細說明僅供舉例說明之 用。絕非羅列盡淨或限制本發明於所揭示之精準形式。熟 10諳技藝人士顯然易知其它修改及變化。該等實施例經選用 及說明來最明白解說本發明之原理及其主要應用,因而讓 業界人士可了解本發明及適合預期特定用途之各具體實施 例及各修改例。本發明之範圍僅由如下申請專利範圍及其 相當範圍界定。 ' 15 【圖式簡單說^明】 第1A圖為根據本發明,評估需要修補之關節之方法之 方塊圖,其中於接納選用之植入物之前,既有關節面未經 改變或實質未經改變。第1B圖為根據本發明,評估需要修 補之關節之方法之方塊圖,其中於設計適合達成修補之植 2〇入物之前,既有關節面未經改變或實質未經改變。 第2圖為遠端股骨關節軟骨之三維厚度圖之再現。三維 厚度圖例如可有超音波、CT或MRI資料產生。軟骨内部之 深色孔指示全厚度軟骨流失區。 第3A圖顯示同心設置光圈之帕西多圓盤範例。第3B圖 77 顯示投影於具有固定曲率表面之帕西多圓盤範例。 ^ 44圖顯示同心光圈(帕西多圓盤)投影於各 传之反射’驗證表面輪廓變化對反射圓之影塑。課所 ^圖顯示不規則彎曲面之二維加色碼之1也形圖範例。 不規則彎曲面之三維加色碼之地形圖_ 第7Α-Β圖為根據本發明,評估需要置換關節之 方塊圖,其中原有關節面於接納植入物之前經改變/之 ,圖為適合植入膝關節之脛骨岡之本發 物之透視圖。第8Β圖為第8Α圖植入物之頂視圖。 = ⑺第_之植入物沿第_之視線c-c所取之剖面圖。第圖8為 圖為第8B圖沿視線D_D所取之剖面圖。第犯圖為第儿 視線E-E所取之剖面圖。第8F圖為第8A圖之植入物之2 圖。第犯圖為第8Α圖之植入物顯示植入後沿平行於矢狀: 面之平面所取之剖面圖。第8Η圖為第8Α圖之植入物顯 15入後沿平行於冠狀平面之平面所取之卿圖。第_ 8 Α圖之植入物顯示植入後沿平行於軸向平面之平面所取 剖面圖。第_顯示於正中(朝向腔骨岡邊緣)及向前及2 延伸接近骨之略大的植人物。第8K圖為第8A圖之關節植入 物之另一具體實施例之側視圖,顯示一描。第礼 = 20圖之關節植入物之另-具體實施例之底視圖,顯示1。八 第9A及9B圖為適合用於股骨課之關節植人物由下 面及上表面觀視分別所得之透視圖。第9C圖為第9八圖植又 物之側視圖。第9D圖為植入物之下表面視圖;第祀 入物之上表面視圖,以及f9F圖為植人物之剖面圖。第吣 78 200412918 圖為適合用於二股骨髁之關節植入物上表面之視圖。第9H 圖為第9G圖之植入物之透視側視圖。 第10A圖為髖臼之側視圖。第10B圖為近端股骨之旋轉 視圖。第10C圖為髖關節植入物之剖面圖,顯示實質上恆定 5 半徑。 第10D圖為類似第10C圖之植入物之剖面圖,具有圓化 邊緣及非對稱半徑。 第11A圖為具有元件延伸入股骨頭小窩之植入物之剖 面圖。其它平面圖顯示其它平面圖,第11B圖顯示植入物為 10 半球形,第11C圖顯示為部分半球形及第11D圖顯示為執 形。第11E圖為具有輪輻配置之植入物之具體實施例。 第12A圖為植入物之剖面圖,有一元件延伸入髖臼小 窩。第12B-E圖顯示多種透視圖,其中該植入物為半球形、 部分半球形、執形及輪輻狀。 15 第13A圖為雙元件式「活動軸承」植入物之剖面圖,顯 示二件式組成及光滑匹配面。第13B-F圖為平面圖,顯示具 有二半球之二元件,單一半球有一執或執狀外部元件(亦即 於一維為半球形,但其它各維並非半球形),單一半球具有 軌形内部結構,單一半球具有輪輻狀内部元件,以及單一 20 半球具有輪輻狀外部元件。 第13G-J圖為雙元件式植入物之另一具體實施例,此處 外部元件之内表面有一結節其接合内部元件外表面之凹 部。也顯示其它變化。 第14A圖為植入物之另一具體實施例,植入物有一元件 79 200412918 延伸入股骨頭小窩。第14B圖及第14C圖顯示剖面圖具體實 施例,此處元件之一形成一半球,而第二元件則否。 第15A圖為雙元件式「活動軸承」植入物之剖面圖,具 有一元件延伸入髖臼小窩。第15B及15C圖顯示剖面圖,此 5 處元件之一形成半球,而第二元件則否。 第16A圖為雙元件式「活動軸承」植入物之剖面圖。第 16B-D圖為三元件式「活動軸承」植入物之剖面圖,其具有 一或多個元件形成半球,而至少另一元件則否。 第17A圖為雙元件式「活動軸承」植入物之剖面圖,具 10 有一元件延伸入髖臼小窩。第17B及17C圖顯示剖面圖,此 處元件之一形成半球,而第二元件則否。 第18A圖為雙元件式「活動軸承」植入物之剖面圖,具 有一元件延伸入髖臼小窩。第18B圖為頂視圖,顯示第18A 圖所示元件頂端四翅片延伸入髖臼小窩内部於髖臼元件頂 15 部。 第19A圖為雙元件式「活動軸承」植入物之剖面圖,具 有一元件延伸入股骨頭小窩。第19B圖為雙元件式固定植入 物之剖面圖。 第20A圖為具有不等半徑及厚度之供髖關節用之植入 20 物之剖面圖。第20B圖為具有不等半徑及厚度之供髖關節用 之植入物之剖面圖。第20C圖為具有不等半徑及厚度之供髖 關節用之植入物之剖面圖。第20D圖為髖關節用之植入物之 剖面圖,具有胥向下及向上延伸。 第21A圖為肩關節之骨質結構之前視圖,例如鎖骨、肩 80 2、_窩、肩峰、喙突及狱骨。第2ΐβ圖為置放於 ^關節窩間之關節成形裝置之視圖。第W圖為關節成卿 ^之斜向前視剖關,具㈣骨面實質 10 15 ,以及關即窩面貫質隨形於關節窩形狀。第加圖為 成形裝置之軸向剖面圖,具魏骨面實質隨形於胜骨頭带 狀,以及關節窩面實質隨形於關節窩形狀。第2_肩關節 之斜向前視圖’顯示關節軟骨及上下關節寫胥。第抑圖為 肩關節之軸向視圖’顯示關節軟骨及前後關節窩脣。第21G 圖為關節成形裝置之斜向前視剖面圖,具有肱骨面實質隨 形於胜骨頭形狀,以及關節窩面實f隨形於關節窩及關節 窝胥形狀。第21關為關節成形裝置之軸向剖面圖,具有胜 =面實質隨形於肱骨頭形狀,以及關節窩面實質隨祕關 :窩及關節窩胥形狀。第211圖為關節成形裝置之斜向前視 剖=圖,具錢骨面實質隨形㈣骨頭形狀,以及關節萬 面貫質隨形於關節窩形狀。顯示-脣其係向上及/或向下延 伸且提供關㈣的穩定。第2υ圖為關節成形裝置之轴向剖 20 一圖/、有肱月面貫質隨形於肱骨頭形狀,以及關節窩面 只貝1^於關-窩形狀。顯示-脣其係向前及/或向後延伸 ^提供^郎窩的穩定。第21K圖為雙元件式「活動軸承」關 P成形哀置之斜向前視剖面圖,具有肱骨面實質隨形於肱 員形狀,以及關節窩面實質隨形於關節窩形狀。 立第21L圖為雙元件式「活動軸承」關節成形裝置之軸向 =圖具有肱骨面實質隨形於肱骨頭形狀,以及關節窩 面只處隨形於關節窩形狀。第讀圖為雙元件式「活動轴 81 200412918 承」關節成形裝置之另一視圖,具有肱骨面實質隨形於肱 骨頭形狀,以及關節窩面實質隨形於關節窩形狀。該裝置 於第一元件表面上有個結節,其匹配第二元件表面之凹部 俾促進關節的移動。 5 第21N圖為雙元件式「活動軸承」關節成形裝置之斜向 前視剖面圖。第210圖為雙元件式「活動軸承」關節成形裝 置之斜向前視剖面圖。第21P及Q圖為第210圖所示雙重活 動軸承裝置之另一具體實施例之剖面圖。 第22圖為通過肘關節之斜向縱視圖,顯示遠端肱骨、 10 鷹嘴突及橈骨頭。也顯示軟骨表面。 第23A圖為通過腕關節之縱視圖,顯示遠端橈骨、尺 骨、以及若干腕骨其有一關節成形系統就位。第23B圖為通 過腕關節之縱視圖,顯示遠端橈骨、尺骨、以及若干腕骨 其有一關節成形系統就位。第23C圖為通過腕關節之縱視 15 圖,顯示遠端橈骨、尺骨、以及若干腕骨其有一關節成形 系統就位。第23D圖為適合用於腕骨之雙元件式「活動軸承」 關節成形裝置之縱剖面圖。第23E圖為另一雙元件式關節成 形裝置之縱剖面圖,本例不含胥。第23F圖為雙元件式「活 動軸承」關節成形裝置之縱剖面圖。 20 第24圖為通過手指之矢狀視圖。關節成形裝置顯示為 插置於掌骨頭與近端指骨基部間。, 第25A圖為通過踝關節之矢狀視圖,顯示遠端脛骨、距 骨及跟骨及其它骨,其有一關節成形系統就位。第25B圖為 通過踝關節之冠狀視圖,顯示遠端脛骨、遠端腓骨及距骨。 82 200412918 顯示一關節成形裝置插置於遠端脛骨與距骨圓頂間。第25C 圖為通過踝關節之矢狀視圖,顯示遠端脛骨、距骨及跟骨 及其它骨。也顯示軟骨面。一關節成形裝置顯示為插置於 遠端脛骨與距骨圓頂間。第25D圖為通過踩關節之冠狀視 5 圖,顯示遠端脛骨、遠端腓骨及距骨。顯示一關節成形裝 置插置於遠端脛骨與距骨圓頂間。 第26圖為通過腳趾之矢狀視圖。關節成形裝置顯示為 插置於掌骨頭與近端趾骨基部間。, 第27A-D圖為將本發明裝置植入目標關節採用之各方 10 法步驟之方塊圖。 第28圖為植入第8L圖所示裝置時適合使用之植入導件 工具之平面圖。 第29A及29B圖為植入第9B圖所示裝置時適合使用之 植入導件工具之平面圖。 15 【圖式之主要元件代表符號表】 10…獲得目標關節測量值 11,31,41,51,53…選擇性 重複步驟 24,25,26,42,43,44…流程 30…產生目標關節之模式呈現 32,38,39···箭頭 40···產生目標關節之投影模式 呈現 52···設計適當之關節置換植入物 60...獲得目標關節測量值 61,71,81,91,93···選擇性 重複步驟 65,66,67,76,77,78…流程 70…測量關節缺損 80···識別適合用於修補缺損之 裝置 50·.·選擇適當之關節置換植入物 90…選擇用來修補缺損之裝置 83 200412918 92…製造用來修補缺損之裝置 224…髖臼 100.. .關節植入物 102.. .上表面 104··.下表面 106.. .周緣 108…外形,上緣 110.. .下緣 112.. .關節錨 114.. .橫桿 120.. .膝關節 122.. .脛骨岡 124.. .股骨,上關節面 150,151…植入物 152···彎曲匹配面 154.. .凸面關節毗鄰面 156…錨 200.. .髖臼 202.. .軟骨覆蓋區 204.. .髋臼小窩 206.. .股骨頭小窩 210.. .近端股骨 220.. .髖關節 221,240,250·.·植入物 222…内面 226…圓化緣 230…結節 230,231···元件 232…凸部 240.. .股骨頭 242,244...元件 243,245,252,254…元件 246,253...結節 248,255...凸部 262…銷 264,264’,264”,264’”".翅片 266.. .1¾ 268,268,…栓 470.. .植入物 300.. .肩關節 302.. .鎖骨 304…肩胛 306.. .肩胛骨關節窩 306,,306”..·内窩脣 307’,307”...後窩胥 308.. .肩峰 310.. .喙突 312.··肱骨 200412918 313.. .肢骨頭 314,316…軟骨覆蓋區 320.. .關節成形裝置 322,342…肱骨接觸面 324,344...關節窩接觸面 346,346’,346”,346”’···凸部 或胥 520.. .關節成形裝置 350.. .關節成形裝置 351,353···元件 352,354...肱骨接觸面 356,358…關節植入物表面 360.. .植入物 362,364·.·元件 363…關節窩接觸面 365.. .1. 370.. .關節成形裝置 372.. .肱骨接觸元件 373.. .銷釘 374.. .關節軟骨 600.. .肘關節 602.. .遠端肱骨 603,605,607···軟骨面 604.. .鷹嘴突 606.. .橈骨頭 608…尺骨 610.. .橈骨 620…關節成形裝置 700.. .腕關節 702.. .選端橈骨 704.. .尺骨 706.. .腕骨列 706’,706,,,706’,’···關節面 708…三角形纖維軟骨 710.. .尺骨莖 720.. .關節成形裝置 730.. .關節成形裝置 732…脣 740.. .關節成形裝置 742-745·.·元件 746,748…脣 750.. .關節成形裝置 752-755·.·元件 760.. .關節成形裝置 762.. .元件 766…錫 議…指 802.. .掌骨頭 85 200412918 804…近端指骨 820.. .關節成形裝置 822…一側 824…對側 900···踝關節 902…遠端脛骨 904…距骨 904’…距骨圓頂 906.. .跟骨 908.. .遠端腓骨 920,930,940···關節成形裝置 942··.關節成形系統 944…上表面 946…胥 950.. .關節成形裝置 952.. .下表面 954.. .上表面 1000.. .趾 1002…蹏骨頭 1004…近端趾骨 1020···關節成形裝置 1022,1024···表面 1100.. .植入導件 1110…關節隨形體 1112···柄 1114.. .錨導件 1200.. .導件 1210.. .本體 1212…柄 1214,1214,,1214”,1214”,, 1216.. .錨導件 2610…作切開而接近目標關節 2611,2621,2641,2661,2671, 2681,2682…選擇性重複步驟 2620.. .使用植入物導件製作關 節面 2640…安裝植入物於關節表面上 2650…閉合傷口 2651-3,2663-5,2673-5, 2685-7…流程 2654,2662,2672···箭頭 2660···施加支架至關節 2670.. .移除患病軟骨 2680.. .定位植入物 2684···調整植入物外廓 86
Claims (1)
- 200412918 拾、申請專利範圍: L —種插置式關節植入物,其具有—上表面及一下表面, 其中該上表面係與-關節之—第—關節面相對,以及該 下表面係與該關節之一第二關節面相對,此外其中上表 面或下表面中之至少-者具有—種三維形狀,該三維形 狀係實質上匹配第-關節面及第二關節面之—之形狀。 2. 如申請專利範圍第丨項之植人物,其中該植人物係置於 選自下列組成之群組之-關節内部:膝、髖、肩、財 腕、指、趾及踝。 3. 如申請專利範圍第!項之植入物,其中該上表面及該下 表=具有—種三維形狀,其實質上匹配該上表面赴鄰之 關節面及該下表面毗鄰之關節面中之至少一者之形狀。 4·如申請專利範圍第】項之植入物,其中該植入物㈣病 人之軟骨缺損之厚度。 5.如申請專利範圍第!項之植人物,其中該植人物具有病 人之軟骨缺損之85%之厚度。 6·如申請專利範圍第!項之植入物,其中該植入物具有病 人之軟骨缺損之65%_1〇〇%之厚度。 7.如申請專利範圍第丨項之植人物,其巾該植人物係由一 種包含金屬或金屬合金之材料組成。 =申請專利範圍第!項之植入物,其中該材料進一步包 含一或多種生物活性材料。 .如申請專利範圍第7項之植入物,其中該植入物被塗覆 以一種生物活性材料。 87 200412918 10. 如申請專利範圍第1項之植入物,其中該植入物包含金 屬或金屬合金之聚合物。 11. 如申請專利範圍第1項之植入物,進一步具有一種選自 下列組成之群組之附著於關節用之機構:脊、栓、銷、 5 橫桿、齒及凸部。 12. 如申請專利範圍第1項之植入物,進一步具有脊。 13. 如申請專利範圍第1項之植入物,進一步具有脣。 14. 如申請專利範圍第1項之植入物,其中該植入物進一步 包含一第一元件以及一第二元件。 10 15.如申請專利範圍第14項之植入物,其中該第一元件及第 二元件屬於下列任一者:整合成形、不可分割成形、互 連成形以及各自獨立成形。 16.如申請專利範圍第14項之植入物,其中該第一元件係以 固定式、滑動式、及旋轉式中之至少一種方法接合關節。 15 17.如申請專利範圍第14項之植入物,其中該第二元件係以 固定式、滑動式、及旋轉式中之至少一種方法接合關節。 18. 如申請專利範圍第14、15、16及17項之植入物,其中該 第一元件接合該第二元件。 19. 如申請專利範圍第14、15、16及17項之植入物,其中該 20 第一元件齧合於該第二元件内部。 20. 如申請專利範圍第14、15、16及17項之植入物,其中該 第一元件滑動式接合該第二元件。 21. 如申請專利範圍第14、15、16及17項之植入物,其中該 第一元件旋轉式接合該第二元件。 88 200412918 22. 如申請專利範圍第1項之植入物,其中該植入物具有複 數個元件。 23. 如申請專利範圍第22項之植入物,其中複數個元件中之 一第一元件係以固定式、滑動式及旋轉式中之至少一者 5 接合關節。 24. 如申請專利範圍第22項之植入物,其中複數個元件中之 一第二元件係以固定式、滑動式及旋轉式中之至少一者 接合關節。 25. 如申請專利範圍第22、23及24項之植入物,其中複數個 10 元件中之第一元件接合該複數個元件中之第二元件。 26. 如申請專利範圍第22、23及24項之植入物,其中複數個 元件中之第一元件齧合於複數個元件中之第二元件内 部° 27. 如申請專利範圍第22、23及24項之植入物,其中複數個 15 元件中之第一元件滑動式接合該複數個元件中之第二 元件。 28. 如申請專利範圍第22、23及24項之植入物,其中複數個 元件中之第一元件旋轉式接合該複數個元件中之第二 元件。 20 29.如申請專利範圍第1項之植入物,其中該植入物具有一 種沿周邊形成之形狀係選自下列形狀組成的群組:圓 形、橢圓形、卵形、腎臟形、實質圓形、實質橢圓形、 實質卵形及實質腎臟形。 30.如申請專利範圍第1項之植入物,其中該植入物具有一 89 200412918 下表面及上表面中之至少一者之截面形狀係選自由球 形、半球形、非球形、凸面、凹面、實質凸面及實質凹 面組成的群組。 、、 31. 如申請專利範圍第i項之植入物,其中該植入物為一種 軟骨缺損隨形植入物。 32. 如申請專利範圍第!項之植入物,其中該植入物為一種 軟骨凸起植入物。 33. 如申請專利範圍第!項之植入物,其中該植入物為一種 軟骨下骨隨形植入物。 34. 如申請專利範圍第i項之植入物,其中該植入物係經由 10厘米或以下之切開而以手術方式植入。 玫如申請專利範圍第i項之植入物,其中該植入物係經由6 厘米或以下之切開而以手術方式植入。 36.如申請專利範圍第i項之植入物,其中該植入物係經由3 厘米或以下之切開而以手術方式植入。 盯如申請專利範圍第】項之植入物,其中該關節之活動範 圍係回復至正常關郎活動範圍之80-99.9%間。 认如申請專利範圍第】項之植入物,其中該關節之活動範 圍係回復至正常關郎活動範圍之90-99.9%間。 39.如申請專利範圍第】項之植入物,其中該關節之活動範 圍係口復至正常關郎活動範圍之95·99·9%間。 •如申明專利範圍第1項之植入物,其中該關節之活動範 圍係口设至正$關郎活動範圍之98_99·9%間。 1·如申明專利圍第!項之植人物,其中該關節為膝關 90 ^ x及其中一種沿一周邊形成之形狀係選自下列形狀 j成的群組·圓形、橢圓形、_形、腎臟形、實質圓形、 實質橢圓形、實質卵形及實質腎臟形。 1申明專利乾圍第工項之植人物,其中該關節為膝關 節’以及其中該植人物之上表面為實 質凸面形。 1申π專利範圍第丨項之植人物,其中該關節為膝關 即,以及其中該植入物之下表面為實質凹面形。 i申π專利範圍第i項之植人物,其中該關節為膝關 即’以及其中該植人物之上表面為由凸面形及凹面形組 成。 :申巧專利範圍第1項之植人物,其中該關節為膝關 '及其中5亥植入物之下表面為實質凹面形。 ^申明專利耗圍第1項之植人物,其中該關節為體關 即’以及其中該植入物之剖面係選自由球面及非球面組 成的群組。 47·Μ請專利範圍第i項之植入物,其中該植入物周邊之 厚度係比該植入物中部之厚度更大。 48.如申請專利範圍第1項之植入物,其中該植入物之中部 具有厚度比周邊更大。 ° '如申請專利範圍第1項之植入物,其具有-前部、—後 外側部以及-正中部’其中該植人物具有沿 置後部之厚度係秘或切賴人物外側部、正 前部中之至少一者之厚度。 Q及 50·如申請專利範圍以項之植人物,其具有_前部、 200412918 部、一外側部以及一正中部,其中該植入物具有沿該裝 置後部之厚度係等於或小於該植入物外側部、正中部及 前部中之至少一者之厚度。 51. 如申請專利範圍第1項之植入物,其具有一前部、一後 5 部、一外側部以及一正中部,其中該植入物具有沿該裝 置正中部之厚度係等於或小於該植入物前部、後部及外 側部中之至少一者之厚度。 52. 如申請專利範圍第1項之植入物,其具有一前部、一後 部、一外側部以及一正中部,其中該植入物具有沿該裝 10 置正中部之厚度係等於或大於該植入物前部、後部及外 側部中之至少一者之厚度。 53. 如申請專利範圍第14及22項之植入物,其具有一前部、 一後部、一外側部以及一正中部,其中該植入物之至少 一元件具有沿該裝置後部之厚度係等於或大於該植入 15 物外侧部、正中部及前部中之至少一者之厚度。 54. 如申請專利範圍第14及22項之植入物,其具有一前部、 一後部、一外側部以及一正中部,其中該植入物之至少 一元件具有沿該裝置後部之厚度係等於或小於該植入 物外側部、正中部及前部中之至少一者之厚度。 20 55.如申請專利範圍第14及22項之植入物,其具有一前部、 一後部、一外側部以及一正中部,其中該植入物之至少 一元件具有沿該裝置正中部之厚度係等於或小於該植 入物前部、後部及外側部中之至少一者之厚度。 56.如申請專利範圍第14及22項之植入物,其具有一前部、 92 200412918 一後部、一外側部以及一正中部,其中該植入物之至少 一元件具有沿該裝置正中部之厚度係等於或大於該植 入物前部、後部及外側部中之至少一者之厚度。 57. —種修補一關節之程序,包含下述步驟,一關節鏡方式 5 植入一植入物,其具有一上表面及一下表面,其中該上 表面或下表面中之至少一者具有一種三維形狀其係實 質上匹配一關節面形狀。 58. 如申請專利範圍第57項之程序,進一步包含於植入前分 析關節影像之步驟。 10 59.如申請專利範圍第57項之程序,其中該影像為一種選自 由磁振造影(MRI)、電腦斷層掃描(CT)、X光及其組合組 成的群組之三維影像。 60.如申請專利範圍第57項之程序,進一步包含做出10厘米 或以下之切開之步驟。 15 61.如申請專利範圍第57項之程序,進一步包含做出6厘米 或以下之切開之步驟。 62.如申請專利範圍第57項之程序,進一步包含做出3厘米 或以下之切開之步驟。 63 · —種製造適合一關節之植入物之方法,該方法包含下列 20 步驟: 決定該關節之一或多個關節面之三維形狀;以及 製造一植入物其具有一上表面及一下表面,其中該 上表面及下表面各自相對於該關節之第一關節面及第 二關節面;以及進一步其中上表面或下表面中之至少一 93 200412918 者為實質匹配該關節面之三維形狀。 64. 如申請專利範圍第63項之方法,其中該三維形狀係經由 獲得關節之影像決定。 65. 如申請專利範圍第63項之方法,其中該影像係選自由 5 MRI、CT、X光及其組合組成的群組。 66. —種修補一關節之程序,包含下述步驟,藉關節鏡輔助 或迷你切開中之一者植入一植入物,該植入物具有一上 表面及一下表面,其中該上表面或下表面中之至少一者 具有一種三維形狀其係實質上匹配該關節之一關節面 10 形狀。 94
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US41660102P | 2002-10-07 | 2002-10-07 | |
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2003
- 2003-10-07 DE DE60336002T patent/DE60336002D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-10-07 US US10/681,750 patent/US20040133276A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-10-07 TW TW092127826A patent/TWI231755B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-10-07 AU AU2003284035A patent/AU2003284035A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-10-07 US US10/681,749 patent/US7799077B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-10-07 EP EP03776265A patent/EP1555962B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-10-07 WO PCT/US2003/032123 patent/WO2004032806A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2003-10-07 AT AT03776265T patent/ATE497740T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-10-07 CA CA002501041A patent/CA2501041A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-10-07 JP JP2005501154A patent/JP2006501977A/ja active Pending
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2010
- 2010-05-03 US US12/772,683 patent/US8709089B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TWI678685B (zh) * | 2018-05-07 | 2019-12-01 | 中原大學 | 關節鏡手術模擬方法及關節鏡手術模擬系統 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE60336002D1 (de) | 2011-03-24 |
| EP1555962A1 (en) | 2005-07-27 |
| WO2004032806A1 (en) | 2004-04-22 |
| WO2004032806A9 (en) | 2004-05-27 |
| EP1555962B1 (en) | 2011-02-09 |
| US20110066245A1 (en) | 2011-03-17 |
| US8709089B2 (en) | 2014-04-29 |
| US7799077B2 (en) | 2010-09-21 |
| US20140250676A1 (en) | 2014-09-11 |
| US20040138754A1 (en) | 2004-07-15 |
| US9872773B2 (en) | 2018-01-23 |
| US20040133276A1 (en) | 2004-07-08 |
| HK1072710A1 (zh) | 2005-09-09 |
| JP2006501977A (ja) | 2006-01-19 |
| CA2501041A1 (en) | 2004-04-22 |
| ATE497740T1 (de) | 2011-02-15 |
| TWI231755B (en) | 2005-05-01 |
| AU2003284035A1 (en) | 2004-05-04 |
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