[go: up one dir, main page]

EP1546398A4 - Single nucleotide polymorphisms diagnostic for schizophrenia - Google Patents

Single nucleotide polymorphisms diagnostic for schizophrenia

Info

Publication number
EP1546398A4
EP1546398A4 EP03791659A EP03791659A EP1546398A4 EP 1546398 A4 EP1546398 A4 EP 1546398A4 EP 03791659 A EP03791659 A EP 03791659A EP 03791659 A EP03791659 A EP 03791659A EP 1546398 A4 EP1546398 A4 EP 1546398A4
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
seq
fragment
identity ofthe
ofthe nucleotide
determining
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP03791659A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1546398A2 (en
Inventor
Paul S Kaytes
Chi-Hse Teng
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Pharmacia and Upjohn Co LLC
Original Assignee
Pharmacia and Upjohn Co LLC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US10/230,007 external-priority patent/US20030170667A1/en
Application filed by Pharmacia and Upjohn Co LLC filed Critical Pharmacia and Upjohn Co LLC
Publication of EP1546398A2 publication Critical patent/EP1546398A2/en
Publication of EP1546398A4 publication Critical patent/EP1546398A4/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
    • C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/156—Polymorphic or mutational markers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/172—Haplotypes

Definitions

  • Provisional Patent Application 60/406,432 filed 28 August 2002 The present application also claims priority benefit as a continuation-in-part of United States Patent Application 10/230,007, filed August 28, 2002, which claims the benefit ofthe following United States Provisional Application. 60/315,501, filed 28 August 2001. All applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety to the extent not inconsistent with the disclosure herein.
  • the invention provides methods for determining the genetic risk of developing schizophrenia or for diagnosing schizophrenia.
  • the variant form may or may not confer an evolutionary advantage relative to a progenitor form.
  • the variant form may be neutral.
  • a variant form is lethal and is not transmitted to further generations ofthe organism.
  • a variant form confers an evolutionary advantage to the species and is eventually incorporated into the DNA of many or most members ofthe species and effectively becomes the progenitor form.
  • both progenitor and variant form(s) survive and co-exist in a species population. This coexistence of multiple forms of a sequence gives rise to polymorphisms.
  • a restriction fragment length polymorphism means a variation in DNA sequence that alters the length of a restriction fragment as described in Botstein et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet.
  • restriction fragment length polymorphism may create or delete a restriction site, thus changing the length ofthe restriction fragment.
  • RFLPs have been widely used in human and animal genetic analyses (see US Pat. No. 5, 856,104, Jan 5, 1999, Chee, et al, WO 90/13668; WO90/11369; Donis-Keller, Cell 51, 319-337 (1987); Lander et al., Genetics 121, 85-99 (1989)).
  • a heritable trait can be linked to a particular RFLP, the presence ofthe RFLP in an individual can be used to predict the likelihood that the animal will also exhibit the trait.
  • NNTR variable number tandem repeat
  • NNTRs have been used in identity and paternity analysis (U.S. Pat. No. 5,075,217; Armour et al., FEBS Lett. 307, 113-115 (1992); Horn et al., WO 91/14003; Jeffreys, EP 370,719), and in a large number of genetic mapping studies.
  • Some other polymorphisms take the form of single nucleotide variations between individuals ofthe same species.
  • Such polymorphisms are far more frequent than RFLPS, STRs and NNTRs. Although it should be recognized that a single nucleotide polymorphism may also result in a RFLP because a single nucleotide change can also result in the creation or destruction of a restriction enzyme site. Some single nucleotide polymorphisms occur in protein-coding sequences, in which case, one ofthe polymorphic forms may give rise to the expression of a defective or other variant protein and, potentially, a genetic disease. Examples of genes, in winch polymorphisms within coding sequences give rise to genetic disease include beta - globin (sickle cell anemia) and CFTR (cystic fibrosis).
  • single nucleotide polymorphisms occur in noncoding regions. Some of these polymorphisms may also result in defective protein expression (e.g., as a result of defective splicing). Other single nucleotide polymorphisms have no phenotypic effects but still may be genetically linked to a phenotypic effect.
  • the greater frequency and uniformity of single nucleotide polymorphisms means that there is a greater probability that such a polymorphism will be found in close proximity to a genetic locus of interest than would be the case for other polymorphisms. Also, the different forms of characterized single nucleotide polymorphisms are often easier to distinguish than other types of polymorphism (e.g., by use of assays employing allele-specific hybridization probes or primers). In a disease such as schizophrenia in which multiple gene products play a role in the analysis ofthe disease, SNPs show particular promise as a research tool and they may also be valuable diagnostic tools. Schizophrenia
  • Schizophrenia is a devastating neuropsychiatric disorder which affects approximately 1% ofthe population and results in serious disruption in the lives of afflicted individuals and their families.
  • Common symptoms include delusions, conceptual disorganizations and visual or auditory hallucinations, as well as changes in affective behavior.
  • a number of scales for the rating of symptoms and methods for ascertaining the diagnosis have been developed, including the DSM classification by the American Psychiatric Association (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Third and Fourth Editions), which have attempted to refine the accuracy of clinical diagnosis.
  • DSM classification Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Third and Fourth Editions
  • Clark, A.G. Inference ofhaplotypesfrom PCR-amplified samples ofdiploid populations. Mol Biol Evol, 1990. 7(2): p. 111-22. 5. Clayton, D., A generalization ofthe transmission/disequilibrium test for uncertain- haplotype transmission. Am J Hum Genet, 1999. 65(4): p. 1170-7.
  • FAS-PCR Fluorescent allele-specific PCR
  • DNA polymerase an extremely heat stable enzyme with proofreading activity. Nucleic Acids Res, 1991. 19(18): p. 4967-73.
  • Zhao, L.P., et al Mapping of complex traits by single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Am J Hum Genet, 1998. 63(1): p. 225-40.
  • the invention is based on the discovery of a set of schizophrenia related polymorphic markers. These markers are located in the coding region as well as the non-coding region ofthe gene for the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) we have designated Seq-40. The coding and relevant non-coding regions of Seq-40 are set forth below. The polymorphisms are in bold type. 1 AGTAGGAATC AGATAGCGAG ATTGATTAAT AATAATACTT ATCACTCTTT
  • the invention comprises the first description of polynucleotide fragments derived from the sequence ofthe human G protein coupled receptor Seq-40 gene suitable for the diagnosis of schizophrenia or predicting the likelihood of developing schizoplirenia. The invention further comprises methods of diagnosis and prediction.
  • One embodiment ofthe invention encompasses an isolated polynucleotide comprising, consisting of or consisting essentially of between 12 and 200 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO 1 or its complement including at least one Seq-40 polymorphic site selected from the group consisting ofthe polymorphic sites at positions 194, 601, 1029, 1038, 1074, 2106, 2185, 2359, 2663 and 2796.
  • This definition and all other definitions below making use ofthe term between 12 and 200 contiguous nucleotides is meant to include polynucleotides of each and every integer value between 12 and 200 nucleotides in length.
  • the invention provides an isolated polynucleotide consisting of between 12 and 200 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO 1 in which the nucleotide position 194 is selected from the group of nucleotides G or A.
  • the invention provides an isolated polynucleotide consisting of between 12 and 200 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO 1 in which the nucleotide position 601 is selected from the group of nucleotides A or G.
  • the invention provides an isolated polynucleotide consisting of between 12 and 200 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO 1 in which the nucleotide position 1029 is selected from the group of nucleotides G or A.
  • the invention provides an isolated polynucleotide consisting of between 12 and 200 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO 1 in which the nucleotide position 1038 is selected from the group of nucleotides C or G.
  • the invention provides an isolated polynucleotide consisting of between 12 and 200 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO 1 in which the nucleotide position 1074 is selected from the group of nucleotides A or C.
  • the invention provides an isolated polynucleotide consisting of between 12 and 200 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO 1 in which the nucleotide position 2106 is selected from the group of nucleotides G or A.
  • the invention provides an isolated polynucleotide consisting of between 12 and 200 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO 1 in which the nucleotide position 2185 is selected from the group of nucleotides G or A.
  • the invention provides an isolated polynucleotide consisting of between 12 and 200 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO 1 in which the nucleotide position 2359 is selected from the group of nucleotides T or G.
  • the invention provides an isolated polynucleotide consisting of between 12 and 200 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO 1 in which the nucleotide position 2663 is selected from the group of nucleotides C or G.
  • the invention provides an isolated polynucleotide consisting of between 12 and 200 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO 1 in which the nucleotide position 2769 is selected from the group of nucleotides A or G.
  • the segments can be DNA or RNA, and can be double- or single-stranded. Some segments are 10-20 or 10-50 bases long.
  • the invention further provides an allele-specific oligonucleotides that hybridizes to a sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, or its complement. These oligonucleotides can be probes or primers.
  • the invention further provides a method of analyzing a nucleic acid from an individual.
  • the method determines which nucleotides(s) are present at polymorphic sites contained within Seq-40 i.e "Seq-40 polymorphisms" or Seq-40 polymorphic sites".
  • the bases at each polymorphic site within SEQ ID NO:l are determined simultaneously in one reaction.
  • This type of analysis can be performed on a plurality of individuals who are tested for the presence of a disease phenotype.
  • the presence or absence of disease phenotype or propensity for developing a disease state can then be correlated with a base or set of bases present at the polymorphic sites in the individuals tested.
  • this determination step is performed in such a way as to determine the identity of Seq-40 polymorphic sites on a single chromosome.
  • the present invention therefore further provides a method of diagnosing schizophrenia or determining a predisposition to schizophrenia by determining the presence or absence of a Seq-40 haplotype in a patient by obtaining material from a patient comprising nucleic acid including one or more ofthe nucleotides at position, 194, 601, 1029, 1038, 1074, 2106, 2185, 2359, 2663 and 2796 and determining the Seq-40 haplotype.
  • SEQ ID NO:l The DNA sequence of Seq-40 with variation noted at positions 194,
  • allele is used herein to refer to variants of a nucleotide sequence.
  • Agent acting on schizoplirenia includes any drug or compound known in the art that addresses, reduces or alleviates one or more symptoms of schizophrenia.
  • Agents acting on a schizoplirenia includes any drug or a compound modulating the activity or concentration of an enzyme or regulatory molecule involved in a schizophrenia that is known in the art.
  • Agents acting on schizophrenia include but are not limited to Thorazine, Mellaril, Modecate, Prolixin, Navane, Stelazine and Haldol, risperidone (Risperdal), clozapine (Clozaril), olanzapine (Zyprexa) and quetiapine (Seroquel).
  • response to an agent acting on schizoplirenia refers to drug efficacy, including but not limited to the ability to metabolize a compound, the ability to convert a pro-drug to an active drug, and to the pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, elimination) and the pharmacodynamics (receptor-related) of a drug in an individual.
  • side effects to an agent acting on schizophrenia refer to adverse effects of therapy resulting from extensions ofthe principal pharmacological action ofthe drug or to idiosyncratic adverse reactions resulting from an interaction of the drug with unique host factors.
  • “Side effects to an agent acting on schizophrenia” include, but are not limited to autonomic side effects such as orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation. “Side effects to an agent acting on schizophrenia” also include anxiety, sleep disturbances, sexual dysfunction, gastrointestinal disturbances, nausea, diarrhea, orthostasis, dizziness, sedation, hypertension, shock, akinesia (slowed movement), akathisia (restless limbs), and tardive dyskinesia (permanent, irreversible movement disorders.)
  • complementary or “complement thereof are used herein to refer to the sequences of polynucleotides which is capable of forming Watson & Crick base pairing with another specified polynucleotide throughout the entirety of the complementary region. This term is applied to pairs of polynucleotides based solely upon their sequences and not any particular set of conditions under which the two polynucleotides would actually bind.
  • genotype refers the identity ofthe alleles present in an individual or a sample.
  • a genotype preferably refers to the description ofthe polymorphic alleles present in an individual or a sample.
  • genotyping a sample or an individual for a polymorphic marker consists of determining the specific allele or the specific nucleotide carried by an individual at a polymorphic marker.
  • heterozygosity rate is used herein to refer to the incidence of individuals in a population, which are heterozygous at a particular allele.
  • heterozygosity rate is on average equal to 2Pa(l-Pa), where Pa is the frequency ofthe least common allele.
  • mutation refers to a difference in DNA sequence between or among different genomes or individuals which has a frequency below 1%.
  • haplotype refers to the actual combination of alleles on one chromosome.
  • a haplotype preferably refers to a combination of polymorphisms found in a given individual and which may be associated with a phenotype.
  • polymorphism refers to the occurrence of two or more alternative genomic sequences or alleles between or among different genomes or individuals. “Polymorphic” refers to the condition in which two or more variants of a specific genomic sequence can be found in a population. A “polymorphic site” is the locus at which the variation occurs. Polymorphism refers to the occurrence of two or more genetically determined alternative sequences or alleles in a population. Preferred polymorphisms have at least two alleles, each occurring at frequency of greater than 1%, and more preferably greater than 10% or 20% of a selected population. A polymorphic locus may be as small as one base pair.
  • Polymorphic markers include restriction fragment length polymorphisms, variable number of tandem repeats (NNTR's), hypervariable regions, minisatellites, dinucleotide repeats, trinucleotide repeats, tetranucleotide repeats, simple sequence repeats, and insertion elements such as Alu.
  • the first identified allelic form is arbitrarily designated as the reference form and other allelic forms are designated as alternative or variant alleles.
  • the allelic form occurring most frequently in a selected population is sometimes referred to as the wild type form. Diploid organisms maybe homozygous or heterozygous for allelic forms.
  • a biallelic polymorphism has two forms.
  • a triallelic polymorphism has three forms.
  • a "single nucleotide polymorphism” is a single base pair change.
  • a single nucleotide polymorphism occurs at a polymorphic site occupied by a single nucleotide, winch is the site of variation between allelic sequences. The site is usually preceded by and followed by highly conserved sequences ofthe allele (e.g., sequences that vary in less than 1/100 or 1/1000 members ofthe populations).
  • a single nucleotide polymorphism usually arises due to substitution of one nucleotide for another at the polymorphic site.
  • a transition is the replacement of one purine by another purine or one pyrimidine by another pyrimidine.
  • a transversion is the replacement of a purine by a pyrimidine or vice versa.
  • Single nucleotide polymorphisms can also arise from a deletion of a nucleotide or an insertion of a nucleotide relative to a reference allele. It should be noted that a single nucleotide change could result in the destruction or creation of a restriction site. Therefore it is possible that a single nucleotide polymorphism might also present itself as a restriction fragment length polymorphism.
  • Single nucleotide polymorphisms SNPs
  • SNPs Single nucleotide polymorphisms occur with greater frequency and are spaced more uniformly throughout the genome than other forms of polymorphism.
  • SNPs occur at a frequency of roughly 1/1000 base pairs, and are distinguished from rare variations or mutations by a requirement for the least abundant allele to have a frequency of 1% or more (Brookes, 1999). Examples of SNP include:
  • Non-synonymous coding region changes which substitute one amino acid for another in the protein product encoded by the gene, 2. Synonymous changes which do alter amino acid coding sequence due to degeneracy ofthe genetic code,
  • biaselic polymorphism and “biallelic marker” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymorphism having two alleles at a fairly high frequency in the population, preferably a single nucleotide polymorphism.
  • a “biallelic marker allele” refers to the nucleotide variants present at a biallelic marker site.
  • the frequency ofthe less common allele ofthe biallelic markers ofthe present invention has been validated to be greater than 1%, preferably the frequency is greater than 10%, more preferably the frequency is at least 20% (i.e. heterozygosity rate of at least 0.32), even more preferably the frequency is at least 30% (i.e. heterozygosity rate of at least 0.42).
  • a biallelic marker wherein the frequency ofthe less common allele is 30% or more is termed a "high quality biallelic marker.
  • Seq-40 polymorphism or "Seq-40 polymorphic site” is used herein to mean a polymorphism or polymorphic site within the gene for Seq-40 disclosed herein. This term would encompass polymorphisms at polymorphic sites within the Seq-40 coding sequence, intronic regions and flanking regions. A "Seq-40 polymorphism” or need not change an amino acid in the Seq-40 protein product in order to have utility.
  • Seq-40 polymporphism encompasses single nucleotide polymorphisms, biallelic and otherwise and are the polymorphisms described in Table 1 of this disclosure.
  • a Seq-40 single nucleotide polymorphism is a polymorphism which reflects variation at a single nucleotide.
  • the term "at least one Seq-40 polymorphic site” means at least one polymorphic site within the Seq-40 gene selected from those detailed in Table 1 of this disclosure.
  • oligonucleotides and “polynucleotides” include RNA, DNA, or RNA/DNA hybrid sequences of more than one nucleotide in either single chain or duplex form.
  • nucleotide as used herein as an adjective to describe molecules comprising RNA, DNA, or RNA/DNA hybrid sequences of any length in single-stranded or duplex form.
  • nucleotide is also used herein as a noun to refer to individual nucleotides or varieties of nucleotides, meaning a molecule, or individual unit in a larger nucleic acid molecule, comprising a purine or pyrimidine, a ribose or deoxyribose sugar moiety, and a phosphate group, or phosphodiester linkage in the case of nucleotides within an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide.
  • nucleotide is also used herein to encompass "modified nucleotides" which comprise at least one modifications (a) an alternative linking group, (b) an analogous form of purine, (c) an analogous form of pyrimidine, or (d) an analogous sugar, for examples of analogous linking groups, purine, pyrimidines, and sugars see for example PCT publication No. WO 95/04064.
  • the polynucleotides ofthe invention are preferably comprised of greater than 50% conventional deoxyribose nucleotides, and most preferably greater than 90% conventional deoxyribose nucleotides.
  • the polynucleotide sequences ofthe invention may be prepared by any known method, including synthetic, recombinant, ex vivo generation, or a combination thereof, as well as utilizing any purification methods known in the art.
  • nucleotides in a polynucleotide with respect to the center ofthe polynucleotide are described herein in the following manner.
  • the nucleotide at an equal distance from the 3' and 5' ends ofthe polynucleotide is considered to be "at the center" ofthe polynucleotide, and any nucleotide immediately adjacent to the nucleotide at the center, or the nucleotide at the center itself is considered to be "within 1 nucleotide ofthe center.”
  • any ofthe five nucleotides positions in the middle ofthe polynucleotide would be considered to be within 2 nucleotides ofthe center, and so on.
  • the polymorphism, allele or biallelic marker is "at the center" of a polynucleotide if the difference between the distance from 3' the substituted, inserted, or deleted polynucleotides ofthe polymorphism and the 3' end ofthe polynucleotide, and the distance from the substituted, inserted, or deleted polynucleotides ofthe polymorphism and the 5' end ofthe polynucleotide is zero or one nucleotide.
  • the polymorphism is considered to be "within 1 nucleotide of the center.” If the difference is 0 to 5, the polymorphism is considered to be “within 2 nucleotides ofthe center.” If the difference is 0 to 7, the polymorphism is considered to be "within 3 nucleotides ofthe center,” and so on.
  • the polymorphism, allele or biallelic marker is "at the center" of a polynucleotide if the difference between the distance from the substituted, inserted, or deleted polynucleotides ofthe polymorphism and the 3' end ofthe polynucleotide, and the distance from the substituted, inserted, or deleted polynucleotides ofthe polymorphism and the 5' end ofthe polynucleotide is zero or one nucleotide.
  • the polymorphism is considered to be "within 1 nucleotide of the center.” If the difference is 0 to 5, the polymorphism is considered to be “within 2 nucleotides ofthe center.” If the difference is 0 to 7, the polymorphism is considered to be "within 3 nucleotides ofthe center,” and so on.
  • nucleotides in a polynucleotide with respect to the end ofthe polynucleotide are described herein in the following manner.
  • a nucleotide is "at the end" of a polynucleotide if it is at either the 5 ' or 3 ' en of the polynucleotide.
  • upstream is used herein to refer to a location which, is toward the 5' end ofthe polynucleotide from a specific reference point.
  • base paired and “Watson & Crick base paired” are used interchangeably herein to refer to nucleotides which can be hydrogen bonded to one another be virtue of their sequence identities in a manner like that found in double-helical DNA with thymine or uracil residues linked to adenine residues by two hydrogen bonds and cytosine and guanine residues linked by three hydrogen bonds (See Stryer, L., Biochemistry, 4 th edition, 1995).
  • isolated is used herein to describe a polynucleotide or polynucleotide vector ofthe invention which has been to some extent separated from other compounds including, but not limited to other nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids and proteins (such as the enzymes used in the synthesis ofthe polynucleotide), or the separation of covalently closed polynucleotides from linear polynucleotides.
  • a polynucleotide is substantially isolated when at least about 50 %, preferably 60 to 15% of a sample exhibits a single polynucleotide sequence and conformation (linear versus covalently closed).
  • a substantially isolated polynucleotide typically comprises about 50 %, preferably 60 to 90% weight/weight of a nucleic acid sample, more usually about 95%, and preferably is over about 99% pure.
  • the degree of polynucleotide isolation or homogeneity may be indicated by a number of means well known in the art, such as agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of a sample, followed by visualizing a single polynucleotide band upon staining the gel. For certain purposes higher resolution can be provided by using HPLC or other means well known in the art.
  • primer refers to a single-stranded oligonucleotide capable of acting as a point of initiation of template-directed DNA synthesis under appropriate conditions (i.e., in the presence of four different nucleoside triphosphates and an agent for polymerization, such as, DNA or RNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase) in an appropriate buffer and at a suitable temperature.
  • the appropriate length of a primer depends on the intended use ofthe primer but typically ranges from 15 to 30 nucleotides. Short primer molecules generally require cooler temperatures to form sufficiently stable hybrid complexes with the template.
  • a primer need not reflect the exact sequence ofthe template but must be sufficiently complementary to hybridize with a template.
  • primer site refers to the area ofthe target DNA to which a primer hybridizes.
  • primer pair means a set of primers including a 5' upstream primer that hybridizes with the 5' end ofthe DNA sequence to be amplified and a 3', downstream primer that hybridizes with the complement ofthe 3' end ofthe sequence to be amplified.
  • probe or “hybridization probe” denotes a defined nucleic acid segment (or nucleotide analog segment, e.g., polynucleotide as defined herein) which can be used to identify a specific polynucleotide sequence present in samples, said nucleic acid segment comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary ofthe specific polynucleotide sequence to be identified by hybridization.
  • probes or “hybridization probes' are nucleic acids capable of binding in a base-specific manner to a complementary strand of nucleic acid. Such probes include peptide nucleic acids, as described in Nielsen et al., Science 254, 1497-1500 (1991).
  • Hybridizations are usually performed under "stringent conditions", for example, at a salt concentration of no more than 1M and a temperature of at least 25° C.
  • stringent conditions for example, at a salt concentration of no more than 1M and a temperature of at least 25° C.
  • 5X SSPE 750 mM NaCl, 50 mM NaPhosphate, 5 mM EDTA, pH 7.4
  • a temperature of 25°-30° C. are suitable for allele-specific probe hybridizations.
  • this particular buffer composition is offered as an example, one skilled in the art, could easily substitute other compositions of equal suitability.
  • the term "sequencing” as used herein, means a process for determining the order of nucleotides in a nucleic acid. A variety of methods for sequencing nucleic acids are well known in the art.
  • Such sequencing methods include the Sanger method of dideoxy-mediated chain termination as described, for example, in Sanger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 74:5463 (1977), which is incorporated herein by reference (see, also, "DNA Sequencing” in Sambrook et al. (eds.), Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Second Edition), Plainview, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989), which is incorporated herein by reference).
  • a variety of polymerases including the Klenow fragment of E. coli DNA polymerase I; Sequenase TM (T7 DNA polymerase); Taq DNA polymerase and Amplitaq can be used in enzymatic sequencing methods.
  • schizophrenia refers has its conventional meaning, e.g., a mental disorder characterized by the constellation of symptoms described in the DSM-III-R.
  • trait and “phenotype” are used interchangeably herein and refer to any visible, detectable or otherwise measurable property of an organism such as symptoms of, or susceptibility to a disease for example.
  • the terms “trait” or “phenotype” are used herein to refer to symptoms of, or susceptibility to schizophrenia; or to refer to an individual's response to an agent acting on schizophrenia; or to refer to symptoms of, or susceptibility to side effects to an agent acting on schizophrenia.
  • Polymorphisms of the Invention The nucleotide and amino acid sequence ofthe Seq-40 cDNA has been disclosed previously in US Patent Application No 09/714449 and in WO 01/36473 both of which are herein incorporated by reference Seq-40 is a novel GPCR with sequence homology closest to the aminergic/cholinergic branch ofthe GPCR superfamily, although it does not have the hallmarks of a biogenic amine receptor.
  • Seq-40 RNA is expressed in limbic regions ofthe brain, more specifically, cortex, piriform cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, substantia nigra pars compacta, lateral septum, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, thalamus, ventral tegmental, interpeduncular nucleus, dorsal raphe, medial geniculate, Islands of Calleja, choroid plexus, and subthalamus.
  • the chromosomal location ofthe gene encoding Seq-40 was determined using the Stanford G3 Radiation Hybrid Panel (Research Genetics, Inc., Huntsville, AL). This panel contains 83 radiation hybrid clones ofthe entire human genome created by the Stanford Human Genome Center. PCR primers were designed from the sequence in SEQ ID NO: 1 to determine which lanes gave a PCR product. Lanes were scored for the presence or absence ofthe expected PCR product and the results submitted to the Stanford Human Genome Center via e-mail for analysis. This analysis places Seq- 40 on chromosome 6, most nearly linked to Stanford marker SHGC-1836 (the average fragment size being 4.0 Mb), with a LOD score of 11.84 (any score above 3.0 is considered highly significant). This marker lies at position 6q21. Cao et al., (1997), using linkage analysis in two independent data sets, have shown region 6ql3-6q26 as very suggestive as containing a schizophrenia susceptibility locus.
  • the Seq-40 single nucleotide polymorphism at position 194 of SEQ ID NO.T is designated SI
  • the Seq-40 single nucleotide polymorphism at position 601 of SEQ ID NO:l is designated S2
  • the Seq-40 single nucleotide polymorphism at position 1029 of SEQ ID NO:l is designated S3
  • the Seq-40 single nucleotide polymorphism at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l is designated S4
  • the Seq- 40 single nucleotide polymorphism at position 1074 of SEQ ID NO:l is designated S5
  • the Seq-40 single nucleotide polymorphism at position 2106 of SEQ ID NO:l is designated S6
  • the Seq-40 single nucleotide polymorphism at position 2185 of SEQ ID NO:l is designated S7
  • the Seq-40 single nucleotide polymorphism at position 2359 of SEQ ID NO:l is designated S8, the Seq-40 single nucleo
  • the first type of analysis is sometimes referred to as de novo identification.
  • the second type of analysis is determining which form(s) of an identified polymorphism are present in individuals under test.
  • the first type of analysis compares target sequences in different individuals to identify points of variation, i.e., polymorphic sites.
  • points of variation i.e., polymorphic sites.
  • Example 1 De-Novo Identification of Polymorphisms of the Invention Materials and Methods DNA Samples DNA samples were obtained from anonymous blood samples. DNA was prepared using the QiaAmp DNA blood mini kit (Qiagen). The samples are referred to as the Population Control Western Michigan samples and labeled CON01.
  • Seq40 genomic sequence was identified through BLAST analysis ofthe Celera human genome database using the previously disclosed Seq40 sequence.
  • One entry, GA_46747285 was identified through the search as containing approximately 9.8 kb of human genomic sequence including the coding information for Seq40.
  • Primers were designed to amplify approx. 3 kb of genomic sequence, including the Seq40 coding region as well as approx. 1 kb upstream and 0.5 kb downstream, corresponding to nucleotides 2946 to 6024 of GA_46747285.
  • This sequence, designated Seq40SNP.seq was amplified from human genomic DNA using primers PSK100 and PSK105 (SEQ ID NOS: 3 and 4 respectively).
  • PSK100 5'AGTAGGAATCAGATAGCGAGATTG (NT 2946 to 2969 in GA_46747285.
  • PSK105 5'ACTGAATAATGTAACACAGGGCTC reverse complement of NT 6002- 6025 in GA_46747285.
  • PCR was performed using AmpliTaq Gold (Perkin Elmer) in a 50 ⁇ l reaction according to the manufacturer's instructions, using a Stratagene Robocycler.
  • the cycling program was as follows: 1 cycle of 94°C for 10 min then 50 cycles at 95°C for 30 sec, then 55°C for 1 min and then 68°C for 5 min, followed by 1 cycle at 68°C for 10 min.
  • the PCR products were purified using MultiScreen-PCR Filter Plates (MiUipore).
  • the PCR reaction was loaded onto the plate and the plate was placed on top ofthe MultiScreen manifold (MiUipore) and a vacuum of 24 inches Hg was applied for 5-10 minutes.
  • the plate was removed from the manifold and 50 ⁇ l of H 0 was added to each well.
  • the plate was placed on a plate mixer and shook vigorously for 5 minutes.
  • the purified PCR product was recovered from each well and placed into a new 96 well reaction plate.
  • PCR fragments were sequenced directly using an ABI377 fluorescence-based sequencer (Perkin Elmer/ Applied Biosystems Division, PE/ABD, Foster City, CA) and the ABI BigDyeTM Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction kit with Taq FSTM polymerase.
  • Each cycle-sequencing reaction contained 9.6 ⁇ l of H 2 0, 8.4 ⁇ l of BigDye Terminator mix (8 ⁇ l of Big Dye Terminator and 0.4 ⁇ l of DMSO), 1 ⁇ l DNA ( ⁇ 0.5 ⁇ g), and 1 ⁇ l primer (25 ng/ ⁇ l) and was performed in a Perkin-Elmer 9600.
  • Cycle-sequencing was performed using an initial denaturation at 98°C for 1 min, followed by 50 cycles: 96°C for 30 sec, annealing at 50°C for 30 sec, and extension at 60°C for 4 min. Extension products were purified using AGTC ® gel filtration block (Edge BiosSystems, Gaithersburg, MD). Each reaction product was loaded by pipette onto the column, which was then centrifuged in a swinging bucket centrifuge (Sorvall model RT6000B tabletop centrifuge) at 750 x g for 2 min at room temperature.
  • swinging bucket centrifuge Sorvall model RT6000B tabletop centrifuge
  • the PCR products were purified and sequenced with the following primers (SEQ ID NOS: 3 through 8)
  • KAS 38 AGCCAGCACAGCCCCAAAGCC KAS439 TCTATGACGATGGGCTGGAGG KAS4 1 ATAGACGAAGTTCAGGATACC
  • the chromotograms were analyzed with the computer program POLYPHRED, which compares the sequence ofthe 72 individuals and indicates differences in the sequence. A total often SNPs were identified. A summary ofthe results is shown in Table 2 below.
  • SNPs Five SNPs are in the 5' flanking region, two in the coding region and three in the 3' flanking region. The locations ofthe SNPs are at nucleotide 194, 601, 1029,
  • the frequency ofthe rare allele for each SNP is 38, 43, 7.5, 20, 8.9, 5.6, 4.9, 19, 18, 39 percent respectively. It should be noted that these frequencies might change if a different or larger population was used.
  • both ofthe SNPs in the coding region changes an amino acid and would be amenable to antibody based diagnostics.
  • Antibodies that specifically bind to variant gene products but not to corresponding prototypical gene products are contemplated.
  • Antibodies can be made by injecting mice or other animals with the variant gene product or synthetic peptide fragments thereof. Monoclonal antibodies are screened as are described, for example, in Harlow & Lane, Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press, New York (1988); Goding, Monoclonal antibodies, Principles and Practice (2d ed.) Academic Press, New York (1986). Monoclonal antibodies are tested for specific immunoreactivity with a variant gene product and lack of immunoreactivity to the corresponding prototypical gene product. These antibodies are useful in diagnostic assays for detection ofthe variant form, or as an active ingredient in a pharmaceutical composition.
  • Polymorphisms are detected in a target nucleic acid from an individual being analyzed.
  • genomic DNA virtually any biological sample (other than pure red blood cells) is suitable.
  • tissue samples include whole blood, semen, saliva, tears, urine, fecal material, sweat, buccal, skin and hair.
  • tissue sample For assay of cDNA or mRNA, the tissue sample must be obtained from an organ in which the target nucleic acid is expressed.
  • LCR ligase chain reaction
  • NASBA nucleic acid based sequence amplification
  • Allele-specific probes for analyzing polymorphisms is described by e.g., Saiki et al, Nature 324, 163-166 (1986); Dattagupta, EP 235,726, Saiki, WO 89/11548.
  • Allele-specific probes can be designed that hybridize to a segment of target DNA from one individual but do not hybridize to the corresponding segment from another individual due to the presence of different polymorphic forms in the respective segments from the two individuals.
  • Hybridization conditions should be sufficiently stringent that there is a significant difference in hybridization intensity between alleles, and preferably an essentially binary response, whereby a probe hybridizes to only one ofthe alleles.
  • Some probes are designed to hybridize to a segment of target DNA such that the polymorphic site aligns with a central position (e.g., in a 15 mer at the 7 position; in a 16 er, at either the 8 or 9 position) ofthe probe. This design of probe achieves good discrimination in hybridization between different allelic forms.
  • probes are characterized in that they preferably comprise between 8 and 50 nucleotides, and in that they are sufficiently complementary to a sequence comprising a polymo ⁇ hic marker ofthe present invention to hybridize thereto and preferably sufficiently specific to be able to discriminate the targeted sequence for only one nucleotide variation.
  • the GC content in .the probes ofthe invention usually ranges between 10 and 75 %, preferably between 35 and 60 %, and more preferably between 40 and 55 %.
  • the length of these probes can range from 10, 15, 20, or 30 to at least 100 nucleotides, preferably from 10 to 50, more preferably from 18 to 35 nucleotides.
  • a particularly preferred probe is 25 nucleotides; in length.
  • the polymorphic marker is within 4 nucleotides ofthe center ofthe polynucleotide probe. In particularly preferred probes the polymorphic marker is at the center of said polynucleotide. Shorter probes may lack specificity for a target nucleic acid sequence and generally require cooler temperatures to form sufficiently stable hybrid complexes, with the template. Longer probes are expensive to produce and can sometimes self-hybridize to form hairpin structures. Methods for the synthesis of oligonucleotide probes have been described above and can be applied to the probes of the present invention. Preferably the probes ofthe present invention are labeled or immobilized on a solid support. Labels and solid supports are well known in the art.
  • Detection probes are generally nucleic acid sequences or uncharged nucleic acid analogs such as, for example peptide nucleic acids which are disclosed in International Patent Application WO 92/20702, morpholino analogs which are described in U.S. Patents Numbered 5,185,444; 5,034,506 and 5,142,047.
  • the probe may have to be rendered
  • non-extendable in that additional dNTPs cannot be added to the probe.
  • nucleic acid probes can be rendered non-extendable by modifying the 3' end ofthe probe such that the hydroxyl group is no longer capable of participating in elongation.
  • the 3' end of the probe can be functionalized with the capture or detection label to thereby consume or otherwise block the hydroxyl group.
  • the 3' hydroxyl group simply can be cleaved, replaced or modified,
  • the probes ofthe present invention are useful for a number of purposes. They can be used in Southern hybridization to genomic DNA or Northern hybridization to mRNA. The probes can also be used to detect PCR amplification products. By assaying the hybridization to an allele. Specific probe, one can detect the presence or absence of a biallelic marker allele in a given sample.
  • Allele-specific probes are often used in pairs, one member of a pair showing a perfect match to a reference form of a target sequence and the other member showing a perfect match to a variant form. Several pairs of probes can then be immobilized on the same support for simultaneous analysis of multiple polymorphisms within the same target sequence.
  • An allele-specific primer hybridizes to a site on target DNA overlapping a polymo ⁇ hism and only primes amplification of an allelic form to which the primer exhibits perfect complementarity. See Gibbs, Nucleic Acid Res. 17, 2427-2448 (1989). This primer is used in conjunction with a second primer which hybridizes at a distal site. Amplification proceeds from the two primers leading to a detectable product signifying the particular allelic form is present. A control is usually performed with a second pair of primers, one of which shows a single base mismatch at the polymo ⁇ hic site and the other of which exhibits perfect complementarily to a distal site. The single-base mismatch prevents amplification and no detectable product is formed.
  • the method works best when the mismatch is included in the 3'-most position ofthe oligonucleotide aligned with the polymo ⁇ hism because this position is most destabilizing to elongation from the primer. See, e.g., WO 93/22456.
  • the invention contemplates such primers with distal mismatches as well as primers which because of chosen conditions form unstable base pairing and thus prime inefficiently.
  • the direct analysis ofthe sequence of polymo ⁇ hisms ofthe present invention can be accomplished using either the dideoxy chain termination method or the Maxam Gilbert method (see Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual (2nd Ed., CSHP, New York 1989); Zyskind et al., Recombinant DNA Laboratory Manual, (Acad. Press, 1988). It should be recognized that the field of DNA sequencing has advanced considerably in the past several years and that the invention contemplates such advances. Most notably, within the past decade there has been increasing reliance on automated DNA sequence analysis.
  • Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis Amplification products generated using the polymerase chain reaction can be analyzed by the use of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Different alleles can be identified based on the different sequence-dependent melting properties and electrophoretic migration of DNA in solution. Erlich, ed., PCR Technology, Principles and Applications for DNA Amplification, (W.H. Freeman and Co, New York, 1992), Chapter 7.
  • Alleles of target sequences can be differentiated using single-strand conformation polymo ⁇ hism analysis, which identifies base differences by alteration in electrophoretic migration of single stranded PCR products, as described in Orita et al, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 86, 2766-2770 (1989).
  • Amplified PCR products can be generated as described above, and heated or otherwise denatured, to form single stranded amplification products.
  • Single-stranded nucleic acids may refold or form secondary structures which are partially dependent on the base sequence.
  • the different electrophoretic mobilities of single-stranded amplification products can be related to base-sequence difference between alleles of target sequences.
  • Taq-ManTM 5' nuclease assay.
  • the Taq-Man assay takes advantage ofthe 5' nuclease activity of Taq DNA polymerase to digest a DNA probe annealed specifically to the accumulating amplification product.
  • Taq-Man probes are labeled with a donor-acceptor dye pair that interacts via fluorescence energy transfer.
  • DASH Dynamic AUele-Specific hybridization
  • Hybaid microtiter plates
  • Affymetrix Single-stringency DNA-chip hybridization
  • Hybridization assays based on oligonucleotide arrays rely on the differences in hybridization stability of short oligonucleotides to perfectly matched and mismatched target sequence variants. Efficient access to polymo ⁇ hism information is obtained through a basic structure comprising high-density arrays of oligonucleotide probes attached to a solid support (the chip) at selected positions. Each DNA chip can contain thousands to millions of individual synthetic DNA probes arranged in a grid-like pattern and miniaturized to the size of a dime.
  • Chips of various formats for use in detecting biallelic polymo ⁇ hisms can be produced on a customized basis by Affymetrix (GeneChipTM), Hyseq (HyChip and HyGnostics), and Protogene Laboratories. In general, these methods employ arrays of oligonucleotide probes that are complementary to target nucleic acid sequence segments from an individual which, target sequences include a polymo ⁇ hic marker.
  • EP785280 describes a tiling strategy for the detection of single nucleotide polymo ⁇ hisms.
  • arrays may generally be "tiled” for a large number of specific polymo ⁇ hisms.
  • tilting is generally meant the synthesis of a defined set of oligonucleotide probes which is made up of a sequence complementary to the target sequence of interest, as well as preselected variations of that sequence, e.g., substitution of one or more given positions with one or more members ofthe basis set of monomers, i.e. nucleotides. Tiling strategies are further described in PCT application No. WO 95/11995.
  • arrays are tiled for a number of specific, identified biallelic marker sequences.
  • the array is tiled to include a number of detection blocks, each detection block being specific for a specific biallelic marker or a set of biallelic markers.
  • a detection block may be tiled to include a number of probes, which span the sequence segment that includes a specific polymo ⁇ hism. To ensure probes that are complementary to each allele, the probes are synthesized in pairs differing at the biallelic marker. In addition to the probes differing at the polymo ⁇ hic base, monosubstituted probes are also generally tiled within the detection block.
  • These monosubstituted probes have bases at and up to a certain number of bases in either direction from the polymo ⁇ hism, substituted with the remaining nucleotides (selected from A, T, G, C and IT).
  • the probes in a tiled detection block will include substitutions ofthe sequence positions up to and including those that are 5 bases away from the biallelic marker.
  • the monosubstituted probes provide internal controls for the tiled array, to distinguish actual hybridization from artefactual crosshybridization. Upon completion of hybridization with the target sequence and washing ofthe array, the array is scanned to determine the position on the array to which the target sequence hybridizes.
  • hybridization data from the scanned array is then analyzed to identify which allele or alleles ofthe biallelic marker are present in the sample.
  • Hybridization and scanning may be carried out as described in PCT application No. WO 92/10092 and WO 95/11995 and US patent No. 5,424,186.
  • the chips may comprise an array of nucleic acid sequences of fragments of about 15 nucleotides in length, i further embodiments, the chip may comprise an array including at least one ofthe sequences selected from the group consisting of an isolated polynucleotide comprising between 6-800 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID No. 1 and the sequences complementary thereto, or a fragment thereof at least about 8 consecutive nucleotides, preferably 10, 15, 20, more preferably 25, 30, 40, 47, or 50 consecutive nucleotides, including at least one polymo ⁇ hic site. h some embodiments, the chip may comprise an array of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or more of these polynucleotides ofthe invention. Solid supports and polynucleotides of the present invention attached to solid supports are further described in 1.
  • Fluorescent Allele- Specific PCR uses allele specific primers which differ by a single 3' nucleotide which is an exact match to the allele to be detected (Howard et al. 1999). Thus, two primers designed to match exactly each allele of a biallelic SNP are used with a single, common, reverse primer to detect each ofthe allele specific primers. This uses to advantage the observation that if the 3' nucleotide ofthe PCR amplification primer does not match exactly, then amplification will not be successful.
  • each allele specific primer is tagged with a different fluorescent primer to allow their discrimination when analyzed by gel or capillary electrophoresis using an automated DNA Analysis System such as the PE Biosystems Models 310/373/377 or 3700.
  • SNPs also can be genotyped rapidly and efficiently using techniques that make use of thermal denaturation differences due to differences in DNA base composition.
  • allele specific primers are designed as above to detect biallelic SNP with the exception that to one primer is added a 5' GC tail of 26 bases (Germer and Higuichi, 1999).
  • a fluorescent dye that binds preferentially to dsDNA e.g., SYBR Green 1
  • SYBR Green 1 is added to the tube and then the thermal denaturation profile ofthe dsDNA product of PCR amplification is determined.
  • Samples homozygous for the SNP amplified by the GC tailed primer will denature at the high end ofthe temperature scale, while samples homozygous for the SN amplified by the non-GC tagged primer will denature at the low end ofthe temperature scale. Heterozygous samples will show two peaks in the thermal denaturation profile.
  • DASH dynamic allele-specific hybridization
  • thermal denaturation curves Howell et al., 1999.
  • a pair of PCR primers is used to amplify the genomic region in the DNA sample containing the SNP.
  • One of these primers is biotinylated to allow subsequent binding ofthe biotinylated product strand to strepavidin-coated microtiter plates while the non-biotinylated strand is washed away with alkali.
  • An oligoucleotide probe which is an exact match for one allele is hybridized to the immobilized PCR product at low temperature.
  • a dsDNA intercalating dye e.g., SYBR Green 1.
  • SYBR Green 1 a dsDNA intercalating dye
  • the thermal denaturation profile then allows the test to distinguish the single base mismatch between the biallelic SNP due to the difference in melting temperature.
  • Other methods for SNP genotyping and their application to the detection of SNP in the Seq- 40 gene can be envisaged by one skilled in the art.
  • the polymo ⁇ hisms ofthe present invention can also be used to develop diagnostics tests capable of identifying individuals who are at increased risk of developing schizophrenia or suffers from schizophrenia.
  • the diagnostic teclmiques of the present invention may employ a variety of methodologies to determine whether a test subject has a polymo ⁇ hic marker pattern associated with an increased risk of developing schizoplirenia or whether the individual suffers from schizophrenia coincident with carrying a particular mutation, including methods which enable the analysis of individual chromosomes for haplotyping, such as family studies, single sperm DNA analysis or somatic hybrids.
  • the present invention therefore further provides a method of diagnosing a schizophrenia or determining a predisposition to schizophrenia by determining the presence or absence of a Seq-40 haplotype in a patient by obtaining material comprising nucleic acid including the polymo ⁇ hic sites at position, 194, 601, 1029, 1038, 1074, 2106, 2185, 2359, 2663 and 2796 of SEQ ID NO:l from the patient; enzymatically amplifying the nucleic acid using pairs of oligonucleotide primers complementary to nucleotide sequences flanking any of the polymo ⁇ hic sites at position, 194, 601, 1029, 1038, 1074, 2106, 2185, 2359, 2663 and 2796 of SEQ ID NO: 1 to produce amplified products containing any ofthe polymo ⁇ hic
  • an amplified product can be sequenced directly or subcloned into a vector prior to sequence analysis.
  • Commercially available sequencing kits including the Sequenase TM kit from Amersham Life Science (Arlington Heights, 111.) can be used to sequence an amplified product in the methods ofthe invention.
  • Automated sequence analysis also can be useful, and automated sequencing instruments such as the Prism 377 DNA Sequencer or the 373 DNA Sequencer are commercially available, for example, from Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif; see, also, Frazier et al., Electrophoresis 17:1550-1552 (1996), which is inco ⁇ orated herein by reference). Both copies in a diploid genome give rise to sequence the haplotypic composition of an individual can thus be inferred from direct sequence analysis.
  • single chromosomes can be studied independently, for example, by asymmetric PCR amplification (see Newton et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 17:2503-2516, 1989; Wu et al., Proc. Natl Acad Sci. USA, 86:2757, 1989) or by isolation of single chromosome by limit dilution followed by PCR amplification (see Ruano et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 87:6296-6300, 1990). Further, a sample may be haplotyped for sufficiently close polymo ⁇ hic markers by double PCR amplification of specific alleles (Sarkar, G. and Sommer S.S., Biotechniques, 1991).
  • the present invention provides diagnostic methods to determine whether an individual is at risk of developing schizophrenia or suffers from schizophrenia coincident with a mutation or a polymo ⁇ hism in ofthe present invention.
  • the present invention also provides methods to determine whether an individual is likely to respond positively to an agent acting on schizophrenia disorder or whether an individual is at risk of developing an adverse side effect to an agent acting on schizophrenia
  • These methods involve obtaining a nucleic acid sample from the individual and, determining, whether the nucleic acid sample contains at least one allele or at least one polymo ⁇ hic haplotype, indicative of a risk of developing the trait or indicative that the individual expresses the trait as a result of possessing trait-causing allele.
  • a nucleic acid sample is obtained from the individual and this sample is genotyped using methods described above.
  • the diagnostics may be based on a single polymo ⁇ hism or on a group of polymo ⁇ hisms.
  • a nucleic acid sample is obtained from the test subject and the polymo ⁇ hic pattern of one or more ofthe polymo ⁇ hic markers listed in Table 1 and 2 is determined.
  • PCR amplification is conducted on the nucleic acid sample to amplify regions in which polymo ⁇ hisms associated with a detectable phenotype have been identified.
  • the amplification products are sequenced to determine whether the individual possesses one or more polymo ⁇ hisms associated with a detectable phenotype.
  • the primers used to generate amplification products may comprise the primers listed in Table 4.
  • the nucleic acid sample is subjected to microsequencing reactions as described above to determine whether the individual possesses one or more polymo ⁇ hisms associated with a detectable phenotype resulting from a mutation or a polymo ⁇ hism. in a candidate gene.
  • the primers used in the microsequencing reactions may include the primers listed in Table 4.
  • the nucleic acid sample is contacted with one or more allele specific oligonucleotide probes which specifically hybridize to one or more candidate gene alleles associated with a detectable phenotype.
  • the probes used in the hybridization assay may include the probes listed in Table 4
  • the identity ofthe nucleotide present at, at least one, biallelic marker selected from the group consisting the polymo ⁇ hic sites at position, 194, 601, 1029, 1038, 1074, 2106, 2185, 2359, 2663 and 2796 of SEQ ID NO:l, is determined and the detectable trait is schizophrenia.
  • Diagnostics which analyze and predict response to a drug or side effects to a drug, may be used to determine whether an individual should be treated with a particular drug. For example, if the diagnostic indicates a likelihood that an individual will respond positively to treatment with a particular drug, the drug may be administered to the individual. Conversely, if the diagnostic indicates that an individual is likely to respond negatively to treatment with a particular drug, an alternative course of treatment may be prescribed. A negative response may be defined as either the absence of an efficacious response or the presence of toxic side effects.
  • Clinical drug trials represent another application for the markers ofthe present invention. One or more markers indicative of response to an agent acting on schizophrenia or to side effects to an agent acting on schizophrenia may be identified using the methods described above.
  • kits comprising at least one allele-specific oligonucleotide as described above.
  • a kit may contain an antibody to the relevant epitope.
  • the kits contain one or more pairs of allele-specific oligonucleotides hybridizing to different forms of a polymo ⁇ hism.
  • the allele-specific oligonucleotides are provided immobilized to a substrate.
  • the same substrate can comprise allele-specific oligonucleotide probes for detecting both ofthe polymo ⁇ hisms described.
  • kits include, for example, restriction enzymes, reverse-transcriptase or polymerase, the substrate nucleoside triphosphates, means used to label (for example, an avidinenzyme conjugate and enzyme substrate and chromogen if the label is biotin), and the appropriate buffers for reverse transcription, PCR, or hybridization reactions.
  • the kit also contains instructions for carrying out the methods
  • the present invention is used to determine whether or not an individual has a Seq-40 polymo ⁇ hism which has been associated with schizophrenia.
  • Seq-40 polymo ⁇ hisms are shown to be genetic risk factors in population studies which compare the frequency ofthe said polymo ⁇ hism in the general population and the frequency ofthe polymo ⁇ hism in persons with schizophrenia. If for example, said polymophism occurs at a frequency of 3% in the general population, but at a frequency of 30% in persons with schizophrenia, then a test for said polymo ⁇ hism will reveal individuals having a higher risk for developing schizophrenia.
  • This information may be used either prognositically to identify individuals with increased risk for developing schizophrenia at a future point in time, or diagnostically to identify individuals presenting with schizophrenia on clinical exam who may therefore be diagnosed as being more likely to have schizophrenia, or other related diseases such as schizoaffective disorder-bipolar, schizoaffective disorder-depression, schizotypal personality disorder, non-affective psychotic disorder (schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, psychotic disorder NOS), or mood-incongruent psychotic depressive disorder or paranoid or schizoid personality disorder.
  • schizoaffective disorder-bipolar schizoaffective disorder-depression
  • schizotypal personality disorder schizotypal personality disorder
  • non-affective psychotic disorder schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, psychotic disorder NOS
  • mood-incongruent psychotic depressive disorder or paranoid or schizoid personality disorder schizoaffective disorder-bipolar, schizoaffectiv
  • Analysis of said Seq-40 polymo ⁇ hism for the pm ose of prognosis or diagnosis may be performed by one of any techniques capable of accurately detecting SNP including but not limited to allele-specific hybridization on filters, allele- specific PCR, PCR plus restriction enzyme digest (RFLP-PCR), denaturing capillary electrophoresis, primer extension and time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and the 5' nuclease (Taq-Man) assay.
  • Preferred teclmiques for SNP genotyping should allow large scale, automated analysis which do not require extensive optimization for each SNP analyzed.
  • DASH Dynamic Allele-Specific hybridization
  • Hybaid microtiter plates
  • Affymetrix Single- stringency DNA-chip hybridization
  • the invention also contemplates the use ofthe polymo ⁇ hic sites ofthe invention as markers for the analysis of other disease states, of suceptibility to drug treatment for schizophrenia or other diseases, or may be included in any complete or partial genetic map ofthe human genome.
  • the polymo ⁇ hic markers ofthe present invention find use in any method known in the art to demonstrate a statistically significant correlation between a genotype and a phenotype.
  • the polymo ⁇ hic markers may be used in parametric and non-parametric linkage analysis methods.
  • the polymo ⁇ hic markers ofthe present invention are used to identify genes associated with schizoplirenia or other disorders using association studies such as the case control method, an approach which does not require the use of affected families and which permits the identification of genes associated with complex and sporadic traits.
  • the genetic analysis using the polymo ⁇ hic markers ofthe present invention may be conducted on any scale.
  • the whole set of polymo ⁇ hic markers ofthe present invention or any subset of polymo ⁇ hic markers ofthe present invention may be used.
  • any set of genetic markers including a polymo ⁇ hic marker ofthe present invention maybe used.
  • a set of biallelic polymo ⁇ hisms that, could be used as genetic markers in combination with the polymo ⁇ hic markers ofthe present invention, has been described hi WO 98/20165.
  • the polymo ⁇ hic markers ofthe present invention may be included in any complete or partial genetic map ofthe human genome.
  • Linkage analysis is based upon establishing a correlation between the transmission of genetic markers and that of a specific trait throughout generations within a family.
  • the aim of linkage analysis is to detect marker loci that show cosegregation with a trait of interest in pedigrees. Parametric methods
  • loci When data are available from successive generations there is the opportunity to study the degree of linkage between pairs of loci.
  • Estimates ofthe recombination fraction enable loci to be ordered and placed onto a genetic map. With loci that are genetic markers, a genetic map can be established, and then the strength of linkage between markers and traits can be calculated and used to indicate the relative positions of markers and genes affecting those traits.
  • the classical method for linkage analysis is the logarithm of odds (lod) score method (see Morton N.E., AmJHum. Genet, 7:277-318, 1955; Ott J., Analysis of Human Genetic Linkage, John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1991). Calculation of lod scores requires specification ofthe mode of inheritance for the disease (parametric method).
  • the length ofthe candidate region identified using linkage analysis is between 2 and 20Mb.
  • Linkage analysis has been successfully applied to map simple genetic traits that show clear Mendelian inheritance patterns and which have a high penetrance (i.e., the ratio between the number of trait positive carriers of allele and the total number of a carriers in the population).
  • parametric linkage analysis suffers from a variety of drawbacks. First, it is limited by its reliance on the choice of a genetic model suitable for each studied trait. Furthermore, as already mentioned, the resolution attainable using linkage analysis is limited, and complementary studies are required to refine the analysis ofthe typical 2Mb to 20Mb regions initially identified through linkage analysis. In addition, parametric linkage analysis approaches have proven difficult when applied to complex genetic traits, such as those due to the combined action of multiple genes and/or environmental factors.
  • non-parametric methods for linkage analysis are that they do not require specification ofthe mode of inheritance for the disease, they tend to be more useful for the analysis of complex traits.
  • non-parametric methods one tries to prove that the inheritance pattern of a chromosomal region is not consistent with random Mendelian segregation by showing that affected relatives inherit identical copies ofthe region more often than expected by chance. Affected relatives should show excess "allele sharing" even in the presence of incomplete penetrance and polygenic inheritance.
  • the degree of agreement at a marker locus in two individuals can be measured either by the number of alleles identical by state (IBS) or by the number of alleles identical by descent (IBD).
  • the polymo ⁇ hic markers ofthe present invention may be used in both parametric and non-parametric linkage analysis. Preferably polymo ⁇ hic markers may be used in non-parametric methods which allow the mapping of genes involved in complex traits.
  • the polymo ⁇ hic markers ofthe present invention may be used in both IBD-and IBS- methods to map genes affecting a complex trait. In such studies, taking advantage of the high density of polymo ⁇ hic markers, several adjacent polymo ⁇ hic marker loci may be pooled to achieve the efficiency attained by multi-allelic markers (Zhao et al., Am. J Hum. Genet., 63:225-240, 1998).
  • the present invention comprises methods for identifying polymo ⁇ hic markers that are associated with a detectable trait using the polymo ⁇ hic markers ofthe present invention.
  • the present invention comprises methods to detect an association between a polymo ⁇ hic marker allele or a polymo ⁇ hic marker haplotype and a trait.
  • the invention comprises methods to identify a trait causing allele in linkage disequilibrium with any polymo ⁇ hic marker allele ofthe present invention.
  • association studies may be conducted within the general population and are not limited to studies performed on related individuals in affected families. Association studies are extremely valuable as they permit the analysis of sporadic or multifactor traits. Moreover, association studies represent a powerful method for fine-scale mapping enabling much finer mapping of trait causing alleles than linkage studies. Studies based on pedigrees often only narrow the location ofthe trait causing allele. Association studies using the polymo ⁇ hic markers ofthe present invention can therefore be used to refine the location of a trait causing allele in a candidate region identified by Linkage Analysis methods. Polymo ⁇ hic markers ofthe present invention can be used to demonstrate that a particular gene is associated with a trait. Such uses are specifically contemplated in the present invention and claims.
  • the general strategy to perform association studies using polymo ⁇ hic markers is to scan two groups of individuals (case-control populations) in order to measure and statistically compare the allele frequencies ofthe polymo ⁇ hic markers ofthe present invention in both groups.
  • a statistically significant association with a trait is identified for at least one or more ofthe analyzed polymo ⁇ hic markers, one can assume that: either the associated allele is directly responsible for causing the trait (the associated allele is the trait causing allele), or more likely the associated allele is in linkage disequilibrium with the trait causing allele.
  • the specific characteristics ofthe associated allele with respect to the candidate gene function usually gives further insight into the relationship between the associated allele and the trait (causal or in linkage disequilibrium). If the evidence indicates that the associated allele within the candidate gene is most probably not the trait causing allele but is in linkage disequilibrium with the real trait causing allele, then the trait causing allele can be found by sequencing the vicinity ofthe associated marker.
  • Haplotype analysis As described above, when a chromosome carrying a disease allele first appears in a population as a result of either mutation or migration, the mutant allele necessarily resides on a chromosome having a set of linked markers: the ancestral haplotype. This haplotype can be tracked through populations and its statistical association with a given trait can be analyzed.
  • haplotype association study allows one to define the frequency and the type ofthe ancestral carrier haplotype.
  • a haplotype analysis is important in that it increases the statistical power of an analysis involving individual markers.
  • the frequency ofthe possible haplotypes based on various combinations ofthe identified polymo ⁇ hic markers of the invention is determined.
  • the haplotype frequency is then compared for distinct populations of trait positive and control individuals.
  • the number of trait positive individuals, which should be, subjected to this analysis to obtain statistically significant results usually ranges between 30 and 300, with a preferred number of individuals ranging between 50 and 150.
  • the same considerations apply to the number of unaffected individuals (or random control) used in the study.
  • the results of this first analysis provide haplotype frequencies in case-control populations, for each evaluated haplotype frequency a p-value and an odd ratio are calculated. If a statistically significant association is found the relative risk for an individual carrying the given haplotype of being affected with the trait under study can be approximated.
  • Interaction analysis The polymo ⁇ hic markers ofthe present invention may also be used to identify patterns of polymo ⁇ hic markers associated with detectable traits resulting from polygenic interactions. The analysis of genetic interaction between alleles at unlinked loci requires individual genotyping using the techniques described herein. The analysis of allelic interaction among a selected set of polymo ⁇ hic markers with appropriate level of statistical significance can be considered as a haplotype analysis.
  • Interaction analysis consists in stratifying the case-control populations with respect to a given haplotype for the first loci and performing a haplotype analysis with the second loci with each subpopulation.
  • Allelic frequencies ofthe polymo ⁇ hic markers in a population can be determined using one ofthe methods described above or any genotyping procedure suitable for this intended pu ⁇ ose.
  • Genotyping pooled samples or individual samples can determine the frequency of a polymo ⁇ hic marker allele in a population.
  • One way to reduce the number of genotypings required is to use pooled samples.
  • a major obstacle in using pooled samples is in terms of accuracy and reproducibility for determining accurate DNA concentrations in setting up the pools. Genotyping individual samples provides higher sensitivity, reproducibility and accuracy and; is the preferred method used in the present invention.
  • each individual is genotyped separately and simple gene counting is applied to determine the frequency of an allele of a polymo ⁇ hic marker or of a genotype in a given population. Determining the frequencv of a haplotype in a population
  • the gametic phase of haplotypes is unknown when diploid individuals are heterozygous at more than one locus. Using genealogical information in families gametic phase can sometimes be inferred (Perlin et al., Am. J Hum. Genet, 55:777-787, 1994). When no genealogical information is available different strategies may be used.
  • single chromosomes can be studied independently, for example, by asymmetric PCR amplification (see Newton et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 17:2503-2516, 1989; Wu et al., Proc. Natl Acad Sci. USA, 86:2757, 1989) or by isolation of single chromosome by limit dilution followed by PCR amplification (see Ruano et al., Proc.
  • the principle is to start filling a preliminary list of haplotypes present in the sample by examining unambiguous individuals, that is, the complete homozygotes and the single-site heterozygotes. Then other individuals in the same sample are screened for the possible occurrence of previously recognized haplotypes. For each positive identification the complementary haplotype is added to the list of recognized haplotypes, until the phase information for aU individuals is either resolved or identified as unresolved.
  • This method assigns a single haplotype to each multiheterozygous individual, whereas several haplotypes are possible when there are more than one heterozygous site.
  • EM expectation- maximization
  • Linkage disequihbrium is the non-random association of alleles at two or more loci and represents a powerful tool for mapping genes involved in disease traits (see
  • Polymo ⁇ hic markers because they are densely spaced in the human genome and can be genotyped in more numerous numbers than other types of genetic markers (such as RFLP or VNTR markers), are particularly useful in genetic analysis based on linkage disequilibrium.
  • the polymo ⁇ hic markers ofthe present invention maybe used in any linkage disequilibrium analysis method known in the art.
  • a disease mutation when first introduced into a population (by a new mutation or the immigration of a mutation carrier), it necessarily resides on a single chromosome and thus on a single "background” or “ancestral” haplotype of linked markers. Consequently, there is complete disequilibrium between these markers and the disease mutation: one finds the disease mutation only in the presence of a specific set of marker alleles. Through subsequent generations recombinations occur between the disease mutation and these marker polymo ⁇ hisms, and the disequilibrium gradually dissipates. The pace of this dissipation is a function ofthe recombination frequency, so the markers closest to the disease gene will manifest higher levels of disequilibrium than those further away.
  • the pattern or curve of disequilibrium, between disease and marker loci is expected to exhibit a maximum that occurs at the disease locus. Consequently, the amount of linkage disequilibrium between a disease allele and closely linked genetic markers may yield valuable information regarding the location ofthe disease gene.
  • fine-scale mapping of a disease locus it is useful to have some knowledge ofthe patterns of linkage disequilibrium that exist between markers in the studied region. As mentioned above the mapping resolution achieved through the analysis of linkage disequilibrium is much higher than that of linkage studies. The high density of polymo ⁇ hic markers combined with linkage disequilibrium analysis provides powerful tools for fine-scale mapping.
  • any marker in linkage disequilibrium with a first marker associated with a trait will be associated with the trait. Therefore, once an association has been demonstrated between a given polymo ⁇ hic marker and a trait, the discovery of additional polymo ⁇ hic markers associated with this trait is of great interest in order to increase the density of polymo ⁇ hic markers in this particular region. The causal gene or mutation will be found in the vicinity ofthe marker or set of markers showing the highest correlation with the trait.
  • Identification of additional markers in linkage disequilibrium with a given marker involves: (a) amplifying a genomic fragment comprising a first polymo ⁇ hic marker from a plurality of individuals; (b) identifying of second polymo ⁇ hic markers in the genomic region harboring said first polymo ⁇ hic marker; (c) conducting a linkage disequilibrium analysis between said first polymo ⁇ hic marker and second polymo ⁇ hic markers; and (d) selecting said second polymo ⁇ hic markers as being in linkage disequilibrium with said first marker. Subcombinations comprising steps (b) and (c) are also contemplated.
  • Case-control populations can be genotyped for polymo ⁇ hic markers to identify associations that narrowly locate a trait causing allele. As any marker in linkage disequilibrium with one given marker associated with a trait will be associated with the trait. Linkage disequilibrium allows the relative frequencies in case-control populations of a limited number of genetic polymo ⁇ hisms (specifically polymo ⁇ hic markers) to be analyzed as an alternative to screening all possible functional polymo ⁇ hisms in order to find trait-causing alleles. Association studies compare the frequency of marker alleles in unrelated case-control populations, and represent powerful tools for the dissection of complex traits. Case-control populations (inclusion criteria)
  • Population-based association studies do not concern familial inheritance but compare the prevalence of a particular genetic marker, or a set of markers, in case- control populations. They are case-control studies based on comparison of unrelated case (affected or trait positive) individuals and unrelated control (unaffected or trait negative or random) individuals.
  • the control group is composed of unaffected or trait negative individuals.
  • the control group is ethnically matched to the case population.
  • the control group is preferably matched to the case-population for the main known confusion factor for the trait under study (for example age-matched for an age-dependent trait).
  • individuals in the two samples are paired in such a way that they are expected to differ only in their disease status, hi the following "trait positive population", "case population” and "affected population” are used interchangeably.
  • a major step in the choice of case-control populations is the clinical definition of a given trait or phenotype.
  • Any genetic trait may be analyzed by the association method proposed here by carefully selecting the individuals to be included in the trait positive and trait negative phenotypic groups.
  • Four criteria are often useful: clinical phenotype, age at onset, family history and severity.
  • the selection procedure for continuous or quantitative traits involves selecting individuals at opposite ends ofthe phenotype distribution ofthe trait under study, so as to include in these trait positive and trait negative populations individuals with non-overlapping phenotypes.
  • case-control populations consist of phenotypically homogeneous populations.
  • Trait positive and trait negative populations consist of phenotypically uniform populations of individuals representing each between 1 and 98%, preferably between 1 and 80%), more preferably between 1 and 50%, and more preferably between 1 and 30%, most preferably between 1 and 20% ofthe total population under study, and selected among individuals exhibiting non-overlapping phenotypes.
  • the selection of those drastically different but relatively uniform phenotypes enables efficient comparisons in association studies and the possible detection of marked differences at the genetic level, provided that the sample sizes ofthe populations under study are significant enough.
  • typical examples of inclusion criteria include a CNS disorder or the evaluation ofthe response to a drag acting on a CNS disorder or side effects to treatment with drugs acting on a CNS disorder.
  • Suitable examples of association studies using polymo ⁇ hic markers including the polymo ⁇ hic markers ofthe present invention are studies involving the following populations:
  • the TaqMan® assay method involves designing two probes, one that contains the more common allele (allele 1) and another probe that contains the least common allele (allele 2).
  • the two probes contain different fluorescent reporter dyes (FAM and NIC), which are used to differentiate the two alleles, and a nonflurescent quencher dye.
  • FAM and NIC fluorescent reporter dyes
  • Forward and reverse primers are designed flanking the probe to give a PCR product between 75 and 150 bp. The two probes and the primers are added to the D ⁇ A in a PCR assay.
  • the probe for allele 1 will hybridize to the PCR product, the reporter dye will be cleaved by the 5' nuclease activity of Taq DNA polymerase, and there will be an increase fluorescence of that reporter dye. If the DNA sample is homozygous for allele 2 there will be an increase fluorescence ofthe reporter dye attached to the allele 2 probe. If the sample is heterozygous for allele 1 and 2 there will be an increase fluorescence in both reporter dyes. Following the PCR reaction the fluorescence is read on an ABI PRISM 7700 Sequence Dectector.
  • Primers and Taqman® MGB probes for each SNP were designed using the software Primer Express version 1.5 (Applied Biosystems).
  • Table 4 list all the primers and probes for each SNP. The table indicates which probe contains the allele 1 SNP or the allele 2 SNP. For SNPs #1,2 and 7 the probes are designed for the sense strand and for SNPs #3 and 4 the probes are for the antisense (complementary) strand, h Table 4, the SNP nucleotide is in bold type and underlined. All (allele 1) indicates the probe contains the SNP for the more common allele and A12 (allele 2) indicates the probe contains the SNP for the rare allele. F is the forward primer and R is the reverse.
  • the primers were resuspended in H 2 0 at a final concentration of 100 ⁇ M.
  • the PCR reaction was done in 10 ⁇ l consisting ofthe following: 5 ⁇ l of 2X TaqMan® Universal PCR Master Mix, 200 nM of each probe, 900 nM ofthe forward and reverse primers, and H 0 to 10 ⁇ l.
  • the 10 ⁇ l was added to the dried down DNA samples.
  • the following controls were done on each plate, 8 no template controls, 8 allele 1 controls and 8 allele 2 controls.
  • the allele 1 and 2 controls contained 25 ng of DNA from the ConOl described in Example 1.
  • the plates were placed on a Titer Plate Shaker and shaken vigorously for 5 minutes then briefly spun at 1000 ⁇ m.
  • Thermal cycling was performed in a 9600 cycler (Applied Biosystems) with the following thermal cycling conditions: 50°C for 2 min--->95 0 C for 10 min— >35 cycles of 92°C for 15 sec, 60°C for 1 min.
  • the fluorescent signal was detected using an ABI PRISM 7700 Sequence Detector (Applied Biosystems) following the manufactures instructions for an endpoint plate read. The data was analyzed with the SDS software version 1.7 (Applied Biosystems). Results
  • S2-S4-S6, S2-S4-S8, S 1 -S2-S4-S8 and S1-S2-S4-S6 have p-values equals to 0.0014, 0.0018, 0.0012 and 0.0016 that are slightly above the Bonferroni adjusted threshold, 0.001.
  • the individual haplotype significance results are presented below in Table 5.
  • haplotype G-C is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population.
  • the individual significance level of the G-C haplotype observation is 0.00021.
  • haplotype A-C is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population.
  • the individual significance level of the A-C haplotype observation is 0.00213.
  • haplotype G-G is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population.
  • the individual significance level of the G-G haplotype observation is 0.0112.
  • haplotype A-G are present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population and the haplotype A-A significantly less in the affected population than in the control population.
  • the individual significance level ofthe A-A haplotype observation is 0.02233 and the A-G haplotype observation is 0.03211.
  • haplotype G-G is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population.
  • the individual significance level of the G-G haplotype observation is 0.02546.
  • haplotype G-A is present in an affected population significantly less than in the control population.
  • the individual significance level of the G-A haplotype observation is 0.03099.
  • haplotype G-C-G is present in an affected population significantly less than in the control population.
  • the individual significance level of the G-C-G haplotype observation is 0.00046.
  • haplotype G-C-G is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population.
  • the individual significance level of the G-C-G haplotype observation is 0.00103.
  • haplotype A-C-G is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population.
  • the individual significance level of the A-C-G haplotype observation is 0.00176.
  • haplotype A-G-C is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population.
  • the individual significance level of the A-G-C haplotype observation is 0.00223.
  • haplotype A-C-G is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population.
  • the individual significance level of the A-C-G haplotype observation is 0.00261.
  • haplotype G-C-G is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population.
  • the individual significance level of the G-C-G haplotype observation is 0.01527.
  • haplotype A-G-A is present in an affected population significantly less than in the control population.
  • the individual significance level of the A-G-A haplotype observation is 0.02358.
  • haplotype G-G-C is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population.
  • the individual significance level of the G-G-C haplotype observation is 0.03015.
  • haplotype G-G-G is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population.
  • the individual significance level of the G-G-G haplotype observation is 0.03034.
  • haplotype G-G-G is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population.
  • the individual significance level of the G-G-G haplotype observation is 0.03077.
  • haplotype G-G-A is present in an affected population significantly less than in the control population.
  • the individual significance level of the G-G-A haplotype observation is 0.03113.
  • SNP SI S4 and S6 of gene Seq-40 there are 6 potential haplotypes.
  • haplotype A-G-A is present in an affected population significantly less than in the control population.
  • the individual significance level of the A-G-A haplotype observation is 0.033.
  • haplotype G-C-T is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population.
  • the individual significance level of the G-C-T haplotype observation is 0.03317.
  • haplotype A-G-G is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population.
  • the individual significance level of the A-G-G haplotype observation is 0.03812.
  • haplotype G-C-G-G is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population.
  • the individual significance level ofthe G-C-G-G haplotype observation is 0.00076.
  • haplotype A-G-C-G is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population.
  • the individual significance level ofthe A-G-C-G haplotype observation is 0.00237.
  • haplotype A-C-G-G is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population.
  • the individual significance level ofthe A-C-G-G haplotype observation is 0.00253.
  • haplotype G-C-G-T is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population.
  • the individual significance level ofthe G-C-G-T haplotype observation is 0.01333.
  • haplotype G-C-G-T and haplotype G-C-G-G are present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population.
  • the individual significance level ofthe G-C-G-T haplotype observation is 0.01911 and of of the G-C-G-G haplotype observation is 0.02861.
  • haplotype A-G-G-A is present in an affected population significantly less than in the control population.
  • the individual significance level ofthe A-G-G-A haplotype observation is 0.03061.
  • haplotype A-C-G-T is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population.
  • the individual significance level ofthe A-C-G-T haplotype observation is 0.03114.
  • haplotype A-G-C-G is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population.
  • the individual significance level ofthe A-G-C-G haplotype observation is 0.03114.
  • the polymo ⁇ hic markers ofthe present invention may further be used in TDT (transmission/disequilibrium test). TDT tests for both linkage and association and is not affected by population stratification. TDT requires data for affected individuals and their parents or data from unaffected sibs instead of from parents (see Spielman. S. et al., Am. J Hum. Genet, 52:506-516,1993; Schaid D.J. et al., Genet. Epidemiol,13:423-450, 1996, Spielman. S. and Ewens W.J., Am. JHum. Genet, 62:450-458,1998).
  • This method employs a family-based experimental design to avoid potential pitfalls due to mismatching of case and control groups or admixture of subpopulations consisting of different racial or ethnic groups.
  • theoretical analyses indicate that this approach may be much more powerful than traditional linkage-based approaches for detecting alleles of relatively small effect such those conferring a 2-fold or 4-fold increase in disease risk.
  • the TDT approach in general requires genotype data from parents and an affected child to examine whether there is any excess/under transmission of any haplotype. Transmitted haplotypes can be considered as cases and non-transmitted haplotypes can be considered as controls.
  • the computer program TRANSMIT (Clayton, 99) can be used to conduct the analysis.
  • any method known in the art to test whether a trait and a genotype show a statistically significant correlation may be used to correlate a trait with the polymo ⁇ hisms ofthe invention.
  • haplotype frequencies can be estimated from the multilocus genotypic data. Any method known to person skilled in the art can be used to estimate haplotype frequencies (see Lange K., Mathematical and Statistical Methods for Genetic Analysis, Springer, New York, 1997; Weir, B.S., Genetic data Analysis I: Methods for Discrete population genetic Data, Sinauer Assoc, Inc., Sunderland, MA USA, 1996).
  • maximum-likelihood haplotype frequencies are computed using an Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm (see Dempster et al., J R.
  • EM algorithm is a generalized iterative maximum likelihood approach to estimation and is briefly described below.
  • phenotypes will refer to multi-locus genotypes with unknown phase.
  • Genotypes will refer to known-phase multi-locus genotypes.
  • a stop criterion can be that the maximum difference between haplotype frequencies between two iterations is less than IO "7 . These values can be adjusted according to the desired precision of estimations.
  • the Expectation step consists in calculating the genotypes frequencies by the following equation:
  • Equation 3 where genotype / occurs in phenotype j, and where h k and h / , constitute genotype i. Each probability is derived according to equation 1, and equation 2 described above. Then the Maximisation step simply estimates another set of haplotype frequencies given the genotypes frequencies. This approach is also known as the gene- counting method (Smith, Ann. Hum. Genet, 21:254-276, 1957).
  • da is an indicator variable which count the number of time haplotype t in genotype i. It takes the values of 0, 1 or 2. To ensure that the estimation finally obtained is the maximum-likelihood estimation several values of departures are required. The estimations obtained are compared and if they are different the estimations leading to the best likelihood are kept. 3. Methods to calculate linkage disequilibrium between markers A number of methods can be used to calculate linkage disequilibrium between any two genetic positions, in practice linkage disequilibrium is measured by applying a statistical association test to haplotype data taken from a population.
  • n2 ⁇ phenotype (a,/a ⁇ , a j /b,)
  • n3 ⁇ phenotype (a/h,, a/a,)
  • n4 Z phenotype (a/b,, a/b,) and N is the number of individuals in the sample.
  • This formula allows linkage disequilibrium between alleles to be estimated when only genotype, and not haplotype, data are available.
  • Another means of calculating the linkage disequilibrium between markers is as follows. For a couple of polymo ⁇ hic markers, M ⁇ (a t b andJk ⁇ (a , fitting the Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium, one can estimate the four possible haplotype frequencies in a given population according to the approach described above.
  • pr(a, . ) is the probability of allele a ⁇
  • pr(a,) is the probability of allele a j
  • pr(h ⁇ plotype (a 1 ⁇ a ⁇ )) is estimated as in Equation 3 above.
  • Linkage disequilibrium, among a set of polymo ⁇ hic markers having an adequate heterozygosity rate can be determined by genotyping between 50 and 1000 unrelated individuals, preferably between 75 and 200, more preferably around 100. 4. Testing for association
  • Methods for determining the statistical significance of a correlation between a phenotype and a genotype may be determined by any statistical test known in the art and with any accepted tlireshold of statistical significance being required.
  • the application of particular methods and thresholds of significance are well with in the skill ofthe ordinary practitioner ofthe art.
  • Testing for association is performed by determining the frequency of a polymo ⁇ hic marker allele in case and control populations and comparing these frequencies with a statistical test to determine if their is a statistically significant difference in frequency which would indicate a correlation between the trait and the polymo ⁇ hic marker allele under study.
  • a haplotype analysis is performed by estimating the frequencies of all possible haplotypes for a given set of polymo ⁇ hic markers in case and control populations, and comparing these frequencies with a statistical test to determine if their is a statistically significant correlation between the haplotype and the phenotype (trait) under study.
  • Any statistical tool useful to test for a statistically significant association between a genotype and a phenotype may be used.
  • the statistical test employed is a chi-square test with one degree of freedom. A P-value is calculated (the P-value is the probability that a statistic as large or larger than the observed one would occur by chance). Statistical significance
  • the p value related to a polymo ⁇ hic marker association is preferably about 1 x 10 " or less, more preferably about 1 x IO "4 or less, for a single polymo ⁇ hic marker analysis and about 1 x 10 "3 or less, still more preferably 1 x IO "6 or less and most preferably of about 1 x 10 " or less, for a haplotype analysis involving several markers.
  • genotyping data from case-control individuals are pooled and randomized with respect to the trait phenotype.
  • Each individual genotyping data is randomly allocated to two groups, which contain the same number of individuals as the case-control populations used to compile the data obtained in the first stage.
  • a second stage haplotype analysis is preferably run on these artificial groups, preferably for the markers included in the haplotype ofthe first stage analysis showing the highest relative risk coefficient. This experiment is reiterated preferably at least between 100 and 10000 times. The repeated iterations allow the determination ofthe percentage of obtained haplotypes with a significant p-value level. Assessment of statistical association
  • a risk factor in genetic epidemiology the risk factor is the presence or the absence of a certain allele or haplotype at marker loci
  • F+ is the frequency ofthe exposure to the risk factor in cases and F ⁇ is the frequency ofthe exposure to the risk factor in controls.
  • F+ and F " ⁇ are calculated using the allelic or haplotype frequencies ofthe study and further depend on the underlying genetic model (dominant, recessive, additive).
  • AR Attributable risk
  • AR is the risk attributable to a polymo ⁇ hic marker allele or a polymo ⁇ hic marker haplotype.
  • PE is the frequency of exposure to an allele or a haplotype within the population at large; and RR is the relative risk which is approximated with the odds ratio when the trait under study has a relatively low incidence in the general population.
  • the Seq-40 gene can be scanned for mutations by comparing the sequences of a selected number of trait positive and trait negative individuals.
  • functional regions such as exons and splice sites, promoters and other regulatory regions ofthe candidate gene are scanned for mutations.
  • trait positive individuals carry the haplotype or allele shown to be associated with the trait and trait negative individuals do not carry the haplotype or allele associated with the trait.
  • the mutation detection procedure is essentially similar to that used for polymo ⁇ hic site identification.
  • the method used to detect such mutations generally comprises the following steps: (a) amplification of a region ofthe Seq-40 gene comprising a polymo ⁇ hic marker or a group of polymo ⁇ hic markers associated with the trait from DNA samples of trait positive patients and trait negative controls; (b) sequencing ofthe amplified region; (c) comparison of DNA sequences from trait-positive patients and trait-negative controls; and (d) determination of mutations specific to trait-positive patients. Subcombinations which comprise steps (b) and (c) are specifically contemplated.
  • candidate polymo ⁇ hisms be then verified by screening a larger population of cases and controls by means of any genotyping procedure such as those described herein, preferably using a microsequencing technique in an individual test format. Polymo ⁇ hisms are considered as candidate mutations when present in cases and controls at frequencies compatible with the expected association results.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)

Abstract

The invention provides nucleic acid segments of the human G protein coupled receptor Seq-40 gene including polymorphic sites. Allele specific primers and probes hybridizing to regions flanking these sites are also provided. The invention also provides methods for determining the genetic risk of developing schizophrenia or diagnosing schizophrenia.

Description

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Diagnostic for
Schizophrenia
RELATED APPLICATIONS The present application claims priority benefit ofthe following United States
Provisional Patent Application 60/406,432 filed 28 August 2002. The present application also claims priority benefit as a continuation-in-part of United States Patent Application 10/230,007, filed August 28, 2002, which claims the benefit ofthe following United States Provisional Application. 60/315,501, filed 28 August 2001. All applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety to the extent not inconsistent with the disclosure herein.
Field ofthe Invention
The invention provides methods for determining the genetic risk of developing schizophrenia or for diagnosing schizophrenia.
Background
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
All organisms undergo periodic mutation in the course of their evolution and thus generate variant forms of progenitor sequences (Gusella, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 55, 831-854 (1986)). The variant form may or may not confer an evolutionary advantage relative to a progenitor form. The variant form may be neutral. In some instances, a variant form is lethal and is not transmitted to further generations ofthe organism. In other instances, a variant form confers an evolutionary advantage to the species and is eventually incorporated into the DNA of many or most members ofthe species and effectively becomes the progenitor form. In many instances, both progenitor and variant form(s) survive and co-exist in a species population. This coexistence of multiple forms of a sequence gives rise to polymorphisms.
Several different types of polymorphism have been reported. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) means a variation in DNA sequence that alters the length of a restriction fragment as described in Botstein et al., Am. J. Hum. Genet.
32, 314-331 (1980). The restriction fragment length polymorphism may create or delete a restriction site, thus changing the length ofthe restriction fragment. RFLPs have been widely used in human and animal genetic analyses (see US Pat. No. 5, 856,104, Jan 5, 1999, Chee, et al, WO 90/13668; WO90/11369; Donis-Keller, Cell 51, 319-337 (1987); Lander et al., Genetics 121, 85-99 (1989)). When a heritable trait can be linked to a particular RFLP, the presence ofthe RFLP in an individual can be used to predict the likelihood that the animal will also exhibit the trait.
Other polymorphisms take the form of short tandem repeats (STRs) that include tandem di-, tri- and tetranucleotide repeated motifs. These tandem repeats are also referred to as variable number tandem repeat (NNTR) polymorphisms. NNTRs have been used in identity and paternity analysis (U.S. Pat. No. 5,075,217; Armour et al., FEBS Lett. 307, 113-115 (1992); Horn et al., WO 91/14003; Jeffreys, EP 370,719), and in a large number of genetic mapping studies. Some other polymorphisms take the form of single nucleotide variations between individuals ofthe same species. Such polymorphisms are far more frequent than RFLPS, STRs and NNTRs. Although it should be recognized that a single nucleotide polymorphism may also result in a RFLP because a single nucleotide change can also result in the creation or destruction of a restriction enzyme site. Some single nucleotide polymorphisms occur in protein-coding sequences, in which case, one ofthe polymorphic forms may give rise to the expression of a defective or other variant protein and, potentially, a genetic disease. Examples of genes, in winch polymorphisms within coding sequences give rise to genetic disease include beta - globin (sickle cell anemia) and CFTR (cystic fibrosis). Other single nucleotide polymorphisms occur in noncoding regions. Some of these polymorphisms may also result in defective protein expression (e.g., as a result of defective splicing). Other single nucleotide polymorphisms have no phenotypic effects but still may be genetically linked to a phenotypic effect.
The greater frequency and uniformity of single nucleotide polymorphisms means that there is a greater probability that such a polymorphism will be found in close proximity to a genetic locus of interest than would be the case for other polymorphisms. Also, the different forms of characterized single nucleotide polymorphisms are often easier to distinguish than other types of polymorphism (e.g., by use of assays employing allele-specific hybridization probes or primers). In a disease such as schizophrenia in which multiple gene products play a role in the analysis ofthe disease, SNPs show particular promise as a research tool and they may also be valuable diagnostic tools. Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a devastating neuropsychiatric disorder which affects approximately 1% ofthe population and results in serious disruption in the lives of afflicted individuals and their families. Common symptoms include delusions, conceptual disorganizations and visual or auditory hallucinations, as well as changes in affective behavior. A number of scales for the rating of symptoms and methods for ascertaining the diagnosis have been developed, including the DSM classification by the American Psychiatric Association (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Third and Fourth Editions), which have attempted to refine the accuracy of clinical diagnosis. However, it is likely that similar symptoms can result from several underlying abnormalities, and diagnosis relying solely on clinical symptoms is difficult and controversial, as well as subjective, time-consuming and costly. There is a pressing need therefore, for new methods of diagnosing or predicting predisposition to develop schizophrenia. Literature Cited
U.S. Patents
1. US Pat. No. 5,856,104 Polymorphisms in the glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase locus 2. US Patent 5,075,217 Length polymorphisms in (dC-dA)n(dG-dT)n sequences
3. US Patent Application Serial No. 09/427,653 filed on October 27, 1999
4. US Patent Application Serial No. 09/698,419 filed October 27, 2000
5 U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202 Process for amplifying nucleic acid sequences
6. U.S. Pat. No. 5, 185, 444 Uncharged morpolino-based polymers having phosphorous containing chiral intersubunit linkages
1. U.S. Pat. No. 5, 034, 506 Uncharged morpholino-based polymers having achiral intersubunit linkages 8. U.S. Pat. No. 5, 142, 047 Uncharged olynucleotide-binding olymers
9 . U.S. Pat. No 5, 424, 186 Very large scale immobilized polymer synthesis
Foreign Patent Documents
1. WO90/13668 Method for Genetic Analysis of a Nucleic Acid Sample
2. WO90/ 11369 Solid Phase Diagnosis of Medical Conditions
3. WO91/14003 Characterization and Analysis of Polymorphic VNTR Loci 4. EP370719 Extended nucleotide sequences
5. WO9504064 Polynucleotide Decoys that Inhibit MHC-II Expression and Uses Thereof
6. EP235726 Rapid detection of nucleic acid sequences in a sample by labeling the sample 7. WO8911548 Immobilized Sequence Specific Probes
8. WO9322456 Detection of Gene Sequences in Biological Fluids
9. WO9820165 Biallelic Markers 10. WO9210092 Very large scale immobilized polymer synthesis
11. WO9511995 Arrays of Nucleic Acid Probes on Biological Chips
Books 1. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4 ΛUI1 Edition), 273-316, 1994 2. DNA Sequencing" in Sambrook et al. (eds.), Molecular Cloning: A
Laboratory Manual (Second Edition), Plainview, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989) 3. Stryer, L., Biochemistry, 4th edition, 1995
4. PCR Technology: Principles and Applications for DNA Amplification (ed. H. A. Erlich, Freeman Press, N.Y., N.Y., 1992);
5. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications (eds. Innis, et al., Academic Press, San Diego, Calif, 1990); Mattila et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 4967 (1991);
6. Eckert et al., PCR Methods and Applications 1, 17 (1991);
7. PCR (eds. McPherson et al., IRL Press, Oxford); .
Journal Articles 1. Ajioka, R.S., et al, Haplotype analysis ofhemochromatosis: evaluation of different linkage- disequilibrium approaches and evolution of disease chromosomes. Am J Hum Genet, 1997. 60(6): p. 1439-47. 2. Armour, J.A. and A.J. Jeffreys, Recent advances in minisatellite biology.
FEBS Lett, 1992. 307(1): p. 113-5. 3. Botstein, D., et al, Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Am J Hum Genet, 1980. 32(3): p.
314-31. 4. Clark, A.G., Inference ofhaplotypesfrom PCR-amplified samples ofdiploid populations. Mol Biol Evol, 1990. 7(2): p. 111-22. 5. Clayton, D., A generalization ofthe transmission/disequilibrium test for uncertain- haplotype transmission. Am J Hum Genet, 1999. 65(4): p. 1170-7.
6. Donis-Keller, H., et al., A genetic linkage map ofthe human genome. Cell, 1987. 51(2): p. 319-37.
7. Excoffier, L. and M. Slatkin, Maximum-likelihood estimation of molecular haplotype frequencies in a diploid population. Mol Biol Evol, 1995. 12(5): p.
921-7.
8. Germer, S. and R. Higuchi, Single-tube genotyping without oligonucleotide probes. Genome Res, 1999. 9(1): p. 72-8.
9. Gibbs, R.A., P.N. Nguyen, and CT. Caskey, Detection of single DNA base differences by competitive oligonucleotide priming. Nucleic Acids Res, 1989.
17(7): p. 2437-48.
10. Guatelli, J.C., et al, Isothermal, in vitro amplification of nucleic acids by a multienzyme reaction modeled after retroviral replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1990. 87(5): p. 1874-8. 11. Gusella, J.F., DNA polymorphism and human disease. Annu Rev Biochem, 1986. 55: p. 831-54. 12. Hacia, J.G., et al, Detection of heterozygous mutations in BRCA1 using high density oligonucleotide arrays and two-colour fluorescence analysis. Nat Genet, 1996. 14(4): p. 441-7. 13. Hawley, M.E. and K.K. Kidd, HAPLO: a program using the EM algorithm to estimate the frequencies of multi-site haplotypes. J Hered, 1995. 86(5): p. 409- 11.
14. Howard, T.D., E.R. Bleecker, and O.C. Stine, Fluorescent allele-specific PCR (FAS-PCR) improves the reliability of single nucleotide polymorphism screening. Biotechniques, 1999. 26(3): p. 380-1.
15. Kozal, M. J., et al. , Extensive polymorphisms observed in HIV-1 clade B protease gene using high-density oligonucleotide arrays. Nat Med, 1996. 2(7): p. 753-9. 16. Kwoh, D.Y., et al, Transcription-based amplification system and detection of amplified human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with a bead-based sandwich hybridization format. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1989. 86(4): p. 1173-7. 17. Landegren, U., et al, A ligase-mediated gene detection technique. Science, 1988. 241(4869): p. 1077-80. 18. Landegren, U., M. Nilsson, and P.Y. Kwok, Reading bits of genetic information: methods for single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis. Genome Res, 1998. 8(8): p. 769-76.
19. Lander, E.S. and D. Botstein, Mapping mendelian factors underlying quantitative traits using RFLP linkage maps. Genetics, 1989. 121(1): p. 185- 99.
20. Lander, E.S. andN.J. Schork, Genetic dissection of complex traits. Science, 1994. 265(5181): p. 2037-48.
21. Livak, K.J., J. Marmaro, and J.A. Todd, Towards fully automated genome- wide polymorphism screening. Nat Genet, 1995. 9(4): p. 341-2. 22. Mattila, V., et al, Fidelity of DNA synthesis by the Thermococcus litoralis
DNA polymerase— an extremely heat stable enzyme with proofreading activity. Nucleic Acids Res, 1991. 19(18): p. 4967-73.
23. Newton, C.R., et al, Analysis of any point mutation in DNA. The amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS). Nucleic Acids Res, 1989. 17(7): p. 2503- 16.
24. Nickerson, D.A., N.O. Tobe, and S.L. Taylor, PolyPhred: automating the detection and genotyping of single nucleotide substitutions using fluorescence- based resequencing. Nucleic Acids Res, 1997. 25(14): p. 2745-51.
25. Nielsen, P.E., et al, Sequence-selective recognition of DNA by strand displacement with a thymine-substituted polyamide. Science, 1991. 254(5037): p. 1497-500.
26. Orita, M., et al. , Detection of polymorphisms of human DNA by gel electrophoresis as single-strand conformation polymorphisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1989. 86(8): p. 2766-70. 27. Perlin, M.W., et al, Toward fully automated genotyping: allele assignment, pedigree construction, phase determination, and recombination detection in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Am J Hum Genet, 1994. 55(4): p. 777-87.
28. Ruano, G., K.K. Kidd, and J.C. Stephens, Haplotype of multiple polymorphisms resolved by enzymatic amplification of single DNA molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1990. 87(16): p. 6296-300.
29. Saiki, R.K., et al, Analysis of enzymatically amplified beta-globin andHLA- DQ alpha DNA with allele-specific oligonucleotide probes. Nature, 1986. 324(6093): p. 163-6.
30. Sarkar, G. and S.S. Sommer, Haplotyping by double PCR amplification of specific alleles. Biotechniques, 1991. 10(4): p. 436, 438, 440. 31. Schaid, D. J., General score tests for associations of genetic markers with disease using cases and their parents. Genet Epidemiol, 1996. 13(5): p. 423- 49.
32. Shoemaker, D.D., et al. , Quantitative phenotypic analysis of yeast deletion mutants using a highly parallel molecular bar-coding strategy. Nat Genet,
1996. 14(4): p. 450-6.
33. Spielman, R.S., R.E. McGinnis, and W.J. Ewens, Transmission test for linkage disequilibrium: the insulin gene region and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Am J Hum Genet, 1993. 52(3): p. 506-16. 34. Spielman, R.S. and W.J. Ewens, A sibship test for linkage in the presence of association: the sib transmission/disequilibrium test. Am J Hum Genet, 1998. 62(2): p. 450-8. 35. Tyagi, S., D.P. Bratu, and F.R. Kramer, Multicolor molecular beacons for allele discrimination. Nat Biotechnol, 1998. 16(1): p. 49-53. 36. Wu, D.Y. and R.B. Wallace, The ligation amplification reaction (LAR)— amplification of specific DNA sequences using sequential rounds of template- dependent ligation. Genomics, 1989. 4(4): p. 560-9.
37. Wu, D.Y., et al, Allele-specific enzymatic amplification ofbeta-globin genomic DNA for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1989. 86(8): p. 2757-60.
38. Zhao, L.P., et al, Mapping of complex traits by single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Am J Hum Genet, 1998. 63(1): p. 225-40.
Summary ofthe Invention The invention is based on the discovery of a set of schizophrenia related polymorphic markers. These markers are located in the coding region as well as the non-coding region ofthe gene for the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) we have designated Seq-40. The coding and relevant non-coding regions of Seq-40 are set forth below. The polymorphisms are in bold type. 1 AGTAGGAATC AGATAGCGAG ATTGATTAAT AATAATACTT ATCACTCTTT
51 ATAACTTGAA AAGCAAGTTC ACAAATGTCT CTAAAGTCAC AGCCCTGTAC
101 TGGAAAGAGA GTTGAACCCT TCTTCAGGAA GACAATAATA TAATAATAAC
151 AATATTTTCT TCACTCTGCA GTGTCTTTAC ATTCCAGGGT TGGG/AAACATT
201 ACTGAGGATT CTCTTCCCAT TTTCCAGTTT CCTGTTCATT ATTCTTATTT 251 TTTTGACTGC TTTTAGCATC GGGAGCACAA AGGCCAGTCA CCAGGAATTG
301 CAAACAAATG CGTAGTCAGA GAGAGAGGGC TCACTGCCCA TTTGTCATGT
351 GGATGCAGAC ACATTGCAGA TGTGTTCCCA GTAACAATGT CTTGAGAAGA
401 GGACTGGTCT TTCCACCAGC ATCTCAGAAA TGCCGGTGTG TCTAAACAGC
451 ATGTCGTTCT TTAATGCTTT CATGCAATAT ATTTTATCAA TCTCAAGTTC 501 CCCTCACTAT GTATTATAAT AATTTCTGCT TGTTGGTAAC CAATGCAGAT
551 GGAAAATTGA TTCTTAACAG AAGAGAAAGA GCCAAGTATT GATGCTTACT
601 A/GTTTACACCC TATTGTATCT TTGTAACAAA AACCCGGGTG GCTAAGTTAT
651 GATTGGGAAC AAGGGAATGG TTCAAGTCTA TGCACTAAGG AAAAACAAAT
701 CTTTGGCCTA AAACAATAAT GATAATAGAA TTTAATATAG AGTAGAGACC 751 TGTTTTGTAG AATAACTTTC CTAGTAATCA CTGTTGAAAA TAATCATACT
801 AGTTCACACC GCGCACTACA GGGATTCCAT CGAGGGATTT TCCCATTGAA
851 GGCATTTATT TAGCTAAAAG GACTTCATCT TTAAGGCGGT AATGCAGGAC
901 AGATAACAGA GATAAAGATA ACAGGAGGTG ATCTTTCAGC TCCATAATTA
951 CATTCCATAT CAGCGACTGT TGCACAGAGA AACTCAAAAG GTAAAAATAA 1001 AATATGAAAG GATATTTAAA ATCAAAAGG/AA ATTTTATC/GAAATTAAGAGCA
1051 TGAGACATTT ATCAGTTGAA ACAA/CTCTCCA ATAATCTTGT GCAATATAAT
1101 TTTTGTCAAA TTTTATTTTG TCATAAACAT TTGGGATTTA TAATAAAAAT
1151 GGAAACTTGA AAAATTATAT TAGAGATAAT ATCTGATCAT TTCCTCTGGC 1201 ATCCTGGTGA ATATGTGTTT TTTTCCGCAG GAGCACTGAA AATCAGGAAC 1251 AATCCTGTAT TTTTTGTGAT AATCAACAAG GACAAAACTT CTCCATATGT
M S S N S S L L V A V Q L 1301 AAATAACAGC GTTATGAGCA GCAATTCATC CCTGCTGGTG GCTGTGCAGC
C Y A N V N G S C V K I P F S P 1351 TGTGCTACGC GAACGTGAAT GGGTCCTGTG TGAAAATCCC CTTCTCGCCG
TM1 G S R V I L Y I V F G F G A V A
1401 GGATCCCGGG TGATTCTGTA CATAGTGTTT GGCTTTGGGG CTGTGCTGGC
V F G N L V M I S I L H F K Q L 1451 TGTGTTTGGA AACCTCCTGG TGATGATTTC AATCCTCCAT TTCAAGCAGC
H S P T N F L V A S L A C A D F 1501 TGCACTCTCC GACCAATTTT CTCGTTGCCT CTCTGGCCTG CGCTGATTTC
TM2 L V G V T V M P F S M V R T V E S 1551 TTGGTGGGTG TGACTGTGAT GCCCTTCAGC ATGGTCAGGA CGGTGGAGAG
C W Y F G R S F C T F H T C C D V 1601 CTGCTGGTAT TTTGGGAGGA GTTTTTGTAC TTTCCACACC TGCTGTGATG
TM3 A F C Y S S L F H L C F I S I D
1651 TGGCATTTTG TTACTCTTCT CTCTTTCACT TGTGCTTCAT CTCCATCGAC
R Y I A V T D P L V Y P T K F T V 1701 AGGTACATTG CGGTTACTGA CCCCCTGGTC TATCCTACCA AGTTCACCGT TM4
S V S G I C I S V S I L P L M Y 1751 ATCTGTGTCA GGAATTTGCA TCAGCGTGTC CTGGATCCTG CCCCTCATGT
S G A V F Y T G V Y D D G L E E 1801 ACAGCGGTGC TGTGTTCTAC ACAGGTGTCT ATGACGATGG GCTGGAGGAA
L S D A L N C I G G C Q T V V N Q 1851 TTATCTGATG CCCTAAACTG TATAGGAGGT TGTCAGACCG TTGTAAATCA
TM5 N W V L T D F S F F I P T F I M
1901 AAACTGGGTG TTGACAGATT TTCTATCCTT CTTTATACCT ACCTTTATTA
I I L Y G N I F L V A R R O A K
1951 TGATAATTCT GTATGGTAAC ATATTTCTTG TGGCTAGACG ACAGGCGAAA
K I E N T G S K T E S S S E S Y K 2001 AAGATAGAAA A ACTGGTAG CAAGACAGAA TCATCCTCAG AGAGTTACAA
A R V A R R E R K A A K T L G V T 2051 AGCCAGAGTG GCCAGGAGAG AGAGAAAAGC AGCTAAAACC CTGGGGGTCA (I ) TM6
V V A F M I S L P Y S I D S L 2101 CAGTGG/ATAGC ATTTATGATT TCATGGTTAC CATATAGCAT TGATTCATTA
(Y) I D A F M G F I T P A C I Y E I C
2151 ATTGATGCCT TTATGGGCTT TATAACCCCT GCCTG/ATATTT ATGAGATTTG
TM7 C C A Y Y N S A M N P L I Y A L 2201 CTGTTGGTGT GCTTATTATA ACTCAGCCAT GAATCCTTTG ATTTATGCTT
F Y P F R K A I K V I V T G Q 2251 TATTTTACCC ATGGTTTAGG AAAGCAATAA AAGTTATTGT AACTGGTCAG
V L K N S S A T M N L F S E H I * 2301 GTTTTAAAGA ACAGTTCAGC AACCATGAAT TTGTTTTCTG AACATATATA
2351 AGCAGTTGT/GA TAGACGAAGT TCAGGATACC TTTAAAATTA CCAAGCGAAA 2401 TGAGTTTTTA AAAATCAAGT AAGACTATGA ATGAATAGCA AATAAATTGC 2451 TCTTCAAATG AAAAACAAAT CAATGTTTTT CAGTCTTGTT AAGATGTGCA
2501 CTTTCCTGTC CCTTCTGCAA AAGTATTTAC TTGGCTAACA AATGTTAAAT
2551 TCCTATTTGT TAACTGCTTT AGAGCTCAGC ATATCCCACT CCCTGCAGAC
2601 ACTTTTTGTC TTTTAATCCA TTGACTCTTC CCTCTGCTCT GGTATTTTTC 2651 CTAAAAATAT TTC/GTGTTTTT TTTTTTTTTA TTTATTCCCT TTCCTCTTTT
2701 CTTTACAAAG CTTTCTACTC TTTCCCAGCC TGCCAAAAAT TTCATTTGTG
2751 AATAGCCTTT ATCAAATTAT TGGTTTCTTT TGCTTTGGTT ATTTTA/GCCAC
2801 AGGAGTCCTT TTAGGTATTA ATTTAATTTA TTCAATCTTG GGAGAGATCT
2851 CAGGGTGTAT GGGGCAATTT GCAAATGAAG ACATCATCTT GACCAGGCTG 2901 TTGTAATTGT CAAACCAGTT ACTGTCATTC TTGTAATTAT TTCCTCCCCC
2951 AAAGTGGGAA GCAGAAGCCA CTGTACTTCC CAGAATGATG TTAGGATGAT
3001 TATTTGGCTG CTGTTCTTGC TATTGCACAA AACTGTTTAA AGAGTTGGTA
3051 TGAATAGAGC CCTGTGTTAC ATTATTCAGT 3080
The sequence set forth above is the contains ORF prediction as reported in US
Patent Application serial number 09/714449 filed 16 November 2000 and published as WO 0136473. It will be appreciated that alternate splice variants may exist. This sequence contains additional flanking sequence. The invention comprises the first description of polynucleotide fragments derived from the sequence ofthe human G protein coupled receptor Seq-40 gene suitable for the diagnosis of schizophrenia or predicting the likelihood of developing schizoplirenia. The invention further comprises methods of diagnosis and prediction. One embodiment ofthe invention encompasses an isolated polynucleotide comprising, consisting of or consisting essentially of between 12 and 200 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO 1 or its complement including at least one Seq-40 polymorphic site selected from the group consisting ofthe polymorphic sites at positions 194, 601, 1029, 1038, 1074, 2106, 2185, 2359, 2663 and 2796. This definition and all other definitions below making use ofthe term between 12 and 200 contiguous nucleotides" is meant to include polynucleotides of each and every integer value between 12 and 200 nucleotides in length.
The invention provides an isolated polynucleotide consisting of between 12 and 200 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO 1 in which the nucleotide position 194 is selected from the group of nucleotides G or A. The invention provides an isolated polynucleotide consisting of between 12 and 200 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO 1 in which the nucleotide position 601 is selected from the group of nucleotides A or G.
The invention provides an isolated polynucleotide consisting of between 12 and 200 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO 1 in which the nucleotide position 1029 is selected from the group of nucleotides G or A. The invention provides an isolated polynucleotide consisting of between 12 and 200 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO 1 in which the nucleotide position 1038 is selected from the group of nucleotides C or G.
The invention provides an isolated polynucleotide consisting of between 12 and 200 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO 1 in which the nucleotide position 1074 is selected from the group of nucleotides A or C.
The invention provides an isolated polynucleotide consisting of between 12 and 200 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO 1 in which the nucleotide position 2106 is selected from the group of nucleotides G or A. The invention provides an isolated polynucleotide consisting of between 12 and 200 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO 1 in which the nucleotide position 2185 is selected from the group of nucleotides G or A.
The invention provides an isolated polynucleotide consisting of between 12 and 200 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO 1 in which the nucleotide position 2359 is selected from the group of nucleotides T or G.
The invention provides an isolated polynucleotide consisting of between 12 and 200 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO 1 in which the nucleotide position 2663 is selected from the group of nucleotides C or G.
The invention provides an isolated polynucleotide consisting of between 12 and 200 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NO 1 in which the nucleotide position 2769 is selected from the group of nucleotides A or G.
Complements of these segments are also included. The segments can be DNA or RNA, and can be double- or single-stranded. Some segments are 10-20 or 10-50 bases long. The invention further provides an allele-specific oligonucleotides that hybridizes to a sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, or its complement. These oligonucleotides can be probes or primers.
The invention further provides a method of analyzing a nucleic acid from an individual. The method determines which nucleotides(s) are present at polymorphic sites contained within Seq-40 i.e "Seq-40 polymorphisms" or Seq-40 polymorphic sites". Optionally, the bases at each polymorphic site within SEQ ID NO:l are determined simultaneously in one reaction. This type of analysis can be performed on a plurality of individuals who are tested for the presence of a disease phenotype. The presence or absence of disease phenotype or propensity for developing a disease state can then be correlated with a base or set of bases present at the polymorphic sites in the individuals tested. Alternatively this determination step is performed in such a way as to determine the identity of Seq-40 polymorphic sites on a single chromosome. The present invention therefore further provides a method of diagnosing schizophrenia or determining a predisposition to schizophrenia by determining the presence or absence of a Seq-40 haplotype in a patient by obtaining material from a patient comprising nucleic acid including one or more ofthe nucleotides at position, 194, 601, 1029, 1038, 1074, 2106, 2185, 2359, 2663 and 2796 and determining the Seq-40 haplotype.
Brief Description of the Sequence Listing
SEQ ID NO:l The DNA sequence of Seq-40 with variation noted at positions 194,
601, 1029, 1038, 1074, 2106, 2185, 2359, 2663 and 2796 SEQ ID NO:2 The amino acid sequence of SEQ-40 with variation noted at position
265 and 291.
SEQ ID NO:3 PCR Primer -Example 1
SEQ ID NO:4 PCR Primer -Example 1
SEQ ID NO:5 Sequencing Primer- Example 1 SEQ ID NO: 6 Sequencing Primer- Example 1
SEQ ID NO: 7 Sequencing Primer- Example 1
SEQ ID NO: 8 Sequencing Primer- Example 1
SEQ ID NO:9 TaqMan Probe -Table 4
SEQ ID NO: 10 TaqMan Probe -Table 4 SEQ ID NO: 11 TaqMan Probe -Table 4
SEQ ID NO: 12 TaqMan Probe -Table 4
SEQ ID NO: 13 TaqMan Probe -Table 4
SEQ ID NO: 14 TaqMan Probe -Table 4
SEQ ID NO: 15 TaqMan Probe -Table 4 SEQ ID NO: 16 TaqMan Probe -Table 4
SEQ ID NO: 17 TaqMan Probe -Table 4
SEQ ID NO: 18 TaqMan Probe -Table 4
SEQ ID NO: 19 TaqMan Probe -Table 4
SEQ ID NO:20 TaqMan Probe -Table 4 SEQ ID NO:21 PCR Primer -Table 4
SEQ ID NO:22 PCR Primer -Table 4
SEQ ID NO:23 PCR Primer -Table 4
SEQ ID NO:24 PCR Primer -Table 4
SEQ ID NO:25 PCR Primer -Table 4 SEQ ID NO:26 PCR Primer -Table 4
SEQ ID NO:27 PCR Primer -Table 4
SEQ ID NO:28 PCR Primer -Table 4
SEQ ID NO:29 PCR Primer -Table 4
SEQ ID NO:30 PCR Primer -Table 4 SEQ ID NO:31 PCR Primer -Table 4 SEQ ID NO:32 PCR Primer -Table 4 SEQ ID NO:32 PCR Primer -Table 4 SEQ ID NO:33 SNP 6 Synthetic Allele SEQ ID NO:34 SNP 6 Synthetic Allele SEQ ID NO:35 SNP 6 Synthetic Allele Oligomer SEQ ID NO:36 SNP 6 Synthetic Allele Oligomer SEQ ID NO:37 SNP 6 Synthetic Allele Oligomer SEQ ID NO:38 SNP 7 Synthetic Allele SEQ ID NO:39 SNP 1. Synthetic Allele SEQ ID NO:40 SNP 7 Synthetic Allele Oligomer SEQ ID NO:41 SNP 7 Synthetic Allele Oligomer SEQ ID NO.-42 SNP 7 Synthetic Allele Oligomer
Detailed Description of the Invention
Definitions
The term "allele" is used herein to refer to variants of a nucleotide sequence.
An "agent acting on schizoplirenia" includes any drug or compound known in the art that addresses, reduces or alleviates one or more symptoms of schizophrenia. "Agents acting on a schizoplirenia" includes any drug or a compound modulating the activity or concentration of an enzyme or regulatory molecule involved in a schizophrenia that is known in the art. Agents acting on schizophrenia include but are not limited to Thorazine, Mellaril, Modecate, Prolixin, Navane, Stelazine and Haldol, risperidone (Risperdal), clozapine (Clozaril), olanzapine (Zyprexa) and quetiapine (Seroquel).
The term "response to an agent acting on schizoplirenia" refer to drug efficacy, including but not limited to the ability to metabolize a compound, the ability to convert a pro-drug to an active drug, and to the pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, elimination) and the pharmacodynamics (receptor-related) of a drug in an individual. The terms "side effects to an agent acting on schizophrenia" refer to adverse effects of therapy resulting from extensions ofthe principal pharmacological action ofthe drug or to idiosyncratic adverse reactions resulting from an interaction of the drug with unique host factors. "Side effects to an agent acting on schizophrenia" include, but are not limited to autonomic side effects such as orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation. "Side effects to an agent acting on schizophrenia" also include anxiety, sleep disturbances, sexual dysfunction, gastrointestinal disturbances, nausea, diarrhea, orthostasis, dizziness, sedation, hypertension, shock, akinesia (slowed movement), akathisia (restless limbs), and tardive dyskinesia (permanent, irreversible movement disorders.)
The terms "complementary" or "complement thereof are used herein to refer to the sequences of polynucleotides which is capable of forming Watson & Crick base pairing with another specified polynucleotide throughout the entirety of the complementary region. This term is applied to pairs of polynucleotides based solely upon their sequences and not any particular set of conditions under which the two polynucleotides would actually bind.
The term "genotype" as used herein refers the identity ofthe alleles present in an individual or a sample. In the context ofthe present invention a genotype preferably refers to the description ofthe polymorphic alleles present in an individual or a sample. The term "genotyping" a sample or an individual for a polymorphic marker consists of determining the specific allele or the specific nucleotide carried by an individual at a polymorphic marker. The term "heterozygosity rate" is used herein to refer to the incidence of individuals in a population, which are heterozygous at a particular allele. In a polymorphic system the heterozygosity rate is on average equal to 2Pa(l-Pa), where Pa is the frequency ofthe least common allele. hi order to be useful in genetic studies a genetic marker should have an adequate level of heterozygosity to allow a reasonable probability that a randomly selected person will be heterozygous.
The term "mutation" as used herein refers to a difference in DNA sequence between or among different genomes or individuals which has a frequency below 1%.
The term "haplotype" refers to the actual combination of alleles on one chromosome. In the context ofthe present invention a haplotype preferably refers to a combination of polymorphisms found in a given individual and which may be associated with a phenotype.
The term "polymorphism" as used herein refers to the occurrence of two or more alternative genomic sequences or alleles between or among different genomes or individuals. "Polymorphic" refers to the condition in which two or more variants of a specific genomic sequence can be found in a population. A "polymorphic site" is the locus at which the variation occurs. Polymorphism refers to the occurrence of two or more genetically determined alternative sequences or alleles in a population. Preferred polymorphisms have at least two alleles, each occurring at frequency of greater than 1%, and more preferably greater than 10% or 20% of a selected population. A polymorphic locus may be as small as one base pair. Polymorphic markers include restriction fragment length polymorphisms, variable number of tandem repeats (NNTR's), hypervariable regions, minisatellites, dinucleotide repeats, trinucleotide repeats, tetranucleotide repeats, simple sequence repeats, and insertion elements such as Alu. The first identified allelic form is arbitrarily designated as the reference form and other allelic forms are designated as alternative or variant alleles. The allelic form occurring most frequently in a selected population is sometimes referred to as the wild type form. Diploid organisms maybe homozygous or heterozygous for allelic forms. A biallelic polymorphism has two forms. A triallelic polymorphism has three forms. A "single nucleotide polymorphism" (SNP) is a single base pair change. A single nucleotide polymorphism occurs at a polymorphic site occupied by a single nucleotide, winch is the site of variation between allelic sequences. The site is usually preceded by and followed by highly conserved sequences ofthe allele (e.g., sequences that vary in less than 1/100 or 1/1000 members ofthe populations).
A single nucleotide polymorphism usually arises due to substitution of one nucleotide for another at the polymorphic site. A transition is the replacement of one purine by another purine or one pyrimidine by another pyrimidine. A transversion is the replacement of a purine by a pyrimidine or vice versa. Single nucleotide polymorphisms can also arise from a deletion of a nucleotide or an insertion of a nucleotide relative to a reference allele. It should be noted that a single nucleotide change could result in the destruction or creation of a restriction site. Therefore it is possible that a single nucleotide polymorphism might also present itself as a restriction fragment length polymorphism. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can be used in the same manner as
RFLPs, and NNTRs but offer several advantages. Single nucleotide polymorphisms occur with greater frequency and are spaced more uniformly throughout the genome than other forms of polymorphism. (SNPs) occur at a frequency of roughly 1/1000 base pairs, and are distinguished from rare variations or mutations by a requirement for the least abundant allele to have a frequency of 1% or more (Brookes, 1999). Examples of SNP include:
1. Non-synonymous coding region changes which substitute one amino acid for another in the protein product encoded by the gene, 2. Synonymous changes which do alter amino acid coding sequence due to degeneracy ofthe genetic code,
3. Changes in promoter, enhancer or other genetic control element sequence which may or may not alter transcription ofthe gene, 4. Changes in untranslated regions ofthe mRNA, particularly at the 5 'end which may alter the efficiency of ribosomal binding, initiation or translation, or at the 3 'end which may alter mRNA stability, and 5. Changes within intronic regions which may alter the splicing ofthe transcript or the function of other genetic regulatory elements. The terms "biallelic polymorphism" and "biallelic marker" are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymorphism having two alleles at a fairly high frequency in the population, preferably a single nucleotide polymorphism. A "biallelic marker allele" refers to the nucleotide variants present at a biallelic marker site. Typically the frequency ofthe less common allele ofthe biallelic markers ofthe present invention has been validated to be greater than 1%, preferably the frequency is greater than 10%, more preferably the frequency is at least 20% (i.e. heterozygosity rate of at least 0.32), even more preferably the frequency is at least 30% (i.e. heterozygosity rate of at least 0.42). A biallelic marker wherein the frequency ofthe less common allele is 30% or more is termed a "high quality biallelic marker. The term "Seq-40 polymorphism" or "Seq-40 polymorphic site" is used herein to mean a polymorphism or polymorphic site within the gene for Seq-40 disclosed herein. This term would encompass polymorphisms at polymorphic sites within the Seq-40 coding sequence, intronic regions and flanking regions. A "Seq-40 polymorphism" or need not change an amino acid in the Seq-40 protein product in order to have utility. The term Seq-40 polymporphism encompasses single nucleotide polymorphisms, biallelic and otherwise and are the polymorphisms described in Table 1 of this disclosure. A Seq-40 single nucleotide polymorphism is a polymorphism which reflects variation at a single nucleotide. The term "at least one Seq-40 polymorphic site" means at least one polymorphic site within the Seq-40 gene selected from those detailed in Table 1 of this disclosure.
As used interchangeably herein, the term "oligonucleotides", and "polynucleotides" include RNA, DNA, or RNA/DNA hybrid sequences of more than one nucleotide in either single chain or duplex form. The term "nucleotide" as used herein as an adjective to describe molecules comprising RNA, DNA, or RNA/DNA hybrid sequences of any length in single-stranded or duplex form. The term "nucleotide" is also used herein as a noun to refer to individual nucleotides or varieties of nucleotides, meaning a molecule, or individual unit in a larger nucleic acid molecule, comprising a purine or pyrimidine, a ribose or deoxyribose sugar moiety, and a phosphate group, or phosphodiester linkage in the case of nucleotides within an oligonucleotide or polynucleotide. Although the term "nucleotide" is also used herein to encompass "modified nucleotides" which comprise at least one modifications (a) an alternative linking group, (b) an analogous form of purine, (c) an analogous form of pyrimidine, or (d) an analogous sugar, for examples of analogous linking groups, purine, pyrimidines, and sugars see for example PCT publication No. WO 95/04064. However, the polynucleotides ofthe invention are preferably comprised of greater than 50% conventional deoxyribose nucleotides, and most preferably greater than 90% conventional deoxyribose nucleotides. The polynucleotide sequences ofthe invention may be prepared by any known method, including synthetic, recombinant, ex vivo generation, or a combination thereof, as well as utilizing any purification methods known in the art.
The location of nucleotides in a polynucleotide with respect to the center ofthe polynucleotide are described herein in the following manner. When a polynucleotide has an odd number of nucleotides, the nucleotide at an equal distance from the 3' and 5' ends ofthe polynucleotide is considered to be "at the center" ofthe polynucleotide, and any nucleotide immediately adjacent to the nucleotide at the center, or the nucleotide at the center itself is considered to be "within 1 nucleotide ofthe center." With an odd number of nucleotides in a polynucleotide any ofthe five nucleotides positions in the middle ofthe polynucleotide would be considered to be within 2 nucleotides ofthe center, and so on. When a polynucleotide has an even number of nucleotides, there would be a bond and not a nucleotide at the center ofthe polynucleotide. Thus, either ofthe two central nucleotides would be considered to be "within 1 nucleotide ofthe center" and any ofthe four nucleotides in the middle ofthe polynucleotide would be considered to be "within 2 nucleotides ofthe center", and so on. For polymorphisms which involve the substitution, insertion or deletion of 1 or more nucleotides, the polymorphism, allele or biallelic marker is "at the center" of a polynucleotide if the difference between the distance from 3' the substituted, inserted, or deleted polynucleotides ofthe polymorphism and the 3' end ofthe polynucleotide, and the distance from the substituted, inserted, or deleted polynucleotides ofthe polymorphism and the 5' end ofthe polynucleotide is zero or one nucleotide. If this difference is 0 to 3, then the polymorphism is considered to be "within 1 nucleotide of the center." If the difference is 0 to 5, the polymorphism is considered to be "within 2 nucleotides ofthe center." If the difference is 0 to 7, the polymorphism is considered to be "within 3 nucleotides ofthe center," and so on. For polymorphisms which involve the substitution, insertion or deletion of 1 or more nucleotides, the polymorphism, allele or biallelic marker is "at the center" of a polynucleotide if the difference between the distance from the substituted, inserted, or deleted polynucleotides ofthe polymorphism and the 3' end ofthe polynucleotide, and the distance from the substituted, inserted, or deleted polynucleotides ofthe polymorphism and the 5' end ofthe polynucleotide is zero or one nucleotide. If this difference is 0 to 3, then the polymorphism is considered to be "within 1 nucleotide of the center." If the difference is 0 to 5, the polymorphism is considered to be "within 2 nucleotides ofthe center." If the difference is 0 to 7, the polymorphism is considered to be "within 3 nucleotides ofthe center," and so on.
The location of nucleotides in a polynucleotide with respect to the end ofthe polynucleotide are described herein in the following manner. A nucleotide is "at the end" of a polynucleotide if it is at either the 5 ' or 3 ' en of the polynucleotide.
The term "upstream" is used herein to refer to a location which, is toward the 5' end ofthe polynucleotide from a specific reference point. The terms "base paired" and "Watson & Crick base paired" are used interchangeably herein to refer to nucleotides which can be hydrogen bonded to one another be virtue of their sequence identities in a manner like that found in double-helical DNA with thymine or uracil residues linked to adenine residues by two hydrogen bonds and cytosine and guanine residues linked by three hydrogen bonds (See Stryer, L., Biochemistry, 4th edition, 1995).
The term "isolated" is used herein to describe a polynucleotide or polynucleotide vector ofthe invention which has been to some extent separated from other compounds including, but not limited to other nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids and proteins (such as the enzymes used in the synthesis ofthe polynucleotide), or the separation of covalently closed polynucleotides from linear polynucleotides. A polynucleotide is substantially isolated when at least about 50 %, preferably 60 to 15% of a sample exhibits a single polynucleotide sequence and conformation (linear versus covalently closed). A substantially isolated polynucleotide typically comprises about 50 %, preferably 60 to 90% weight/weight of a nucleic acid sample, more usually about 95%, and preferably is over about 99% pure. The degree of polynucleotide isolation or homogeneity may be indicated by a number of means well known in the art, such as agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of a sample, followed by visualizing a single polynucleotide band upon staining the gel. For certain purposes higher resolution can be provided by using HPLC or other means well known in the art. The term primer refers to a single-stranded oligonucleotide capable of acting as a point of initiation of template-directed DNA synthesis under appropriate conditions (i.e., in the presence of four different nucleoside triphosphates and an agent for polymerization, such as, DNA or RNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase) in an appropriate buffer and at a suitable temperature. The appropriate length of a primer depends on the intended use ofthe primer but typically ranges from 15 to 30 nucleotides. Short primer molecules generally require cooler temperatures to form sufficiently stable hybrid complexes with the template. A primer need not reflect the exact sequence ofthe template but must be sufficiently complementary to hybridize with a template. The term primer site refers to the area ofthe target DNA to which a primer hybridizes. The term primer pair means a set of primers including a 5' upstream primer that hybridizes with the 5' end ofthe DNA sequence to be amplified and a 3', downstream primer that hybridizes with the complement ofthe 3' end ofthe sequence to be amplified.
The term "probe" or "hybridization probe" denotes a defined nucleic acid segment (or nucleotide analog segment, e.g., polynucleotide as defined herein) which can be used to identify a specific polynucleotide sequence present in samples, said nucleic acid segment comprising a nucleotide sequence complementary ofthe specific polynucleotide sequence to be identified by hybridization. "Probes" or "hybridization probes' are nucleic acids capable of binding in a base-specific manner to a complementary strand of nucleic acid. Such probes include peptide nucleic acids, as described in Nielsen et al., Science 254, 1497-1500 (1991). Hybridizations are usually performed under "stringent conditions", for example, at a salt concentration of no more than 1M and a temperature of at least 25° C. For example, conditions of 5X SSPE (750 mM NaCl, 50 mM NaPhosphate, 5 mM EDTA, pH 7.4) and a temperature of 25°-30° C. are suitable for allele-specific probe hybridizations. Although this particular buffer composition is offered as an example, one skilled in the art, could easily substitute other compositions of equal suitability. The term "sequencing" as used herein, means a process for determining the order of nucleotides in a nucleic acid. A variety of methods for sequencing nucleic acids are well known in the art. Such sequencing methods include the Sanger method of dideoxy-mediated chain termination as described, for example, in Sanger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 74:5463 (1977), which is incorporated herein by reference (see, also, "DNA Sequencing" in Sambrook et al. (eds.), Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Second Edition), Plainview, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989), which is incorporated herein by reference). A variety of polymerases including the Klenow fragment of E. coli DNA polymerase I; Sequenase TM (T7 DNA polymerase); Taq DNA polymerase and Amplitaq can be used in enzymatic sequencing methods. Well known sequencing methods also include Maxam-Gilbert chemical degradation of DNA (see Maxam and Gilbert, Methods Enzymol. 65:499 (1980), which is incorporated herein by reference, and "DNA Sequencing" in Sambrook et al., supra, 1989). Once skilled in the art recognizes that sequencing is now often performed with the aid of automated methods. The term "schizophrenia" refers has its conventional meaning, e.g., a mental disorder characterized by the constellation of symptoms described in the DSM-III-R. The terms "trait" and "phenotype" are used interchangeably herein and refer to any visible, detectable or otherwise measurable property of an organism such as symptoms of, or susceptibility to a disease for example. Typically the terms "trait" or "phenotype" are used herein to refer to symptoms of, or susceptibility to schizophrenia; or to refer to an individual's response to an agent acting on schizophrenia; or to refer to symptoms of, or susceptibility to side effects to an agent acting on schizophrenia. Polymorphisms of the Invention The nucleotide and amino acid sequence ofthe Seq-40 cDNA has been disclosed previously in US Patent Application No 09/714449 and in WO 01/36473 both of which are herein incorporated by reference Seq-40 is a novel GPCR with sequence homology closest to the aminergic/cholinergic branch ofthe GPCR superfamily, although it does not have the hallmarks of a biogenic amine receptor. In situ hybridization ofthe mRNA in brain sections shows that Seq-40 RNA is expressed in limbic regions ofthe brain, more specifically, cortex, piriform cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, substantia nigra pars compacta, lateral septum, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, thalamus, ventral tegmental, interpeduncular nucleus, dorsal raphe, medial geniculate, Islands of Calleja, choroid plexus, and subthalamus.
The chromosomal location ofthe gene encoding Seq-40 was determined using the Stanford G3 Radiation Hybrid Panel (Research Genetics, Inc., Huntsville, AL). This panel contains 83 radiation hybrid clones ofthe entire human genome created by the Stanford Human Genome Center. PCR primers were designed from the sequence in SEQ ID NO: 1 to determine which lanes gave a PCR product. Lanes were scored for the presence or absence ofthe expected PCR product and the results submitted to the Stanford Human Genome Center via e-mail for analysis. This analysis places Seq- 40 on chromosome 6, most nearly linked to Stanford marker SHGC-1836 (the average fragment size being 4.0 Mb), with a LOD score of 11.84 (any score above 3.0 is considered highly significant). This marker lies at position 6q21. Cao et al., (1997), using linkage analysis in two independent data sets, have shown region 6ql3-6q26 as very suggestive as containing a schizophrenia susceptibility locus.
Table 1
As noted above, the Seq-40 single nucleotide polymorphism at position 194 of SEQ ID NO.T is designated SI, the Seq-40 single nucleotide polymorphism at position 601 of SEQ ID NO:l is designated S2, the Seq-40 single nucleotide polymorphism at position 1029 of SEQ ID NO:l is designated S3, the Seq-40 single nucleotide polymorphism at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l is designated S4, the Seq- 40 single nucleotide polymorphism at position 1074 of SEQ ID NO:l is designated S5, the Seq-40 single nucleotide polymorphism at position 2106 of SEQ ID NO:l is designated S6, the Seq-40 single nucleotide polymorphism at position 2185 of SEQ ID NO:l is designated S7, the Seq-40 single nucleotide polymorphism at position 2359 of SEQ ID NO:l is designated S8, the Seq-40 single nucleotide polymorphism at position 2663 of SEQ ID NO:l is designated S9 and the Seq-40 single nucleotide polymorphism at position 2796 of SEQ ID NO:l is designated S10. There are two distinct types of analysis depending whether a polymorphism in question has already been characterized. The first type of analysis is sometimes referred to as de novo identification. The second type of analysis is determining which form(s) of an identified polymorphism are present in individuals under test. The first type of analysis compares target sequences in different individuals to identify points of variation, i.e., polymorphic sites. By analyzing groups of individuals representing the greatest ethnic diversity among humans and greatest breed and species variety in plants and animals, patterns characteristic ofthe most common alleles/haplotypes of the locus can be identified, and the frequencies of such populations in the population determined. Additional allelic frequencies can be determined for subpopulations characterized by criteria such as geography, race, or gender. An example describing the de-no vo identification ofthe polymorphisms ofthe invention is described below. Example 1 — De-Novo Identification of Polymorphisms of the Invention Materials and Methods DNA Samples DNA samples were obtained from anonymous blood samples. DNA was prepared using the QiaAmp DNA blood mini kit (Qiagen). The samples are referred to as the Population Control Western Michigan samples and labeled CON01.
PCR Amplification of Seq-40
The Seq40 genomic sequence was identified through BLAST analysis ofthe Celera human genome database using the previously disclosed Seq40 sequence. One entry, GA_46747285 was identified through the search as containing approximately 9.8 kb of human genomic sequence including the coding information for Seq40. Primers were designed to amplify approx. 3 kb of genomic sequence, including the Seq40 coding region as well as approx. 1 kb upstream and 0.5 kb downstream, corresponding to nucleotides 2946 to 6024 of GA_46747285. This sequence, designated Seq40SNP.seq was amplified from human genomic DNA using primers PSK100 and PSK105 (SEQ ID NOS: 3 and 4 respectively). PSK100 5'AGTAGGAATCAGATAGCGAGATTG (NT 2946 to 2969 in GA_46747285.
PSK105 5'ACTGAATAATGTAACACAGGGCTC (reverse complement of NT 6002- 6025 in GA_46747285).
PCR was performed using AmpliTaq Gold (Perkin Elmer) in a 50 μl reaction according to the manufacturer's instructions, using a Stratagene Robocycler. The cycling program was as follows: 1 cycle of 94°C for 10 min then 50 cycles at 95°C for 30 sec, then 55°C for 1 min and then 68°C for 5 min, followed by 1 cycle at 68°C for 10 min.
The PCR products were purified using MultiScreen-PCR Filter Plates (MiUipore). The PCR reaction was loaded onto the plate and the plate was placed on top ofthe MultiScreen manifold (MiUipore) and a vacuum of 24 inches Hg was applied for 5-10 minutes. The plate was removed from the manifold and 50 μl of H 0 was added to each well. The plate was placed on a plate mixer and shook vigorously for 5 minutes. The purified PCR product was recovered from each well and placed into a new 96 well reaction plate.
DNA Sequencing
The PCR fragments were sequenced directly using an ABI377 fluorescence-based sequencer (Perkin Elmer/ Applied Biosystems Division, PE/ABD, Foster City, CA) and the ABI BigDye™ Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction kit with Taq FSTM polymerase. Each cycle-sequencing reaction contained 9.6 μl of H20, 8.4 μl of BigDye Terminator mix (8 μl of Big Dye Terminator and 0.4 μl of DMSO), 1 μl DNA (~ 0.5 μg), and 1 μl primer (25 ng/μl) and was performed in a Perkin-Elmer 9600. Cycle-sequencing was performed using an initial denaturation at 98°C for 1 min, followed by 50 cycles: 96°C for 30 sec, annealing at 50°C for 30 sec, and extension at 60°C for 4 min. Extension products were purified using AGTC ® gel filtration block (Edge BiosSystems, Gaithersburg, MD). Each reaction product was loaded by pipette onto the column, which was then centrifuged in a swinging bucket centrifuge (Sorvall model RT6000B tabletop centrifuge) at 750 x g for 2 min at room temperature. Column-purified samples were dried under vacuum for about 60 min and then dissolved in 2 μl of a DNA loading solution (83% deionized formaniide, 8.3 mM EDTA, and 1.6 mg/ml Blue Dextran). The samples were then heated to 90°C for 2.3 min and 0.75 μl of each sample was loaded into the gel sample wells for sequence analysis by the ABI377 sequencer. The sequence chromatograms were analyzed using the computer program POLYPHRED. Nickerson, D.A.. (1997) Nucleic Acids Research, 25(14), pp. 2745 - 2751.
Results
A plate containing the DNA from 72 individuals, referred to as the Population Control Western Michigan samples (labeled CON01), was amplified using primers described above. The PCR products were purified and sequenced with the following primers (SEQ ID NOS: 3 through 8)
PSK100 AGTAGGAATCAGATAGCGAGATTG PSK105 ACTGAATAATGTAACACAGGGCTC 1783 TGCGTAGTCAGAGAGAGAGG
KAS 38 AGCCAGCACAGCCCCAAAGCC KAS439 TCTATGACGATGGGCTGGAGG KAS4 1 ATAGACGAAGTTCAGGATACC
The chromotograms were analyzed with the computer program POLYPHRED, which compares the sequence ofthe 72 individuals and indicates differences in the sequence. A total often SNPs were identified. A summary ofthe results is shown in Table 2 below.
Table 2
Five SNPs are in the 5' flanking region, two in the coding region and three in the 3' flanking region. The locations ofthe SNPs are at nucleotide 194, 601, 1029,
1038, 1074, 2106, and 2185, 2359, 2663 and 2796 relative to the sequence in SEQ ID NO:l. The frequency ofthe rare allele for each SNP is 38, 43, 7.5, 20, 8.9, 5.6, 4.9, 19, 18, 39 percent respectively. It should be noted that these frequencies might change if a different or larger population was used.
Also we note that both ofthe SNPs in the coding region changes an amino acid and would be amenable to antibody based diagnostics.
Polyclonal and/or monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to variant gene products but not to corresponding prototypical gene products are contemplated. Antibodies can be made by injecting mice or other animals with the variant gene product or synthetic peptide fragments thereof. Monoclonal antibodies are screened as are described, for example, in Harlow & Lane, Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press, New York (1988); Goding, Monoclonal antibodies, Principles and Practice (2d ed.) Academic Press, New York (1986). Monoclonal antibodies are tested for specific immunoreactivity with a variant gene product and lack of immunoreactivity to the corresponding prototypical gene product. These antibodies are useful in diagnostic assays for detection ofthe variant form, or as an active ingredient in a pharmaceutical composition. Diagnostics using such antibodies are well known in the art and can include but are not limited to Western Blot analysis, ELISA analysis and radioimmunoassay Association Studies Once a polymorphism is identified, as noted above, it becomes desirable to determine which form(s) of an identified polymorphism are present in individuals under test. This becomes important in characterizing the polymorphisms further as to their possible association with a disease state. Once such an association is determined the same methods may, of course be used for diagnostic and predictive purposes, hi determining the identity of a particular nucleotide position there are a variety of suitable procedures, which are discussed in turn. Analysis of Polymorphisms A. Preparation of Samples
Polymorphisms are detected in a target nucleic acid from an individual being analyzed. For assay of genomic DNA, virtually any biological sample (other than pure red blood cells) is suitable. For example, convenient tissue samples include whole blood, semen, saliva, tears, urine, fecal material, sweat, buccal, skin and hair. For assay of cDNA or mRNA, the tissue sample must be obtained from an organ in which the target nucleic acid is expressed.
Many ofthe methods described below require amplification of DNA from target samples. This can be accomplished by PCR. See generally PCR Technology: Principles and Applications for DNA Amplification (ed. H. A. Erlich, Freeman Press, N.Y., N.Y., 1992); PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications (eds. Innis, et al., Academic Press, San Diego, Calif, 1990); Mattila et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 4967 (1991); Eckert et al., PCR Methods and Applications 1, 17 (1991); PCR (eds. McPherson et al, IRL Press, Oxford); and U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202 (each of which is incorporated by reference for all purposes).
Other suitable amplification methods include the ligase chain reaction (LCR) (see Wu and Wallace, Genomics 4, 560 (1989), Landegren et al., Science 241, 1077 (1988), transcription amplification (Kwoh et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 1173 (1989)), and self-sustained sequence replication (Guatelli et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 87, 1874 (1990)) and nucleic acid based sequence amplification (NASBA). The latter two amplification methods involve isothermal reactions based on isothermal transcription, which produce both single stranded RNA (ssRNA) and double stranded DNA (dsDNA) as the amplification products in a ratio of about 30 or 100 to 1, respectively. B. Detection of Polymorphisms in Target DNA 1. Allele-Specific Probes
The design and use of allele-specific probes for analyzing polymorphisms is described by e.g., Saiki et al, Nature 324, 163-166 (1986); Dattagupta, EP 235,726, Saiki, WO 89/11548. Allele-specific probes can be designed that hybridize to a segment of target DNA from one individual but do not hybridize to the corresponding segment from another individual due to the presence of different polymorphic forms in the respective segments from the two individuals. Hybridization conditions should be sufficiently stringent that there is a significant difference in hybridization intensity between alleles, and preferably an essentially binary response, whereby a probe hybridizes to only one ofthe alleles. Some probes are designed to hybridize to a segment of target DNA such that the polymorphic site aligns with a central position (e.g., in a 15 mer at the 7 position; in a 16 er, at either the 8 or 9 position) ofthe probe. This design of probe achieves good discrimination in hybridization between different allelic forms.
These probes are characterized in that they preferably comprise between 8 and 50 nucleotides, and in that they are sufficiently complementary to a sequence comprising a polymoφhic marker ofthe present invention to hybridize thereto and preferably sufficiently specific to be able to discriminate the targeted sequence for only one nucleotide variation. The GC content in .the probes ofthe invention usually ranges between 10 and 75 %, preferably between 35 and 60 %, and more preferably between 40 and 55 %. The length of these probes can range from 10, 15, 20, or 30 to at least 100 nucleotides, preferably from 10 to 50, more preferably from 18 to 35 nucleotides. A particularly preferred probe is 25 nucleotides; in length. Preferably the polymorphic marker is within 4 nucleotides ofthe center ofthe polynucleotide probe. In particularly preferred probes the polymorphic marker is at the center of said polynucleotide. Shorter probes may lack specificity for a target nucleic acid sequence and generally require cooler temperatures to form sufficiently stable hybrid complexes, with the template. Longer probes are expensive to produce and can sometimes self-hybridize to form hairpin structures. Methods for the synthesis of oligonucleotide probes have been described above and can be applied to the probes of the present invention. Preferably the probes ofthe present invention are labeled or immobilized on a solid support. Labels and solid supports are well known in the art. Detection probes are generally nucleic acid sequences or uncharged nucleic acid analogs such as, for example peptide nucleic acids which are disclosed in International Patent Application WO 92/20702, morpholino analogs which are described in U.S. Patents Numbered 5,185,444; 5,034,506 and 5,142,047. The probe may have to be rendered
"non-extendable" in that additional dNTPs cannot be added to the probe. In and of themselves analogs usually are non-extendable and nucleic acid probes can be rendered non-extendable by modifying the 3' end ofthe probe such that the hydroxyl group is no longer capable of participating in elongation. For example, the 3' end of the probe can be functionalized with the capture or detection label to thereby consume or otherwise block the hydroxyl group. Alternatively, the 3' hydroxyl group simply can be cleaved, replaced or modified, The probes ofthe present invention are useful for a number of purposes. They can be used in Southern hybridization to genomic DNA or Northern hybridization to mRNA. The probes can also be used to detect PCR amplification products. By assaying the hybridization to an allele. Specific probe, one can detect the presence or absence of a biallelic marker allele in a given sample.
High-Throughput parallel hybridizations in array format are specifically encompassed within "hybridization assays" and are described below.
Allele-specific probes are often used in pairs, one member of a pair showing a perfect match to a reference form of a target sequence and the other member showing a perfect match to a variant form. Several pairs of probes can then be immobilized on the same support for simultaneous analysis of multiple polymorphisms within the same target sequence.
2. AUele-Specific Primers
An allele-specific primer hybridizes to a site on target DNA overlapping a polymoφhism and only primes amplification of an allelic form to which the primer exhibits perfect complementarity. See Gibbs, Nucleic Acid Res. 17, 2427-2448 (1989). This primer is used in conjunction with a second primer which hybridizes at a distal site. Amplification proceeds from the two primers leading to a detectable product signifying the particular allelic form is present. A control is usually performed with a second pair of primers, one of which shows a single base mismatch at the polymoφhic site and the other of which exhibits perfect complementarily to a distal site. The single-base mismatch prevents amplification and no detectable product is formed. The method works best when the mismatch is included in the 3'-most position ofthe oligonucleotide aligned with the polymoφhism because this position is most destabilizing to elongation from the primer. See, e.g., WO 93/22456. The invention of course, contemplates such primers with distal mismatches as well as primers which because of chosen conditions form unstable base pairing and thus prime inefficiently.
3. Direct-Sequencing
The direct analysis ofthe sequence of polymoφhisms ofthe present invention can be accomplished using either the dideoxy chain termination method or the Maxam Gilbert method (see Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual (2nd Ed., CSHP, New York 1989); Zyskind et al., Recombinant DNA Laboratory Manual, (Acad. Press, 1988). It should be recognized that the field of DNA sequencing has advanced considerably in the past several years and that the invention contemplates such advances. Most notably, within the past decade there has been increasing reliance on automated DNA sequence analysis.
4. Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis Amplification products generated using the polymerase chain reaction can be analyzed by the use of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Different alleles can be identified based on the different sequence-dependent melting properties and electrophoretic migration of DNA in solution. Erlich, ed., PCR Technology, Principles and Applications for DNA Amplification, (W.H. Freeman and Co, New York, 1992), Chapter 7.
5. Single-Strand Conformation Polymoφhism Analysis
Alleles of target sequences can be differentiated using single-strand conformation polymoφhism analysis, which identifies base differences by alteration in electrophoretic migration of single stranded PCR products, as described in Orita et al, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 86, 2766-2770 (1989). Amplified PCR products can be generated as described above, and heated or otherwise denatured, to form single stranded amplification products. Single-stranded nucleic acids may refold or form secondary structures which are partially dependent on the base sequence. The different electrophoretic mobilities of single-stranded amplification products can be related to base-sequence difference between alleles of target sequences.
Other modifications ofthe methods above exist, including allele-specific hybridization on filters, allele-specific PCR, PCR plus restriction enzyme digest (RFLP -PCR), denaturing capillary electrophoresis, primer extension and time-of- flight mass spectrometry, and the 5' nuclease (Taq-Man™) assay. The Taq-Man assay takes advantage ofthe 5' nuclease activity of Taq DNA polymerase to digest a DNA probe annealed specifically to the accumulating amplification product. Taq-Man probes are labeled with a donor-acceptor dye pair that interacts via fluorescence energy transfer. Cleavage ofthe Taq-Man probe by the advancing polymerase during amplification dissociates the donor dye from the quenching acceptor dye, greatly increasing the donor fluorescence. All reagents necessary to detect two allelic variants can be assembled at the beginning ofthe reaction and the results can be monitored in real time or as an endpoint assay (see Livak et al., Nature Genetics, 9:341-342, 1995). In an alternative homogeneous hybridization-based procedure, molecular beacons are used for allele discriminations. Molecular beacons are haiφin-shaped oligonucleotide probes that report the presence of specific nucleic acids in homogeneous solutions. When they bind to their targets they undergo a conformational reorganization that restores the fluorescence of an internally quenched fluorophore (Tyagi et al., Nature Biotechnology, 16:49-531 1998).
Preferred techniques for SNP genotyping should allow large scale, automated analysis which do not require extensive optimization for each SNP analyzed. Examples ofthe later are DASH (Dynamic AUele-Specific hybridization) which is amenable to formatting in microtiter plates (Hybaid) and "single-stringency" DNA- chip hybridization (Affymetrix)". It should be recognized of course, that this list is not inclusive.
High-Throughput parallel hybridizations in array format are specifically encompassed by the invention and are described below. Hybridization assays based on oligonucleotide arrays rely on the differences in hybridization stability of short oligonucleotides to perfectly matched and mismatched target sequence variants. Efficient access to polymoφhism information is obtained through a basic structure comprising high-density arrays of oligonucleotide probes attached to a solid support (the chip) at selected positions. Each DNA chip can contain thousands to millions of individual synthetic DNA probes arranged in a grid-like pattern and miniaturized to the size of a dime.
The chip technology has already been applied with success in numerous cases. For example, the screening of mutations has been undertaken in the BRCA I gene, in S. cerevisiae mutant strains, and in the protease gene of HIN- 1 virus (Hacia et al., Nature Genetics, 14(4) :441-447, 1996; Shoemaker et al, Nature Genetics,
14(4):450-456, 1996 Kozal et al., Nature Medicine, 2:753-759, 1996). Chips of various formats for use in detecting biallelic polymoφhisms can be produced on a customized basis by Affymetrix (GeneChip™), Hyseq (HyChip and HyGnostics), and Protogene Laboratories. In general, these methods employ arrays of oligonucleotide probes that are complementary to target nucleic acid sequence segments from an individual which, target sequences include a polymoφhic marker. EP785280 describes a tiling strategy for the detection of single nucleotide polymoφhisms. Briefly, arrays may generally be "tiled" for a large number of specific polymoφhisms. By "tiling" is generally meant the synthesis of a defined set of oligonucleotide probes which is made up of a sequence complementary to the target sequence of interest, as well as preselected variations of that sequence, e.g., substitution of one or more given positions with one or more members ofthe basis set of monomers, i.e. nucleotides. Tiling strategies are further described in PCT application No. WO 95/11995. In a particular aspect, arrays are tiled for a number of specific, identified biallelic marker sequences. In particular the array is tiled to include a number of detection blocks, each detection block being specific for a specific biallelic marker or a set of biallelic markers. For example, a detection block may be tiled to include a number of probes, which span the sequence segment that includes a specific polymoφhism. To ensure probes that are complementary to each allele, the probes are synthesized in pairs differing at the biallelic marker. In addition to the probes differing at the polymoφhic base, monosubstituted probes are also generally tiled within the detection block. These monosubstituted probes have bases at and up to a certain number of bases in either direction from the polymoφhism, substituted with the remaining nucleotides (selected from A, T, G, C and IT). Typically the probes in a tiled detection block will include substitutions ofthe sequence positions up to and including those that are 5 bases away from the biallelic marker. The monosubstituted probes provide internal controls for the tiled array, to distinguish actual hybridization from artefactual crosshybridization. Upon completion of hybridization with the target sequence and washing ofthe array, the array is scanned to determine the position on the array to which the target sequence hybridizes. The hybridization data from the scanned array is then analyzed to identify which allele or alleles ofthe biallelic marker are present in the sample. Hybridization and scanning may be carried out as described in PCT application No. WO 92/10092 and WO 95/11995 and US patent No. 5,424,186.
Thus, in some embodiments, the chips may comprise an array of nucleic acid sequences of fragments of about 15 nucleotides in length, i further embodiments, the chip may comprise an array including at least one ofthe sequences selected from the group consisting of an isolated polynucleotide comprising between 6-800 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID No. 1 and the sequences complementary thereto, or a fragment thereof at least about 8 consecutive nucleotides, preferably 10, 15, 20, more preferably 25, 30, 40, 47, or 50 consecutive nucleotides, including at least one polymoφhic site. h some embodiments, the chip may comprise an array of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or more of these polynucleotides ofthe invention. Solid supports and polynucleotides of the present invention attached to solid supports are further described in 1.
Fluorescent Allele- Specific PCR (FAS-PCR) uses allele specific primers which differ by a single 3' nucleotide which is an exact match to the allele to be detected (Howard et al. 1999). Thus, two primers designed to match exactly each allele of a biallelic SNP are used with a single, common, reverse primer to detect each ofthe allele specific primers. This uses to advantage the observation that if the 3' nucleotide ofthe PCR amplification primer does not match exactly, then amplification will not be successful. Typically, each allele specific primer is tagged with a different fluorescent primer to allow their discrimination when analyzed by gel or capillary electrophoresis using an automated DNA Analysis System such as the PE Biosystems Models 310/373/377 or 3700.
SNPs also can be genotyped rapidly and efficiently using techniques that make use of thermal denaturation differences due to differences in DNA base composition. In one embodiment of this test, allele specific primers are designed as above to detect biallelic SNP with the exception that to one primer is added a 5' GC tail of 26 bases (Germer and Higuichi, 1999). After PCR amplification with a single, common reverse primer, a fluorescent dye that binds preferentially to dsDNA (e.g., SYBR Green 1) is added to the tube and then the thermal denaturation profile ofthe dsDNA product of PCR amplification is determined. Samples homozygous for the SNP amplified by the GC tailed primer will denature at the high end ofthe temperature scale, while samples homozygous for the SN amplified by the non-GC tagged primer will denature at the low end ofthe temperature scale. Heterozygous samples will show two peaks in the thermal denaturation profile.
In a variant ofthe foregoing technique, dynamic allele-specific hybridization (DASH) is detected by thermal denaturation curves (Howell et al., 1999). h on embodiment of this test, a pair of PCR primers is used to amplify the genomic region in the DNA sample containing the SNP. One of these primers is biotinylated to allow subsequent binding ofthe biotinylated product strand to strepavidin-coated microtiter plates while the non-biotinylated strand is washed away with alkali. An oligoucleotide probe which is an exact match for one allele is hybridized to the immobilized PCR product at low temperature. This forms a dsDNA region that interacts with a dsDNA intercalating dye (e.g., SYBR Green 1). The thermal denaturation profile then allows the test to distinguish the single base mismatch between the biallelic SNP due to the difference in melting temperature. Other methods for SNP genotyping and their application to the detection of SNP in the Seq- 40 gene can be envisaged by one skilled in the art.
Polymorphisms of the Invention in Methods of Genetic Diagnostics
The polymoφhisms ofthe present invention can also be used to develop diagnostics tests capable of identifying individuals who are at increased risk of developing schizophrenia or suffers from schizophrenia. The diagnostic teclmiques of the present invention may employ a variety of methodologies to determine whether a test subject has a polymoφhic marker pattern associated with an increased risk of developing schizoplirenia or whether the individual suffers from schizophrenia coincident with carrying a particular mutation, including methods which enable the analysis of individual chromosomes for haplotyping, such as family studies, single sperm DNA analysis or somatic hybrids.
Determining the Haplotype of an Individual
It will be apparent that it is particularly advantageous to determine the identity of nucleotides occupying specific polymoφhic sites on the same chromosomal segment in an individual (the haplotype). The present invention therefore further provides a method of diagnosing a schizophrenia or determining a predisposition to schizophrenia by determining the presence or absence of a Seq-40 haplotype in a patient by obtaining material comprising nucleic acid including the polymoφhic sites at position, 194, 601, 1029, 1038, 1074, 2106, 2185, 2359, 2663 and 2796 of SEQ ID NO:l from the patient; enzymatically amplifying the nucleic acid using pairs of oligonucleotide primers complementary to nucleotide sequences flanking any of the polymoφhic sites at position, 194, 601, 1029, 1038, 1074, 2106, 2185, 2359, 2663 and 2796 of SEQ ID NO: 1 to produce amplified products containing any ofthe polymoφhic site or other Seq-40 polymoφhic sites and determining the Seq-40 haplotype. In order to determine a haplotype one skilled in the art understands that an amplified product can be sequenced directly or subcloned into a vector prior to sequence analysis. Commercially available sequencing kits including the Sequenase TM kit from Amersham Life Science (Arlington Heights, 111.) can be used to sequence an amplified product in the methods ofthe invention. Automated sequence analysis also can be useful, and automated sequencing instruments such as the Prism 377 DNA Sequencer or the 373 DNA Sequencer are commercially available, for example, from Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif; see, also, Frazier et al., Electrophoresis 17:1550-1552 (1996), which is incoφorated herein by reference). Both copies in a diploid genome give rise to sequence the haplotypic composition of an individual can thus be inferred from direct sequence analysis.
Another possibility is that single chromosomes can be studied independently, for example, by asymmetric PCR amplification (see Newton et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 17:2503-2516, 1989; Wu et al., Proc. Natl Acad Sci. USA, 86:2757, 1989) or by isolation of single chromosome by limit dilution followed by PCR amplification (see Ruano et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 87:6296-6300, 1990). Further, a sample may be haplotyped for sufficiently close polymoφhic markers by double PCR amplification of specific alleles (Sarkar, G. and Sommer S.S., Biotechniques, 1991). The present invention provides diagnostic methods to determine whether an individual is at risk of developing schizophrenia or suffers from schizophrenia coincident with a mutation or a polymoφhism in ofthe present invention. The present invention also provides methods to determine whether an individual is likely to respond positively to an agent acting on schizophrenia disorder or whether an individual is at risk of developing an adverse side effect to an agent acting on schizophrenia
These methods involve obtaining a nucleic acid sample from the individual and, determining, whether the nucleic acid sample contains at least one allele or at least one polymoφhic haplotype, indicative of a risk of developing the trait or indicative that the individual expresses the trait as a result of possessing trait-causing allele.
Preferably, in such diagnostic methods, a nucleic acid sample is obtained from the individual and this sample is genotyped using methods described above. The diagnostics may be based on a single polymoφhism or on a group of polymoφhisms. In each of these methods, a nucleic acid sample is obtained from the test subject and the polymoφhic pattern of one or more ofthe polymoφhic markers listed in Table 1 and 2 is determined.
In one embodiment, PCR amplification is conducted on the nucleic acid sample to amplify regions in which polymoφhisms associated with a detectable phenotype have been identified. The amplification products are sequenced to determine whether the individual possesses one or more polymoφhisms associated with a detectable phenotype. The primers used to generate amplification products may comprise the primers listed in Table 4. Alternatively, the nucleic acid sample is subjected to microsequencing reactions as described above to determine whether the individual possesses one or more polymoφhisms associated with a detectable phenotype resulting from a mutation or a polymoφhism. in a candidate gene. The primers used in the microsequencing reactions may include the primers listed in Table 4. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid sample is contacted with one or more allele specific oligonucleotide probes which specifically hybridize to one or more candidate gene alleles associated with a detectable phenotype. The probes used in the hybridization assay may include the probes listed in Table 4
In a preferred embodiment the identity ofthe nucleotide present at, at least one, biallelic marker selected from the group consisting the polymoφhic sites at position, 194, 601, 1029, 1038, 1074, 2106, 2185, 2359, 2663 and 2796 of SEQ ID NO:l, is determined and the detectable trait is schizophrenia.
These diagnostic methods are extremely valuable as they can, in certain circumstances, be used to initiate preventive treatments or to allow an individual carrying a significant haplotype to foresee warning signs such as minor symptoms. In diseases in which attacks may be extremely violent and sometimes fatal if not treated on time, such as asthma, the knowledge of a potential predisposition, even if this predisposition is not absolute, might contribute in a very significant manner to treatment efficacy. Similarly, a diagnosed predisposition to a potential side effect could immediately direct the physician toward a treatment for which such side effects have not been observed during clinical trials.
Diagnostics, which analyze and predict response to a drug or side effects to a drug, may be used to determine whether an individual should be treated with a particular drug. For example, if the diagnostic indicates a likelihood that an individual will respond positively to treatment with a particular drug, the drug may be administered to the individual. Conversely, if the diagnostic indicates that an individual is likely to respond negatively to treatment with a particular drug, an alternative course of treatment may be prescribed. A negative response may be defined as either the absence of an efficacious response or the presence of toxic side effects. Clinical drug trials represent another application for the markers ofthe present invention. One or more markers indicative of response to an agent acting on schizophrenia or to side effects to an agent acting on schizophrenia may be identified using the methods described above. Thereafter, potential participants in clinical trials of such an agent may be screened to identify those individuals most likely to respond favorably to the drag and exclude those likely to experience side effects. In that way, the effectiveness of drug treatment may be measured in individuals who respond positively to the drag, without lowering the measurement as a result ofthe inclusion of individuals who are unlikely to respond positively in the study and without risking undesirable safety problems.
Diagnostic kits comprising polynucleotides ofthe present invention are further described below
Diagnostic Kits
The invention further provides kits comprising at least one allele-specific oligonucleotide as described above. In the case of alleles which result in an amino acid change a kit may contain an antibody to the relevant epitope. Often, the kits contain one or more pairs of allele-specific oligonucleotides hybridizing to different forms of a polymoφhism. In some kits, the allele-specific oligonucleotides are provided immobilized to a substrate. For example, the same substrate can comprise allele-specific oligonucleotide probes for detecting both ofthe polymoφhisms described. Optional additional components ofthe kit include, for example, restriction enzymes, reverse-transcriptase or polymerase, the substrate nucleoside triphosphates, means used to label (for example, an avidinenzyme conjugate and enzyme substrate and chromogen if the label is biotin), and the appropriate buffers for reverse transcription, PCR, or hybridization reactions. Usually, the kit also contains instructions for carrying out the methods
The present invention is used to determine whether or not an individual has a Seq-40 polymoφhism which has been associated with schizophrenia. Such Seq-40 polymoφhisms are shown to be genetic risk factors in population studies which compare the frequency ofthe said polymoφhism in the general population and the frequency ofthe polymoφhism in persons with schizophrenia. If for example, said polymophism occurs at a frequency of 3% in the general population, but at a frequency of 30% in persons with schizophrenia, then a test for said polymoφhism will reveal individuals having a higher risk for developing schizophrenia. This information may be used either prognositically to identify individuals with increased risk for developing schizophrenia at a future point in time, or diagnostically to identify individuals presenting with schizophrenia on clinical exam who may therefore be diagnosed as being more likely to have schizophrenia, or other related diseases such as schizoaffective disorder-bipolar, schizoaffective disorder-depression, schizotypal personality disorder, non-affective psychotic disorder (schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, psychotic disorder NOS), or mood-incongruent psychotic depressive disorder or paranoid or schizoid personality disorder.
Analysis of said Seq-40 polymoφhism for the pm ose of prognosis or diagnosis may be performed by one of any techniques capable of accurately detecting SNP including but not limited to allele-specific hybridization on filters, allele- specific PCR, PCR plus restriction enzyme digest (RFLP-PCR), denaturing capillary electrophoresis, primer extension and time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and the 5' nuclease (Taq-Man) assay. Preferred teclmiques for SNP genotyping should allow large scale, automated analysis which do not require extensive optimization for each SNP analyzed. Examples ofthe later are DASH (Dynamic Allele-Specific hybridization) which is amenable to formatting in microtiter plates (Hybaid) and "single- stringency" DNA-chip hybridization (Affymetrix). Methods of Genetic Analysis Using the Polymorphic Markers of the Present Invention
Once the identity of a polymorphism has been established it becomes desirable to attempt to associate a particular form ofthe polymoφhism with the presence or absence of a phenotype. It is apparent that while we have established an association of certain polymoφhisms ofthe invention with a schizophrenia phenotype, the invention also contemplates the use ofthe polymoφhic sites ofthe invention as markers for the analysis of other disease states, of suceptibility to drug treatment for schizophrenia or other diseases, or may be included in any complete or partial genetic map ofthe human genome. The polymoφhic markers ofthe present invention find use in any method known in the art to demonstrate a statistically significant correlation between a genotype and a phenotype. Different methods are available for the genetic analysis of complex traits (see Lander and Schork, Science, 265, 2037-2048, 1994). To determine if a polymoφhism is associated with a phenotypic trait three main methods are used: the linkage approach (either parametric or non-parametric) in which evidence is sought for cosegregation between a locus and a putative trait locus using family studies, and the association approach in which evidence is sought for a statistically significant association between an allele and a trait or a trait causing allele and the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) approach which tests for both linkage and association.
The polymoφhic markers may be used in parametric and non-parametric linkage analysis methods. Preferably, the polymoφhic markers ofthe present invention are used to identify genes associated with schizoplirenia or other disorders using association studies such as the case control method, an approach which does not require the use of affected families and which permits the identification of genes associated with complex and sporadic traits.
The genetic analysis using the polymoφhic markers ofthe present invention may be conducted on any scale. The whole set of polymoφhic markers ofthe present invention or any subset of polymoφhic markers ofthe present invention may be used. Further, any set of genetic markers including a polymoφhic marker ofthe present invention maybe used. A set of biallelic polymoφhisms that, could be used as genetic markers in combination with the polymoφhic markers ofthe present invention, has been described hi WO 98/20165. As mentioned above, it should be noted that the polymoφhic markers ofthe present invention may be included in any complete or partial genetic map ofthe human genome.
These different uses are specifically contemplated in the present invention and claims. A. Linkage Analysis
Linkage analysis is based upon establishing a correlation between the transmission of genetic markers and that of a specific trait throughout generations within a family. Thus, the aim of linkage analysis is to detect marker loci that show cosegregation with a trait of interest in pedigrees. Parametric methods
When data are available from successive generations there is the opportunity to study the degree of linkage between pairs of loci. Estimates ofthe recombination fraction enable loci to be ordered and placed onto a genetic map. With loci that are genetic markers, a genetic map can be established, and then the strength of linkage between markers and traits can be calculated and used to indicate the relative positions of markers and genes affecting those traits. The classical method for linkage analysis is the logarithm of odds (lod) score method (see Morton N.E., AmJHum. Genet, 7:277-318, 1955; Ott J., Analysis of Human Genetic Linkage, John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1991). Calculation of lod scores requires specification ofthe mode of inheritance for the disease (parametric method). Generally, the length ofthe candidate region identified using linkage analysis is between 2 and 20Mb. Once a candidate region is identified as described above, analysis of recombinant individuals using additional markers allows further delineation ofthe candidate region. Linkage analysis studies have generally relied on the use of a maximum of 5,000 microsatellite markers, thus limiting the maximum theoretical attainable resolution of linkage analysis to about 600 kb on average.
Linkage analysis has been successfully applied to map simple genetic traits that show clear Mendelian inheritance patterns and which have a high penetrance (i.e., the ratio between the number of trait positive carriers of allele and the total number of a carriers in the population). However, parametric linkage analysis suffers from a variety of drawbacks. First, it is limited by its reliance on the choice of a genetic model suitable for each studied trait. Furthermore, as already mentioned, the resolution attainable using linkage analysis is limited, and complementary studies are required to refine the analysis ofthe typical 2Mb to 20Mb regions initially identified through linkage analysis. In addition, parametric linkage analysis approaches have proven difficult when applied to complex genetic traits, such as those due to the combined action of multiple genes and/or environmental factors. It is very difficult to model these factors adequately in a lod score analysis. In such cases, too large an effort and cost are needed to recruit the adequate number of affected families required for applying linkage analysis to these situations, as recently discussed by Risch, N. and Merikangas, K. (Science, 273:1516-1517, 1996). Non-parametric methods
The advantage ofthe so-called non-parametric methods for linkage analysis is that they do not require specification ofthe mode of inheritance for the disease, they tend to be more useful for the analysis of complex traits. In non-parametric methods, one tries to prove that the inheritance pattern of a chromosomal region is not consistent with random Mendelian segregation by showing that affected relatives inherit identical copies ofthe region more often than expected by chance. Affected relatives should show excess "allele sharing" even in the presence of incomplete penetrance and polygenic inheritance. In non-parametric linkage analysis the degree of agreement at a marker locus in two individuals can be measured either by the number of alleles identical by state (IBS) or by the number of alleles identical by descent (IBD). Affected sib pair analysis is a well- known special case and is the simplest form of these methods. The polymoφhic markers ofthe present invention may be used in both parametric and non-parametric linkage analysis. Preferably polymoφhic markers may be used in non-parametric methods which allow the mapping of genes involved in complex traits. The polymoφhic markers ofthe present invention may be used in both IBD-and IBS- methods to map genes affecting a complex trait. In such studies, taking advantage of the high density of polymoφhic markers, several adjacent polymoφhic marker loci may be pooled to achieve the efficiency attained by multi-allelic markers (Zhao et al., Am. J Hum. Genet., 63:225-240, 1998).
However, both parametric and non-parametric linkage analysis methods analysis require access to affected relatives, they tend to be of limited value in the genetic analysis of drag responses or in the analysis of side effects to treatments. This type of analysis is impractical* in such cases due to the lack of availability of familial cases. In fact, the likelihood of having more than one individual in a family being exposed to the same drag at the same time is extremely low. B. Population Association Studies
The present invention comprises methods for identifying polymoφhic markers that are associated with a detectable trait using the polymoφhic markers ofthe present invention. In one embodiment the present invention comprises methods to detect an association between a polymoφhic marker allele or a polymoφhic marker haplotype and a trait. Further, the invention comprises methods to identify a trait causing allele in linkage disequilibrium with any polymoφhic marker allele ofthe present invention.
As mentioned above, association studies may be conducted within the general population and are not limited to studies performed on related individuals in affected families. Association studies are extremely valuable as they permit the analysis of sporadic or multifactor traits. Moreover, association studies represent a powerful method for fine-scale mapping enabling much finer mapping of trait causing alleles than linkage studies. Studies based on pedigrees often only narrow the location ofthe trait causing allele. Association studies using the polymoφhic markers ofthe present invention can therefore be used to refine the location of a trait causing allele in a candidate region identified by Linkage Analysis methods. Polymoφhic markers ofthe present invention can be used to demonstrate that a particular gene is associated with a trait. Such uses are specifically contemplated in the present invention and claims.
The general strategy to perform association studies using polymoφhic markers is to scan two groups of individuals (case-control populations) in order to measure and statistically compare the allele frequencies ofthe polymoφhic markers ofthe present invention in both groups.
If a statistically significant association with a trait is identified for at least one or more ofthe analyzed polymoφhic markers, one can assume that: either the associated allele is directly responsible for causing the trait (the associated allele is the trait causing allele), or more likely the associated allele is in linkage disequilibrium with the trait causing allele. The specific characteristics ofthe associated allele with respect to the candidate gene function usually gives further insight into the relationship between the associated allele and the trait (causal or in linkage disequilibrium). If the evidence indicates that the associated allele within the candidate gene is most probably not the trait causing allele but is in linkage disequilibrium with the real trait causing allele, then the trait causing allele can be found by sequencing the vicinity ofthe associated marker.
Association studies are usually run in two successive steps, hi a first phase, the frequencies of several polymoφhic markers are determined in the trait positive and trait negative populations, hi a second phase ofthe analysis, the identity ofthe candidate gene and the position ofthe genetic loci responsible for the given trait is further refined using a higher density of markers from the relevant region. Haplotype analysis As described above, when a chromosome carrying a disease allele first appears in a population as a result of either mutation or migration, the mutant allele necessarily resides on a chromosome having a set of linked markers: the ancestral haplotype. This haplotype can be tracked through populations and its statistical association with a given trait can be analyzed. Complementing single point (allelic) association studies with multi-point association studies also called haplotype studies increases the statistical power of association studies. Thus, a haplotype association study allows one to define the frequency and the type ofthe ancestral carrier haplotype. A haplotype analysis is important in that it increases the statistical power of an analysis involving individual markers. In a first stage of a haplotype frequency analysis, the frequency ofthe possible haplotypes based on various combinations ofthe identified polymoφhic markers of the invention is determined. The haplotype frequency is then compared for distinct populations of trait positive and control individuals. The number of trait positive individuals, which should be, subjected to this analysis to obtain statistically significant results usually ranges between 30 and 300, with a preferred number of individuals ranging between 50 and 150. The same considerations apply to the number of unaffected individuals (or random control) used in the study. The results of this first analysis provide haplotype frequencies in case-control populations, for each evaluated haplotype frequency a p-value and an odd ratio are calculated. If a statistically significant association is found the relative risk for an individual carrying the given haplotype of being affected with the trait under study can be approximated. Interaction analysis The polymoφhic markers ofthe present invention may also be used to identify patterns of polymoφhic markers associated with detectable traits resulting from polygenic interactions. The analysis of genetic interaction between alleles at unlinked loci requires individual genotyping using the techniques described herein. The analysis of allelic interaction among a selected set of polymoφhic markers with appropriate level of statistical significance can be considered as a haplotype analysis.
Interaction analysis consists in stratifying the case-control populations with respect to a given haplotype for the first loci and performing a haplotype analysis with the second loci with each subpopulation.
Statistical methods used in association studies are further described below. 1.) Determining the frequency of a polymorphic marker allele or of a polymorphic marker haplotype in a population
Determining the frequencv of an allele in a population
Allelic frequencies ofthe polymoφhic markers in a population can be determined using one ofthe methods described above or any genotyping procedure suitable for this intended puφose. Genotyping pooled samples or individual samples can determine the frequency of a polymoφhic marker allele in a population. One way to reduce the number of genotypings required is to use pooled samples. A major obstacle in using pooled samples is in terms of accuracy and reproducibility for determining accurate DNA concentrations in setting up the pools. Genotyping individual samples provides higher sensitivity, reproducibility and accuracy and; is the preferred method used in the present invention. Preferably, each individual is genotyped separately and simple gene counting is applied to determine the frequency of an allele of a polymoφhic marker or of a genotype in a given population. Determining the frequencv of a haplotype in a population The gametic phase of haplotypes is unknown when diploid individuals are heterozygous at more than one locus. Using genealogical information in families gametic phase can sometimes be inferred (Perlin et al., Am. J Hum. Genet, 55:777-787, 1994). When no genealogical information is available different strategies may be used. One possibility is that the multiple-site heterozygous diploids can be eliminated from the analysis, keeping only the homozygotes and the single-site heterozygote individuals, but this approach might lead to a possible bias in the sample composition and the underestimation of low-frequency haplotypes. As noted earlier, another possibility is that single chromosomes can be studied independently, for example, by asymmetric PCR amplification (see Newton et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 17:2503-2516, 1989; Wu et al., Proc. Natl Acad Sci. USA, 86:2757, 1989) or by isolation of single chromosome by limit dilution followed by PCR amplification (see Ruano et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 87:6296-6300, 1990). Further, a sample may be haplotyped for sufficiently close polymoφhic markers by double PCR amplification of specific alleles (Sarkar, G. and Sommer S.S., Biotechniques, 1991). These approaches are not entirely satisfying either because of their technical complexity, the additional cost they entail, their lack of generalization at a large scale, or the possible biases they introduce. To overcome these difficulties, an algorithm to infer the phase of PCR-amplified DNA genotypes introduced by Clark A.G. (Mol Biol Evol, 7 : 111 - 122, 1990) may be used. Briefly, the principle is to start filling a preliminary list of haplotypes present in the sample by examining unambiguous individuals, that is, the complete homozygotes and the single-site heterozygotes. Then other individuals in the same sample are screened for the possible occurrence of previously recognized haplotypes. For each positive identification the complementary haplotype is added to the list of recognized haplotypes, until the phase information for aU individuals is either resolved or identified as unresolved. This method assigns a single haplotype to each multiheterozygous individual, whereas several haplotypes are possible when there are more than one heterozygous site. Alternatively, one can use methods estimating haplotype frequencies in a population without assigning haplotypes to each individual. Preferably, a method based on an expectation- maximization (EM) algorithm (Dempster et al., J R. Stot. Soc, 39B: 1-38, 1977) leading to maximum-likelihood estimates of haplotype frequencies under the assumption of Hardy- Weinberg proportions (random mating) is used (see Excoffier L. and Slatkin M., Mol Biol Evol, 12(5): 921927, 1995). The EM algorithm is a generalized iterative maximum-likelihood approach to estimation that is useful when data are ambiguous and/or incomplete. Haplotype estimations are further described below under the heading "Statistical methods". Any other method known in the art to determine or to estimate the frequency of a haplotype in a population may also be used.
2. Linkage disequilibrium analysis
Linkage disequihbrium is the non-random association of alleles at two or more loci and represents a powerful tool for mapping genes involved in disease traits (see
Ajioka R.S. et al., Am. JHum. Genet, 60:1439-1447,1997). Polymoφhic markers, because they are densely spaced in the human genome and can be genotyped in more numerous numbers than other types of genetic markers (such as RFLP or VNTR markers), are particularly useful in genetic analysis based on linkage disequilibrium. The polymoφhic markers ofthe present invention maybe used in any linkage disequilibrium analysis method known in the art.
Briefly, when a disease mutation is first introduced into a population (by a new mutation or the immigration of a mutation carrier), it necessarily resides on a single chromosome and thus on a single "background" or "ancestral" haplotype of linked markers. Consequently, there is complete disequilibrium between these markers and the disease mutation: one finds the disease mutation only in the presence of a specific set of marker alleles. Through subsequent generations recombinations occur between the disease mutation and these marker polymoφhisms, and the disequilibrium gradually dissipates. The pace of this dissipation is a function ofthe recombination frequency, so the markers closest to the disease gene will manifest higher levels of disequilibrium than those further away. When not broken up by recombination, "ancestral" haplotypes and linkage disequilibrium between marker alleles at different loci can be tracked not only through pedigrees but also through populations. Linkage disequilibrium is usually seen as an association between one specific allele at one locus and another specific allele at a second locus.
The pattern or curve of disequilibrium, between disease and marker loci is expected to exhibit a maximum that occurs at the disease locus. Consequently, the amount of linkage disequilibrium between a disease allele and closely linked genetic markers may yield valuable information regarding the location ofthe disease gene. For fine-scale mapping of a disease locus, it is useful to have some knowledge ofthe patterns of linkage disequilibrium that exist between markers in the studied region. As mentioned above the mapping resolution achieved through the analysis of linkage disequilibrium is much higher than that of linkage studies. The high density of polymoφhic markers combined with linkage disequilibrium analysis provides powerful tools for fine-scale mapping.
Once a first polymoφhic marker has been identified in a genomic region of interest, the practitioner of ordinary skill in the art, using the teachings ofthe present invention, can easily identify additional polymoφhic markers in linkage disequilibrium with this first marker. As mentioned before any marker in linkage disequilibrium with a first marker associated with a trait will be associated with the trait. Therefore, once an association has been demonstrated between a given polymoφhic marker and a trait, the discovery of additional polymoφhic markers associated with this trait is of great interest in order to increase the density of polymoφhic markers in this particular region. The causal gene or mutation will be found in the vicinity ofthe marker or set of markers showing the highest correlation with the trait.
Identification of additional markers in linkage disequilibrium with a given marker involves: (a) amplifying a genomic fragment comprising a first polymoφhic marker from a plurality of individuals; (b) identifying of second polymoφhic markers in the genomic region harboring said first polymoφhic marker; (c) conducting a linkage disequilibrium analysis between said first polymoφhic marker and second polymoφhic markers; and (d) selecting said second polymoφhic markers as being in linkage disequilibrium with said first marker. Subcombinations comprising steps (b) and (c) are also contemplated. Methods to identify polymoφhic markers and to conduct linkage disequilibrium analysis are described herein and can be carried out by the skilled person without undue experimentation. The present invention then also concerns polymoφhic markers which are in linkage disequilibrium with the specific polymoφhic markers shown in Figure I and which are expected to present similar characteristics in terms of their respective association with a given trait.
Different methods to calculate linkage disequilibrium are described below under the heading "Statistical Methods".
3. Population-based case-control studies of trait-marker associations As mentioned above, the occurrence of pairs of specific alleles at different loci on the same chromosome is not random and the deviation from random is called linkage disequilibrium. Association studies focus on population frequencies and rely on the phenomenon of linkage disequilibrium. If a specific allele in a given gene is directly involved in causing a particular trait, its frequency will be statistically increased in an affected (trait positive) population, when compared to the frequency in a trait negative population or in a random control population. As a consequence ofthe existence of linkage disequilibrium, the frequency of all other alleles present in the haplotype carrying the trait-causing allele will also be increased in trait positive individuals compared to trait negative individuals or random controls. Therefore, association between the trait and any allele (specifically a polymoφhic marker allele) in linkage disequilibrium with the trait- causing allele will suffice to suggest the presence of a trait-related gene in that particular region. Case-control populations can be genotyped for polymoφhic markers to identify associations that narrowly locate a trait causing allele. As any marker in linkage disequilibrium with one given marker associated with a trait will be associated with the trait. Linkage disequilibrium allows the relative frequencies in case-control populations of a limited number of genetic polymoφhisms (specifically polymoφhic markers) to be analyzed as an alternative to screening all possible functional polymoφhisms in order to find trait-causing alleles. Association studies compare the frequency of marker alleles in unrelated case-control populations, and represent powerful tools for the dissection of complex traits. Case-control populations (inclusion criteria)
Population-based association studies do not concern familial inheritance but compare the prevalence of a particular genetic marker, or a set of markers, in case- control populations. They are case-control studies based on comparison of unrelated case (affected or trait positive) individuals and unrelated control (unaffected or trait negative or random) individuals. Preferably the control group is composed of unaffected or trait negative individuals. Further, the control group is ethnically matched to the case population. Moreover, the control group is preferably matched to the case-population for the main known confusion factor for the trait under study (for example age-matched for an age-dependent trait). Ideally, individuals in the two samples are paired in such a way that they are expected to differ only in their disease status, hi the following "trait positive population", "case population" and "affected population" are used interchangeably.
An important step in the dissection of complex traits using association studies is the choice of case-control populations (see Lander and Schork, Science, 265, 2037-2048, 1994). A major step in the choice of case-control populations is the clinical definition of a given trait or phenotype. Any genetic trait may be analyzed by the association method proposed here by carefully selecting the individuals to be included in the trait positive and trait negative phenotypic groups. Four criteria are often useful: clinical phenotype, age at onset, family history and severity. The selection procedure for continuous or quantitative traits (such as blood pressure for example) involves selecting individuals at opposite ends ofthe phenotype distribution ofthe trait under study, so as to include in these trait positive and trait negative populations individuals with non-overlapping phenotypes. Preferably, case-control populations consist of phenotypically homogeneous populations. Trait positive and trait negative populations consist of phenotypically uniform populations of individuals representing each between 1 and 98%, preferably between 1 and 80%), more preferably between 1 and 50%, and more preferably between 1 and 30%, most preferably between 1 and 20% ofthe total population under study, and selected among individuals exhibiting non-overlapping phenotypes. The clearer the difference between the two trait phenotypes, the greater the probability of detecting an association with polymoφhic markers. The selection of those drastically different but relatively uniform phenotypes enables efficient comparisons in association studies and the possible detection of marked differences at the genetic level, provided that the sample sizes ofthe populations under study are significant enough. hi preferred embodiments, a first group of between 50 and 300 trait positive • individuals, preferably about 100 individuals, are recruited according to their phenotypes. A similar number of trait negative individuals are included in such studies. In the present invention, typical examples of inclusion criteria include a CNS disorder or the evaluation ofthe response to a drag acting on a CNS disorder or side effects to treatment with drugs acting on a CNS disorder.
Suitable examples of association studies using polymoφhic markers including the polymoφhic markers ofthe present invention are studies involving the following populations:
1. a case population treated with agents acting on schizophrenia suffering from side- effects resulting from the treatment and a control population treated with the same agents showing no side-effects, or
2. a case population treated with agents acting on schizophrenia showing a beneficial response and a control population treated with same agents showing no beneficial response.
3. a case population suffering from a another CNS disorder and a healthy unaffected control population. Example 2 — Case Control Study
We undertook a study of 309 schizophrenia samples all from patients with a confirmed DSM-IN diagnosis of schizophrenia: 264 schizophrenic DΝA samples from patients with were obtained from samples collected by PrecisionMed (132 North Acacia Avenue, Solana Beach, California 92075) and deposited in the McGill University Genbank and forty-five DNA samples obtained from the National Institute of Mental Health Schizophrenia Genetics Initiative. DNA for 190 CNS control samples that had been screened using the SCID test (American Psychiatric Press) were used as a Control. Twenty-five nanograms from each DNA sample was placed in 384 well plates for the 309 schizophrenia samples and the 190 CNS samples and were dried down, and stored at -20° C. The characteristics ofthe two populations are outlined below in Table 3. Table 3
Allelic Discrimination using TaqMan® MGB Probes
To do allelic discrimination on the samples we used the TaqMan® assay method. This method involves designing two probes, one that contains the more common allele (allele 1) and another probe that contains the least common allele (allele 2). The two probes contain different fluorescent reporter dyes (FAM and NIC), which are used to differentiate the two alleles, and a nonflurescent quencher dye. Forward and reverse primers are designed flanking the probe to give a PCR product between 75 and 150 bp. The two probes and the primers are added to the DΝA in a PCR assay. If the DΝA sample is homozygous for allele 1 the probe for allele 1 will hybridize to the PCR product, the reporter dye will be cleaved by the 5' nuclease activity of Taq DNA polymerase, and there will be an increase fluorescence of that reporter dye. If the DNA sample is homozygous for allele 2 there will be an increase fluorescence ofthe reporter dye attached to the allele 2 probe. If the sample is heterozygous for allele 1 and 2 there will be an increase fluorescence in both reporter dyes. Following the PCR reaction the fluorescence is read on an ABI PRISM 7700 Sequence Dectector. Primers and Taqman® MGB probes (Applied Biosystems) for each SNP were designed using the software Primer Express version 1.5 (Applied Biosystems). Table 4 list all the primers and probes for each SNP. The table indicates which probe contains the allele 1 SNP or the allele 2 SNP. For SNPs #1,2 and 7 the probes are designed for the sense strand and for SNPs #3 and 4 the probes are for the antisense (complementary) strand, h Table 4, the SNP nucleotide is in bold type and underlined. All (allele 1) indicates the probe contains the SNP for the more common allele and A12 (allele 2) indicates the probe contains the SNP for the rare allele. F is the forward primer and R is the reverse.
Table 4. Primers and TaqMan® MGB probes for Seq-40.
The primers were resuspended in H20 at a final concentration of 100 μM. The PCR reaction was done in 10 μl consisting ofthe following: 5 μl of 2X TaqMan® Universal PCR Master Mix, 200 nM of each probe, 900 nM ofthe forward and reverse primers, and H 0 to 10 μl. The 10 μl was added to the dried down DNA samples. The following controls were done on each plate, 8 no template controls, 8 allele 1 controls and 8 allele 2 controls. The allele 1 and 2 controls contained 25 ng of DNA from the ConOl described in Example 1. The plates were placed on a Titer Plate Shaker and shaken vigorously for 5 minutes then briefly spun at 1000 φm. Thermal cycling was performed in a 9600 cycler (Applied Biosystems) with the following thermal cycling conditions: 50°C for 2 min--->950C for 10 min— >35 cycles of 92°C for 15 sec, 60°C for 1 min. The fluorescent signal was detected using an ABI PRISM 7700 Sequence Detector (Applied Biosystems) following the manufactures instructions for an endpoint plate read. The data was analyzed with the SDS software version 1.7 (Applied Biosystems). Results
AU the combinations of selected SNPs were examined for their presence at a greater or lesser extent than expected in the affected population as opposed to the matched control population. Haplotype frequencies were computed using an Expectation- Maximization (EM) algorithm Excoffier L. and Slatkin M., Mol. Biol. Evol, 12(5): 921- 927, 1995).
Single locus analysis showed S4 is mildly associated with schizoplirenia with a p-value 0.046. We conducted two-locus, three-locus and four-locus haplotype analysis on all the possible combinations (total 50 combinations) of six SNPs studied in Seq40. The two-locus haplotype analysis shows that S2-S4 and S1-S4 are associated with schizophrenia with p-values (onmibus test) equal to 0.00042 and 0.00065; both are significant with Bonferroni adjustment. Three-locus haplotype analysis shows S1-S2-S4 is significantly (with Bonferroni adjustment) associated with schizophrenia with a p-value equal to 0.00045. S2-S4-S6, S2-S4-S8, S 1 -S2-S4-S8 and S1-S2-S4-S6 have p-values equals to 0.0014, 0.0018, 0.0012 and 0.0016 that are slightly above the Bonferroni adjusted threshold, 0.001. The individual haplotype significance results are presented below in Table 5.
Table 5
There were several haplotypes of SNPs which showed significant association with disease.
For the combination of SNP S2 and S4 of gene Seq-40 there are four potential haplotypes. We observed that haplotype G-C is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population. The individual significance level of the G-C haplotype observation is 0.00021.
For the combination of SNP SI and S4 of gene Seq-40 there are four potential haplotypes. We observed that haplotype A-C is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population. The individual significance level of the A-C haplotype observation is 0.00213.
For the combination of SNP S2 and S6 of gene Seq-40 there are four potential haplotypes. We observed that haplotype G-G is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population. The individual significance level of the G-G haplotype observation is 0.0112.
For the combination of SNP SI and S6 of gene Seq-40 there are four potential haplotypes. We observed that haplotype A-G are present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population and the haplotype A-A significantly less in the affected population than in the control population. The individual significance level ofthe A-A haplotype observation is 0.02233 and the A-G haplotype observation is 0.03211.
For the combination of SNP SI and S2 of gene Seq-40 there are four potential haplotypes. We observed that haplotype G-G is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population. The individual significance level of the G-G haplotype observation is 0.02546.
For the combination of SNP S4 and S6 of gene Seq-40 there are four potential haplotypes. We observed that haplotype G-A is present in an affected population significantly less than in the control population. The individual significance level of the G-A haplotype observation is 0.03099.
For the combination of SNP S2, S4 and S6 of gene Seq-40 there are 6 potential haplotypes. We observed that haplotype G-C-G is present in an affected population significantly less than in the control population. The individual significance level of the G-C-G haplotype observation is 0.00046. For the combination of SNP S2, S4 and S7 of gene Seq-40 there are 6 potential haplotypes. We observed that haplotype G-C-G is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population. The individual significance level of the G-C-G haplotype observation is 0.00103.
For the combination of SNP SI, S4 and S6 of gene Seq-40 there are 6 potential haplotypes. We observed that haplotype A-C-G is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population. The individual significance level of the A-C-G haplotype observation is 0.00176. For the combination of SNP SI, S2 and S4 of gene Seq-40 there are 6 potential haplotypes. We observed that haplotype A-G-C is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population. The individual significance level of the A-G-C haplotype observation is 0.00223. For the combination of SNP S 1 , S4 and S7 of gene Seq-40 there are 6 potential haplotypes. We observed that haplotype A-C-G is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population. The individual significance level of the A-C-G haplotype observation is 0.00261.
For the combination of SNP S2, S4 and S8 of gene Seq-40 there are 6 potential haplotypes. We observed that haplotype G-C-G is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population. The individual significance level of the G-C-G haplotype observation is 0.01527.
For the combination of SNP SI, S2 and S6 of gene Seq-40 there are 6 potential haplotypes. We observed that haplotype A-G-A is present in an affected population significantly less than in the control population. The individual significance level of the A-G-A haplotype observation is 0.02358.
For the combination of SNP SI, S2 and S4 of gene Seq-40 there are 6 potential haplotypes. We observed that haplotype G-G-C is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population. The individual significance level of the G-G-C haplotype observation is 0.03015.
For the combination of SNP S2, S6 and S8 of gene Seq-40 there are 6 potential haplotypes. We observed that haplotype G-G-G is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population. The individual significance level of the G-G-G haplotype observation is 0.03034. For the combination of SNP S2, S6 and S7 of gene Seq-40 there are 6 potential haplotypes. We observed that haplotype G-G-G is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population. The individual significance level of the G-G-G haplotype observation is 0.03077.
For the combination of SNP S2, S4 and S6 of gene Seq-40 there are 6 potential haplotypes. We observed that haplotype G-G- A is present in an affected population significantly less than in the control population. The individual significance level of the G-G-A haplotype observation is 0.03113. For the combination of SNP SI, S4 and S6 of gene Seq-40 there are 6 potential haplotypes. We observed that haplotype A-G-A is present in an affected population significantly less than in the control population. The individual significance level of the A-G-A haplotype observation is 0.033. For the combination of SNP S2, S4 and S8 of gene Seq-40 there are 6 potential haplotypes. We observed that haplotype G-C-T is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population. The individual significance level of the G-C-T haplotype observation is 0.03317.
For the combination of SNP SI, S2 and S6 of gene Seq-40 there are 6 potential haplotypes. We observed that haplotype A-G-G is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population. The individual significance level of the A-G-G haplotype observation is 0.03812.
For the combination of SNP S2, S4, S6 and S7 of gene Seq-40 there are 8 potential haplotypes. We observed that haplotype G-C-G-G is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population. The individual significance level ofthe G-C-G-G haplotype observation is 0.00076.
For the combination of SNP SI, S2, S4 and S6 of gene Seq-40 there are 8 potential haplotypes. We observed that haplotype A-G-C-G is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population. The individual significance level ofthe A-G-C-G haplotype observation is 0.00237.
For the combination of SNP SI, S4, S6 and S7 of gene Seq-40 there are 8 potential haplotypes. We observed that haplotype A-C-G-G is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population. The individual significance level ofthe A-C-G-G haplotype observation is 0.00253. For the combination of SNP S2, S4, S7 and S8 of gene Seq-40 there are 8 potential haplotypes. We observed that haplotype G-C-G-T is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population. The individual significance level ofthe G-C-G-T haplotype observation is 0.01333.
For the combination of SNP S2, S4, S6 and S8 of gene Seq-40 there are 8 potential haplotypes. We observed that haplotype G-C-G-T and haplotype G-C-G-G are present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population. The individual significance level ofthe G-C-G-T haplotype observation is 0.01911 and of of the G-C-G-G haplotype observation is 0.02861. For the combination of SNP SI, S2, S4 and S6 of gene Seq-40 there are 8 potential haplotypes. We observed that haplotype A-G-G-A is present in an affected population significantly less than in the control population. The individual significance level ofthe A-G-G-A haplotype observation is 0.03061. For the combination of SNP S 1 , S4, S7 and S8 of gene Seq-40 there are 8 potential haplotypes. We observed that haplotype A-C-G-T is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population. The individual significance level ofthe A-C-G-T haplotype observation is 0.03114.
For the combination of SNP SI, S2, S4 and S8 of gene Seq-40 there are 8 potential haplotypes. We observed that haplotype A-G-C-G is present in an affected population significantly more than in the control population. The individual significance level ofthe A-G-C-G haplotype observation is 0.03114.
C. Testing for linkage in the presence of association
The polymoφhic markers ofthe present invention may further be used in TDT (transmission/disequilibrium test). TDT tests for both linkage and association and is not affected by population stratification. TDT requires data for affected individuals and their parents or data from unaffected sibs instead of from parents (see Spielman. S. et al., Am. J Hum. Genet, 52:506-516,1993; Schaid D.J. et al., Genet. Epidemiol,13:423-450, 1996, Spielman. S. and Ewens W.J., Am. JHum. Genet, 62:450-458,1998). This method employs a family-based experimental design to avoid potential pitfalls due to mismatching of case and control groups or admixture of subpopulations consisting of different racial or ethnic groups. In addition, theoretical analyses indicate that this approach may be much more powerful than traditional linkage-based approaches for detecting alleles of relatively small effect such those conferring a 2-fold or 4-fold increase in disease risk.
The TDT approach in general requires genotype data from parents and an affected child to examine whether there is any excess/under transmission of any haplotype. Transmitted haplotypes can be considered as cases and non-transmitted haplotypes can be considered as controls. The computer program TRANSMIT (Clayton, 99) can be used to conduct the analysis.
D. Statistical Methods
In general, any method known in the art to test whether a trait and a genotype show a statistically significant correlation may be used to correlate a trait with the polymoφhisms ofthe invention. 1. Methods in linkage analysis
Statistical methods and computer programs useful for linkage analysis are well-known to those skilled in the art (see Terwilliger J.D. and Ott J., Handbook of Human Genetic Linkage, John Hopkins University Press, London, 1994; Ott J., Analysis of Human Genetic Linkage, John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1991).
2. Methods to estimate haplotype frequencies in a population
As described above, when genotypes are scored, it is often not possible to distinguish heterozygotes so that haplotype frequencies cannot be easily inferred. When the gametic phase is not known, haplotype frequencies can be estimated from the multilocus genotypic data. Any method known to person skilled in the art can be used to estimate haplotype frequencies (see Lange K., Mathematical and Statistical Methods for Genetic Analysis, Springer, New York, 1997; Weir, B.S., Genetic data Analysis I: Methods for Discrete population genetic Data, Sinauer Assoc, Inc., Sunderland, MA USA, 1996). Preferably, maximum-likelihood haplotype frequencies are computed using an Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm (see Dempster et al., J R. Stαt. Soc, 39B: 1-38, 1977; Excoffier L. and Slatkin M., Mol. Biol. Evol, 12(5): 921-927, 1995). This procedure is an iterative process aiming at obtaining maximum-likelihood estimates of haplotype frequencies from multi-locus genotype data when the gametic phase is unknown. Haplotype estimations are usually performed by applying the EM algorithm using for example the EM-HAPLO program (Hawley M.E. et al., Am. JPhys. Anthropol, 18:104, 1994) or the Arlequin program (Schneider et al., Arlequin: a software for population genetics data analysis, University of Geneva, 1997). The EM algorithm is a generalized iterative maximum likelihood approach to estimation and is briefly described below. In the following part of this application, phenotypes will refer to multi-locus genotypes with unknown phase. Genotypes will refer to known-phase multi-locus genotypes.
Suppose a sample of N unrelated individuals is typed for K markers. The data observed are the unknown-phase K-locus phenotypes that can be categorized in F different phenotypes. Suppose that we have H underlying possible haplotypes (in the case of K polymoφhic markers, H=2K). For phenotype j, suppose that Cj genotypes are possible. We thus have the following equation:
j Cj Pj = Σ pr(genotype i) = Σ pr(hAh^ Equation 1 i=l i=l where Pj is the probability ofthe phenotype j, hk and hh are the two haplotypes constituent in the genotype i. Under the Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium, pr(hh hj) becomes
pr(hk, hh) -pr(hk)2 ifk = l,pr(hk, h = 2pr(hk).pr(h[) ifk≠l
Equation 2
The successive steps ofthe E-M algorithm can be described as follows:
Starting with initial values ofthe of haplotypes frequencies, noted p 0),p(0), p 0 these initial values serve to estimate the genotype frequencies (Expectation step) and then estimate another set of haplotype frequencies (Maximisation step), noted Pι(1),p(1), H W , these two steps are iterated until changes in the sets of haplotypes frequency are very small.
A stop criterion can be that the maximum difference between haplotype frequencies between two iterations is less than IO"7. These values can be adjusted according to the desired precision of estimations. hi details, at a given iteration s, the Expectation step consists in calculating the genotypes frequencies by the following equation:
. yrfltM (s)
N p.(s)
Equation 3 where genotype / occurs in phenotype j, and where hk and h/, constitute genotype i. Each probability is derived according to equation 1, and equation 2 described above. Then the Maximisation step simply estimates another set of haplotype frequencies given the genotypes frequencies. This approach is also known as the gene- counting method (Smith, Ann. Hum. Genet, 21:254-276, 1957).
(s+1) F cj Pt =1 ∑ Σ dit.p (genotype ι s) Equation 4
2 j=l i=l
Where da, is an indicator variable which count the number of time haplotype t in genotype i. It takes the values of 0, 1 or 2. To ensure that the estimation finally obtained is the maximum-likelihood estimation several values of departures are required. The estimations obtained are compared and if they are different the estimations leading to the best likelihood are kept. 3. Methods to calculate linkage disequilibrium between markers A number of methods can be used to calculate linkage disequilibrium between any two genetic positions, in practice linkage disequilibrium is measured by applying a statistical association test to haplotype data taken from a population. Linkage disequilibrium between any pair of polymoφhic markers comprising at least one ofthe polymoφhic markers ofthe present invention (Ml5 M,) having alleles ^) at marker Mi and alleles (a,/bj) at marker Mj can be calculated for every allele combination (al5a,; aι,b,; bI;aj and b^b,), according to the Piazza formula: Δaιaj= θ4 - - (04 + 03) (04 +02), where : 04*= - - frequency of genotypes not having allele a, at Mj and not having allele a, at Mj 03= - + frequency of genotypes not having allele ai at Mi and having allele a, at Mj 02= + - frequency of genotypes having allele ^ at Mi and not having allele a, at Mi Linkage disequilibrium (LD) between pairs of polymoφhic markers (Mi, M3) can also be calculated for every allele combination (a„aj; a-,b, ; b„aj and b„b,), according to the maximum-likelihood estimate (MLE) for delta (the composite genotypic disequilibrium coefficient), as described by Weir (Weir B.S., Genetic Data Analysis, Sinauer Ass. Eds, 1996). The MLE for the composite linkage disequilibrium is: Daιaj= (2nj, + n2 + n3 + nV2)/N - 2(pr(a, pr(aj))
Where Σ phenotype (a/a,, a/a,), n2 = ∑phenotype (a,/aι, aj/b,), n3= ∑phenotype (a/h,, a/a,), n4= Z phenotype (a/b,, a/b,) and N is the number of individuals in the sample. This formula allows linkage disequilibrium between alleles to be estimated when only genotype, and not haplotype, data are available. Another means of calculating the linkage disequilibrium between markers is as follows. For a couple of polymoφhic markers, M{ (at b andJk^ (a , fitting the Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium, one can estimate the four possible haplotype frequencies in a given population according to the approach described above.
The estimation of gametic disequilibrium between ai and aj is simply: D'aiaj = pr(haplotype(ah a ) - pr(aj)-pr(aj).
Where pr(a,.)is the probability of allele aλ and pr(a,) is the probability of allele aj and where pr(hαplotype (a1} a})) is estimated as in Equation 3 above. For a couple of polymoφhic markers only one measure of disequilibrium is necessary to describe the association between M, and M}. Then a normalized value ofthe above is calculated as follows:
D'a . a j = D'a . Λ j I max (-pr(ai).pr(a,) , -pr(bi).pr(bj)) with Da . Λ j <O
D'a . a . = D'a . Ά . I max (pr(bi).pr(a,) , pr(a;).pr(bj)) with Da . a . >O
The skilled person will readily appreciate that other LD calculation methods can be used without undue experimentation. Linkage disequilibrium, among a set of polymoφhic markers having an adequate heterozygosity rate can be determined by genotyping between 50 and 1000 unrelated individuals, preferably between 75 and 200, more preferably around 100. 4. Testing for association
Methods for determining the statistical significance of a correlation between a phenotype and a genotype, in this case an allele at a polymoφhic marker or a haplotype made up of such alleles, may be determined by any statistical test known in the art and with any accepted tlireshold of statistical significance being required. The application of particular methods and thresholds of significance are well with in the skill ofthe ordinary practitioner ofthe art.
Testing for association is performed by determining the frequency of a polymoφhic marker allele in case and control populations and comparing these frequencies with a statistical test to determine if their is a statistically significant difference in frequency which would indicate a correlation between the trait and the polymoφhic marker allele under study. Similarly, a haplotype analysis is performed by estimating the frequencies of all possible haplotypes for a given set of polymoφhic markers in case and control populations, and comparing these frequencies with a statistical test to determine if their is a statistically significant correlation between the haplotype and the phenotype (trait) under study. Any statistical tool useful to test for a statistically significant association between a genotype and a phenotype may be used. Preferably the statistical test employed is a chi-square test with one degree of freedom. A P-value is calculated (the P-value is the probability that a statistic as large or larger than the observed one would occur by chance). Statistical significance
In preferred embodiments, significance for diagnosis puφoses, either as a positive basis for further diagnostic tests or as a preliminary starting point for early preventive therapy, the p value related to a polymoφhic marker association is preferably about 1 x 10" or less, more preferably about 1 x IO"4 or less, for a single polymoφhic marker analysis and about 1 x 10"3 or less, still more preferably 1 x IO"6 or less and most preferably of about 1 x 10" or less, for a haplotype analysis involving several markers. These values are believed to be applicable to any association studies involving single or multiple marker combinations.
The skilled person can use the range of values set forth above as a starting point in order to carry out association studies with polymoφhic markers ofthe present invention. In doing so, significant associations between the polymoφhic markers ofthe present invention and CNS disorders can be revealed and used for diagnosis and drug screening puφoses. Phenotypic permutation
In order to confirm the statistical significance ofthe first stage haplotype analysis described above, it might be suitable to perform further analyses in which genotyping data from case-control individuals are pooled and randomized with respect to the trait phenotype. Each individual genotyping data is randomly allocated to two groups, which contain the same number of individuals as the case-control populations used to compile the data obtained in the first stage. A second stage haplotype analysis is preferably run on these artificial groups, preferably for the markers included in the haplotype ofthe first stage analysis showing the highest relative risk coefficient. This experiment is reiterated preferably at least between 100 and 10000 times. The repeated iterations allow the determination ofthe percentage of obtained haplotypes with a significant p-value level. Assessment of statistical association
To address the problem of false positives similar analysis may be performed with the same case-control populations in random genomic regions. Results in random regions and the candidate region are compared as described in WO 00/28080 entitled "Methods, software and apparati for identifying genomic regions harboring a gene associated with a detectable trait".
Evaluation of risk factors
The association between a risk factor (in genetic epidemiology the risk factor is the presence or the absence of a certain allele or haplotype at marker loci) and a disease is measured by the odds ratio (OR) and by the relative risk (RR). If P(R+) is the probability of developing the disease for individuals with R and P(R7) is the probability for individuals without the risk factor, then the relative risk is simply the ratio ofthe two probabilities, that is: RR= P(R+)/P(R")
In case-control studies, direct measures ofthe relative risk cannot be obtained because ofthe sampling design. However, the odds ratio allows a good approximation of the relative risk for low-incidence diseases and can be calculated:
OR = [F+/(l-F+] / [F7(l -F"71
F+ is the frequency ofthe exposure to the risk factor in cases and F~ is the frequency ofthe exposure to the risk factor in controls. F+ and F"~ are calculated using the allelic or haplotype frequencies ofthe study and further depend on the underlying genetic model (dominant, recessive, additive...).
One can further estimate the attributable risk (AR) which describes the proportion of individuals in a population exhibiting a trait due to a given risk factor. This measure is important in quantitating the role of a specific factor in disease etiology and in terms of the public health impact of a risk factor. The public health relevance of this measure lies in estimating the proportion of cases of disease in the population that could be prevented if the exposure of interest were absent. AR is deteπnined as follows: AR=PE(RR-I)/ (PE(RR-I)+1)
AR is the risk attributable to a polymoφhic marker allele or a polymoφhic marker haplotype. PE is the frequency of exposure to an allele or a haplotype within the population at large; and RR is the relative risk which is approximated with the odds ratio when the trait under study has a relatively low incidence in the general population. Identification of Functional Mutations
Because a positive association has been confirmed with a the polymoφhic markers ofthe present invention and schizophrenia the Seq-40 gene can be scanned for mutations by comparing the sequences of a selected number of trait positive and trait negative individuals. In a preferred embodiment, functional regions such as exons and splice sites, promoters and other regulatory regions ofthe candidate gene are scanned for mutations. Preferably, trait positive individuals carry the haplotype or allele shown to be associated with the trait and trait negative individuals do not carry the haplotype or allele associated with the trait. The mutation detection procedure is essentially similar to that used for polymoφhic site identification.
The method used to detect such mutations generally comprises the following steps: (a) amplification of a region ofthe Seq-40 gene comprising a polymoφhic marker or a group of polymoφhic markers associated with the trait from DNA samples of trait positive patients and trait negative controls; (b) sequencing ofthe amplified region; (c) comparison of DNA sequences from trait-positive patients and trait-negative controls; and (d) determination of mutations specific to trait-positive patients. Subcombinations which comprise steps (b) and (c) are specifically contemplated.
It is preferred that candidate polymoφhisms be then verified by screening a larger population of cases and controls by means of any genotyping procedure such as those described herein, preferably using a microsequencing technique in an individual test format. Polymoφhisms are considered as candidate mutations when present in cases and controls at frequencies compatible with the expected association results.
Association of Polvmoφhic Markers ofthe Invention with Schizophrenia
In the context ofthe present invention, an association between polymoφhic marker alleles ofthe present invention in Seq-40 and schizoplirenia was demonstrated
Many neurochemical findings are coming to light implicating a biological basis for schizophrenia, at least for certain subtypes. However, the lack of a defined and specific schizophrenia phenotype and of suitable markers for genetic analysis is proving to be a major hurdle for reliably identifying genes associated with schizoplirenia. As a result, psychiatrists today have to choose anti-schizophrenia medications by intuition and trial and error; a situation that can put suicidal patients in jeopardy for weeks or months until the right compound is selected. Clearly, there is a strong need to successfully identify genes involved in schizophrenia; thus allowing researchers to understand the etiology of schizophrenia and address its cause, rather than symptoms.
This information is extremely valuable. The knowledge of a potential genetic predisposition, even if this predisposition is not absolute, might contribute in a very significant manner to treatment efficacy of schizophrenic patients and to the development of diagnostic tools.
It will be clear that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as particularly described in the foregoing description and examples.
Numerous modifications and variations ofthe present invention are possible in light ofthe above teachings and, therefore, are within the scope ofthe invention The entire disclosures of all publications cited herein are hereby incoφorated by reference to the extent not inconsistent with the disclosure herein.

Claims

What is claimed is:
1. A method of haplotype determination in an individual for diagnostic or prognostic puφoses, comprising determining a nucleotide from said nucleic acid which corresponds to the nucleotide occupying more than one Seq-40 polymoφhic sites selected from the group consisting ofthe polymoφhic sites at positions:
(1) 601 and 2106,
(2) 194 and 2106,
(3) 194 and 601, (4) 1038 and 2106,
(5) 601, 1038 and 2106, (6) 601,1038 and 2185, (7) 194, 1038 and 2106, (8) 194, 601 and 1038, (9) 194, 1038 and 2185,
(10) 601, 1038 and 2359, (11) 194, 601 and 2106,
(12) 194, 601 and 1038,
(13) 601, 2106 and 2359, (14) 601, 2106 and 2185,
(15)601, 1038 and 2106, (16)601, 1038 and 2359, (17)194, 601 and 2106, (18) 601, 1038, 2106 and 2185, (19) 194, 601, 1038 and 2106, (20)194, 1038, 2106 and 2185,
(21) 194, 601, 1038 and 2185,
(22) 601, 1038, 2185 and 2359,
(23) 601, 1038, 2106 and 2359, (24) 194, 1038, 2185 and 2359 and (25) 194, 601, 1038 and 2359 ofSEQ ID NO: 1 on a single chromosome.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the determining comprises determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof and determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2106 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the determining comprises determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 194 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof and determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2106 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof.
The method of claim 1, wherein the determining comprises determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 194 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof and determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof.
The method of claim 1, wherein the determining comprises determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof and determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2106 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining comprises determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof, determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof and determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2106 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the determining comprises determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof, determining the identity of the nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO : 1 or a fragment thereof and determining the identity of the nucleotide at position 2185 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the determining comprises determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 194 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof, determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof and determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2106 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the determining comprises determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 194 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof, determining the identity of the nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof and determining the identity of the nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining comprises determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 194 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof, determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof and determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2185 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the determining comprises determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof, determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof and determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2359 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining comprises determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 194 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof, determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof and determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2106 of SEQ ID NO:! or a fragment thereof.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining comprises determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 194 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof, determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof and determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining comprises determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof, determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2106 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof and determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2359 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the determining comprises determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof, deteπnining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2106 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof and determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2185 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining comprises determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof, determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof and determimng the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2106 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the determining comprises determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof, determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof and determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2359 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the determining comprises determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 194 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof, determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof and determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2106 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the determining comprises determimng the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof, determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof, determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2106 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof and determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2185 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the determining comprises determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 194 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof, determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof, determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof and determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2106 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the determining comprises determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 194 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof, determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof, determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2106 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof and determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2185 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof.
22. The method of claim 1, wherein the detenriining comprises determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 194 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof, determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof, determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of
SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof and determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2185 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof.
23. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining comprises determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof, determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof, determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2185 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof and determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2359 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof.
24. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining comprises determining the identity of the nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof, determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof, determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2106 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof and determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2359 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof.
25. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining comprises determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 194 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof, determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof, determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2185 of SEQ ID NO : 1 or a fragment thereof and determining the identity of the nucleotide at position 2359 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof.
26. The method of claim 1 , wherein the determining comprises determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 194 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof, determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof, determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof and determining the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2359 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof.
27. The method of claim 1 , wherein the determining comprises amplification of the DNA.
28. The method of claim 1 wherein the determining comprises multiple PCR amplification of specific alleles.
29. A method of evaluating the propensity of a patient to develop schizophrenia comprising: determining a nucleotide from a nucleic acid obtained from said patient which corresponds to the nucleotide occupying one or more Seq-40 polymoφhic sites at positions
1) 601 and 1038, (2) 194 and 1038,
(3) 601 and 2106,
(4) 194 and 2106,
(5) 194 and 601,
(6) 1038 and 2106, (7) 601, 1038 and 2106,
(8) 601,1038 and 2185,
(9) 194, 1038 and 2106,
(10) 194, 601 and 1038,
(11) 194, 1038 and 2185, (12) 601, 1038 and 2359,
(13) 194, 601 and 2106,
(14) 194, 601 and 1038,
(15) 601, 2106 and 2359,
(16) 601, 2106 and 2185, (17) 601, 1038 and 2106,
(18) 601, 1038 and 2359, (19) 194, 601 and 2106, (20) 601, 1038, 2106 and 2185, (21) 194, 601, 1038 and 2106, (22) 194, 1038, 2106 and 2185,
(23) 194, 601, 1038 and 2185,
(24) 601, 1038, 2185 and 2359,
(25) 601, 1038, 2106 and 2359,
(26) 194, 1038, 2185 and 2359 and (27) 194, 601, 1038 and 2359 of SEQ ID NO: 1 on a single chromosome, and evaluating whether the patient has a propensity to develop schizophrenia.
30. The method of claim 29, wherein the evaluation step comprises determining that the patient has a propensity to develop schizophrenia if the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G and if the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a C.
31. The method of claim 29, wherein the evaluation step comprises determining that the patient has a propensity to develop schizophrenia if the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 194 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is an A and if the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a C.
32. The method of claim 29, wherein the evaluation step comprises determining that the patient has a propensity to develop schizophrenia if the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G and if the identity of the nucleotide at position 2106 of SEQ ID NO : 1 or a fragment thereof is a G.
33. The method of claim 29, wherein the evaluation step comprises determining that the patient has a propensity to develop schizophrenia if the identity of the nucleotide at position 194 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is an A and if the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2106 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G.
34. The method of claim 29, wherein the evaluation step comprises determining that the patient has a propensity to develop schizophrenia if the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 194 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G and if the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G.
35. The method of claim 29, wherein the evaluation step comprises determining that the patient has less of a propensity to develop schizophrenia if the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G and if the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2106 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is an A.
36. The method of claim 29, wherein the evaluation step comprises determining that the patient has less of a propensity to develop schizophrenia if the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G, if the identity of the nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof is a C and if the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2106 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G.
37. The method of claim 29, wherein the evaluation step comprises determining that the patient has a propensity to develop schizophrenia if the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G, if the identity of the nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO : 1 or a fragment thereof is a C and ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2185 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G.
38. The method of claim 29, wherein the evaluation step comprises determining that the patient has less of a propensity to develop schizophrenia ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 194 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof is an A, if the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a C and ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2106 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G.
39. The method of claim 29, wherein the evaluation step comprises determining that the patient has a propensity to develop schizophrenia ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 194 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a A, ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G and ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a C
40. The method of claim 29, wherein the evaluation step comprises determining that the patient has a propensity to develop schizophrenia ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 194 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is an A, ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a C or G and ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2185 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G or A.
41. The method of claim 29, wherein the evaluation step comprises determining that the patient has a propensity to develop schizophrenia ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G, ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a C and ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2359 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof is a G.
42. The method of claim 29, wherein the evaluation step comprises determining that the patient has a propensity to develop schizophrenia ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 194 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is an A, ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof is a G and ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2106 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is an A.
43. The method of claim 29, wherein the evaluation step comprises determining that the patient has a propensity to develop schizophrenia ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 194 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G, ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G and ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a C.
44. The method of claim 29, wherein the evaluation step comprises determining that the patient has a propensity to develop schizophrenia ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO : 1 or a fragment thereof is a G, if the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2106 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G and ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2359 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof is a G.
45. The method of claim 29, wherein the evaluation step comprises determining that the patient has a propensity to develop schizophrenia ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G, ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2106 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G and ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2185 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G.
46. The method of claim 29, wherein the evaluation step comprises determining that the patient has a propensity to develop schizophrenia ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof is a G, ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is an A and ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2106 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof is an A.
47. The method of claim 29, wherein the evaluation step comprises determining that the patient has a propensity to develop schizophrenia ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof is a G, ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a C and ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2359 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a T.
48. The method of claim 29, wherein the evaluation step comprises determining that the patient has less of a propensity to develop schizophrenia ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 194 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is an A, ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G and ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2106 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G.
49. The method of claim 29, wherein the evaluation step comprises determining that the patient has a propensity to develop schizophrenia if the identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof is a G, ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a C, ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2106 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2185 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof is a G.
50. The method of claim 29, wherein the evaluation step comprises determining that the patient has less of a propensity to develop schizophrenia ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 194 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is an A, ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof is a G, ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof is a C and ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2106 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof is a G.
51. The method of claim 29, wherein the evaluation step comprises determining that the patient has a propensity to develop schizophrenia ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 194 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is an A, ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof is a C, ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2106 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G and ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2185 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G.
52. The method of claim 29, wherein the evaluation step comprises determining that the patient has a propensity to develop schizophrenia ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 194 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is an A, ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G, ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a C and if the identity of the nucleotide at position 2185 of
SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G.
53. The method of claim 29, wherein the evaluation step comprises determining that the patient has a propensity to develop schizophrenia ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof is a G, ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a C, ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2185 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G and ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2359 of SEQ ID NO.T or a fragment thereof is a T.
54. The method of claim 29, wherein the evaluation step comprises determining that the patient has a propensity to develop schizophrenia if the identity of the nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof is a G, ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a C, ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2106 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G and ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2359 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a T or G.
55. The method of claim 29, wherein the evaluation step comprises determining that the patient has a propensity to develop schizophrenia ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 194 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is an A, ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a C, if the identity of the nucleotide at position 2185 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof is a G and ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2359 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or a fragment thereof is a T.
56. The method of claim 29, wherein the evaluation step comprises determining that the patient has a propensity to develop schizophrenia ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 194 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is an A, ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 601 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G, ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 1038 of SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a C and ifthe identity ofthe nucleotide at position 2359 of
SEQ ID NO:l or a fragment thereof is a G.
EP03791659A 2002-08-28 2003-08-26 Single nucleotide polymorphisms diagnostic for schizophrenia Withdrawn EP1546398A4 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US40643202P 2002-08-28 2002-08-28
US10/230,007 US20030170667A1 (en) 2001-08-28 2002-08-28 Single nucleotide polymorphisms diagnostic for schizophrenia
US230007 2002-08-28
US406432P 2002-08-28
PCT/US2003/024799 WO2004020580A2 (en) 2002-08-28 2003-08-26 Single nucleotide polymorphisms diagnostic for schizophrenia

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1546398A2 EP1546398A2 (en) 2005-06-29
EP1546398A4 true EP1546398A4 (en) 2006-10-18

Family

ID=31980950

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP03791659A Withdrawn EP1546398A4 (en) 2002-08-28 2003-08-26 Single nucleotide polymorphisms diagnostic for schizophrenia

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1546398A4 (en)
JP (1) JP2005537010A (en)
AU (1) AU2003261460A1 (en)
WO (1) WO2004020580A2 (en)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2006023719A2 (en) * 2004-08-20 2006-03-02 Enh Research Institute Identification of snp’s associated with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and bipolar disorder
US7932042B1 (en) 2010-10-13 2011-04-26 Suregene, Llc Methods and compositions for the treatment of psychotic disorders through the identification of the olanzapine poor response predictor genetic signature

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2002064789A1 (en) * 2001-02-14 2002-08-22 Pharmacia & Upjohn Company Protein-coupled receptor
WO2003020980A2 (en) * 2001-08-28 2003-03-13 Pharmacia & Upjohn Company Single nucleotide polymorphisms diagnostic for schizophrenia

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2001036473A2 (en) * 1999-11-16 2001-05-25 Pharmacia & Upjohn Company Human g protein-coupled receptors

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2002064789A1 (en) * 2001-02-14 2002-08-22 Pharmacia & Upjohn Company Protein-coupled receptor
WO2003020980A2 (en) * 2001-08-28 2003-03-13 Pharmacia & Upjohn Company Single nucleotide polymorphisms diagnostic for schizophrenia

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
SIVAGNANASUNDARAM S ET AL: "A CLUSTER OF SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS IN THE 5-LEADER OF THEHUMAN DOPAMINE D3 RECEPTOR GENE (DRD3) AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SCHIZOPHRENIA", NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS, LIMERICK, IE, vol. 279, no. 1, 21 January 2000 (2000-01-21), pages 13 - 16, XP000944106, ISSN: 0304-3940 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2004020580A2 (en) 2004-03-11
AU2003261460A1 (en) 2004-03-19
WO2004020580A8 (en) 2004-07-08
WO2004020580A3 (en) 2005-04-14
AU2003261460A8 (en) 2004-03-19
EP1546398A2 (en) 2005-06-29
JP2005537010A (en) 2005-12-08

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US6525185B1 (en) Polymorphisms associated with hypertension
US20040005584A1 (en) Biallelic markers for use in constructing a high density disequilibrium map of the human genome
US6869762B1 (en) Crohn&#39;s disease-related polymorphisms
CA2395240A1 (en) Biallelic markers derived from genomic regions carrying genes involved in central nervous system disorders
CA2324866A1 (en) Biallelic markers for use in constructing a high density disequilibrium map of the human genome
US20030170667A1 (en) Single nucleotide polymorphisms diagnostic for schizophrenia
US20030224365A1 (en) Single nucleotide polymorphisms diagnostic for schizophrenia
US20040115699A1 (en) Single nucleotide polymorphisms diagnostic for schizophrenia
EP1276899A2 (en) Ibd-related polymorphisms
EP1546398A4 (en) Single nucleotide polymorphisms diagnostic for schizophrenia
CA2565804A1 (en) Haplotype markers and methods of using the same to determine response to treatment
EP1307590A1 (en) Diagnostic polymorphisms for the tgf-beta1 promoter
AU2002338451A1 (en) Single nucleotide polymorphisms diagnostic for schizophrenia
US20040234967A1 (en) Diagnostic polymorphisms of tgf-beta-rii promoter
US20040170992A1 (en) Diagnostic polymorphisms of tgf-beta1 promoter
US20030170679A1 (en) Single nucleotide polymorphisms in GH-1
US20090305246A1 (en) Schizophrenia associated genes and markers
US20040076975A1 (en) Methods for assessing the risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus based on allelic variations in the 5&#39;-flanking region of the insulin gene and body fat
JP2005524383A (en) Single nucleotide polymorphism used to diagnose schizophrenia
CA2454159A1 (en) Methods for assessing the risk of obesity based on allelic variations in the 5&#39;-flanking region of the insulin gene
WO2002022881A1 (en) Endothelin-1 promoter polymorphism

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A2

Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IT LI LU MC NL PT RO SE SI SK TR

AX Request for extension of the european patent

Extension state: AL LT LV MK

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 20051014

RBV Designated contracting states (corrected)

Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IT LI LU MC NL PT RO SE SI SK TR

DAX Request for extension of the european patent (deleted)
A4 Supplementary search report drawn up and despatched

Effective date: 20060919

RAP1 Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred)

Owner name: PHARMACIA & UPJOHN COMPANY LLC

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 20070212

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION IS DEEMED TO BE WITHDRAWN

18D Application deemed to be withdrawn

Effective date: 20070823