英语开题报告范文（1）

论文题目：the Application and Innovation

一、选题的意义和研究现状

1.选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义

长时期以来，人们视艾米莉·勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。关于她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜，许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究，得出了不同的结论，因而往往是旧谜刚解，新谜又出，解谜热潮似永无休止。

本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉，指出艾米莉勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统，同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力，将现实与超现实融为一体，给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力，达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一，使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”，又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”，从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。

2.与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况

二、研究方案

1.研究的基本内容及预期的结果（大纲）

研究的基本内容：本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉，指出艾米莉勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统，同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力，将现实与超现实融为一体，给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力，达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一，使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”，又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”，从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。

预期的结果（大纲）：

1.A Survey of Gothic

1.1Definition of Gothic

2Emily’s Gothic Heritage

2.1Theme

2.1.1Good and Evil

2.2Characters Description

2.2.1Villainhero

2.2.2Delicate Young Girl

2.3Atmosphere，Environment and Plot

2.3.1Terror

2.3.2Mystery

2.3.3Supernatural

3.Emily’s Gothic Innovation

3.1Combination of romanticism and Realism

3.1.1Change of the Background

3.1.3Stream of Consciousness

3.1.4Illusion and Subconsciousness

3.2.Description of Figure Emotion and Psychology

2.拟采用的研究方法 主要有资料查找、理论探讨研究、阅读法

3.研究所需条件和可能存在的问题

研究所需条件：纸张、打印设备、图书馆、互联网上获取国内外文献资料；可能存在的问题：

(1)文献不足。

(2)由于个人的观点和能力，使对研究对象分析不够全面和深入。

三、研究进度安排、参考文献及审查意见

1.研究进度安排

（1）论文指导第一周（学期第八周）：学生完成初稿。

（2）论文指导第二周（学期第九周）：指导教师审阅论文初稿后发回修改。

（3）论文指导第三周（学期第十周）：学生交论文第二稿。

（4）论文指导第四周（学期第十一周）：指导教师审阅第二稿并发回给学生进一步修改。

（5）论文指导第五周（学期第十二周）：定稿

（6）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：交定稿的打印稿和电子文本。

（7）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：本周星期五至论文指导第七周（学期第周）星期五，指导教师和评阅教师写评语，学生做好答辩准备。

（8）论文指导第七周（学期第十四周）：星期三至论文指导第八周（学期第十五周）开展答辩工作。

英语开题报告范文（2）

function and application of descriptive translation studies

1 introduction

the intention of this study is to e_plore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation

since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).

dts approaches translation from an empirical translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural

my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target

the method of dts is basically the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is translation phenomena are noted with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this

a convenient tool has been set up to conduct “norm” is operative at every stage of description and function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of

the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation

in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and e_planation will done in light of

2 outline

development and major concepts of dts

in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm

methodolgy

i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept

dts in contrast to other theories

a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese _in da ya some advantage will possibly be shown in this

case study

in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be

under investigation in light of translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at

conclusion

based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of suggestions on further research efforts will be made

(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of )

it is therefore pointless to try to make tc more scientific than is sensible in view of its comple_ subject-matter and available translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot e_haustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the ”

英语开题报告范文（3）

1，研究来源及其意义:长期以来，由于多年根深蒂固的传统的教授语言的方法束缚，高中英语阅读教学在很大程度上仍脱离了"培养阅读能力"这一主要任务，成了专为应试服务的逐句翻译和烦琐的语法分析.其现状主要表现为:阅读课过分重视语法和词汇知识的讲解，而忽视对学生实际语言运用能力的培养;重教师的导向，而轻学生的主体性和人文精神的培养.其结果是，不仅忽略了课堂提问在阅读教学中的促进作用，学生在课堂上囫囵吞枣，死记硬背，简单地模仿句型，而且学生普遍存在对整篇文章的综合理解，阅读速度慢，缺乏分析问题，解决问题的能力以及积极参与阅读教学的兴趣，阅读课堂呈现单调乏味的现象.

这种现状已经阻碍了阅读教学的进一步发展.根据新课标的精神，高中阶段英语教学的目的是"初中英语教学的基础上发展听，说，读，写的基本技能;侧重培养阅读能力"且新编的人教版高中英语教科书以阅读课为中心，突出了高中阶段阅读教学的中心地位，体现了"高中阶段英语教学侧重培养阅读能力"的原则.

有此可见，英语阅读教学作为高中英语教学的侧重点，其目的不仅是要让学生学会语言知识，获取文章提供的信息，领悟文章的内涵，更重要的是使学生掌握阅读的方法和技能，逐步培养语言学习能力.而课堂提问则关系到英语阅读教学的质量，是阅读教学过程得以顺利进行的关键.课堂体温，是一种教学活动过程.通常是教师提出问题，引导学生运用已经学过的知识，回答教师提出的问题，提高分析能力，从而获得新知识的方法，是阅读课堂教学中使用频率的一种教学手段.这也正是顺应了新课标中所倡导的那样，在阅读教学中注重素质教育，鼓励学生积极参与教学活动，通过感知，体验，实践，参与和合作探究等活动方式，来完成阅读教学的任务和实现英语阅读教学目标.

同时，通过课堂提问在阅读教学中的运用，也充分体现了阅读教学"以学生为中心的教学思路，突出学生主体，尊重个体差异"的基本理念.据此，为改变传统阅读教学的模式，我们在进行阅读课堂教学时，在阅读前教师可以提出一系列问题，让学生带着问题有目的地去阅读能激发他们的好奇心和求知欲，提高他们的阅读能力.sefc教材所提供的文章内容广泛，体裁丰富，其中以叙述和论证体为主，教师应根据不同的文体设计不同的问题，体现出不同体裁的特点.教师还应把课堂作为学生英语实践活动的舞台，把课文内容作为话题，组织学生进行讨论，议论，评价，延伸和借鉴等言语实践活动，从而发挥学生在阅读教学中的主体作用，培养其积极的思维能力和创造能力.而且，国外一些语言学家早在20世纪60年代初就从不同角度探讨研究第二语言的阅读过程，创立和丰富了外语阅读教学理论.语言学家卢利亚认为:"复杂的阅读理解至少有三个环节组成区分单词的确切意义;把握词与词之间的句法关系以及由词组成的复杂的结构."他的话指出了阅读理解过程中语言知识的重要性.

1967年goodman借助心理语言学的观点，提出了崭新的阅读理论，他认为阅读是一个复杂的心理语言活动过程，是作者，语言信息，和读者三方面共同作用的结果.随着心理学，心理语言学，应用语言学和篇章语言学研究的发展，人们对阅读理论的探讨不断深入.

20世纪80年代初，carrol等人提出了"现代图式理论".它强调了读者的文化背景知识在阅读理解过程中所起的作用.目前，在国内对英语阅读教学的研究，人们有着各自不同的看法.尤其是在阅读教学模式方面，则主要存在着两种不同的意见:一种是"自下而上"的模式，认为阅读教学的基本路子是先教单词，再讲句子，ZUI后扩展到全文.另一种是"自上而下"的模式，强调"reading is a psycholingual guessing game"此外，国内的阅读教学理论也认为，阅读过程是一个主动的，有目的的，有创造性的心理过程.倡导教师在阅读教学中应该使学生始终处于积极主动的状态，通过对整篇文章的整体把握来获取文章信息，掌握语言知识，培养其阅读能力.随着国内外对阅读教学过程的不断深入，阅读教学在英语教学中的重要性将会变得显著突出.

如何在阅读教学中激发学生的学习兴趣，如何使其能创造性地解决课文话题所引出的与现实生活密切相关的问题，从而提高学生的阅读水平，由应试向素质教育转变，将成为一个备受注目的亟待解决的大问题.

本课题拟在外语教学法的范畴内，通过探讨如何运用课堂提问技巧，一方面为学生能够根据问题更快，更准确地把握对文章的综合理解，更好地获取文章的内在信息起到了积极的促进作用，另一方面，由于本课题的内容在目前的英语阅读教学中出现很少，而本课题的研究将弥补这一方面的不足，也为广大教师在阅读教学中所采用的教学技巧提供了一项参考.它的理论意义和实践意义将会十分显著.

2，研究目标:针对课文内容的不同，在阅读课堂教学的各环节中精心设计问题，为引导学生能够积极参与阅读教学，使其能够带着疑问对文章进行阅读，并向学生提供尽可能多的直接使用语言的机会，让学生回答问题，分析问题或就某一问题进行讨论，帮助学生在有限的课堂中限度地获取文章的内在信息，提高其阅读速度，分析问题和解决问题的能力，从而改善阅读课堂教学的质量.

3，研究的内容:主要探讨如何在阅读课堂教学的各个环节中设计课堂提问来吸引学生的阅读兴趣，尽可能地引导学生变被动为主动，积极参与阅读教学，在活跃的课堂教学环境中提高学生的阅读能力.

本课题研究主要解决以下几个问题:

(1)，对阅读课堂教学的现状进行分析，提出通过精心设计课堂提问来改善阅读教学的必要性.

(2)，根据阅读教学过程中的实际情况，探索和总结适合于阅读教学的课堂提问的技巧特征.

(3)，总结和探索在阅读课堂教学中适当运用课堂提问的技巧能否有利于优化阅读课堂教学的各环节.

4，研究的方法和手段:(1)，方法:调查法，归纳总结法，例证法，教学观摩法，查阅文献资料法.(2)，课题的研究手段主要是以实际应用为主，兼以完善这一理论研究.

5，研究的进度安排:统一按照院系领导和指导老师的安排，并结合论文写作的实际情况，认真完成论文协作的每项步骤.

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英语开题报告范文（4）

题 目：Jane Austen's Views of Marriage Reflected in Emma

简?奥斯丁婚姻观在《爱玛》中的体现

结合毕业设计(论文)课题任务情况，根据所查阅的文献资料，撰写1500～20XX字左右的文献综述：

简?奥斯汀，1775年出生于英国的斯蒂文顿，是十八世纪末、十九世纪初英国文坛的一颗耀眼的明星，她以对乡村生活以及恋爱和婚姻习俗的略带讽刺的描写而。简?奥斯汀对于中国读者来说并不陌生，《傲慢与偏见》是她的一部ZUI广为人知的作品。然而，她的另一部作品《爱玛》，在我国却还没有那么广泛的读者。随着近年来原著，译本等的出版和推广，它才逐渐被越来越多的读者所了解。简?奥斯汀终生未婚，但她的大部分作品都是以爱情和婚姻作为主题，这使得后人对她的婚姻观充满了好奇和兴趣。《爱玛》就是以婚姻作为议题来展开情节，这也是作者对这部作品产生兴趣的主要原因。

作品主人公爱玛?伍德豪斯是居住在海博利村的一个很早熟的二十岁的姑娘，她虽然坚信自己会独身，但还是认为自己很有做媒的天分。小说的叙述者用强调爱玛的好运气来介绍爱玛：“端庄、聪明、富有，家庭安逸、生性快乐”(Austen, 1981: 3)，爱玛“在世上过了将近二十一年，还没遇到什么让她烦恼或生气的事”(Austen, 1981: 3)。但是叙述者也提醒我们，爱玛有点儿“自行其是，性格中有点儿自视甚高”(Austen, 1981：3)。伴随着爱玛的错误和自我认识的发展，她对自己做媒能力错位的自信和她对爱的矫情的恐惧构成了小说的焦点。奥斯汀曾预言爱玛会成为“一个除了我别人不会很喜欢的人物”(1981：1)。但奥斯汀的大多数读者都证明她是错的。

以往对这部作品的分析研究一般可以归为以下几大类：研究女主人公爱玛的性格特征，爱玛的形象分析，该作品的主题，钢琴在这部小说中的象征意义，不同翻译版本的比较和与其主题相同的《傲慢与偏见》进行比较等。

邓军(20XX)认为，富家小姐爱玛?伍德豪斯与青年才俊奈特利ZUI终喜结良缘，这桩门当户对的婚姻，既迎合了资产阶级对婚姻的态度，考虑到了门第观念，男女双方又有浪漫爱情，毫无疑问这婚姻是美满的。这正反映了简?奥斯汀在她ZUI成熟的作品中ZUI成熟独到的婚姻观。她认为美满的婚姻首先是要认清对方的人品性格, 在爱情的基础之上,男女双方相互尊重, 情投意合, 这样的婚姻才会幸福而长久。另一方面, 她也认为婚姻需要一定的经济基础, 同时, 门第观念在婚姻中也是不可或缺的, 但婚姻不能完全依靠金钱财产、地位和门第观念来维系, 更不能一味地注重外表和不切实际地迷恋于“浪漫爱情”, 否则只会自酿苦酒(118-119)。蔡威认为，在当时的婚姻关系中，社会习俗推崇男性对女性持主动、积极的追求态势，女性则矜持地保持着被追求的地位。然而，爱玛对婚姻有自己独特的见解。在追求爱情上，爱玛也不完全是被动的。她多次与奈特利交谈，渐渐地两人对某些事、某些人的看法越来越一致。说明爱玛大胆追求与男子思想感情的平等交流，敢于追求选择爱人和把握自己命运的自由。作者以此明确呼吁社会对男女平等权力的承认并表明自己的婚姻观：“正当的婚姻关系应当是双方在互相尊重的基础上的结合。”小说女主人公爱玛的叛逆性形象和她对爱情的独特理解与追求，反映了作家追求新型女性形象以爱情为基础的婚恋观(20XX：68-70)。卢爱芝，于复选和王淑梅认为在这部小说中，“灰姑娘”简?费尔法克斯ZUI终决定嫁给弗兰克?丘吉尔。奥斯汀延承了灰姑娘的程式，她有意倒换了故事中的人物，从而更深刻地挖掘了这一主题的潜在意义。因此，可以说这本小说是灰姑娘主题大胆创新的一种变体。奥斯汀的婚姻观和当时的流行观念是不一致的。她认为，正当的婚姻关系应当是双方在互相尊重的基础上的结合(20XX： 58-61)。

作者发现这些研究往往从作品主题及故事情节和对主人公的分析出发进行讨论，进而总结出简?奥斯汀的婚姻观，缺乏对奥斯汀婚姻观的深刻剖析和描述，也较少涉及《爱玛》中的一些能够反映出其婚姻观特征的细节。深入分析简?奥斯汀婚姻观所包含的内容以及其在小说《爱玛》中的体现有利于读者更好的了解奥斯汀的婚姻观，同时更好的读懂《爱玛》。

《爱玛》是奥斯汀六部小说中ZUI成熟的作品，主要描写了中产阶级妇女和乡绅之间各种类型的爱情生活和婚姻纠葛。作为一名女性作家，奥斯汀不仅在这部作品中描述了一整套爱情婚姻观，而且还对当时妇女的婚姻发表了她自己独到的见解。

在本篇论文中，作者将结合英国当时的社会形态和背景，联系小说的情节并列举相关人物的实例，从社会阶级、女性意识、简?奥斯汀的价值观这三个方面出发，深层次的剖析和研究简?奥斯汀的婚姻观在小说《爱玛》中的体现。

参考文献：

Austen, Emma [M]. New York: Random House,

Austen, Emma [M]. 爱玛. 孙致礼. 南京: 译林出版社,

Craik, Jane Austen: The Si_ Novels [M]. London: Methuen,

Odmarb, An Understanding of Jane Austen's Novels [M]. O_ford: Basil Blackwell,

Tanner, Jane Austen [M]. London: Macmillan Press,

Williams, Jane Austen: Si_ Novels and Their Methods [M]. London: Macmillan LTD,

蔡威. 《爱玛》的女性意识解读[J]. 三门峡职业技术学院学报, 20XX(2):

陈艳玲﹠刘利坤. 奥斯丁小说中的女性意识[J]. 黑龙江社会科学, 20XX(3):

邓军. 论简?奥斯汀《爱玛》中的女性婚姻观及其成因[J]. 湖北经济学院学报(人文社会科学版), 20XX(6):

卢爱芝，于复选. 从《爱玛》看简?奥斯汀小说中的灰姑娘主题[J]. 莱阳农学院学报(社会科学版), 20XX(3):

苏世芬. 19世纪英国女性的代言人[J]. 南京林业大学学报, 20XX(3):

王红丽. 爱玛形象的女性意识解读[J]. 河南商业高等专科学校学报, 20XX(3): 123-

朱虹. 奥斯丁研究[M]. 北京: 中国文联出版公司,

毕业设计任务要研究或解决的问题和拟采用的方法：

在本篇论文中，作者将结合英国当时的社会形态和背景，联系小说的情节并列举相关人物的实例，从社会阶级、女性意识、简?奥斯汀的价值观这三个方面出发，深层次的剖析和研究简?奥斯汀的婚姻观在小说《爱玛》中的体现。

英语开题报告范文（5）

题目：A Brief Analysis of the Significance of Optimism in Pollyanna

研究目的和意义：

拉伯雷曾经说过:生活是一面镜子，你对它笑，它就对你笑;你对它哭，它就对你哭。生活在于快乐，然而，现实是我们越来越富有，而大多数人却越#from英语论文开题报告来自学优网来越过的不快乐。本论文将通过对乐观主义的定义，缘由及影响的阐述说明保持乐观主义对自己，对家庭，对社会的重要性及其重要作用。说明随着生活质量的提高，生活态度也应随之转变，也应从悲观主义向乐观主义转换。

国内外研究现状和发展趋势：

长久以来，大多数研究都是针对沮丧抑郁等心理疾病，很少研究乐观心理。据哈佛大学公开课讲师泰勒、本-沙哈尔说，研究沮丧抑郁与研究乐观心理的比例占在ZUI近几十年的研究中，乐观主义已经成为西方积极心理学的核心概念和研究热点。但研究的都主要集中在个体身心健康，主观幸福感上，对于如何在生活中培养人们的乐观主义精神，更好地提高生活质量尚为缺乏。

国内外大量研究都证实了保持乐观与身心健康密切相关，Schweizer等人研究结果表明，乐观是心理健康ZUI重要的预测变量，因为个人乐观与生活满意度呈正相关。我国学者袁莉敏，张日异，陶莎在探讨大学里的乐观主义倾向时也证实了这些结论。

今后，人们将会越来越意识到乐观主义的重要性，越来越注意培养自己的乐观主义精神。

主要研究内容：

本文旨在分析《波利安娜》所反映的乐观主义价值观。首先介绍美国乐观主义的定义，缘由，历史文化背景及其发展。然后叙述小说主要内容，对当时社会生活文化所产生的影响及不同时期人们对小说的不同看法。再次通过对主人公的乐观主义性格分析，从自身，家庭，社会三个方面通过列举，分析，比较等写作方法说明保持乐观主义对个人生活，家庭生活，社会整体的重要意义。主人公的经历也正证实了这一点，因此我们应该时时刻刻保持乐观主义精神。

拟采用的研究思路(方法、技术路线、可行性论证等)：

A研究方法：1、比较法2、分析法列举法

技术路线：大体分为3个阶段：前期准备，实施阶段，后期阶段。

前期阶段：主要是阅读一些与乐观主义及关于其意义相关的书籍和报刊，观看一些讲述心理及社会生活相关的视频，收集资料，为论文的写作作准备。实施阶段：利用搜集的相关资料及数据，撰写毕业论文。后期阶段：将论文进行多次修订。

可行性论证：相关资料丰富,有充实的理论依据支撑;经验丰富的指导老师指导;研究线路清晰。

英语开题报告范文（6）

function and application of descriptive translation studies

1 introduction

the intention of this study is to e_plore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation

since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).

dts approaches translation from an empirical translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural

my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target

the method of dts is basically the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is translation phenomena are noted with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this

a convenient tool has been set up to conduct “norm” is operative at every stage of description and function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of

the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation

in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and e_planation will done in light of

2 outline

development and major concepts of dts

in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm

methodolgy

i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept

dts in contrast to other theories

a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese _in da ya some advantage will possibly be shown in this

case study

in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be

under investigation in light of translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at

conclusion

based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of suggestions on further research efforts will be made

(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of )

it is therefore pointless to try to make tc more scientific than is sensible in view of its comple_ subject-matter and available translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot e_haustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the ”

英语开题报告范文（7）

一、论文题目：

classroom interaction and oral english teaching

二、研究现状：

对于课堂互动与英语口语教学之间的关系，国内的研究主要集中在：

(1)构建主义模式 它是以构建主义理论为基础的互动模式，司洪海在《构建主义理论与英语口语教学》中从对现有教学模式的“反思”入手，探讨将构建主义引入英语课堂教学的必要性、可行性及其意义和作用。卢艳春和路雅琴在《构建主义与大学英语口语课堂教学》中则分别“从构建知识观”“构建学习观”“构建教学观”入手，强调以学生为中心的主动性、构建性。

(2)角色扮演模式 徐志敏、王瑛在《大学英语课堂互动教学中角色扮演探究》中着重探讨了在角色扮演的互动教学中教师的作用，对指导教学实践具有重要的意义。而黄玉兰在《角色扮演引入英语专业口语教学中》从角色扮演是“多为互动英语口语教学模式的应用”探讨了角色扮演这一教学方法的目的、步骤和利弊等方面。

(3)以学生为中心模式 这一模式被单独研究的较少，黄影秋在《以学生为中心提高英语口语课堂教学效果的探索中》通过对学生口语课堂学习存在的问题的分析，提倡“以学生为中心”，实现教与学的“双边互动”。并提出阐述如何运用其他“教学策略提高口语的教学效果”，促进学生交际能力的提高。而刘蓉在《谈英语口语课堂互动》中则提出了互动可以创造“以学生为中心的口语课堂和整体小组作业模式”，提高口语交际能力。

(4)合作性学习模式 这种模式的研究较为普遍和盛行，它兴起于美国，在后来取得实质性的进展的一种教学理论与策略。黄艳在《合作性学习在大学英语课堂的应用》中提出了以下几种合作模式，从而的出该模式的优势所在。顾晓乐在《合作性学习与情景剧表演》中从情剧表演的角度来证明合作性学习的有效性。肖巧玲在《大学英语口语教学中的合作学习》中则通过合作学习在口语教学中的实践探究合作学习应注意的原则。而慕东文在《合作性学习的特点、目标、内容和实践策略》一文中，他用“人文精神和平等民主合作”原则，对待新的理念，指导英语口语教学。

(5)情景设置模式 它主要是根据gillian brown & george yuled的语言情景对第二语言习得者的交际紧张、焦虑的研究表明口语情景设置不适当，会影响学生用目标语进行交流，进而强调进行口语教学情景设置的重要性。张舍茹、孙边旗在《英语口语教学的情景设置>>中就论述我们应注意“情景互动教学中应遵循的原则”，及如何设置“英语口语教学中情景设置的形式”两个小方面局部性的探讨了情景设置这种互动模式。孙久荣在《论英语口语课的情景教学》中对情景设置这个模式从宏观上进行了分类，进而得出“开放式情景”和“封闭式情景”，为情景设置互动模式研究开辟了一个小领域。

三、研究的目的及意义：

通过对目前已经发展起来并比较成熟的几种互动模式的归纳来看：关于人际互动这种互动模式在目前的互动性研究中被单独研究还比较少，没有被当作一种独立的模式应用到英语口语课堂教学中，它更多的是被贯穿到其他几种互动模式当中。因此，本论题认为它还有进一步研究的空间。

四、研究的理论依据和研究方法：

本论题将以教育心理学的理论为基础，以互动理论和构建主义理论为依据，运用归纳总结的方法对已有的研究进行宏观上的概述，从而引出本文论题，通过例证分析、验证人际互动模式对课堂英语口语教学效果的提高所具有的重要意义。

五、提纲：

introduction

chapter one definition and theoretical basis of interaction

definition of interaction

theoretical basis of interaction

some main interactive modes in the present classroom

chapter two the necessity and the principles of following interaction-teaching mode

the disadvantage of traditional oral english teaching mode

the necessity and merit of taking interaction-teaching mode

oral english interaction-teaching mode should follow the principles

chapter three personal interaction in the oral english teaching

the relationship between the teacher and students

two types of personal interaction

classroom climate

classroom size

chapter four the evaluation of the interactive oral english teaching mode

some principles should follow when evaluating

the concept of evaluating

the technology of evaluating

conclusion

六、参考文献

jonssen, technology: toward a constructivist design model [j].educational 3 (1994):

littlewood, communicative language teaching [m].cambridge: cambridge university press

卢艳春, 路雅琴.“构建主义与大学英语口语教学.” 前沿杂志. 11 (__)

司洪海.“构建主义理论与英语口语教学.” 基础英语教育. 4 (__)

吴蕾.“构建主义在英语口语教学中的应用.” 东华大学学报(社科版).7 (__年)

范雄飞, 黄玉兰.“把角色扮演引入英语专业口语教学之中.”读与写杂志. 9 (__)

徐志敏, 王瑛.“大学英语课堂互动教学中角色扮演探究.” 外语研究. 8 (__)

黄影秋.“以学生为中心提高英语口语课堂效果.” 济南职业学院学报. 3 (__年):

何亚娟.“中学英语课堂互动教学的探索与实践.” 渭南师院学报. 12 (__):

顾晓乐, 黄芙蓉.“合作学习与情景剧表演.” 国外外语教学. 2 (__)

黄艳.“合作性学习在大学英语课堂的应用.” 长沙大学学报. 10 (__年)

慕东文.“合作性学习的特点、目标、内容和实践策略.” 甘肃农业. 6 (__)

孙边旗,张舍茹.“英语口语教学的情景设置.” 教育理论与实践 8 (__)

孙久荣.“论英语口语课的情景教学.” 辽阳师专学报 21 (__)

英语开题报告范文（8）

题 目：Jane Austen's Views of Marriage Reflected in Emma

简?奥斯丁婚姻观在《爱玛》中的体现

结合毕业设计(论文)课题任务情况，根据所查阅的文献资料，撰写1500～20XX字左右的文献综述：

简?奥斯汀，1775年出生于英国的斯蒂文顿，是十八世纪末、十九世纪初英国文坛的一颗耀眼的明星，她以对乡村生活以及恋爱和婚姻习俗的略带讽刺的描写而。简?奥斯汀对于中国读者来说并不陌生，《傲慢与偏见》是她的一部ZUI广为人知的作品。然而，她的另一部作品《爱玛》，在我国却还没有那么广泛的读者。随着近年来原著，译本等的出版和推广，它才逐渐被越来越多的读者所了解。简?奥斯汀终生未婚，但她的大部分作品都是以爱情和婚姻作为主题，这使得后人对她的婚姻观充满了好奇和兴趣。《爱玛》就是以婚姻作为议题来展开情节，这也是作者对这部作品产生兴趣的主要原因。

作品主人公爱玛?伍德豪斯是居住在海博利村的一个很早熟的二十岁的姑娘，她虽然坚信自己会独身，但还是认为自己很有做媒的天分。小说的叙述者用强调爱玛的好运气来介绍爱玛：“端庄、聪明、富有，家庭安逸、生性快乐”(Austen, 1981: 3)，爱玛“在世上过了将近二十一年，还没遇到什么让她烦恼或生气的事”(Austen, 1981: 3)。但是叙述者也提醒我们，爱玛有点儿“自行其是，性格中有点儿自视甚高”(Austen, 1981：3)。伴随着爱玛的错误和自我认识的发展，她对自己做媒能力错位的自信和她对爱的矫情的恐惧构成了小说的焦点。奥斯汀曾预言爱玛会成为“一个除了我别人不会很喜欢的人物”(1981：1)。但奥斯汀的大多数读者都证明她是错的。

以往对这部作品的分析研究一般可以归为以下几大类：研究女主人公爱玛的性格特征，爱玛的形象分析，该作品的主题，钢琴在这部小说中的象征意义，不同翻译版本的比较和与其主题相同的《傲慢与偏见》进行比较等。

邓军(20XX)认为，富家小姐爱玛?伍德豪斯与青年才俊奈特利ZUI终喜结良缘，这桩门当户对的婚姻，既迎合了资产阶级对婚姻的态度，考虑到了门第观念，男女双方又有浪漫爱情，毫无疑问这婚姻是美满的。这正反映了简?奥斯汀在她ZUI成熟的作品中ZUI成熟独到的婚姻观。她认为美满的婚姻首先是要认清对方的人品性格, 在爱情的基础之上,男女双方相互尊重, 情投意合, 这样的婚姻才会幸福而长久。另一方面, 她也认为婚姻需要一定的经济基础, 同时, 门第观念在婚姻中也是不可或缺的, 但婚姻不能完全依靠金钱财产、地位和门第观念来维系, 更不能一味地注重外表和不切实际地迷恋于“浪漫爱情”, 否则只会自酿苦酒(118-119)。蔡威认为，在当时的婚姻关系中，社会习俗推崇男性对女性持主动、积极的追求态势，女性则矜持地保持着被追求的地位。然而，爱玛对婚姻有自己独特的见解。在追求爱情上，爱玛也不完全是被动的。她多次与奈特利交谈，渐渐地两人对某些事、某些人的看法越来越一致。说明爱玛大胆追求与男子思想感情的平等交流，敢于追求选择爱人和把握自己命运的自由。作者以此明确呼吁社会对男女平等权力的承认并表明自己的婚姻观：“正当的婚姻关系应当是双方在互相尊重的基础上的结合。”小说女主人公爱玛的叛逆性形象和她对爱情的独特理解与追求，反映了作家追求新型女性形象以爱情为基础的婚恋观(20XX：68-70)。卢爱芝，于复选和王淑梅认为在这部小说中，“灰姑娘”简?费尔法克斯ZUI终决定嫁给弗兰克?丘吉尔。奥斯汀延承了灰姑娘的程式，她有意倒换了故事中的人物，从而更深刻地挖掘了这一主题的潜在意义。因此，可以说这本小说是灰姑娘主题大胆创新的一种变体。奥斯汀的婚姻观和当时的流行观念是不一致的。她认为，正当的婚姻关系应当是双方在互相尊重的基础上的结合(20XX： 58-61)。

作者发现这些研究往往从作品主题及故事情节和对主人公的分析出发进行讨论，进而总结出简?奥斯汀的婚姻观，缺乏对奥斯汀婚姻观的深刻剖析和描述，也较少涉及《爱玛》中的一些能够反映出其婚姻观特征的细节。深入分析简?奥斯汀婚姻观所包含的内容以及其在小说《爱玛》中的体现有利于读者更好的了解奥斯汀的婚姻观，同时更好的读懂《爱玛》。

《爱玛》是奥斯汀六部小说中ZUI成熟的作品，主要描写了中产阶级妇女和乡绅之间各种类型的爱情生活和婚姻纠葛。作为一名女性作家，奥斯汀不仅在这部作品中描述了一整套爱情婚姻观，而且还对当时妇女的婚姻发表了她自己独到的见解。

在本篇论文中，作者将结合英国当时的社会形态和背景，联系小说的情节并列举相关人物的实例，从社会阶级、女性意识、简?奥斯汀的价值观这三个方面出发，深层次的剖析和研究简?奥斯汀的婚姻观在小说《爱玛》中的体现。

参考文献：

Austen, Emma [M]. New York: Random House,

Austen, Emma [M]. 爱玛. 孙致礼. 南京: 译林出版社,

Craik, Jane Austen: The Si_ Novels [M]. London: Methuen,

Odmarb, An Understanding of Jane Austen's Novels [M]. O_ford: Basil Blackwell,

Tanner, Jane Austen [M]. London: Macmillan Press,

Williams, Jane Austen: Si_ Novels and Their Methods [M]. London: Macmillan LTD,

蔡威. 《爱玛》的女性意识解读[J]. 三门峡职业技术学院学报, 20XX(2):

陈艳玲﹠刘利坤. 奥斯丁小说中的女性意识[J]. 黑龙江社会科学, 20XX(3):

邓军. 论简?奥斯汀《爱玛》中的女性婚姻观及其成因[J]. 湖北经济学院学报(人文社会科学版), 20XX(6):

卢爱芝，于复选. 从《爱玛》看简?奥斯汀小说中的灰姑娘主题[J]. 莱阳农学院学报(社会科学版), 20XX(3):

苏世芬. 19世纪英国女性的代言人[J]. 南京林业大学学报, 20XX(3):

王红丽. 爱玛形象的女性意识解读[J]. 河南商业高等专科学校学报, 20XX(3): 123-

朱虹. 奥斯丁研究[M]. 北京: 中国文联出版公司,

毕业设计任务要研究或解决的问题和拟采用的方法：

在本篇论文中，作者将结合英国当时的社会形态和背景，联系小说的情节并列举相关人物的实例，从社会阶级、女性意识、简?奥斯汀的价值观这三个方面出发，深层次的剖析和研究简?奥斯汀的婚姻观在小说《爱玛》中的体现。

英语开题报告范文（9）

Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies

1 Introduction

The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).

DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their r

elationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.

2 Outline

2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS

In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.

2.2 Methodolgy

I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.

2.3 DTS in contrast to other theories

A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.

2.4 Case study

In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.

2.5 Conclusion

Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.

(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)

It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss, 1982: 217)

英语开题报告范文（10）

外语系2007届英语专业开题报告写作规范

为进一步严格学术规范，加强指导教师对学生论文写作的有效指导以及减少学生在写作过程的盲目性，外语系特要求学生在论文选题和论文写作前期与指导教师保持联系，认真撰写开题报告。外语系特对本届毕业论文开题报告作以下规定：

I. 英语专业学生开题报告写作语言为英文（填写毕业论文登记表中“开题报告”用中文）。

II. 开题报告写作步骤为：

1. Title （论文题目）

2. Thesis Statement （中心论点）

3. Purpose and Significance of Study （研究目的和意义）

4. Situation of Study （研究现状）

5. Difficulty of Study （研究难点）

6. Detailed Outline （详细提纲）

7. References  （参考文献）。

III. 学生按规定时间完成开题报告后，指导教师组织小组开题并填写审核意见。

IV. 指导教师同意后，学生方可进行论文写作。

V. 本期末学生离校前须与指导教师见面，商讨下一步写作计划等事宜。

VI. 下期开学报到后小组长召集全组成员与指导教师见面，汇报论文资料收集或写作中存在的问题。

VII. 参考文献要求用APA格式或MLA格式。

VIII. 页面设置

纸型：A4（210 X 297毫米）即宽度：21厘米，高度29.7厘米。

页边距：上1.8厘米、下1.35厘米；左2.2厘米、右1.8厘米。装订线位置：左侧，装订线：0厘米，距边界：页眉1.6，页脚1.6。每页：32行，跨度23.5磅。

··········

·······   外 语 系

2007-1-1

潼 城  大学

外   语   系

Tongcheng University

(B.A. Thesis Proposal)

论文题目：······

(英文题目在上、汉语题目在下)

专    业：······

指导教师：······

学    生：······

班    级：······

学    号：······

日    期：······

1. Title

2. Thesis Statement

3. Purpose and Significance of Study

4. Situation of Study

5. Difficulty of Study

6. Outline

7. References

开题过程：

···· 论文小组长（签名）：

···    日   期：

指导教师意见：

指导教师签名：

日   期：

英语开题报告范文（11）

英语论文开题报告范文及封面格式

下面是一篇英语论文的开题报告范文，虽然不是特别好，但也反应了开题报告的.格式和写法，有一定的借鉴价值。

Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies

1 Introduction

The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).

DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.

编辑

英语开题报告范文（12）

英语论文的开题报告范文

Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies 1 Introduction

The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).

DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.

英语论文开题报告范文

系别：外语系 专业：英 语 所选题目名称：

English Idioms and Their Cohesive Function

课题研究现状：

English idioms are an important part of the English vocabulary. The general tendencies of present-day English are towards more idiomatic usages. Halliday and Hason (1976) pointed out that there are three functions of English idioms (ideational function, interpersonal function and textual function). Another scholar, Fernando C. (1996), also made valuable contributions to the understanding of idiomatic expression_r of coherent text, and in the creation of stylistic effects.

Chinese linguists like Hu Zhuanglin (1994, 1996), Zhu Yongsheng (1995, 1996, 1997) and Zhang Delu (1994) mainly made contributions to the study of textual cohesion.

课题研究目的：

This paper is firstly intended to define English idioms and analyze the features of them. It then explores the cohesive function after careful analysis and discussion, attempting to arouse the concern of using idioms appropriately and help readers make full use of the cohesive function for communicating more concisely and idiomatically, thus more effectively.

课题研究内容：

As English idioms are much alive in everyday English, a close look at the function of idioms must be taken. This dissertation includes the following five aspects: 1. Introduction

2. A General Study of English Idioms 2.1 The Definition of English Idioms 2.2 Features of English Idioms

3. Cohesive Function of English Idioms 3.1 Cohesion

3.2 Functional Categories

3.3 Cohesive Function of Relational Idioms 3.4 Cohesive Function of Other Idioms

4. The Cohesive Function in Terms of Syntax And Pragmatics 4.1 Syntactic Cohesion 4.2 Pragmatic Function 5. Conclusion

课题研究计划：

January 22-March 10: question posing of the research and collection of materials March 11-March 25: analysis of the materials and writing of an outline

March 26-April 30: completion of the first draft and seeking supervisor’s advice May 1?June 10: refinement of the paper according to teacher’s suggestion

June 11?June 22: finalization of the thesis based on the set requirements after the defence

主要参考文献：

[1] Fernando, C. Idioms and Idiomaticity. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000

[2] Halliday, M.A.K. and R. Hason. Cohesion in English. Longman Press, 1985

[3] Lakoff, G. and M. Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. University of Chicago Press, 1980

[4] Makkai, A. Idiom Structure in English. The Hague Press,1972

[5] 林承璋. 英语词汇学引论[M]. 武汉大学出版社，1987

[6] 陆国强. 现代英语词汇学[M]. 上海外语教育出版社, 1999

[7] 汪榕培, 卢晓娟. 英语词汇学教程[M]. 上海外语教育出版社, 1999

英语开题报告范文（13）

一、论文题目：classroom interaction and oral english teaching

二、研究现状：

对于课堂互动与英语口语教学之间的关系，国内的研究主要集中在：构建主义模式 它是以构建主义理论为基础的互动模式，司洪海在《构建主义理论与英语口语教学》中从对现有教学模式的“反思”入手，探讨将构建主义引入英语课堂教学的必要性、可行性及其意义和作用。卢艳春和路雅琴在《构建主义与大学英语口语课堂教学》中则分别“从构建知识观”“构建学习观”“构建教学观”入手，强调以学生为中心的主动性、构建性。角色扮演模式 徐志敏、王瑛在《大学英语课堂互动教学中角色扮演探究》中着重探讨了在角色扮演的互动教学中教师的作用，对指导教学实践具有重要的意义。而黄玉兰在《角色扮演引入英语专业口语教学中》从角色扮演是“多为互动英语口语教学模式的应用”探讨了角色扮演这一教学方法的目的、步骤和利弊等方面。以学生为中心模式 这一模式被单独研究的较少，黄影秋在《以学生为中心提高英语口语课堂教学效果的探索中》通过对学生口语课堂学习存在的问题的分析，提倡“以学生为中心”，实现教与学的“双边互动”。并提出阐述如何运用其他“教学策略提高口语的教学效果”，促进学生交际能力的提高。而刘蓉在《谈英语口语课堂互动》中则提出了互动可以创造“以学生为中心的口语课堂和整体小组作业模式”，提高口语交际能力。合作性学习模式 这种模式的研究较为普遍和盛行，它兴起于美国，在后来取得实质性的进展的一种教学理论与策略。黄艳在《合作性学习在大学英语课堂的应用》中提出了以下几种合作模式，从而的出该模式的优势所在。顾晓乐在《合作性学习与情景剧表演》中从情剧表演的角度来证明合作性学习的有效性。肖巧玲在《大学英语口语教学中的合作学习》中则通过合作学习在口语教学中的实践探究合作学习应注意的原则。而慕东文在《合作性学习的特点、目标、内容和实践策略》一文中，他用“人文精神和平等民主合作”原则，对待新的理念，指导英语口语教学。情景设置模式 它主要是根据gillian brown & george yuled的'语言情景对第二语言习得者的交际紧张、焦虑的研究表明口语情景设置不适当，会影响学生用目标语进行交流，进而强调进行口语教学情景设置的重要性。张舍茹、孙边旗在《英语口语教学的情景设置>>中就论述我们应注意“情景互动教学中应遵循的原则”，及如何设置“英语口语教学中情景设置的形式”两个小方面局部性的探讨了情景设置这种互动模式。孙久荣在《论英语口语课的情景教学》中对情景设置这个模式从宏观上进行了分类，进而得出“开放式情景”和“封闭式情景”，为情景设置互动模式研究开辟了一个小领域。

三、研究的目的及意义：

通过对目前已经发展起来并比较成熟的几种互动模式的归纳来看：关于人际互动这种互动模式在目前的互动性研究中被单独研究还比较少，没有被当作一种独立的模式应用到英语口语课堂教学中，它更多的是被贯穿到其他几种互动模式当中。因此，本论题认为它还有进一步研究的空间。

四、研究的理论依据和研究方法：

本论题将以教育心理学的理论为基础，以互动理论和构建主义理论为依据，运用归纳总结的方法对已有的研究进行宏观上的概述，从而引出本文论题，通过例证分析、验证人际互动模式对课堂英语口语教学效果的提高所具有的重要意义。

五、提纲：

introduction

chapter one definition and theoretical basis of interaction

definition of interaction

theoretical basis of interaction

some main interactive modes in the present classroom

chapter two the necessity and the principles of following interaction-teaching mode

the disadvantage of traditional oral english teaching mode

the necessity and merit of taking interaction-teaching mode

oral english interaction-teaching mode should follow the principles

chapter three personal interaction in the oral english teaching

the relationship between the teacher and students

two types of personal interaction

classroom climate

classroom size

chapter four the evaluation of the interactive oral english teaching mode

some principles should follow when evaluating

the concept of evaluating

the technology of evaluating

conclusion

六、参考文献

jonssen,  technology: toward a constructivist design model [j].educational (1994):34-35.

littlewood, william. communicative language teaching [m].cambridge: cambridge university press .1981.

卢艳春, 路雅琴.“构建主义与大学英语口语教学.” 前沿杂志.11(XX):98-100.

司洪海.“构建主义理论与英语口语教学.” 基础英语教育.4(XX):8-9.

吴蕾.“构建主义在英语口语教学中的应用.” 东华大学学报(社科版).7(XX年):23-24.

范雄飞, 黄玉兰.“把角色扮演引入英语专业口语教学之中.”读与写杂志.9(XX):35-37.

徐志敏, 王瑛.“大学英语课堂互动教学中角色扮演探究.” 外语研究.8(XX):56-57.

黄影秋.“以学生为中心提高英语口语课堂效果.” 济南职业学院学报.3(XX年):81-88.

何亚娟.“中学英语课堂互动教学的探索与实践.” 渭南师院学报.12(XX):72-73.

顾晓乐, 黄芙蓉.“合作学习与情景剧表演.” 国外外语教学.2(XX):55-56.

黄艳.“合作性学习在大学英语课堂的应用.” 长沙大学学报.10 (XX年):145-146.

慕东文.“合作性学习的特点、目标、内容和实践策略.” 甘肃农业.6(XX):304-305.

孙边旗,张舍茹.“英语口语教学的情景设置.” 教育理论与实践8(XX):37-39.

孙久荣.“论英语口语课的情景教学.” 辽阳师专学报21(XX):87-89.

英语开题报告范文（14）

论文最好能建立在平日比较注意探索的问题的基础上，写论文主要是反映学生对问题的思考， 详细内容请看下文英语专业毕业论文开题报告范文。

1 introduction

the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).

dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. norm is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.

2 outline

2.1 development and major concepts of dts

in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.

2.2 methodolgy

i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.

2.3 dts in contrast to other theories

a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.

2.4 case study

in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.

2.5 conclusion

based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.

(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)

英语开题报告范文（15）

introduction

chapter one definition and theoretical basis of interaction

1.1 definition of interaction

1.2 theoretical basis of interaction

1.3 some main interactive modes in the present classroom

chapter two the necessity and the principles of following interaction-teaching mode

2.1 the disadvantage of traditional oral english teaching mode

2.2 the necessity and merit of taking interaction-teaching mode

2.3 oral english interaction-teaching mode should follow the principles

chapter three personal interaction in the oral english teaching

3.1 the relationship between the teacher and students

3.2 two types of personal interaction

3.3 classroom climate

3.4 classroom size

chapter four the evaluation of the interactive oral english teaching mode

4.1 some principles should follow when evaluating

4.2 the concept of evaluating

4.3 the technology of evaluating

conclusion

英语开题报告范文（16）

Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies

1 Introduction

The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).

DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their r

elationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.

2 Outline

2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS

In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.

2.2 Methodolgy

I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.

2.3 DTS in contrast to other theories

A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.

2.4 Case study

In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.

2.5 Conclusion

Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.

(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)

It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss, 1982: 217)

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