gin/context.go at v1.5.0 · dominictobias/gin

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// Copyright 2014 Manu Martinez-Almeida.  All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package gin
	"io/ioutil"
	"mime/multipart"
	"net/http"
	"github.com/gin-contrib/sse"
	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/binding"
	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/render"
// Content-Type MIME of the most common data formats.
	MIMEJSON              = binding.MIMEJSON
	MIMEHTML              = binding.MIMEHTML
	MIMEXML               = binding.MIMEXML
	MIMEXML2              = binding.MIMEXML2
	MIMEPlain             = binding.MIMEPlain
	MIMEPOSTForm          = binding.MIMEPOSTForm
	MIMEMultipartPOSTForm = binding.MIMEMultipartPOSTForm
	MIMEYAML              = binding.MIMEYAML
	BodyBytesKey          = "_gin-gonic/gin/bodybyteskey"
const abortIndex int8 = math.MaxInt8 / 2
// Context is the most important part of gin. It allows us to pass variables between middleware,
// manage the flow, validate the JSON of a request and render a JSON response for example.
type Context struct {
	writermem responseWriter
	Request   *http.Request
	Writer    ResponseWriter
	Params   Params
	handlers HandlersChain
	index    int8
	fullPath string
	engine *Engine
	// Keys is a key/value pair exclusively for the context of each request.
	Keys map[string]interface{}
	// Errors is a list of errors attached to all the handlers/middlewares who used this context.
	Errors errorMsgs
	// Accepted defines a list of manually accepted formats for content negotiation.
	Accepted []string
	// queryCache use url.ParseQuery cached the param query result from c.Request.URL.Query()
	queryCache url.Values
	// formCache use url.ParseQuery cached PostForm contains the parsed form data from POST, PATCH,
	// or PUT body parameters.
	formCache url.Values
/************************************/
/********** CONTEXT CREATION ********/
/************************************/
func (c *Context) reset() {
	c.Writer = &c.writermem
	c.Params = c.Params[0:0]
	c.handlers = nil
	c.index = -1
	c.fullPath = ""
	c.Keys = nil
	c.Errors = c.Errors[0:0]
	c.Accepted = nil
	c.queryCache = nil
	c.formCache = nil
// Copy returns a copy of the current context that can be safely used outside the request's scope.
// This has to be used when the context has to be passed to a goroutine.
func (c *Context) Copy() *Context {
	var cp = *c
	cp.writermem.ResponseWriter = nil
	cp.Writer = &cp.writermem
	cp.index = abortIndex
	cp.handlers = nil
	cp.Keys = map[string]interface{}{}
	for k, v := range c.Keys {
		cp.Keys[k] = v
	paramCopy := make([]Param, len(cp.Params))
	copy(paramCopy, cp.Params)
	cp.Params = paramCopy
	return &cp
// HandlerName returns the main handler's name. For example if the handler is "handleGetUsers()",
// this function will return "main.handleGetUsers".
func (c *Context) HandlerName() string {
	return nameOfFunction(c.handlers.Last())
// HandlerNames returns a list of all registered handlers for this context in descending order,
// following the semantics of HandlerName()
func (c *Context) HandlerNames() []string {
	hn := make([]string, 0, len(c.handlers))
	for _, val := range c.handlers {
		hn = append(hn, nameOfFunction(val))
// Handler returns the main handler.
func (c *Context) Handler() HandlerFunc {
	return c.handlers.Last()
// FullPath returns a matched route full path. For not found routes
// returns an empty string.
//     router.GET("/user/:id", func(c *gin.Context) {
//         c.FullPath() == "/user/:id" // true
func (c *Context) FullPath() string {
	return c.fullPath
/************************************/
/*********** FLOW CONTROL ***********/
/************************************/
// Next should be used only inside middleware.
// It executes the pending handlers in the chain inside the calling handler.
// See example in GitHub.
func (c *Context) Next() {
	for c.index < int8(len(c.handlers)) {
		c.handlers[c.index](c)
		c.index++
// IsAborted returns true if the current context was aborted.
func (c *Context) IsAborted() bool {
	return c.index >= abortIndex
// Abort prevents pending handlers from being called. Note that this will not stop the current handler.
// Let's say you have an authorization middleware that validates that the current request is authorized.
// If the authorization fails (ex: the password does not match), call Abort to ensure the remaining handlers
// for this request are not called.
func (c *Context) Abort() {
	c.index = abortIndex
// AbortWithStatus calls `Abort()` and writes the headers with the specified status code.
// For example, a failed attempt to authenticate a request could use: context.AbortWithStatus(401).
func (c *Context) AbortWithStatus(code int) {
	c.Status(code)
	c.Writer.WriteHeaderNow()
// AbortWithStatusJSON calls `Abort()` and then `JSON` internally.
// This method stops the chain, writes the status code and return a JSON body.
// It also sets the Content-Type as "application/json".
func (c *Context) AbortWithStatusJSON(code int, jsonObj interface{}) {
	c.JSON(code, jsonObj)
// AbortWithError calls `AbortWithStatus()` and `Error()` internally.
// This method stops the chain, writes the status code and pushes the specified error to `c.Errors`.
// See Context.Error() for more details.
func (c *Context) AbortWithError(code int, err error) *Error {
	c.AbortWithStatus(code)
	return c.Error(err)
/************************************/
/********* ERROR MANAGEMENT *********/
/************************************/
// Error attaches an error to the current context. The error is pushed to a list of errors.
// It's a good idea to call Error for each error that occurred during the resolution of a request.
// A middleware can be used to collect all the errors and push them to a database together,
// print a log, or append it in the HTTP response.
// Error will panic if err is nil.
func (c *Context) Error(err error) *Error {
	if err == nil {
		panic("err is nil")
	parsedError, ok := err.(*Error)
		parsedError = &Error{
			Err:  err,
			Type: ErrorTypePrivate,
	c.Errors = append(c.Errors, parsedError)
	return parsedError
/************************************/
/******** METADATA MANAGEMENT********/
/************************************/
// Set is used to store a new key/value pair exclusively for this context.
// It also lazy initializes  c.Keys if it was not used previously.
func (c *Context) Set(key string, value interface{}) {
	if c.Keys == nil {
		c.Keys = make(map[string]interface{})
	c.Keys[key] = value
// Get returns the value for the given key, ie: (value, true).
// If the value does not exists it returns (nil, false)
func (c *Context) Get(key string) (value interface{}, exists bool) {
	value, exists = c.Keys[key]
// MustGet returns the value for the given key if it exists, otherwise it panics.
func (c *Context) MustGet(key string) interface{} {
	if value, exists := c.Get(key); exists {
		return value
	panic("Key \"" + key + "\" does not exist")
// GetString returns the value associated with the key as a string.
func (c *Context) GetString(key string) (s string) {
	if val, ok := c.Get(key); ok && val != nil {
		s, _ = val.(string)
// GetBool returns the value associated with the key as a boolean.
func (c *Context) GetBool(key string) (b bool) {
	if val, ok := c.Get(key); ok && val != nil {
		b, _ = val.(bool)
// GetInt returns the value associated with the key as an integer.
func (c *Context) GetInt(key string) (i int) {
	if val, ok := c.Get(key); ok && val != nil {
		i, _ = val.(int)
// GetInt64 returns the value associated with the key as an integer.
func (c *Context) GetInt64(key string) (i64 int64) {
	if val, ok := c.Get(key); ok && val != nil {
		i64, _ = val.(int64)
// GetFloat64 returns the value associated with the key as a float64.
func (c *Context) GetFloat64(key string) (f64 float64) {
	if val, ok := c.Get(key); ok && val != nil {
		f64, _ = val.(float64)
// GetTime returns the value associated with the key as time.
func (c *Context) GetTime(key string) (t time.Time) {
	if val, ok := c.Get(key); ok && val != nil {
		t, _ = val.(time.Time)
// GetDuration returns the value associated with the key as a duration.
func (c *Context) GetDuration(key string) (d time.Duration) {
	if val, ok := c.Get(key); ok && val != nil {
		d, _ = val.(time.Duration)
// GetStringSlice returns the value associated with the key as a slice of strings.
func (c *Context) GetStringSlice(key string) (ss []string) {
	if val, ok := c.Get(key); ok && val != nil {
		ss, _ = val.([]string)
// GetStringMap returns the value associated with the key as a map of interfaces.
func (c *Context) GetStringMap(key string) (sm map[string]interface{}) {
	if val, ok := c.Get(key); ok && val != nil {
		sm, _ = val.(map[string]interface{})
// GetStringMapString returns the value associated with the key as a map of strings.
func (c *Context) GetStringMapString(key string) (sms map[string]string) {
	if val, ok := c.Get(key); ok && val != nil {
		sms, _ = val.(map[string]string)
// GetStringMapStringSlice returns the value associated with the key as a map to a slice of strings.
func (c *Context) GetStringMapStringSlice(key string) (smss map[string][]string) {
	if val, ok := c.Get(key); ok && val != nil {
		smss, _ = val.(map[string][]string)
/************************************/
/************ INPUT DATA ************/
/************************************/
// Param returns the value of the URL param.
// It is a shortcut for c.Params.ByName(key)
//     router.GET("/user/:id", func(c *gin.Context) {
//         // a GET request to /user/john
//         id := c.Param("id") // id == "john"
func (c *Context) Param(key string) string {
	return c.Params.ByName(key)
// Query returns the keyed url query value if it exists,
// otherwise it returns an empty string `("")`.
// It is shortcut for `c.Request.URL.Query().Get(key)`
//     GET /path?id=1234&name=Manu&value=
// 	   c.Query("id") == "1234"
// 	   c.Query("name") == "Manu"
// 	   c.Query("value") == ""
// 	   c.Query("wtf") == ""
func (c *Context) Query(key string) string {
	value, _ := c.GetQuery(key)
	return value
// DefaultQuery returns the keyed url query value if it exists,
// otherwise it returns the specified defaultValue string.
// See: Query() and GetQuery() for further information.
//     GET /?name=Manu&lastname=
//     c.DefaultQuery("name", "unknown") == "Manu"
//     c.DefaultQuery("id", "none") == "none"
//     c.DefaultQuery("lastname", "none") == ""
func (c *Context) DefaultQuery(key, defaultValue string)
8BD0
 string {
	if value, ok := c.GetQuery(key); ok {
		return value
	return defaultValue
// GetQuery is like Query(), it returns the keyed url query value
// if it exists `(value, true)` (even when the value is an empty string),
// otherwise it returns `("", false)`.
// It is shortcut for `c.Request.URL.Query().Get(key)`
//     GET /?name=Manu&lastname=
//     ("Manu", true) == c.GetQuery("name")
//     ("", false) == c.GetQuery("id")
//     ("", true) == c.GetQuery("lastname")
func (c *Context) GetQuery(key string) (string, bool) {
	if values, ok := c.GetQueryArray(key); ok {
		return values[0], ok
	return "", false
// QueryArray returns a slice of strings for a given query key.
// The length of the slice depends on the number of params with the given key.
func (c *Context) QueryArray(key string) []string {
	values, _ := c.GetQueryArray(key)
	return values
func (c *Context) getQueryCache() {
	if c.queryCache == nil {
		c.queryCache = c.Request.URL.Query()
// GetQueryArray returns a slice of strings for a given query key, plus
// a boolean value whether at least one value exists for the given key.
func (c *Context) GetQueryArray(key string) ([]string, bool) {
	c.getQueryCache()
	if values, ok := c.queryCache[key]; ok && len(values) > 0 {
		return values, true
	return []string{}, false
// QueryMap returns a map for a given query key.
func (c *Context) QueryMap(key string) map[string]string {
	dicts, _ := c.GetQueryMap(key)
	return dicts
// GetQueryMap returns a map for a given query key, plus a boolean value
// whether at least one value exists for the given key.
func (c *Context) GetQueryMap(key string) (map[string]string, bool) {
	c.getQueryCache()
	return c.get(c.queryCache, key)
// PostForm returns the specified key from a POST urlencoded form or multipart form
// when it exists, otherwise it returns an empty string `("")`.
func (c *Context) PostForm(key string) string {
	value, _ := c.GetPostForm(key)
	return value
// DefaultPostForm returns the specified key from a POST urlencoded form or multipart form
// when it exists, otherwise it returns the specified defaultValue string.
// See: PostForm() and GetPostForm() for further information.
func (c *Context) DefaultPostForm(key, defaultValue string) string {
	if value, ok := c.GetPostForm(key); ok {
		return value
	return defaultValue
// GetPostForm is like PostForm(key). It returns the specified key from a POST urlencoded
// form or multipart form when it exists `(value, true)` (even when the value is an empty string),
// otherwise it returns ("", false).
// For example, during a PATCH request to update the user's email:
//     email=mail@example.com  -->  ("mail@example.com", true) := GetPostForm("email") // set email to "mail@example.com"
// 	   email=                  -->  ("", true) := GetPostForm("email") // set email to ""
//                             -->  ("", false) := GetPostForm("email") // do nothing with email
func (c *Context) GetPostForm(key string) (string, bool) {
	if values, ok := c.GetPostFormArray(key); ok {
		return values[0], ok
	return "", false
// PostFormArray returns a slice of strings for a given form key.
// The length of the slice depends on the number of params with the given key.
func (c *Context) PostFormArray(key string) []string {
	values, _ := c.GetPostFormArray(key)
	return values
func (c *Context) getFormCache() {
	if c.formCache == nil {
		c.formCache = make(url.Values)
		req := c.Request
		if err := req.ParseMultipartForm(c.engine.MaxMultipartMemory); err != nil {
			if err != http.ErrNotMultipart {
				debugPrint("error on parse multipart form array: %v", err)
		c.formCache = req.PostForm
// GetPostFormArray returns a slice of strings for a given form key, plus
// a boolean value whether at least one value exists for the given key.
func (c *Context) GetPostFormArray(key string) ([]string, bool) {
	c.getFormCache()
	if values := c.formCache[key]; len(values) > 0 {
		return values, true
	return []string{}, false
// PostFormMap returns a map for a given form key.
func (c *Context) PostFormMap(key string) map[string]string {
	dicts, _ := c.GetPostFormMap(key)
	return dicts
// GetPostFormMap returns a map for a given form key, plus a boolean value
// whether at least one value exists for the given key.
func (c *Context) GetPostFormMap(key string) (map[string]string, bool) {
	c.getFormCache()
	return c.get(c.formCache, key)
// get is an internal method and returns a map which satisfy conditions.
func (c *Context) get(m map[string][]string, key string) (map[string]string, bool) {
	dicts := make(map[string]string)
	exist := false
	for k, v := range m {
		if i := strings.IndexByte(k, '['); i >= 1 && k[0:i] == key {
			if j := strings.IndexByte(k[i+1:], ']'); j >= 1 {
				exist = true
				dicts[k[i+1:][:j]] = v[0]
	return dicts, exist
// FormFile returns the first file for the provided form key.
func (c *Context) FormFile(name string) (*multipart.FileHeader, error) {
	if c.Request.MultipartForm == nil {
		if err := c.Request.ParseMultipartForm(c.engine.MaxMultipartMemory); err != nil {
			return nil, err
	f, fh, err := c.Request.FormFile(name)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	return fh, err
// MultipartForm is the parsed multipart form, including file uploads.
func (c *Context) MultipartForm() (*multipart.Form, error) {
	err := c.Request.ParseMultipartForm(c.engine.MaxMultipartMemory)
	return c.Request.MultipartForm, err
// SaveUploadedFile uploads the form file to specific dst.
func (c *Context) SaveUploadedFile(file *multipart.FileHeader, dst string) error {
	src, err := file.Open()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	defer src.Close()
	out, err := os.Create(dst)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	defer out.Close()
	_, err = io.Copy(out, src)
	return err
// Bind checks the Content-Type to select a binding engine automatically,
// Depending the "Content-Type" header different bindings are used:
//     "application/json" --> JSON binding
//     "application/xml"  --> XML binding
// otherwise --> returns an error.
// It parses the request's body as JSON if Content-Type == "application/json" using JSON or XML as a JSON input.
// It decodes the json payload into the struct specified as a pointer.
// It writes a 400 error and sets Content-Type header "text/plain" in the response if input is not valid.
func (c *Context) Bind(obj interface{}) error {
	b := binding.Default(c.Request.Method, c.ContentType())
	return c.MustBindWith(obj, b)
// BindJSON is a shortcut for c.MustBindWith(obj, binding.JSON).
func (c *Context) BindJSON(obj interface{}) error {
	return c.MustBindWith(obj, binding.JSON)
// BindXML is a shortcut for c.MustBindWith(obj, binding.BindXML).
func (c *Context) BindXML(obj interface{}) error {
	return c.MustBindWith(obj, binding.XML)
// BindQuery is a shortcut for c.MustBindWith(obj, binding.Query).
func (c *Context) BindQuery(obj interface{}) error {
	return c.MustBindWith(obj, binding.Query)
// BindYAML is a shortcut for c.MustBindWith(obj, binding.YAML).
func (c *Context) BindYAML(obj interface{}) error {
	return c.MustBindWith(obj, binding.YAML)
// BindHeader is a shortcut for c.MustBindWith(obj, binding.Header).
func (c *Context) BindHeader(obj interface{}) error {
	return c.MustBindWith(obj, binding.Header)
// BindUri binds the passed struct pointer using binding.Uri.
// It will abort the request with HTTP 400 if any error occurs.
func (c *Context) BindUri(obj interface{}) error {
	if err := c.ShouldBindUri(obj); err != nil {
		c.AbortWithError(http.StatusBadRequest, err).SetType(ErrorTypeBind) // nolint: errcheck
		return err
	return nil
// MustBindWith binds the passed struct pointer using the specified binding engine.
// It will abort the request with HTTP 400 if any error occurs.
// See the binding package.
func (c *Context) MustBindWith(obj interface{}, b binding.Binding) error {
	if err := c.ShouldBindWith(obj, b); err != nil {
		c.AbortWithError(http.StatusBadRequest, err).SetType(ErrorTypeBind) // nolint: errcheck
		return err
	return nil
// ShouldBind checks the Content-Type to select a binding engine automatically,
// Depending the "Content-Type" header different bindings are used:
//     "application/json" --> JSON binding
//     "application/xml"  --> XML binding
// otherwise --> returns an error
// It parses the request's body as JSON if Content-Type == "application/json" using JSON or XML as a JSON input.
// It decodes the json payload into the struct specified as a pointer.
// Like c.Bind() but this method does not set the response status code to 400 and abort if the json is not valid.
func (c *Context) ShouldBind(obj interface{}) error {
	b := binding.Default(c.Request.Method, c.ContentType())
	return c.ShouldBindWith(obj, b)
// ShouldBindJSON is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.JSON).
func (c *Context) ShouldBindJSON(obj interface{}) error {
	return c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.JSON)
// ShouldBindXML is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.XML).
func (c *Context) ShouldBindXML(obj interface{}) error {
	return c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.XML)
// ShouldBindQuery is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.Query).
func (c *Context) ShouldBindQuery(obj interface{}) error {
	return c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.Query)
// ShouldBindYAML is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.YAML).
func (c *Context) ShouldBindYAML(obj interface{}) error {
	return c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.YAML)
// ShouldBindHeader is a shortcut for c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.Header).
func (c *Context) ShouldBindHeader(obj interface{}) error {
	return c.ShouldBindWith(obj, binding.Header)
// ShouldBindUri binds the passed struct pointer using the specified binding engine.
func (c *Context) ShouldBindUri(obj interface{}) error {
	m := make(map[string][]string)
	for _, v := range c.Params {
		m[v.Key] = []string{v.Value}
	return binding.Uri.BindUri(m, obj)
// ShouldBindWith binds the passed struct pointer using the specified binding engine.
// See the binding package.
func (c *Context) ShouldBindWith(obj interface{}, b binding.Binding) error {
	return b.Bind(c.Request, obj)
// ShouldBindBodyWith is similar with ShouldBindWith, but it stores the request
// body into the context, and reuse when it is called again.
// NOTE: This method reads the body before binding. So you should use
// ShouldBindWith for better performance if you need to call only once.
func (c *Context) ShouldBindBodyWith(obj interface{}, bb binding.BindingBody) (err error) {
	var body []byte
	if cb, ok := c.Get(BodyBytesKey); ok {
		if cbb, ok := cb.([]byte); ok {
			body = cbb
	if body == nil {
		body, err = ioutil.ReadAll(c.Request.Body)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		c.Set(BodyBytesKey, body)
	return bb.BindBody(body, obj)
// ClientIP implements a best effort algorithm to return the real client IP, it parses
// X-Real-IP and X-Forwarded-For in order to work properly with reverse-proxies such us: nginx or haproxy.
// Use X-Forwarded-For before X-Real-Ip as nginx uses X-Real-Ip with the proxy's IP.
func (c *Context) ClientIP() string {
	if c.engine.ForwardedByClientIP {
		clientIP := c.requestHeader("X-Forwarded-For")
		clientIP = strings.TrimSpace(strings.Split(clientIP, ",")[0])
		if clientIP == "" {
			clientIP = strings.TrimSpace(c.requestHeader("X-Real-Ip"))
		if clientIP != "" {
			return clientIP
	if c.engine.AppEngine {
		if addr := c.requestHeader("X-Appengine-Remote-Addr"); addr != "" {
			return addr
	if ip, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(strings.TrimSpace(c.Request.RemoteAddr)); err == nil {
		return ip
// ContentType returns the Content-Type header of the request.
func (c *Context) ContentType() string {
	return filterFlags(c.requestHeader("Content-Type"))
// IsWebsocket returns true if the request headers indicate that a websocket
// handshake is being initiated by the client.
func (c *Context) IsWebsocket() bool {
	if strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(c.requestHeader("Connection")), "upgrade") &&
		strings.EqualFold(c.requestHeader("Upgrade"), "websocket") {
		return true
	return false
func (c *Context) requestHeader(key string) string {
	return c.Request.Header.Get(key)
/************************************/
/******** RESPONSE RENDERING ********/
/************************************/
// bodyAllowedForStatus is a copy of http.bodyAllowedForStatus non-exported function.
func bodyAllowedForStatus(status int) bool {
	case status >= 100 && status <= 199:
		return false
	case status == http.StatusNoContent:
		return false
	case status == http.StatusNotModified:
		return false
	return true
// Status sets the HTTP response code.
func (c *Context) Status(code int) {
	c.Writer.WriteHeader(code)
// Header is a intelligent shortcut for c.Writer.Header().Set(key, value).
// It writes a header in the response.
// If value == "", this method removes the header `c.Writer.Header().Del(key)`
func (c *Context) Header(key, value string) {
	if value == "" {
		c.Writer.Header().Del(key)
	c.Writer.Header().Set(key, value)
// GetHeader returns value from request headers.
func (c *Context) GetHeader(key string) string {
	return c.requestHeader(key)
// GetRawData return stream data.
func (c *Context) GetRawData() ([]byte, error) {
	return ioutil.ReadAll(c.Request.Body)
// SetCookie adds a Set-Cookie header to the ResponseWriter's headers.
// The provided cookie must have a valid Name. Invalid cookies may be
// silently dropped.
func (c *Context) SetCookie(name, value string, maxAge int, path, domain string, secure, httpOnly bool) {
	if path == "" {
		path = "/"
	http.SetCookie(c.Writer, &http.Cookie{
		Name:     name,
		Value:    url.QueryEscape(value),
		MaxAge:   maxAge,
		Path:     path,
		Domain:   domain,
		Secure:   secure,
		HttpOnly: httpOnly,
// Cookie returns the named cookie provided in the request or
// ErrNoCookie if not found. And return the named cookie is unescaped.
// If multiple cookies match the given name, only one cookie will
// be returned.
func (c *Context) Cookie(name string) (string, error) {
	cookie, err := c.Request.Cookie(name)
	if err != nil {
		return "", err
	val, _ := url.QueryUnescape(cookie.Value)
	return val, nil
// Render writes the response headers and calls render.Render to render data.
func (c *Context) Render(code int, r render.Render) {
	c.Status(code)
	if !bodyAllowedForStatus(code) {
		r.WriteContentType(c.Writer)
		c.Writer.WriteHeaderNow()
	if err := r.Render(c.Writer); err != nil {
		panic(err)
// HTML renders the HTTP template specified by its file name.
// It also updates the HTTP code and sets the Content-Type as "text/html".
// See http://golang.org/doc/articles/wiki/
func (c *Context) HTML(code int, name string, obj interface{}) {
	instance := c.engine.HTMLRender.Instance(name, obj)
	c.Render(code, instance)
// IndentedJSON serializes the given struct as pretty JSON (indented + endlines) into the response body.
// It also sets the Content-Type as "application/json".
// WARNING: we recommend to use this only for development purposes since printing pretty JSON is
// more CPU and bandwidth consuming. Use Context.JSON() instead.
func (c *Context) IndentedJSON(code int, obj interface{}) {
	c.Render(code, render.IndentedJSON{Data: obj})
// SecureJSON serializes the given struct as Secure JSON into the response body.
// Default prepends "while(1)," to response body if the given struct is array values.
// It also sets the Content-Type as "application/json".
func (c *Context) SecureJSON(code int, obj interface{}) {
	c.Render(code, render.SecureJSON{Prefix: c.engine.secureJsonPrefix, Data: obj})
// JSONP serializes the given struct as JSON into the response body.
// It add padding to response body to request data from a server residing in a different domain than the client.
// It also sets the Content-Type as "application/javascript".
func (c *Context) JSONP(code int, obj interface{}) {
	callback := c.DefaultQuery("callback", "")
	if callback == "" {
		c.Render(code, render.JSON{Data: obj})
	c.Render(code, render.JsonpJSON{Callback: callback, Data: obj})
// JSON serializes the given struct as JSON into the response body.
// It also sets the Content-Type as "application/json".
func (c *Context) JSON(code int, obj interface{}) {
	c.Render(code, render.JSON{Data: obj})
// AsciiJSON serializes the given struct as JSON into the response body with unicode to ASCII string.
// It also sets the Content-Type as "application/json".
func (c *Context) AsciiJSON(code int, obj interface{}) {
	c.Render(code, render.AsciiJSON{Data: obj})
// PureJSON serializes the given struct as JSON into the response body.
// PureJSON, unlike JSON, does not replace special html characters with their unicode entities.
func (c *Context) PureJSON(code int, obj interface{}) {
	c.Render(code, render.PureJSON{Data: obj})
// XML serializes the given struct as XML into the response body.
// It also sets the Content-Type as "application/xml".
func (c *Context) XML(code int, obj interface{}) {
	c.Render(code, render.XML{Data: obj})
// YAML serializes the given struct as YAML into the response body.
func (c *Context) YAML(code int, obj interface{}) {
	c.Render(code, render.YAML{Data: obj})
// ProtoBuf serializes the given struct as ProtoBuf into the response body.
func (c *Context) ProtoBuf(code int, obj interface{}) {
	c.Render(code, render.ProtoBuf{Data: obj})
// String writes the given string into the response body.
func (c *Context) String(code int, format string, values ...interface{}) {
	c.Render(code, render.String{Format: format, Data: values})
// Redirect returns a HTTP redirect to the specific location.
func (c *Context) Redirect(code int, location string) {
	c.Render(-1, render.Redirect{
		Code:     code,
		Location: location,
		Request:  c.Request,
// Data writes some data into the body stream and updates the HTTP code.
func (c *Context) Data(code int, contentType string, data []byte) {
	c.Render(code, render.Data{
		ContentType: contentType,
		Data:        data,
// DataFromReader writes the specified reader into the body stream and updates the HTTP code.
func (c *Context) DataFromReader(code int, contentLength int64, contentType string, reader io.Reader, extraHeaders map[string]string) {
	c.Render(code, render.Reader{
		Headers:       extraHeaders,
		ContentType:   contentType,
		ContentLength: contentLength,
		Reader:        reader,
// File writes the specified file into the body stream in a efficient way.
func (c *Context) File(filepath string) {
	http.ServeFile(c.Writer, c.Request, filepath)
// FileAttachment writes the specified file into the body stream in an efficient way
// On the client side, the file will typically be downloaded with the given filename
func (c *Context) FileAttachment(filepath, filename string) {
	c.Writer.Header().Set("content-disposition", fmt.Sprintf("attachment; filename=\"%s\"", filename))
	http.ServeFile(c.Writer, c.Request, filepath)
// SSEvent writes a Server-Sent Event into the body stream.
func (c *Context) SSEvent(name string, message interface{}) {
	c.Render(-1, sse.Event{
		Event: name,
		Data:  message,
// Stream sends a streaming response and returns a boolean
// indicates "Is client disconnected in middle of stream"
func (c *Context) Stream(step func(w io.Writer) bool) bool {
	w := c.Writer
	clientGone := w.CloseNotify()
		case <-clientGone:
			return true
			keepOpen := step(w)
			w.Flush()
			if !keepOpen {
				return false
/************************************/
/******** CONTENT NEGOTIATION *******/
/************************************/
// Negotiate contains all negotiations data.
type Negotiate struct {
	Offered  []string
	HTMLName string
	HTMLData interface{}
	JSONData interface{}
	XMLData  interface{}
	Data     interface{}
// Negotiate calls different Render according acceptable Accept format.
func (c *Context) Negotiate(code int, config Negotiate) {
	switch c.NegotiateFormat(config.Offered...) {
	case binding.MIMEJSON:
		data := chooseData(config.JSONData, config.Data)
		c.JSON(code, data)
	case binding.MIMEHTML:
		data := chooseData(config.HTMLData, config.Data)
		c.HTML(code, config.HTMLName, data)
	case binding.MIMEXML:
		data := chooseData(config.XMLData, config.Data)
		c.XML(code, data)
		c.AbortWithError(http.StatusNotAcceptable, errors.New("the accepted formats are not offered by the server")) // nolint: errcheck
// NegotiateFormat returns an acceptable Accept format.
func (c *Context) NegotiateFormat(offered ...string) string {
	assert1(len(offered) > 0, "you must provide at least one offer")
	if c.Accepted == nil {
		c.Accepted = parseAccept(c.requestHeader("Accept"))
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