동시 실행 제어

static void readLockModeSetting(DatabaseId db) {
  // The read lock mode specified at the client-level will be applied to all
  // RW transactions.
  DefaultReadWriteTransactionOptions transactionOptions =
      DefaultReadWriteTransactionOptions.newBuilder()
          .setReadLockMode(ReadLockMode.OPTIMISTIC)
          .build();
  SpannerOptions options =
      SpannerOptions.newBuilder()
          .setDefaultTransactionOptions(transactionOptions)
          .build();
  Spanner spanner = options.getService();
  DatabaseClient dbClient = spanner.getDatabaseClient(db);
  dbClient
      // The read lock mode specified at the transaction-level takes precedence
      // over the read lock mode configured at the client-level.
      .readWriteTransaction(Options.readLockMode(ReadLockMode.PESSIMISTIC))
      .run(transaction -> {
        // Read an AlbumTitle.
        String selectSql =
            "SELECT AlbumTitle from Albums WHERE SingerId = 1 and AlbumId = 1";
        String title = null;
        try (ResultSet resultSet = transaction.executeQuery(Statement.of(selectSql))) {
          if (resultSet.next()) {
            title = resultSet.getString("AlbumTitle");
          }
        }
        System.out.printf("Current album title: %s\n", title);

        // Update the title.
        String updateSql =
            "UPDATE Albums "
                + "SET AlbumTitle = 'New Album Title' "
                + "WHERE SingerId = 1 and AlbumId = 1";
        long rowCount = transaction.executeUpdate(Statement.of(updateSql));
        System.out.printf("%d record updated.\n", rowCount);
        return null;
      });
}

import (
	"context"
	"fmt"
	"io"

	"cloud.google.com/go/spanner"
	pb "cloud.google.com/go/spanner/apiv1/spannerpb"
)

// writeWithTransactionUsingReadLockMode sets the ReadLockMode globally
// by using ClientConfig and shows how to override it for a specific
// transaction. ReadLockMode determines the locking strategy used during
// transaction execution.
func writeWithTransactionUsingReadLockMode(w io.Writer, db string) error {
	ctx := context.Background()

	// Client-level configuration: Applies to all read-write transactions
	// for this client. OPTIMISTIC mode avoids locks during reads and
	// verifies changes during the commit phase.
	cfg := spanner.ClientConfig{
		TransactionOptions: spanner.TransactionOptions{
			ReadLockMode: pb.TransactionOptions_ReadWrite_OPTIMISTIC,
		},
	}
	client, err := spanner.NewClientWithConfig(ctx, db, cfg)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create client: %w", err)
	}
	defer client.Close()

	// Transaction-level options take precedence over client-level
	// configuration. PESSIMISTIC mode is used here to override the
	// client-level setting and ensure immediate locking during reads.
	txnOpts := spanner.TransactionOptions{
		ReadLockMode: pb.TransactionOptions_ReadWrite_PESSIMISTIC,
	}

	_, err = client.ReadWriteTransactionWithOptions(ctx, func(ctx context.Context, txn *spanner.ReadWriteTransaction) error {
		// In PESSIMISTIC mode with SERIALIZABLE isolation, the transaction
		// acquires a shared lock during this read.
		key := spanner.Key{1, 2}
		row, err := txn.ReadRow(ctx, "Albums", key, []string{"AlbumTitle"})
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to read album: %w", err)
		}
		var title string
		if err := row.Column(0, &title); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to get album title: %w", err)
		}
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "Current album title: %s\n", title)

		// Update the album title
		stmt := spanner.Statement{
			SQL: `UPDATE Albums
				SET AlbumTitle = @AlbumTitle
				WHERE SingerId = @SingerId AND AlbumId = @AlbumId`,
			Params: map[string]interface{}{
				"SingerId":   1,
				"AlbumId":    2,
				"AlbumTitle": "New Album Title",
			},
		}
		count, err := txn.Update(ctx, stmt)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to update album: %w", err)
		}
		fmt.Fprintf(w, "Updated %d record(s).\n", count)
		return nil
	}, txnOpts)

	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("transaction failed: %w", err)
	}
	return nil
}

// Imports the Google Cloud Spanner client library
const {Spanner, protos} = require('@google-cloud/spanner');
// The read lock mode specified at the client-level will be applied
// to all RW transactions.
const defaultTransactionOptions = {
  readLockMode:
    protos.google.spanner.v1.TransactionOptions.ReadWrite.ReadLockMode
      .OPTIMISTIC,
};

// Instantiates a client with defaultTransactionOptions
const spanner = new Spanner({
  projectId: projectId,
  defaultTransactionOptions,
});

function runTransactionWithReadLockMode() {
  // Gets a reference to a Cloud Spanner instance and database
  const instance = spanner.instance(instanceId);
  const database = instance.database(databaseId);
  // The read lock mode specified at the request-level takes precedence over
  // the read lock mode configured at the client-level.
  const readLockModeOptionsForTransaction = {
    readLockMode:
      protos.google.spanner.v1.TransactionOptions.ReadWrite.ReadLockMode
        .PESSIMISTIC,
  };

  database.runTransaction(
    readLockModeOptionsForTransaction,
    async (err, transaction) => {
      if (err) {
        console.error(err);
        return;
      }
      try {
        const query =
          'SELECT AlbumTitle FROM Albums WHERE SingerId = 2 AND AlbumId = 1';
        const results = await transaction.run(query);
        // Gets first album's title
        const rows = results[0].map(row => row.toJSON());
        const albumTitle = rows[0].AlbumTitle;
        console.log(`previous album title ${albumTitle}`);

        const update =
          "UPDATE Albums SET AlbumTitle = 'New Album Title' WHERE SingerId = 2 AND AlbumId = 1";
        const [rowCount] = await transaction.runUpdate(update);
        console.log(
          `Successfully updated ${rowCount} record in Albums table.`,
        );
        await transaction.commit();
        console.log(
          'Successfully executed read-write transaction with readLockMode option.',
        );
      } catch (err) {
        console.error('ERROR:', err);
        transaction.end();
      } finally {
        // Close the database when finished.
        await database.close();
      }
    },
  );
}
runTransactionWithReadLockMode();

# instance_id = "your-spanner-instance"
# database_id = "your-spanner-db-id"
from google.cloud.spanner_v1 import TransactionOptions, DefaultTransactionOptions

# The read lock mode specified at the client-level will be applied to all
# RW transactions.
read_lock_mode_options_for_client = TransactionOptions.ReadWrite.ReadLockMode.OPTIMISTIC

# Create a client that uses Serializable isolation (default) with
# optimistic locking for read-write transactions.
spanner_client = spanner.Client(
    default_transaction_options=DefaultTransactionOptions(
        read_lock_mode=read_lock_mode_options_for_client
    )
)
instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
database = instance.database(database_id)

# The read lock mode specified at the request level takes precedence over
# the read lock mode configured at the client level.
read_lock_mode_options_for_transaction = (
    TransactionOptions.ReadWrite.ReadLockMode.PESSIMISTIC
)

def update_albums_with_read_lock_mode(transaction):
    # Read an AlbumTitle.
    results = transaction.execute_sql(
        "SELECT AlbumTitle from Albums WHERE SingerId = 2 and AlbumId = 1"
    )
    for result in results:
        print("Current Album Title: {}".format(*result))

    # Update the AlbumTitle.
    row_ct = transaction.execute_update(
        "UPDATE Albums SET AlbumTitle = 'A New Title' WHERE SingerId = 2 and AlbumId = 1"
    )

    print("{} record(s) updated.".format(row_ct))

database.run_in_transaction(
    update_albums_with_read_lock_mode,
    read_lock_mode=read_lock_mode_options_for_transaction
)

using Google.Cloud.Spanner.Data;
using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

public class ReadLockModeAsyncSample
{
    public async Task ReadLockModeAsync(string projectId, string instanceId, string databaseId)
    {
        // Create client with ReadLockMode.Optimistic.
        string connectionString = $"Data Source=projects/{projectId}/instances/{instanceId}/databases/{databaseId};ReadLockMode=Optimistic";

        using var connection = new SpannerConnection(connectionString);
        await connection.OpenAsync();

        // Create transaction options with ReadLockMode.Pessimistic.
        var transactionOptions = SpannerTransactionCreationOptions.ReadWrite
            .WithReadLockMode(ReadLockMode.Pessimistic);

        using var transaction = await connection.BeginTransactionAsync(transactionOptions, null, CancellationToken.None);

        var cmd = connection.CreateSelectCommand("SELECT AlbumTitle FROM Albums WHERE SingerId = 2 AND AlbumId = 1");
        cmd.Transaction = transaction;
        using (var reader = await cmd.ExecuteReaderAsync())
        {
            while (await reader.ReadAsync())
            {
                Console.WriteLine($"AlbumTitle: {reader.GetFieldValue<string>("AlbumTitle")}");
            }
        }

        var updateCmd = connection.CreateDmlCommand("UPDATE Albums SET AlbumTitle = 'A New Title' WHERE SingerId = 2 AND AlbumId = 1");
        updateCmd.Transaction = transaction;
        var rowCount = await updateCmd.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
        Console.WriteLine($"{rowCount} records updated.");

        await transaction.CommitAsync();
    }
}

void ReadLockModeSetting(std::string const& project_id,
                         std::string const& instance_id,
                         std::string const& database_id) {
  namespace spanner = ::google::cloud::spanner;
  using ::google::cloud::Options;
  using ::google::cloud::StatusOr;

  auto db = spanner::Database(project_id, instance_id, database_id);

  // The read lock mode specified at the client-level will be applied
  // to all RW transactions.
  auto options = Options{}.set<spanner::TransactionReadLockModeOption>(
      spanner::Transaction::ReadLockMode::kOptimistic);
  auto client = spanner::Client(spanner::MakeConnection(db, options));

  auto commit = client.Commit(
      [&client](
          spanner::Transaction const& txn) -> StatusOr<spanner::Mutations> {
        // Read an AlbumTitle.
        auto sql = spanner::SqlStatement(
            "SELECT AlbumTitle from Albums WHERE SingerId = @SingerId and "
            "AlbumId = @AlbumId",
            {{"SingerId", spanner::Value(2)}, {"AlbumId", spanner::Value(1)}});
        auto rows = client.ExecuteQuery(txn, std::move(sql));
        for (auto const& row :
             spanner::StreamOf<std::tuple<std::string>>(rows)) {
          if (!row) return row.status();
          std::cout << "Current Album Title: " << std::get<0>(*row) << "\n";
        }

        // Update the title.
        auto update_sql = spanner::SqlStatement(
            "UPDATE Albums "
            "SET AlbumTitle = @AlbumTitle "
            "WHERE SingerId = @SingerId and AlbumId = @AlbumId",
            {{"AlbumTitle", spanner::Value("A New Title")},
             {"SingerId", spanner::Value(2)},
             {"AlbumId", spanner::Value(1)}});
        auto result = client.ExecuteDml(txn, std::move(update_sql));
        if (!result) return result.status();
        std::cout << result->RowsModified() << " record(s) updated.\n";

        return spanner::Mutations{};
      },
      // The read lock mode specified at the transaction-level takes
      // precedence over the read lock mode configured at the client-level.
      // kPessimistic is used here to demonstrate overriding the client-level
      // setting.
      Options{}.set<spanner::TransactionReadLockModeOption>(
          spanner::Transaction::ReadLockMode::kPessimistic));

  if (!commit) throw std::move(commit).status();
  std::cout << "Update was successful [spanner_read_lock_mode]\n";
}

use Google\Cloud\Spanner\SpannerClient;
use Google\Cloud\Spanner\Transaction;
use Google\Cloud\Spanner\V1\TransactionOptions\ReadWrite\ReadLockMode;

/**
 * Shows how to run a Read Write transaction with read lock mode options.
 *
 * Example:
 * ```
 * read_lock_mode($instanceId, $databaseId);
 * ```
 *
 * @param string $instanceId The Spanner instance ID.
 * @param string $databaseId The Spanner database ID.
 */
function read_lock_mode(string $instanceId, string $databaseId): void
{
    // The read lock mode specified at the client-level will be applied to all
    // RW transactions.
    $spanner = new SpannerClient([
        'readLockMode' => ReadLockMode::OPTIMISTIC
    ]);
    $instance = $spanner->instance($instanceId);
    $database = $instance->database($databaseId);

    // The read lock mode specified at the request level takes precedence over
    // the read lock mode configured at the client level.
    $database->runTransaction(function (Transaction $t) {
        // Read an AlbumTitle.
        $results = $t->execute('SELECT AlbumTitle from Albums WHERE SingerId = 2 and AlbumId = 1');
        foreach ($results as $row) {
            printf('Current Album Title: %s' . PHP_EOL, $row['AlbumTitle']);
        }

        // Update the AlbumTitle.
        $rowCount = $t->executeUpdate('UPDATE Albums SET AlbumTitle = \'A New Title\' WHERE SingerId = 2 and AlbumId = 1');

        // Commit the transaction!
        $t->commit();

        printf('%d record(s) updated.' . PHP_EOL, $rowCount);
    }, [
        'transactionOptions' => [
            'readLockMode' => ReadLockMode::PESSIMISTIC
        ]
    ]);
}

require "google/cloud/spanner"

def spanner_read_lock_mode project_id:, instance_id:, database_id:
  # Instantiates a client with read_lock_mode: :OPTIMISTIC
  spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new project: project_id
  client = spanner.client instance_id, database_id, read_lock_mode: :OPTIMISTIC

  # Overrides read_lock_mode to :PESSIMISTIC at transaction level
  client.transaction read_lock_mode: :PESSIMISTIC do |tx|
    results = tx.execute_query "SELECT AlbumTitle FROM Albums WHERE SingerId = 2 AND AlbumId = 1"

    results.rows.each do |row|
      puts "AlbumTitle: #{row[:AlbumTitle]}"
    end

    row_count = tx.execute_update "UPDATE Albums SET AlbumTitle = 'A New Title' WHERE SingerId = 2 AND AlbumId = 1"

    puts "#{row_count} records updated."
  end
end