| OpenCV 3.4.8 Open Source Computer Vision

High level stitching API (Stitcher class)

## Goal

In this tutorial you will learn how to:

- use the high-level stitching API for stitching provided by
  - cv::Stitcher
- learn how to use preconfigured Stitcher configurations to stitch images using different camera models.

## Code

This tutorial code's is shown lines below. You can also download it from here.

#include "opencv2/imgcodecs.hpp"
#include "opencv2/highgui.hpp"
#include "opencv2/stitching.hpp"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
using namespace cv;
bool try_use_gpu = false;
bool divide_images = false;
Stitcher::Mode mode = Stitcher::PANORAMA;
vector<Mat> imgs;
string result_name = "result.jpg";
void printUsage(char** argv);
int parseCmdArgs(int argc, char** argv);
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
int retval = parseCmdArgs(argc, argv);
if (retval) return EXIT_FAILURE;
Mat pano;
Ptr<Stitcher> stitcher = Stitcher::create(mode, try_use_gpu);
Stitcher::Status status = stitcher->stitch(imgs, pano);
if (status != Stitcher::OK)
{
cout << "Can't stitch images, error code = " << int(status) << endl;
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
imwrite(result_name, pano);
cout << "stitching completed successfully\n" << result_name << " saved!";
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
void printUsage(char** argv)
{
cout <<
"Images stitcher.\n\n" << "Usage :\n" << argv[0] <<" [Flags] img1 img2 [...imgN]\n\n"
"Flags:\n"
" --d3\n"
" internally creates three chunks of each image to increase stitching success\n"
" --try_use_gpu (yes|no)\n"
" Try to use GPU. The default value is 'no'. All default values\n"
" are for CPU mode.\n"
" --mode (panorama|scans)\n"
" Determines configuration of stitcher. The default is 'panorama',\n"
" mode suitable for creating photo panoramas. Option 'scans' is suitable\n"
" for stitching materials under affine transformation, such as scans.\n"
" --output <result_img>\n"
" The default is 'result.jpg'.\n\n"
"Example usage :\n" << argv[0] << " --d3 --try_use_gpu yes --mode scans img1.jpg img2.jpg\n";
}
int parseCmdArgs(int argc, char** argv)
{
if (argc == 1)
{
printUsage(argv);
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
for (int i = 1; i < argc; ++i)
{
if (string(argv[i]) == "--help" || string(argv[i]) == "/?")
{
printUsage(argv);
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
else if (string(argv[i]) == "--try_use_gpu")
{
if (string(argv[i + 1]) == "no")
try_use_gpu = false;
else if (string(argv[i + 1]) == "yes")
try_use_gpu = true;
else
{
cout << "Bad --try_use_gpu flag value\n";
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
i++;
}
else if (string(argv[i]) == "--d3")
{
divide_images = true;
}
else if (string(argv[i]) == "--output")
{
result_name = argv[i + 1];
i++;
}
else if (string(argv[i]) == "--mode")
{
if (string(argv[i + 1]) == "panorama")
mode = Stitcher::PANORAMA;
else if (string(argv[i + 1]) == "scans")
mode = Stitcher::SCANS;
else
{
cout << "Bad --mode flag value\n";
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
i++;
}
else
{
Mat img = imread(samples::findFile(argv[i]));
if (img.empty())
{
cout << "Can't read image '" << argv[i] << "'\n";
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
if (divide_images)
{
Rect rect(0, 0, img.cols / 2, img.rows);
imgs.push_back(img(rect).clone());
rect.x = img.cols / 3;
imgs.push_back(img(rect).clone());
rect.x = img.cols / 2;
imgs.push_back(img(rect).clone());
}
else
imgs.push_back(img);
}
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

## Explanation

The most important code part is:

Mat pano;
Ptr<Stitcher> stitcher = Stitcher::create(mode, try_use_gpu);
Stitcher::Status status = stitcher->stitch(imgs, pano);
if (status != Stitcher::OK)
{
cout << "Can't stitch images, error code = " << int(status) << endl;
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}

A new instance of stitcher is created and the cv::Stitcher::stitch will do all the hard work.

cv::Stitcher::create can create stitcher in one of the predefined configurations (argument `mode`). See cv::Stitcher::Mode for details. These configurations will setup multiple stitcher properties to operate in one of predefined scenarios. After you create stitcher in one of predefined configurations you can adjust stitching by setting any of the stitcher properties.

If you have cuda device cv::Stitcher can be configured to offload certain operations to GPU. If you prefer this configuration set `try_use_gpu` to true. OpenCL acceleration will be used transparently based on global OpenCV settings regardless of this flag.

Stitching might fail for several reasons, you should always check if everything went good and resulting pano is stored in `pano`. See cv::Stitcher::Status documentation for possible error codes.

## Camera models

There are currently 2 camera models implemented in stitching pipeline.

- Homography model expecting perspective transformations between images implemented in cv::detail::BestOf2NearestMatcher cv::detail::HomographyBasedEstimator cv::detail::BundleAdjusterReproj cv::detail::BundleAdjusterRay
- Affine model expecting affine transformation with 6 DOF or 4 DOF implemented in cv::detail::AffineBestOf2NearestMatcher cv::detail::AffineBasedEstimator cv::detail::BundleAdjusterAffine cv::detail::BundleAdjusterAffinePartial cv::AffineWarper

Homography model is useful for creating photo panoramas captured by camera, while affine-based model can be used to stitch scans and object captured by specialized devices.

Note
  Certain detailed settings of cv::Stitcher might not make sense. Especially you should not mix classes implementing affine model and classes implementing Homography model, as they work with different transformations.

## Try it out

If you enabled building samples you can found binary under `build/bin/cpp-example-stitching`. This example is a console application, run it without arguments to see help. `opencv_extra` provides some sample data for testing all available configurations.

to try panorama mode run:

./cpp-example-stitching --mode panorama <path to opencv_extra>/testdata/stitching/boat*

to try scans mode run (dataset from home-grade scanner):

./cpp-example-stitching --mode scans <path to opencv_extra>/testdata/stitching/newspaper*

or (dataset from professional book scanner):

./cpp-example-stitching --mode scans <path to opencv_extra>/testdata/stitching/budapest*

Note
  Examples above expects POSIX platform, on windows you have to provide all files names explicitly (e.g. `boat1.jpg` `boat2.jpg`...) as windows command line does not support `*` expansion.

## See also

If you want to study internals of the stitching pipeline or you want to experiment with detailed configuration see stitching_detailed.cpp in `opencv/samples/cpp` folder.