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/* The Odin Programming Language Expressed as in EBNF */

EBNF representation of itself:

Production = name "=" [ Expression ] "." ;

Expression = Alternative { "|" Alternative } ;

Alternative = Term { Term } ;

Term = name | token [ "…" token ] | Group | Option | Repetition ;

Group = "(" Expression ")" ;

Option = "[" Expression "]" ;

Repetition = "{" Expression "}" ;

/* Tokens for Lexical Grammar */

IDENT = ( LETTER | "_" ) { LETTER | DIGIT | "_" } ;

LETTER = "a".."z" | "A".."Z" | "_" | UNICODE_LETTER ;< 8000 /div>

INT_LIT = DECIMAL_LIT | BINARY_LIT | OCTAL_LIT | DOZENAL_LIT | HEX_LIT ;

DECIMAL_LIT = DIGIT { [ "_" ] DIGIT } ;

BINARY_LIT = "0b" BIN_DIGIT { [ "_" ] BIN_DIGIT } ;

OCTAL_LIT = "0o" OCT_DIGIT { [ "_" ] OCT_DIGIT } ;

DOZENAL_LIT = "0z" DOZ_DIGIT { [ "_" ] DOZ_DIGIT } ;

HEX_LIT = "0x" HEX_DIGIT { [ "_" ] HEX_DIGIT } ;

FLOAT_LIT = DIGIT { DIGIT } "." DIGIT { DIGIT } [ EXPONENT ]

| DIGIT { DIGIT } EXPONENT

| "0h" HEX_DIGIT { [ "_" HEX_DIGIT ]} ;

EXPONENT = ( "e" | "E" ) [ "+" | "-" ] DIGIT { DIGIT } ;

IMAGINARY_LIT = ( INT_LIT | FLOAT_LIT ) ( "i" | "j" | "k" ) ;

RUNE_LIT = "'" ( CHAR | ESCAPE_SEQ ) "'" ;

STRING_LIT = '"' { CHAR | ESCAPE_SEQ } '"' ;

RAW_STRING_LIT = "`" { ANY_CHAR } "`" ;

ESCAPE_SEQ = "\" ( "a" | "b" | "e" | "f" | "n" | "r" | "t" | "v"

| "\\" | '"' | "'"

| OCT_DIGIT OCT_DIGIT OCT_DIGIT

| "x" HEX_DIGIT HEX_DIGIT

| "u" HEX_DIGIT HEX_DIGIT HEX_DIGIT HEX_DIGIT

| "U" HEX_DIGIT HEX_DIGIT HEX_DIGIT HEX_DIGIT

HEX_DIGIT HEX_DIGIT HEX_DIGIT HEX_DIGIT ) ;

DIGIT = "0".."9" ;

BIN_DIGIT = "0" | "1" ;

OCT_DIGIT = "0".."7" ;

DOZ_DIGIT = "0".."9" | "a"| "b" | "A" | "B" ;

HEX_DIGIT = "0".."9" | "a".."f" | "A".."F" ;

COMMENT = "//" { ANY_CHAR } NEWLINE

| "/*" { ANY_CHAR | COMMENT } "*/" /* nestable */

| "#!" { ANY_CHAR } NEWLINE ;

/* Odin uses automatic semicolon insertion similar to Go/Python:

a newline acts as ";" after certain tokens such as IDENT,

literals, ")", "]", "}", "^", "---", "break", "continue",

"fallthrough", "return", "or_return", "or_break", "or_continue".

During parsing, ";" will be ignored with matching brackets in expressions similar to Python:

"(" ")"

"[" "]"

"{" "}"

/* Syntax Grammar */

/* NOTE: Any directive such as "#partial" can also be written with any number of whitespace after the "#"

This grammar is simplified to represent minimize the need for "#" "partial"

/* Source File Structure */

File = { FileTag } PackageDecl ";" { TopLevelStmt } ;

FileTag = "#+" IDENT [ TagValue ] NEWLINE ; /* #+build, #+private, #+feature, … */

TagValue = { ANY_CHAR } ;

PackageDecl = "package" IDENT ;

TopLevelStmt = ImportDecl ";"

| ForeignImportDecl ";"

| ForeignBlock ";"

| WhenStmt

| Decl ";" ;

/* Import Declarations */

ImportDecl = { Attribute } "import" [ IDENT ] STRING_LIT ;

ForeignImportDecl = { Attribute } "foreign" "import" [ IDENT ] ( STRING_LIT | "{" ForeignImportPathList "}" ) ;

ForeignImportPathList = Expr { "," Expr } [ "," ] ;

/* Value Declarations */

Decl = { Attribute } ValueDecl ;

ValueDecl = IdentList ":" Type

| IdentList ":" [ Type ] "=" ExprList

| IdentList ":" [ Type ] ":" ExprList ;

IdentList = IDENT { "," IDENT } ;

ExprList = Expr { "," Expr } ;

/* Foreign Block Declaration */

ForeignBlock = { Attribute } "foreign" [ IDENT ] "{" { ForeignDecl ";" } "}" ;

ForeignDecl = { Attribute } ValueDecl ;

/* Statements */

Stmt = EmptyStmt

| Decl ";"

| ExprStmt ";"

| AssignStmt ";"

| BlockStmt

| IfStmt

| WhenStmt

| ForStmt

| SwitchStmt

| TypeSwitchStmt

| DeferStmt

| ReturnStmt ";"

| BranchStmt ";"

| UsingStmt ";"

| Attribute Stmt

| Label Stmt

| ForeignBlock

| DirectiveStmt ;

EmptyStmt = ";" ;

/* Directive Statements */

DirectiveStmt = "#assert" "(" Expr [ "," STRING_LIT ] ")"

| "#panic" "(" STRING_LIT ")"

| "#force_inline" CallBody

| "#force_no_inline" CallBody

| "#must_tail" CallBody ;

/* Block Statement */

BlockStmt = [ Label ] "{" StmtList "}" ;

StmtList = { Stmt } ;

Label = IDENT ":" ;

/* Assignment Statements */

ExprStmt = Expr ;

AssignStmt = ExprList AssignOp ExprList ;

AssignOp = "=" | "+=" | "-=" | "*=" | "/=" | "%=" | "%%="

| "|=" | "~=" | "&=" | "&~="

| "<<=" | ">>=" | "&&=" | "||=" ;

/* Control Flow */

IfStmt = "if" [ SimpleStmt ";" ] Expr StmtBody

{ "else" "if" [ SimpleStmt ";" ] Expr StmtBody }

[ "else" StmtBody ] ;

WhenStmt = "when" Expr StmtBody

{ "else" "when" Expr StmtBody }

[ "else" StmtBody ] ;

ForStmt = [ Label ] [ ForDirectivePrefix ]

"for" [ ForHead ] StmtBody ;

ForDirectivePrefix = "#reverse"

| "#unroll" [ CallBody ] ;

ForHead = RangeClause

| ForCondition

| ForCClause ;

ForCondition = Expr ;

ForCClause = [ SimpleStmt ] ";" [ Expr ] ";" [ SimpleStmt ] ;

RangeClause = [ [ SimpleStmt ] ";" ] [ [ "&" ] IDENT { "," [ "&" ] IDENT } "in" ] RangeExpr ;

RangeExpr = Expr

| Expr "..<" Expr

| Expr "..=" Expr ;

SwitchStmt = [ Label ] [ "#partial" ] "switch" [ SimpleStmt ";" ] [ Expr ]

"{" { CaseClause } "}" ;

CaseClause = "case" [ ExprList ] ":" StmtList ;

TypeSwitchStmt = [ Label ] [ "#partial" ] "switch" IDENT "in" Expr

"{" { TypeCaseClause } "}" ;

TypeCaseClause = "case" [ TypeList ] ":" StmtList ;

TypeList = Type { "," Type } ;

/* Branch & Defer */

BranchStmt = "break" [ IDENT ]

| "continue" [ IDENT ]

| "fallthrough" ;

DeferStmt = "defer" ( Stmt | ( "{" StmtList "}" ) ) ;

ReturnStmt = [ ReturnStmtDirectivePrefix ] "return" [ ExprList ] ;

ReturnStmtDirectivePrefix = "#force_inline" | "#force_no_inline" | "#must_tail" ;

/* Using Statement */

UsingStmt = "using" ( IdentList | Expr ) ;

/* Simple Statement (used in control flow init) */

SimpleStmt = ExprStmt | AssignStmt | ValueDecl ;

/* Body for Control Flow */

StmtBody = "{" StmtList "}"

| "do" Stmt ; /* must be on the same line as the initial token of the statement */

/* Expressions */

/* Binary Expressions

Operator Precedence (low -> high)

Expr = OrElseExpr ;

OrElseExpr = TernaryExpr { "or_else" TernaryExpr } ;

TernaryExpr = RangeExprLvl

| RangeExprLvl "?" RangeExprLvl ":" TernaryExpr

| RangeExprLvl "if" RangeExprLvl "else" TernaryExpr

| RangeExprLvl "when" RangeExprLvl "else" TernaryExpr ;

RangeExprLvl = LogicalOrExpr [ "..<" | "..=" ] LogicalOrExpr ;

LogicalOrExpr = LogicalAndExpr { "||" LogicalAndExpr } ;

LogicalAndExpr = ComparisonExpr { "&&" ComparisonExpr } ;

ComparisonExpr = AddExpr { CompareOp AddExpr } ;

CompareOp = "==" | "!=" | "<" | "<=" | ">" | ">=" ;

AddExpr = MulExpr { AddOp MulExpr } ;

AddOp = "+" | "-" | "|" | "~" | "in" | "not_in" ;

MulExpr = UnaryExpr { MulOp UnaryExpr } ;

MulOp = "*" | "/" | "%" | "%%" | "&" | "&~" | "<<" | ">>" ;

/* Unary Expression */

UnaryExpr = PostfixExpr

| UnaryOp UnaryExpr

| "cast" "(" Type ")" UnaryExpr

| "transmute" "(" Type ")" UnaryExpr

| "auto_cast" UnaryExpr

| "." IDENT /* implicit selector */;

UnaryOp = "+" | "-" | "~" | "&" | "!" ;

/* Postfix / Operand Expressions */

PostfixExpr = Operand { PostfixOp } ;

PostfixOp = CallBody /* call */

| "->" IDENT CallBody /* selector call */

| "." IDENT /* field selector */

| "." "?" /* inferred type assertion */

| "." "(" Type ")" /* type assertion */

| "[" Expr "]" /* index */

| "[" [ Expr ] ":" [ Expr ] "]" /* slice */

| "[" Expr "," Expr "]" /* matrix index */

| "^" /* pointer deref */

| PostfixOrOp ;

CallBody = "(" [ ArgList ] ")" ;

PostfixOrOp = "or_return"

| "or_break" [ IDENT ]

| "or_continue" [ IDENT ] ;

ArgList = Arg { "," Arg } [ "," ] ;

Arg = [ IDENT "=" ] Expr

| ".." Expr ; /* spread */

Operand = IDENT

| "---" /* unintialized expression */

| "context"

| "typeid"

| Literal

| "(" Expr ")"

| ProcLiteral

| ProcGroup

| [ "#partial" ] CompoundLiteral

| DirectiveExpr

| Type ;

DirectiveExpr = "#" IDENT ; /* Used as the catch all */

/* Literals */

Literal = INT_LIT

| FLOAT_LIT

| IMAGINARY_LIT

| RUNE_LIT

| STRING_LIT

| RAW_STRING_LIT ;

CompoundLiteral = [ Type ] "{" [ ElementList ] "}" ;

ElementList = Element { "," Element } [ "," ] ;

Element = Expr [ "=" Expr ]

| ( Expr "..<" Expr | Expr "..=" Expr ) "=" Expr ;

/* Types */

Type = TypeName

| TypeLit

| "(" Type ")"

| "distinct" Type

| "typeid"

| "#type" Type ;

TypeName = IDENT

| QualifiedIdent

| PolyType ;

QualifiedIdent = IDENT "." IDENT ;

PolyType = "$" IDENT [ "/" Type ] ;

TypeLit = PointerType

| MultiPointerType

| ArrayType

| SliceType

| DynArrayType

| FixedCapDynArrayType

| MapType

| StructType

| UnionType

| EnumType

| BitSetType

| BitFieldType

| ProcType

| MatrixType

| SimdType

| SOAType ;

PointerType = "^" Type ;

MultiPointerType = "[^]" Type ;

ArrayType = "[" Expr "]" Type /* fixed-length or enumerated array */

| "[" "?" "]" Type /* infer-length array */

| "[" EnumType "]" Type ; /* enumerated array */

SliceType = "[" "]" Type ;

DynArrayType = "[" "dynamic" "]" Type ;

FixedCapDynArrayType = "[" "dynamic" ";" Expr "]" Type ; /* [dynamic; N]T */

MapType = "map" "[" Type "]" Type ;

StructType = "struct"

[ "(" PolyParamList ")" ]

[ StructDirectives ]

[ WhereClause ]

"{" [ FieldList ] "}" ;

StructDirectives = { "#packed"

| "#raw_union"

| "#align" "(" Expr ")"

| "#min_field_align" "(" Expr ")"

| "#max_field_align" "(" Expr ")"

| "#simple"

| "#all_or_none" } ;

FieldList = Field { "," Field } [ "," ] ;

Field = FieldNameList ":" Type [ FieldTag ] ;

FieldNameList = FieldName { "," FieldName } ;

FieldName = [ "using" | "#subtype" ] IDENT ;

FieldTag = STRING_LIT | RAW_STRING_LIT ;

UnionType = "union"

[ "(" PolyParamList ")" ]

[ UnionDirectives ]

[ WhereClause ]

"{" [ TypeList ] "}" ;

UnionDirectives = { "#no_nil"

| "#shared_nil"

| "#align" "(" Expr ")" } ;

EnumType = "enum" [ Type ] "{" [ EnumFieldList ] "}" ;

EnumFieldList = EnumField { "," EnumField } [ "," ] ;

EnumField = IDENT [ "=" Expr ] ;

BitSetType = "bit_set" "[" ( Type | RangeExpr ) [ ";" Type ] "]" ;

BitFieldType = "bit_field" Type "{" [ BitFieldList ] "}" ;

BitFieldList = BitFieldField { "," BitFieldField } [ "," ] ;

BitFieldField = IDENT ":" Type "|" Expr ;

ProcType = "proc" [ CallingConvention ] "(" [ ProcParamList ] ")"

[ "->" ProcResults ] ;

ProcLiteral = ProcType [ WhereClause ] ( ProcBody | "---" ) ; /* --- = no body / foreign */

ProcGroup = "proc" "{" ProcGroupList "}" ; /* procedure group */

ProcBody = "{" { Stmt } "}"

ProcGroupList = Expr { "," Expr } [ "," ] ;

CallingConvention = STRING_LIT ; /* "odin", "c", "std", "contextless", "fast", "none", etc. */

ProcParamList = ProcParam { "," ProcParam } [ "," ] ;

ProcParam = [ ParamPrefix ] PolyIdentList ":" [ ParamModifier ] ProcParamType [ "=" Expr ] ;

ProcParamType = Type

| "typeid" "/" ProcParamType ;

PolyIdent = [ "$" ] IDENT ;

PolyIdentList = PolyIdent { "," PolyIdent } ;

ParamPrefix = "using"

| "#no_alias"

| "#any_int"

| "#by_ptr"

| "#c_vararg"

| "#no_broadcast" ;

ParamModifier = ".." ; /* variadic */

ProcResults = Type

| "(" [ FieldList ] ")" ;

MatrixType = [ "#row_major" | "#column_major" ] "matrix" "[" Expr "," Expr "]" Type ;

SimdType = "#simd" "[" Expr "]" Type ;

SOAType = "#soa" ( ArrayType | SliceType | DynArrayType | FixedCapDynArrayType ) ;

PolyParamList = PolyParam { "," PolyParam } ;

PolyParam = PolyIdent ":" Type ;

WhereClause = "where" ConstraintExpr { "," ConstraintExpr } ;

ConstraintExpr = Expr ;

Attribute = "@" "(" AttrElemList ")"

| "@" IDENT ; /* shorthand: @private */

AttrElemList = AttrElem { "," AttrElem } [ "," ] ;

AttrElem = IDENT [ "=" Expr ] ;

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