reason-react for Melange, without React and without a virtual DOM.
JSX compiles to DOM templates with holes. A re-render writes only the holes whose values changed.
The idea · How it works · Status · Try it · Roadmap · Not goals
Note
Milestones 1–3 of 7 are done: the View layer, components with hooks, and melact-ppx.
A reason-react component in mlx, Reason or OCaml compiles and runs, and one test suite passes
both against reason-react with React 18 and against Melact. Milestone 4, the rest of the
reason-react surface, is done too: the full React.Event, React.createElement with
makeProps, ReasonReactRouter, and a community TodoMVC that runs on Melact with only its
dune file changed.
Melact has a sibling, Meltea: the Elm architecture in OCaml, pure functions everywhere, views in mlx. Both share one Svelte-like compiler and a runtime that tends to zero. See Meltea below and
docs/vision.md.
Take a reason-react + Melange app, change two lines in its dune files:
- (libraries reason-react)
+ (libraries melact)
- (preprocess (pps reason-react-ppx))
+ (preprocess (pps melact-ppx))and get a build with no React in the bundle and no virtual DOM. Your components stay as they are:
(* counter.mlx *)
let[@react.component] make ~initial () =
let count, setCount = React.useState (fun () -> initial) in
let dec _ = setCount (fun n -> n - 1) in
let tone = if count < 0 then "warm" else "calm" in
<div className="counter">
<button onClick=dec>(React.string "-")</button>
<output className=tone>(React.int count)</output>
</div>melact keeps reason-react's surface (React.useState, useEffect, useContext, ReactDOM.Client,
React.Event, ReasonReactRouter …) and replaces what is underneath it.
Each line of reason-react code on the left compiles, unchanged, to what is on the right.
|
No virtual DOM. A render does not build a tree of elements to diff. It builds one array: the values of the holes in a template. Everything static is parsed once, at module load, and cloned. |
The Elm model, made exact. "Did this hole change" is |
|
Updates start where state changed. A |
Few DOM moves for lists. Keyed lists keep their common prefix and suffix, and the longest
increasing run of old positions. Swapping two of 1,000 rows is 2 |
|
One listener per event type. Bubbling events are delegated to |
Still reason-react. Same JSX in mlx, Reason or OCaml |
No virtual DOM: the DOM writes are the same, what disappears is the copy of the tree that React rebuilds and walks on every render.
- Template. The largest static subtree of every JSX site (lowercase tags, literal attributes,
literal text) becomes one HTML string, parsed once into a
<template>and cloned withcloneNode(true)per mount. - Holes. Each dynamic attribute, handler, text or child is a hole: an element, or a parent and
the node to insert before. The compiler emits the walk to them,
firstChildandnextSiblingonly, as Svelte does; it runs on the fresh clone before anything is inserted, so nothing shifts. - Refresh. For every template the compiler also emits a refresh function, as Svelte and
dartea do. It checks each local the view reads with one
===, and evaluates and writes only the holes that read a changed one. Holes that read nothing that changed are not even computed, so a nested tree or aList.mapover rows behind an unchanged local costs nothing.
Nothing is built to be compared afterwards. The refresh the compiler generated checks each local the view reads, then runs only the holes that read a changed one, each writing its own node:
| hole | written with |
|---|---|
| text | node.data = s |
| attribute | setAttribute / removeAttribute (None removes) |
| property | el[name] = v (value, checked, innerHTML) |
| style | the old properties cleared, the new ones set |
| handler | guarded by the locals it reads, like any hole; Melact replaces the closure on the element, Meltea writes only the data the message needs and shares one handler per site |
| ref | the new callback is called with the element |
| child | patched recursively: a template, a list, a component |
Reconcile.plan takes the old and new keys and returns a step per new entry: Keep, Move or
Create, plus the old entries to drop. It tries the cheap cases first: common ends (a swapped
first and last row is two moves), an empty side, then a small hash table from old keys to
positions and the longest increasing run. When the keys keep their order the loop skips the plan
and patches rows in place. The plan touches no DOM, so it is tested on its own. View walks the
new entries right to left, inserting before the first node of the entry after. Duplicate keys
never reuse one old entry twice.
React.array (Array.map row items) and Meltea's Html.list (List.map row items) compile to a
keyed loop. As in Vue Vapor's selectors, the compiler splits a row into its item and its leaves,
the smallest pieces without JSX that read outer variables, and emits a projection that evaluates
only those. A row whose item is the same object and whose projection did not change is kept
without calling the row function. A leaf that picks rows by key, like the className above, is a
selector: when only the selection changes, a map from key to rows gives the rows whose key was or
is chosen, and only they are projected: selecting one row of 1,000 visits and renders two.
A row that is one element with a key compiles further, to View.rows: one record per row, holes
that are the bare nodes, the last written values kept next to the guarded locals, and in Meltea
one handler per site that reads the row's data from the element it was clicked on.
The 22 delegated types are the bubbling set Solid uses: click, input, keydown, focusin,
pointer*, mouse*, touch* and the rest. Any other event gets one listener on its element that
reads the same property, so replacing its handler is free too. That listener is removed on unmount.
A guard compares a value with the one written last, but the user changes value and checked
too. So these two props are controlled holes: after an input or change event, and the redraw
it causes, the hole writes its last value back if the DOM differs. A handler that filters or
rejects input keeps the field in step with the state, as in React; one law types into such a
field and checkbox under React 18 and under Melact and compares the page.
ReactDOMServer.renderToString (Meltea: Program.render) writes HTML in the format of React's own
renderToString, with no markers, so a Melact app can also render on a native OCaml server with
server-reason-react.
ReactDOM.Client.hydrateRoot (~start:Program.hydrate) takes that HTML over in document order
with code the compiler generates for each template under its -hydratable flag: it keeps the
server's elements and sets handlers. HTML that does not match the view is replaced by a normal
mount. Melhole_server.capture, a script for the page's head, records what the user does before
the code arrives, with each field's value at that moment, and hydration delivers it in order.
A server does not need a DOM either. Under meltea-ppx -server the same view compiles to code
that writes its HTML through melhole.server, plain OCaml that runs natively and in Node:
static markup joined into a few strings at compile time and one call per dynamic part.
meltea.server has Meltea's Html, Cmd, Sub and Program, so one module with the model,
update and view builds for both sides; meltea/examples/served is a native
server and the client that hydrates its page.
Each [@react.component] gets an identity at module level. Its props are compared one by one
with ===. A component that calls no hook compiles to a pure view with no instance, kept while
its props are the same. A setter marks its instance dirty. After a discrete event (a click, a key)
one microtask renders the dirty instances parents first and then runs their passive effects, as
React's sync lane does; any other update (a timer, a promise, a ResizeObserver) waits for a task of
its own, as React's default lane, so updates from many callbacks of one task render once, and its
passive effects run once the browser has painted. Layout effects run right after their instance's
patch, and cleanups go children before parents. A ref gets its element once the whole write is over, as React attaches refs in its commit, and is set to null when its element goes; a
callback ref replaced by another is called with null, then the new one with the element. If the
state a component was dirtied for ends where it started, as when a callback ref stores its element,
the render is skipped, as React bails out. A component that renders nothing keeps its place with an
empty text node.
reason-react code writes closures, style records, arrays and child elements straight into props, and
derives data in lets; each render makes them again, so children see new props. melact-ppx keeps
each such value, as React Compiler does, keyed by the variables it captures, compared with ===. A
let is kept only when the rest of the body just reads it, so a ref changed with := is made
again on every render. Lists written with Array.map, Belt.Array.map, Js.Array.map or their
mapi forms, piped or not, compile to keyed loops whose rows render only when their item, index
or what they read outside changed.
Hooks keep state in slots read in call order, as in React. Instead of casting what a slot holds,
melact-ppx gives every React.useState, useEffect, useMemo… call site its own key,
a Type.Id created once at module level, and passes it as a hidden first argument:
(* you write *)
let count, setCount = React.useState (fun () -> 0)
(* melact-ppx emits *)
let __melhole_hook_2 = Melact_runtime.Hook.key ()
let count, setCount = (React.useState __melhole_hook_2) (fun () -> 0)A slot stores its value with the key that made it, so reading it back is a typed
Type.Id.provably_equal, with no Obj.magic. A hook inside an if, a match, a loop or a
callback raises the hook alert at build time; at run time a hook called out of order raises
"hooks were called in a different order" instead of handing back the wrong value. Using one
key at two types
10000
is a compile error. Hooks inside custom hooks get keys the same way.
Change detection is physical equality, exactly as in Elm. Code that mutates an array or a record in place and passes the same reference back will not re-render that part. Idiomatic OCaml builds new values, so this rarely matters, but it is a rule rather than an optimisation.
Meltea is the Elm architecture in OCaml: a model, messages, a pure update and a pure view
in mlx. No hooks and no components with state: an event handler is a message.
type message = Increment | Decrement | Reset
let update message count =
match message with Increment -> count + 1 | Decrement -> count - 1 | Reset -> 0
let view count =
<div className="counter">
<button onClick=Decrement>(Html.text "-")</button>
<output>(Html.int count)</output>
<button onClick=Increment>(Html.text "+")</button>
<button onClick=Reset disabled=(count = 0)>(Html.text "reset")</button>
</div>
let () = Option.iter (fun root -> ignore (Program.sandbox ~init:0 ~update ~view root)) root
meltea-ppx compiles the view with the same template compiler as melact-ppx. >
sends a message, onInput and onKeyDown take a function of the value or key, onCheck of the
checked state. Program.sandbox and Program.element run it, with Cmd and Sub as plain
values; Html.map and Html.memo work as in Elm. Dependencies: (libraries meltea) and
(pps melange.ppx meltea-ppx). Examples: meltea/examples/counter and
meltea/examples/todomvc, the full TodoMVC with routing, editing and
localStorage.
meltea-ppx also reads update and view for the model fields each message can change and the
view reads. A message that changes nothing the view reads does not call the view at all.
The same reading follows every frequent event (typing, keys, pointer moves, scroll) through the
message it sends and the fields that message writes to the lists that read them. Where typing
would make a list check all its rows on every keystroke, the compiler says so at the handler with
an alert, fanout, and the user writes nothing to get it.
A derived let at the top of a view is remembered by the fields it reads, so typing in a field no
longer rebuilds a filtered list and makes its loop check every row.
~start:Program.hot with Vite's HMR shows an edit as the new view of the old model, as elm-watch
does, and starts from init when the module's types changed.
Html.transition ~name and Html.transition_group ~name animate what enters and leaves, as Vue's
<Transition> and <TransitionGroup>: CSS classes named after name, the leaving element kept
in place until its transition ends, and in a group the rows that move slid from where they were
(FLIP). A list inside a group is still the compiled keyed loop with selectors. The code lives in
melhole's Transition module, so an app that does not animate does not carry it.
let view model =
<ul className="todo-list">
(Html.transition_group ~name:"fade" (Html.list (List.map row (visible model))))
</ul>.fade-enter-from, .fade-leave-to { opacity: 0; }
.fade-enter-active, .fade-leave-active, .fade-move { transition: all 200ms; }compat/run.sh clones reason-react, melange-opam-template and reason-seoul's TodoMVC, changes two lines
in their dune files and builds them against Melact. Then it renders reason-react's demo with React and with Melact and
compares the DOM after every click (37 steps, all identical), and walks the TodoMVC randomly (five walks, 605 steps of clicks, typing, submits and
route changes) comparing the DOM after every step. The TodoMVC was written for reason-react 0.9, so both copies first get
the same upgrade to reason-react 0.17 (ReactEvent. becomes React.Event., and Index.re uses ReactDOM.Client). One
demo component binds React's own useReducer from npm (external … [@@mel.module "react"]); melact-ppx
rewrites such bindings to Melact's hooks (useState, useReducer, useEffect with or without deps, useMemo,
useCallback, useRef, useContext, createPortal, …), so it runs as it is.
| Works | View, Template, Reconcile, delegated events; components, context and every reason-react hook with a key (useState, useReducer, useEffect*, useLayoutEffect*, useMemo*, useCallback*, useRef, useImperativeHandle*, useId, useInsertionEffect0–7, useSyncExternalStore and …WithServer, useDeferredValue, useTransition and useTransitionAsync, and React 19's React.Experimental.useOptimistic, useTransitionAsync, use of a context or a promise and promise, with async actions entangled as in React 19); custom CSS properties in style (ReactDOM.Style.unsafeAddProp style "--gap" "4px", set with setProperty as React does, and kept as written on the server); React.Suspense (its fallback while a promise is pending; content already shown stays mounted, hidden, with its state, as React keeps it); React.memo, React.act, ReactDOM.Client, ReactDOM.Style, ReactDOM.Ref, every React.Event family over native events (handlers see the currentTarget they were set on, as in React), React.createElement, React.jsx, jsxKeyed and friends with makeProps, code typed against React.component('props) (wrappers, React.memo, React.component, hand-written modules with a [@mel.obj] makeProps and props##field), ReasonReactRouter, ReactDOM.Experimental's resource hints (preload, preinit, preconnect, … into the head once per resource, stylesheets grouped by precedence), ReactDOMTestUtils (Simulate sends the native event Melact listens to), ReasonReactErrorBoundary (render, update and effect errors handled pass by pass as React 18 does); DOM elements built at run time with ReactDOM.domProps, ReactDOM.createElement, createDOMElementVariadic, jsx, stringToComponent and React.createElementVariadic; bindings written to npm's react ([@@mel.module "react"]) rewritten to Melact's hooks, dependencies as arrays or tuples, also when the bindings live in another file, and bindings to npm's createElement, jsx, jsxs and Fragment that return a React.element build Melact elements; melact-ppx for Reason, OCaml [@JSX] and mlx |
| Size | whole apps, runtime and the Melange stdlib they use included: the counter is 3.0 kB gzip with Meltea and 5.6 kB with Melact, TodoMVC in Meltea is 14.7 kB, most of it jsonkit's Printf for error messages; React 18.3 and react-dom alone are 45 kB |
| Speed | bench/ reproduces js-framework-benchmark's keyed operations in headless Chrome: geometric mean of the slowdown against hand-written vanilla JS is 1.15 for Meltea, 1.17 for Melact and 1.70 for React 18 (the ratios move by about 0.1 between runs); a list re-renders only the rows whose item changed, and swapping two rows of 1,000 moves two rows (React moves 998) |
| Tests | 175 vitest + jsdom tests and 25 native QCheck laws: the View layer, transitions under fake timers, the keyed loop and its projections, pure components, hooks against View directly, and one suite in mlx built twice, against reason-react with React 18 and against melact, with identical assertions. melact-ppx has expect tests for every JSX shape in test/ppx/jsx.t |
| Examples | Melact in reason-react style: examples/counter and examples/todomvc, the full TodoMVC; Meltea: meltea/examples/counter and meltea/examples/todomvc |
| Server | ReactDOMServer.renderToString and ReactDOM.Client.hydrateRoot; Meltea has Program.render and ~start:Program.hydrate. The HTML is in React's format, so React's own and server-reason-react's hydrate too; hydration code is compiled under -hydratable. meltea-ppx -server and melact-ppx -server compile views and components to code that writes their HTML with no DOM, natively or in Node (meltea/examples/served), against meltea.server, melact.server or melact.server.native; Melact's is byte for byte React 18's renderToString, useId included. ReactDOM.Client.resumeRoot (Melact's own) and Meltea's Program.resume leave a served page untouched until its first input. Melhole_server.capture, a script for the page's head, keeps clicks and typing made before the code arrives and hydration delivers them |
| Not yet | a working useActionState (reason-react 0.17's own binding cannot give its action to a form), ReactDOMTestUtils.isElementOfType, reading a domProps back field by field, Suspense on the server |
| Limits | reading layout while rendering (offsetTop, getBoundingClientRect) is cheap under React, which renders every component before it touches the DOM; Melact renders all the components that their own state or a context made dirty before it writes, so a read in those costs one layout, as in React, but a component that renders because its parent passed new props renders while the parent's DOM is written, and a read there forces a layout per component; read geometry in useLayoutEffect or a ref callback, which run after the whole write, as in React; MelactDebug.warnLayoutReadsInRender () warns in the console, once per component, about each such read; an element is compiled code, not React's element object: it has no props, type or key to read back, so code that inspects its children ((Obj.magic child)##props##label) gets undefined; give the parent the data itself (a list of records) and render the children from it; an element compares with React.null by structural equality (Reason's ==), but two other elements do not compare structurally, as they hold functions; reason-react and Melact both define the module React, so a build must not contain both: a library that requires reason-react has to require melact instead (same API); every file melact-ppx compiles checks it, failing with Unbound value React.reason_react_is_also_in_this_build_remove_it (or, if only the JavaScript import went to reason-react, at load with that name); a make written by hand with labels and no [@react.component] is not a component in JSX (it is not in reason-react either): mark it [@react.component]; a hand-written make that calls hooks runs them in its parent, so call it unconditionally; hooks are found as React.useX, as useX under open React, include React or React.( ), and as M.useX for a module of the same file that includes React; a module in another file that includes React is named with -hook-modules M ((pps melange.ppx melact-ppx -- -hook-modules Hooks)); a [@react.component] external to a component of a JavaScript React library is a compile error, since only React can render it |
A whole tree compiles to one template. This mlx counter is one <template> with six holes,
the same as the hand-written one:
let[@react.component] make ~initial () =
let count, setCount = React.useState (fun () -> initial) in
let tone = if count < 0 then "negative" else "" in
<div className="counter">
<button onClick=(fun _ -> setCount (fun n -> n - 1))>(React.string "-")</button>
<output className=tone>(React.int count)</output>
<button onClick=(fun _ -> setCount (fun n -> n + 1))>(React.string "+")</button>
<button onClick=(fun _ -> setCount (fun _ -> initial)) disabled=(count = initial)>
(React.string "reset")
</button>
</div>Melact needs OCaml ≥ 5.4, Melange ≥ 7.0 and dune ≥ 3.16.
$ opam install melact melact-ppxUntil the packages are in opam-repository, pin them from a release tag:
$ opam pin add melhole.0.1.0 git+https://github.com/jongleb/melact#0.1.0
$ opam pin add melact-ppx.0.1.0 git+https://github.com/jongleb/melact#0.1.0
$ opam pin add melact.0.1.0 git+https://github.com/jongleb/melact#0.1.0Then, in each dune file of the app, (libraries reason-react) becomes (libraries melact) and
(pps reason-react-ppx) becomes (pps melact-ppx). No library in the build may require reason-react
itself (see Limits above).
To work on Melact itself you also need Node for the tests.
$ dune build # libraries and examples
$ dune build @runtest-js && npx vitest run
✓ test/view/view_test.mjs (17 tests)
✓ test/view/reconcile_test.mjs (9 tests)
✓ test/react/hooks_test.mjs (15 tests)
✓ test/dual/react/dual_test.mjs (11 tests)
✓ test/dual/melact/dual_test.mjs (11 tests)
$ dune test test/ppx # melact-ppx expect tests
$ npx vite # then open http://localhost:5173/examples/counter/vite.config.js resolves the bare imports Melange emits (melange.js/…) inside each
_build/…/output directory, for vitest and for the examples alike.
| # | milestone | done when |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | View ✓ | patch pairs, reconcile operations, events and lazy pass in jsdom; the counter runs |
| 2 | Hooks ✓ | one test suite passes twice: against reason-react with real React, and against melact |
| 3 | melact-ppx ✓ | the counter in reason-react style compiles to one template with the same holes as by hand |
| 4 | Compat | reason-react's examples and TodoMVC build unmodified and behave identically |
| 5 | Speed ✓ | keyed loops, selectors and pure components: about 1.2× vanilla JS on the keyed benchmark, React 18 about 1.7× |
| 6 | SSR ✓ | ReactDOMServer.renderToString / Program.render, and hydration that takes the server's nodes over |
| 7 | Publish (now) | CI runs every law on each push ✓; next, the opam packages melhole, melact, melact-ppx, meltea, meltea-ppx |
The full plan is in SPEC.md.
- npm React components.
react-queryand other packages from npm will not work. Only OCaml reason-react code is the target. - Suspense, concurrent rendering,
useTransitionsemantics.useTransitionandstartTransitionrun synchronously. - Server components.
- Signals. There is no reactive graph. A component function runs again, and its holes are compared.
melhole/runtime melhole shared runtime: templates, guards, keyed moves, events
melhole/server melhole.server HTML without a DOM, natively or under Melange
react/runtime melact.runtime React's components: instances, hook slots, context, scheduler
melhole/compiler melhole.compiler shared compiler: templates, scopes, guards, DOM props
ppx/melact melact-ppx JSX, [@react.component], hook keys
ppx/meltea meltea-ppx mlx views with messages
react/ melact React (with React.Event), ReactDOM, ReasonReactRouter
meltea/ meltea the Elm architecture: Program, Cmd, Sub, Html
meltea/server meltea.server the same modules on a server: views write HTML
meltea/examples counter, todomvc, served (Meltea)
test/ laws: QCheck, fast-check in jsdom, React vs Melact
examples/ counter, todomvc (Melact)
compat/ real reason-react apps built against Melact
assets/ the figures above: python3 assets/make.py