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Getting & Setting Attributes

object.getattribute:

  • Lookup attribute in type
    • Goes through each item in MRO tuple and looks it up in __dict__
    • If found && has __get__ && __set__ methods -> execute __get__ and return
  • if __dict__ exists, do dictionary lookup into it, return if found, raise AttributeError if not. else:
  • if type lookup result was successful && had __get__ but not __set__ -> execute __get__ and return; else:
  • if type lookup result was successful -> return it; else:
  • raise AttributeError

object.setattr

  • Lookup attribute in type
    • Goes through each item in MRO tuple and looks it up in __dict__
    • If found && has __set__ methods -> execute __set__ and return
  • Set in __dict__ if available Else: raise AttributeError

Method lookup

6DC9
  • Lookup in type
    • Goes through MRO
    • if found && has __get__ -> execute and return
    • if found return result Else:
      • raise AttributeError or TypeError

Attempting a call

Uses method lookup for __call__ until a function has been found.

def call(self, *args, **kwargs):
    if self is function:
        return (self.fptr)(*args, **kwargs)
    if not hasattr(self, '__call__'):
        raise TypeError
    callable = self.__call__
    if hasattr(callable, '__get__'):
        callable = call(callable.__get__, self, type(self))
    return call(callable, *args, **kwargs)

Creating a class

Given *args and **kw from the argument list of a class definition:

  • Get bases by iterating over args
    • If the element is a subtype of type: add to the list of bases
    • Else: Lookup __mro_entries__ method via normal attribute lookup (not method lookup) and call it with *args
      • If lookup fails or __mro_entries__ does not return a tuple error
      • Otherwise replace current arg with tuple entries
  • Get metatype by looking up metaclass in **kw
    • If unsuccessful: Make metaclass the type of the first arg in bases or type if empty
    • If successful: Remove metaclass from **kw
  • If metaclass is a subclass of type:
    • Calculate metaclass by going through all bases and checking:
      • If type of base is subclass of metaclass continue
      • If metaclass is subclass of type of base: Set metaclass to type of base
      • Else: TypeError
  • If metaclass has __prepare__ found via attribute lookup:
    • call it to get a mapping for namespace
    • Else: assign an empty dict to namespace
  • Execute body of the class with namespace as namespace
  • Execute metaclass(name, bases, namespace, **kw)

Issue: Calling metaclass in the most common case of metaclass is type will result in the 3 argument version of type being called which actually does the EXACT same procedure as the above. Since metaclass is not guaranteed to be type however we can't not do the above. Since type might also manually be called by the user we can't not do the above in type either. We have no way to know whether metaclass is actually type unless going through the above as well. The best way is likely to simply call an internal function which is also called by types call operator that does all the dynamic type creation.

Calling a reversible binary operator

Given 'lhs' and 'rhs', which are the left and right operand respectively:

  • if typeOf rhs subtype of typeOf lhs but not the same type:
    • Check rhsType implements reflected operator, if it doesn't break
    • Check lhsType either doesn't implement reflected operator or has a different implementation, else break
    • Call reflected operator of rhs with (rhs, lhs)
    • If result is not NotImplemented return value, else continue
  • Call normal operator of lhs with (lhs, rhs)
  • If result is not NotImplemented return
  • If rhs and lhs are of the same type raise TypeError
  • If reverse operator has not been tried yet try it
  • If not found or NotImplemented is returned, raise TypeError
def bin_op(normal, reverse, lhs, rhs):
    tried_reverse = False
    if type(lhs) is not type(rhs) and issubclass(type(rhs), type(lhs)):
        rhs_impl = type(rhs).mroLookup(reverse)
        if rhs_impl is not None:
            lhs_impl = type(lhs).mroLookup(reverse)
            if lhs_impl is None or lhs_impl is not rhs_impl:
                tried_reverse = True
                result = rhs_impl(rhs, lhs)
                if result is not NotImplemented:
                    return result
    result = type(lhs).mroLookup(normal)(lhs, rhs)
    if result is not NotImplemented:
        return result
    if type(lhs) is type(rhs):
        raise TypeError
    if not tried_reverse:
        result = type(rhs).mroLookup(reverse)(rhs, lhs)
    if result is NotImplemented:
        raise TypeError
    return result

Calling an inplace operator

def inplace_op(lhs, rhs, inplace, fallback):
    impl = type(lhs).mroLookup(inplace)
    if impl is not None:
        res = impl(lhs, rhs)
        if res is not NotImplemented:
            return res
    res = fallback(lhs, rhs)
    if res is NotImplemented:
        raise TypeError
    return res

Called for any augmented assignment statements which always have the form lhs $= <expr> where $ is a binary operator. The returned value of the above is then assigned to lhs.

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